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1 Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE MEDICINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS: PSIQUIATRIA TESE DE DOUTORADO EFEITOS DA ENTREVISTA MOTIVACIONAL E DO MAPEAMENTO COGNITIVO ASSOCIADOS À TCCG NO TRATAMENTO DE PACIENTES COM TRANSTORNO OBSESSIVO-COMPULSIVO ELISABETH MEYER DA SILVA Orientador: Prof. Dr. ARISTIDES CORDIOLI 2009 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE MEDICINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS: PSIQUIATRIA TESE DE DOUTORADO EFEITOS DA ENTREVISTA MOTIVACIONAL E DO MAPEAMENTO COGNITIVO ASSOCIADOS À TCCG NO TRATAMENTO DE PACIENTES COM TRANSTORNO OBSESSIVO-COMPULSIVO ELISABETH MEYER DA SILVA Orientador: Prof. Dr. ARISTIDES CORDIOLI Tese a ser apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de doutor em Psiquiatria. Porto Alegre, 2009 2 Para Antonio, Valentina e Pedro, com meu amor e gratidão. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Aristides Volpato Cordioli, pela permanente disponibilidade, confiança e apoio incondicional. Ao Carl Leukefeld, pelo afeto, por sua generosidade em me ensinar e treinar no Mapeamento Cognitivo e na Entrevista Motivacional, bem como por sua participação em todos os artigos e etapas dessa tese. Ao Brian Rush, por sua preocupação com os detalhes do delineamento da pesquisa e o rigor na leitura dos artigos, enriquecendo meu conhecimento científico. Ao Wayne Velicer, pelos valiosos questionamentos, sugestões e ensinamentos nas diferentes etapas da tese. À Fernanda Pasquoto Souza, pela amizade, colaboração e dedicação nas diversas fases desse estudo. À Elizeth Heldt, pelo apoio e por ter disponibilizado tempo à execução da tese e à confecção dos artigos. À Roseli G. Shavitt, pela valiosa colaboração nos artigos. Ao Paulo Knapp, pelo incentivo, muitos anos atrás, a aprofundar meu conhecimento a respeito da Entrevista Motivacional e pela participação nos artigos. À Manuela Polydoro Ofengeim, pelo apoio e colaboração tanto no mestrado, como no doutorado. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Psiquiatria – em especial ao Paulo Abreu, que tanto contribui para a minha formação profissional. Aos colegas Andreia Raffin, Cenita Borges, Kátia Niederauer, Lucas Lovato, Vinicius Dornelles e Ygor Londero, que contribuíram de forma significativa para a realização dessa tese. 4 “Existe algo na natureza humana que resiste a ser coagido e forçado a agir. Ironicamente, às vezes, o reconhecimento do direito e da liberdade do outro de não mudar é o que torna a mudança possível”. Rollnick, Miller & Butler (2008) 5 SUMÁRIO Resumo...........................................................................................................................11 Summary........................................................................................................................13 1 APRESENTAÇÃO............................................................................................15 2 INTRODUÇÃO..................................................................................................22 3 JUSTIFICATIVA..............................................................................................47 4 HIPÓTESSE.......................................................................................................50 5 OBJETIVOS.......................................................................................................51 6 CONSIDERAÇÕES ÉTICAS...........................................................................52 7 ARTIGOS 7.1 Artigo 1 – A Randomized Clinical Trial to Examine Enhancing Cognitive- Behavioral Group Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Motivational Interviewing and Thought Mapping Manuscrito submetido – Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy …………..53 7.2 Artigo 2 – Defense Mechanisms changes after Cognitive-Behavior Group Therapy plus Motivational Interviewing and Thought Mapping for Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: findings from a Randomized Clinical Trial Manuscrito submetido – Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics .............................88 7.3 Artigo 3 – Adding Motivational Interviewing and Thought Mapping to Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy: results from a randomized clinical trial. