TRA VEUSTUDY TRIPS FOR THE AHS GARDENER

APRIL 29·MAY 3, 1992 GARDENS OF BERMUDA This once-in-a-lifetime program, offered in connec­ tion with the Bermuda National Trust, will feature numerous private historic homes and gardens, where our hosts will be inviting us for special luncheons and dinners. Included in the program will be Ramsbury , Mount Pleasant, Orange Valley, Aberfeldy, Orange Grove, and Greenfield, home of Lt. Col. Sir Jeffrey Astwood and Lady Astwood, whose garden contains specimens of almost every plant known to grow in Bermuda. MAY 7·21 , 1992 IRISH COUNTRYSIDE GARDENS AND THE ROYAL CHELSEA FLOWER SHOW Join BBC celebrity David Wilson on an exploration of the finest public and private !lardens in the Republic of Ireland including Glin Castle, Powerscourt Gar­ dens, Usmore Castle Gardens, and a side trip to subtropical IInacullin Garinish Island. The program concludes in London for Members Day at the Royal Chelsea Flower Show. JUNE 18·27, 1992 GARDENS OF THE COLORADO ROCKIES AND THE GRAND TETONS The Denver Botanical Garden's former director, Dr. William Gambill, and its senior horticultural advisor, Andrew Pierce , will lead a most unusual program that begins in Denver, Colorado, and concludes in Jackson, Wyoming . The itinerary in­ cludes private gardens, the Colorado Rockies Na­ tional Park, Dinosaur National Park, the Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and a most exciting float trip on the Snake River.

JULY 12·21,1992 SUMMER GARDENS ALONG THE OHIO A steamboat voyage on board the magnificent Mississippi Queen along the Ohio River from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh. We are indebted to AHS members and friends who have opened their homes, gardens, and clubs to us. And what a splendid collage of gardens they are, ranging from the unique collections of trees and shrubs of Mr. and Mrs. Morse Johnson in Cincinnati to the artful use of native plants of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Motch in New Richmond to the English gardens of J. Judson Brooks in Seickley. Leading this program for AHS will be Mrs. Harry Van de Kamp of Paso Robles, California, a former AHS Board Member.

AUGUST 8·19, 1992 GARDENS OF FRANCE A most unusual program created around the great private gardens of France located in the regions of Brittany and Normandy. Here you will find gardens ranging in style from Prince Wolkonsky's Mediterranean terraces in Keraldo to Princess Sturzda's wonderful use of ground covers at Le Vesterival. Each garden you will find different, yet throughout the incomparable French style has been used to provide an accommodating home for many rare species of trees, plants, and shrubs. Leading this program will be long-time AHS Board Member Richard Angino . Leonard HaerTIer Travel COOlpany, 7922 8orilOmme Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63105, (BOO) 942~ , (31 4) 721·6200 (in Missouri) Members and friends of AHS will take an unusual side trip to subtropical Ilnacullin Garinish Island during a May trip to Ireland and the Chelsea Flower Show. American Horticulturist Volum~ 71, Number 2 February 1992

ARTICLES Proven Performers For the fourth year, we asked national plant societies to name their favorites. Cacti by Peg Spaete ...... 13 Hollies by Fred Ebersole ...... 16 Primroses by Cyrus Happy ...... 20

Jujube, the Chinese Date by Lee Reic;h ...... 25 Plant hlill.ters were touting this fruit eighty years ago, but Americans have yet to catch on.

. Constructing and Keeping a Garden Journal FEBRUARY'S COVER by Jean Starr ...... 28 Photographed by Cyrus Happy How to keep that New Year's r@soiution to get your gardening Ptlter Klein optlJ;ared a smal1 more organiud. nursery in Tacoma, Washington, until his death in 1957. Talented Polly Hill: An Unerring Eye at growing and crossing diffi~;ult by Marty Carlock ...... 34 plants, he was generous in She has fifty woody wltivars em the marken, thitty more in the wings. teachimg thtlstl skills to other Experts prais@ th@m alL gardeners. ACCQrding tel an article ifl the fiftitlth al'lFl.iVtlrsa.ry issue of Primroses, uhtl q.uarterly publication of thtl American Primrose Society, he was flot D EPA R T MEN T S espeeially nappy with the seedliflgs that resulted from a packet of Comrnentairy ...... 4 aJu~icl:lla seed he purchased from England around 195Q, but crossed Letters ...... '...... 5 the best, a gray and a green, to productl this gwm-tldged show Offshoots: A new column of personal essays ...... 9 auricula 'Ptlttl); Klein'. M0J;e £averite plants of the society are Book Reviews ...... 11 des€ribed in am aFticie beginning 01'1 page 20. Classifieds ...... 42

Pronunciations ...... 46 American Horticultural Society

The American Horticultural Society seeks COMMENTARY to promote and recognize excellence in horticulture across America.

