Regional Circular and Ecological Sphere Concept for Sustainable Resource Management and Collective Resilience of Urban and Rural: Lessons from

Bijon Kumer Mitra, Rajib Shaw, Junichi Fujino, Atsushi Watabe, Tomoko Takeda

4th World Congress on Disaster Management 29 January to 1 February, 2019 Mumbai Global agreements to local actions

Global agreements

National strategic and planning documents

NDC NAMA NAPA VNR

Local actions Poverty Waste Economic NRM DRR growth alleviation management

2 Challenges of local actions toward resilience society

Conventional administrative boundary approach

Capacity of Human Institutional capacity resource Local actions

Financial capacity Knowledge

Weak partnerships

3 The Fifth Basic Environment Plan of the Government of Japan highlighted the concept of Regional Circular and Ecological Sphere (Regional-CES) as key to promote the development of sustainable societies

Goal: Decentralized and self resiliant society

Basic Approach  Explore simultaneous solutions for economic, regional and international challenges  Maximize sustainable use of regional resources  Enriching and strengthening partnerships Source: MOEJ 2018 https://www.env.go.jp/policy/kihon_keikaku/plan/plan_5/a ttach/ref_en-02.pdf

4 Case 1: Urban-rural collaboration for water source environment conservation in Kanagawa

5 Issues for water resource conservation in Kanagawa

 70% of catchment covered by privately owned plantation forests. 30  Forests are not management because forestry became unprofitable 70  Water quality deterioration Government Private  Less groundwater recharge Source:https://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/shiraberu/policy/pes/e  Increase risks of landslide disaster n/forest/forest03.html

6 introduces water environment conservation tax @880JPY (appx. 8US$) Projects Mid-term outcomes Long-term outcomes Goal Conservation and Targets: Revival of Target: Improve ecosystem Restoration of Forests undergrowth, prevention and water recharge of soil loss, enriched function of the forest as a biodiversity stable source of water Goal: Stable production of good quality Targets: Improvement of Conservation and water for water quality, prevention future Restoration of Rivers of nutrients pollution, generations improvement of through groundwater levels, enrich conservation biodiversity and restoration of Target: Improvement of nature’s water quality at source water cycle function Conservation and Targets: Improvement of restoration of the water water quality, overall management of the source environment programme

Extracted from Kanagawa Prefecture 2016

7 8 Kanagawa watershed

Rural Forest CSR Water KawasakiTariffCity Yokohama Agricultural City Tax products Sakawa River Urban Kanagawa Prefecture Profit River Dams, Catchments Area of Sagami River Watershed located in Yamanashi Prefecture Area of Sakawa River Watershed located in Supporting forest owners in shipping thinned wood and reforestation

9 Impact of Water conservation programme in Kanagawa prefecture

Before After

10 11 Key governance elements of Kanagawa water conservation programme 12 Key governance elements of Kanagawa water conservation programme

 Citizens consultation and involvement  25% of the committee members from Civil society  Arrange demonstration filed visits for the citizens  Regular monitoring and reporting to the public  Every five years review the projects and make necessary revisions in the activities  Contributions of private sectors in the forest managements  Support conservation activities in upstream prefectures 13 Case 2: Urban-rural collaboration for groundwater management in Kumamoto 14 Groundwater level in Kumamoto

Source: Nagata 2018 15 Utilizing Paddy Fields for Groundwater Creating the Groundwater ConservationRecharge Agreement with neighboring towns

Area which has historically fostered groundwater cultivation using paddy fields

Signing the Groundwater Conservation Agreement with neighboring towns Source: Nagata 2018 16

Incentives mechanisms for paddy filed owners

Days of Flooding Payment to Farmers 11,000yen/1,000㎡ 30 Days

16,500yen/1,000㎡ 60 Days

22,000yen/1,000㎡ 90 Days 17 Key Lessons from cases in Japan

 Local actions towards sustainable development and resilient society should be planned and implement beyond the administrative boundary level. Need to introduce regional circular and ecological sphere concept  Need to strengthen partnership with neighbouring towns or villages  Multi-stakeholder involvement in planning and implementation in critical for making the program sustainable.  Entire system should be transparent to the peoples  Need to introduce incentive mechanisms to encourage collaboration