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, no prelo .........................................................104 8 DIVULGAÇÃO PARCIAL DOS RESULTADOS.......................................126 9 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS..........................................................................127 6 ANEXO A Escala Yale-Brown de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos (Y-BOCS) ANEXO B Escala Dimensional de Avaliação da Gravidade de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos (DY-BOCS) ANEXO C Escala de Depressão de Beck (BDI) ANEXO D Escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI) ANEXO E Questionário de Mecanismos de Defesa (DSQ-40) ANEXO F Mapa Cognitivo APÊNDICE 1 Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido 7 LISTA DE FIGURAS Artigo 1 Figure 1 Flowchart randomized clinical trial comparing MI+TM plus CBGT and CBGT treatment for obsessive- compulsive disorder Figure 2 A completed thought map Artigo 3 Figure 1 Flowchart of a Randomized Clinical Trial comparing MI+TM plus CBGT and information-only condition plus CBGT in the treatment of patients with Obsessive- compulsive disorder Figure 2 First part of the map Figure 3 Second part of the map 8 LISTA DE QUADROS E TABELAS Artigo 1 Table 1 Mean (SD) outcome measures at baseline and post-treatment for the total sample, MI+TM CBGT group, and control group Table 2 Difference in mean change of Y-BOCS scores and comparison of effects sizes between groups for a sample of 93 OCD patients Table 3 Rates of clinical improvement as measured by the reduction in the Y- BOCS scores using ≥35% plus a CGI score of 1 or 2 Artigo 2 Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participant conditions Table 2 Mean (SD) for a sample of 40 OCD outpatients in outcome variables at baseline and post-treatment Artigo 3 Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participant conditions Table 2 Mean (SD) scores for a sample of 40 OCD outpatients in all outcome variables at baseline and post-treatment Table 3 Comparison of mean rate (%) of improvement between the MI+TM CBGT and the control groups 9 LISTA DE SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS BDI – Beck Depression Inventory BDI – Escala de Depressão de Beck CBT – Cognitive behavioral therapy CBGT – Cognitive-behavioral group therapy CHD – Coronary heart disease CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CGI-S – Clinical Global Impressions Scale – Severity score DY-BOCS – Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-compulsive Scale DY-BOCS – Escala Dimensional para Sintomas Obsessivo – compulsivos de Yale-Brown DSM-IV – Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais (quarta edição, 2002) DSMI-IV – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition, 2002) DSQ-40 – Defense Style Questionnaire DSQ-40 – Questionário de Mecanismos de Defesa EM – Entrevista Motivacional ERP – Exposure and ritual prevention EPR – Exposição e Prevenção de Ritual/ Resposta FAPESP – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo HCPA – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre IRB – Institutional review board ISRSs – Inibidores Seletivos da Recaptação de Serotonina MI – Motivational interviewing OCD – Obsessive-compulsive disorder PD – Panic Disorder PROTAN – Anxiety Disorders Program SCID – Structured Clinical Interviews SRIs – Serotonin reuptake inhibitors TM – Mapeamento Cognitivo TM – Thought mapping TCCG – Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental em grupo TOC – Transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo UFRGS – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Y-BOCS – Escala Yale-Brown de Sintomas Obsessivo- Compulsivos Y-BOCS – Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale 10 RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO Segundo a 4ª edição do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association , 2002), o Transtorno Obsessivo- Compulsivo (TOC) caracteriza-se por obsessões e/ou compulsões recorrentes que interferem substancialmente com o funcionamento cotidiano. Ainda que a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental em Grupo (TCCG) tenha sido efetiva nos estudos de pacientes com TOC (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), quase um terço (30%) dos pacientes não se beneficiou do tratamento em grupo nos mesmos estudos. A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) e o Mapeamento Cognitivo (MC) têm sido usados para melhorar os resultados de tratamentos. OBJETIVOS O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de se acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC a 12 semanas de TCCG na resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes com TOC, quando comparados apenas à TCCG. MÉTODOS Noventa e três pacientes adultos, com diagnóstico de TOC de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV, participaram de um ensaio clínico randomizado de 14 semanas: 48 pacientes foram alocados à condição de duas sessões individuais de EM+MC seguidas de 12 semanas de TCCG e 45 receberam duas sessões individuais informativas seguidas da TCCG. Para a avaliação dos resultados foi utilizada a escala Yale-Brown de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos (Y-BOCS) como medida de desfecho primária. Como medidas 11 de desfecho secundárias utilizou-se: a escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI) e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), bem como a proporção de respondedores (definida como melhora [redução na Y-BOCS ≥ 35%] ou não-melhora [redução ≤ 35% na Y-BOCS]) e o percentual de pacientes com remissão parcial (Y-BOCS ≥35%,
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