OFFICERS 1991-1992 t a recent Board of Directors meet­ Mr. George C. Ball Jr. ing, we reaffirmed the importance President of the role that the AHS plays in West Chicago, Illinois A educating new gardeners, whether they are Mrs. Helen Fulcher Walutes First Vice President preschoolers or retired seniors. We per­ Mount Vernon, Virginia form this function through such activities Mr. Richard C. Angino as publishing our magazine, sponsoring Second Vice President lecture series (such as the AmeriFlora '92 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania speaker program beginning in April in Mr. Elvin McDonald Columbus, Ohio), and answering tele­ Secretary Brooklyn, New York phone and written queries through our Mr. Gerald T. Halpin Gardeners' Information Service. Treasurer \ Last year we initiated a series of pro­ Alexandria, Virginia grams that will allow us to reach segments of the population that we haven't served in the past. Our Education BOARD OF DIRECTORS Coordinator, Maureen Heffernan, is bringing children from urban com­ Mrs. Suzanne Bales munities around Washington, D.C., to River Farm to learn about plants Bronxville, New York and gardening. (You may have seen some of them on our Annual Appeal Dr. William E. Barrick greeting card.) Also, she is planning a program through which grade school Pine Mountain, Georgia Dr. Sherran Blair teachers, as well as students, will participate in our Intern Program. These Columbus, Ohio progressive steps and fresh new approaches to opportunities have en­ Mrs. Mary Katherine Blount couraged the Board to increase the Society's educational activities. Montgomery, Alabama Mrs. Sarah Boasberg These new gardeners present the AHS with two primary challenges. Washington, D.C. First, they hold a secret for us. Why do they choose to garden? We are Dr. Henry Marc Cathey seeking ways to find out if there are any patterns to the many answers to Washington, D.C. this question. This information will enable both the education and hor­ Mr. Russell B. Clark Boston, Massachusetts ticulture communities to focus their resources more effectively on t~aching Mrs. Beverley White Dunn and promoting gardening to the nongardener. Second, because environ­ Birmingham, Alabama mental responsibility is a key part of the Society's mission, we have a special Dr. John Alex Floyd Jr. Birmingham, Alabama relationship with new gardeners, who will need to understand the ecologi­ Mrs. Julia Hobart cal role gardening plays in their home area. Our Program Director, Joe Troy, Ohio Keyser, will broaden our compost initiative in the next year, building a Mr. David M. Lilly St. Paul, Minnesota nationwide program to teach composting and solid waste recycling in a Mr. Lawrence V. Power garden context to gardeners and horticulturists throughout America. New York, New York These are some of the ways your Society is responding to the increasing Dr. Julia Rappaport interest in plants and horticulture, the need for education among the public, Santa Ana, California Mrs. Flavia Redelmeier and the protection of the environment against excessive human intervention. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada Finally, we at the AHS hope to create relationships over the next several Mrs. Jane N. Scarff years with other countries in the Western hemisphere, in order both to learn New Carlisle, Ohio Mrs. Josephine Shanks what they are doing and to introduce some of our concepts to them. Houston, Texas Developing countries in Latin America have rich experiences with plants Mrs. Billie Trump over many generations, and challenging problems resulting from both Alexandria, Virginia climatic and economic circumstances. Mr. Andre Viette Fishersville, Virginia I close this "Commentary" with a special note. After three years of loyal Ms. Katy Moss Warner and dedicated service, our Executive Director, Frank Robinson, has left us Lake Buena Vista, Florida to join the Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden, in Richmond, Virginia, as its executive director. His leadership brought to the Society a sense of order, ACTING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR balance, and respect for nature. He is a fine horticulturist and a savvy Mrs. Helen Fulcher Walutes administrator. We wish him a fond farewell. George C. Ball Jr., President, AHS

4 FEBRUARY 1992 American Horticulturist

Editor Kathleen Fisher LETTERS Assistant Editors Thomas M. Barrett Mary Beth Wiesner Editorial Assistant Martha Palermo Design Director Fernwood Memories Deviled by Angel's-Trumpet Joseph Yacinski Designer I would like to compliment yo u on a very I was somewhat shocked to see the angel's­ Bob McCracken fine publication. I was especially interested trumpet (Brugmansia spp.) featured in an Membership Director in June Hicks's article, "A Legacy of article on suggestions for plants to be Darlene Oliver Ferns," in the August edition as I was a planted near enough windows for the scent Editorial Advisory Board student at Andrews University in Berrien to waft through the house! Dr. Gerald S. Barad Springs, Michigan, in the early 1960s. The author says the "essence has no Flemington, New Jersey There was not a month that went by during obvious analogy." I remembered its des­ John Bryan my four years there that I did not drive the cription in the AMA Handbook of Poison­ Sausalito, California John Creech ten or so mil es to see Kay and Walter ous and Injurious Plants as"offensive." Hendersonville, North Carolina Boydston. From the very first visit I was Other authors on poisonous plants de­ Keith Crotz made to feel like family and we would scribe it as "repulsive" and "nauseating. " Chi ll icothe, lIIinois spend hours sharing plant photographs, Mitchell and Rook in Botanical Dermatol­ Panayoti Kelaidis Denver, Colorado pulling weeds, making plans for new plant­ ogy cite Morton (1969, "Some Ornamen­ Peter Loewer ing areas, and discussing where to place the tal Plants Excreting Respiratory Irritants") Asheville, North Carolina more difficult ferns so they would do their as saying "systemic symptoms can occur Janet M. Poor Winnetka, Illinois very best. I always looked forward to the from proximity to the plant. " All authors Dr. James E. Swasey first visit to Fernwood after returning from of the poisonous plants references I have at Newark, Delaware a summer of hard work. hand caution against handling any part of It Was lovely people like Walter and Kay the plant due to the potent toxic alkaloids Advertising who contributed so much to my interest in abundant in this genus. American Horticultural Society Advertising Department plants that continues to this day. It is very As for Cestrum nocturnum, Morton 2700 Prosperity Avenue comforting to know that Fernwood, which ("Ornamental Plants with Poisonous Prop­ Fairfax, VA 22031 resulted from the Boydstons' countless erties II") states that " respiratory symp­ (703) 204-4636 hours of dedication to making it a special toms can occur from proximity to the Color Separations place for so many interesting plants, has plant." Perhaps the author was correct in Chroma-Graphics, Inc. not been allowed to disintegrate with their her statement that the nocturnal flowers Printer William Byrd Press, Inc. passing but has become a lasting memorial are "sufficiently potent to take any to a very lovely lady who loved plants, mortal's breath away." Replacement issues of AMERICAN HORTICUL· people, and the arts. From close experience with the angel's­ TURIST are available at a cost of $2.50 per copy. The opinions expressed in the articles that appear in I certainly look forward to a trip to trumpet, I can vouch for its ability to cause AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST are those of the Michigan again and yo u can be sure headache, nausea, and dizziness. I take it authors and are not necessarily those of the Society. Botanical nomenclature in AMERI CAN HORTICUL· Fernwood will be on my list of places to to poisonous plants lectures I give in the TURIST is based on HORTUS THIRD. Manuscripts, visit, although it will seem very strange community and have recently had to start art work, and photographs sem for possible publication will be returned if they are accompanied by a self-ad­ indeed to have to pay admission. stashing it in the trunk as even a twenty­ dressed, stamped envelope. We cannot guarantee the Del L. Knowlton minute ride with this plant in the car makes safe return of unsolicited material. Langley, British Columbia me very ill. I have since found that this is a AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, ISSN 0096-4417, is the officia l publication of the American Horticultural common reaction. Some people have even Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA thought they had a long-term flu or chronic 22308·1300, (703) 768·5700, and is issued six times a Brugmansia Fan year as a magazine and six times a yea r as a News fatigue syndrome until the offending plant Edition. The American Horticultural Society is a non­ I certainly enjoyed Tovah Martin's "A Little was removed from their yard near a win­ profit organization dedicated to excellence in horticul­ ture. Membership in the Society includes a subscription Night Music" (August). I bought a Brug­ dow. to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. National memo mansia thinking it was Datura and planted If I had ever wondered if this was bership dues are $45; two years are S80. Foreign dues are $50. $12 of dues are designated for AMERICAN it in my garden, where it has grown for eight psychosomatic, I had a chance to prove this HORTICULTURIST. years. It dies back to the ground each year, wrong two years ago when taking a final Copyright © 1992 by the American Horticultural but the roots have survived temperatures of exam in a botany class where assorted Society. Second-class postage paid at Alexandria, Vir­ ginia, and at additional mailing offices. zero to 10 below several times. It is now six fresh plant specimens were placed around Postmaster: Please send Form 3579 to AMERICAN feet tall and blooming beautifully. the classroom. Since I was taking the HORTICULTURIST, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Larry Gulley lengthy written portion first, I did not even Alexandria, VA 22308· 1300. Sparta, Georgia look at the lab samples. Soon I was over-

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 5 come with nausea, headache, and an unex­ document tales that "sleeping in a ham­ plained rapid pulse. As I turned to leave the mock near a tree in full bloom has caused AHS Affiliates room, I noted that the angel's-trumpet such deep slumber that the subject was plant had been placed directly behind my awakened only by dousing with water. ... " Members of the following seat on the lab table. I found that the symptoms that Ms. Gerum institutions are participants in AHS's While this was perhaps one of the most described-nausea, headache, dizziness, Affiliate Membership beautifully written articles I have ever seen, etc.-are mentioned in texts solely in con­ Program, a networking I would hope that you print a warning to nection with cases of ingestion. There is no opportunity available to most your readers that planting these beautiful doubt about it, this plant is very poisonous, botanical gardens, plant societies, plants too near a window could make some and I did warn readers against eating any and horticultural groups. people in the household seriously ill. part of the plant. Shirley B. Gerum I could find no reference to a skin reac­ Haleiwa, Hawaii American Calochortus Society tion caused by Brugmansia. I have per­ Hayward, California sonally handled the plant daily with no Tovah Martin responds: American Hibiscus Society problems and my coworkers at the green­ Coco Beach, Florida I am very grateful to Ms. Gerum for bring­ house have never complained of a rash ing the issue of plant allergies to the atten­ associated with this plant. I checked Bok Tower Gardens Lake Wales, Florida tion of American Horticulturist's readers. several texts on contact dermatology and And, from her description of symptoms, it Datura Brugmansia Botanica, The WiGhita Gardens could not find or Wichita, Kansas does seem that Ms. Gerum must certainly listed. In fact, Morton wrote of B. x can­ be suffering from an extreme allergic reac­ dida, Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden "the leaves are bound to the head as Dallas, Texas tion to Brugmansia. a sedative to relieve headache." And, in the Although allergies to certain plants (such Datura metel, Durfee Conservatory case of "a poultice of the Amherst, Massachusetts as poison ivy, etc.) are common, virtually mashed leaves was applied to the sales of anyone can have an allergic reaction to any East Tennessee Horticulture the feet to draw fever out of a patient. " and Landscape Association plant. It is just one of the dangers inherent Ms. Gerum briefly mentioned Cestrum Knoxville, Tennessee in being a gardener. According to the ex­ nocturnum. Apparently, allergy to this Friends of Fellows Riverside Gardens perts that I consulted, an allergy to Brug­ plant is more common. When I questioned Youngstown, Ohio mansia or Datura is by no means common. the elder members ofour family about their Friends of Longue Vue It is little wonder that Ms. Gerum finds experience with reactions to Cestrum, they New Orleans, Louisiana the scent of Brugmansia's blossoms to be could recall two instances in their sixty Friends of the Botanical Garden distasteful considering the severity of her years of leading tours through our green­ University of California allergic reaction. But apparently I am not houses when customers reacted with dizzi­ Berkeley, California alone in finding the fragrance pleasant. ness or sneezing when Cestrum was in Friends of the Davis Arboretum Stephen Lacey described Brugmansia as blossom. And, of course, eating this rela­ Davis, California "powerfully and sweetly scented" in Scent tive of Brugmansia can prove lethal for Illinois Native Plant Society in Your Garden and Rosemary Verey anyone-especially a child. In regard to Westville, Illinois remarked that "the scent is intoxicating­ contact dermatology, Morton reports that Inniswood Society reminiscent of narcissus and lilies" in The in Cuba, a leaf decoction of Cestrum noc­ Westerville, Ohio Scented Garden. In fact, when Kenneth turnum is "used as a lotion for skin erup­ Kentucky Native Plant Society Lampe called the scent offensive in the tions. " Ri€hmond, Kentucky AMA Handbook of Poisonous and In­ Plant allergies are a serious matter­ Lyon Arboretum Association jurious Plants, he was referring to the foliar especially for those who suffer from them. Honolulu, Hawaii aroma, not the floral scent. Any plant may induce an allergic reaction Master Gardeners International In our greenhouse we have a huge tree in someone. But the majority of us can Corporation of Brugmansia that produces dozens of grow Brugmansia without fear. Further­ Alexandria, Virginia blossoms with great regularity. Hundreds, more, fragrance is a personal matter. As I Matthaei Botanical Gardens probably thousands, of customers have mention in the introduction of The Essence Ann Arbor, Michigan witnessed the show, and to our knowledge, of Paradise, from which the American Hor­ Memphis Botanic Garden Foundation no one has suffered unpleasant aftereffects. ticulturist article was excerpted, scents that Memphis, Tennessee Brugmansia has been used as a house plant I find pleasant might be fetid to another Nebraska Statewide Arboretum since the nineteenth century. nose. Every nose is opinionated. Lincoln, Nebraska I spoke to Melvin Shemluck, a specialist Oklahoma Botanic Garden in the nightshade family. Dr. Shemluck had and Arboretum Extension: Not All Is Bleak Stillwater, Oklahoma heard of a legend cautioning against sleep­ ing under a Brugmansia in full bloom. But Art Ode ("Whatever Happened to the Santa Barbara City College Environmental Horticulture Program he knew ofno actual instance ofharm from County Agent," October) has written a Santa Barbara, California mere proximity to the plant. Ms. Gerum wonderful tribute to Cooperative Exten­ Tennessee Native Plant Society quotes Julia Morton, the ethnobotanical sion's commitment to "bringing the univer­ Knoxville, Tennessee compiler of folk plant usage. Morton wrote sity to the people." With its emphasis on Texas State Horticultural Society in Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle county-level educational programs linked College Station, Texas America concerning B. x candida that to university expertise and research, our "flowers are placed beneath one's pillow at Extension system has been a uniquely night to induce sound sleep. " Morton does American invention. It has been effective

6 FEBRUARY 1992 FRAGRANT GLORY (lmrtFliNlmd~) ~~ . ~~ .., -~-.!L .. ""~Ol"''''

A Limited Edition Collector Plate. ases. Soothing the senses .. . lifting the spiFit ... nourishing Hand-Numbered and Bordered in 24 Karat Gold. Please mail b:' February 29, 1992. the soul in a spectacular collector plate created by interna­ The Franklin Mint tionally renowned botan:ical artist Rosanne Sanders in an Franklin Center, Pennsylvania 19091 offidal commission far the United KiQgdop\'s Royal National Please enter my order for ~ CloD' by Rosanne Sanders. I need Rose Society. SEND NO MONEY NOW. I wi ll be billed $29.50* when my plate is "Fragrant Glory." A Limited Edition Collector Plate portray­ shipped. Limit: one plate per collector. ing the magnificent blooms foup.d in the gardens of the Society­ 'Plus my state sales tax from the scarlet petals of Madam,e Louis Laperriere to the coral and $2.95 for shipping and handling

blossoms of the Fragrant Cloud. SIGNATURE ______Priced at just $29.50, this imported collector plate is forever ALL ORDERS ARE SUBJECT TO ACCEPTANCE limited to 45 firing days. Available exclusively from The Franklin . Mint, Franklin Center, Pennsylvania 19091. MRIMRS/M ISS ------.",Pl.".EA-:cSE=-=P=RINTc=-:::Cl-=-EA-:::Rl"'y------

ADDRESS,______~APT NO Return Assurance Policy If you wish to return any Franklin Mint purchase, you may do so within 30 CITY/STATE/ZIP ______days of your receipt of that purchase for replacement, credit or refund. © 1992 FM 12003-6GDP-37 and strong because it has stayed close to Chimeras and Beech Leaves the people, listened to their needs and responded to them. But now, as Mr. Ode As a lifetime gardener, I write to tell you points out, that grass roots legacy is in that I greatly enjoy American Horticul­ jeopardy in some parts of the country. turist, especially on cold, nongardening It is appropriate to be concerned about days like today. In particular, I really en­ the fiscal stresses that have forced some We Grow joyed Robert Geneve's article on chimeras Beautiful Perennials states to consolidate county offi~es into (December), and have iflcluded much in­ At A Price You Will Like!!! regional extension centers. In many places formation from his article in a book that I these fiscal problems and resulting budget am writing on biological terminology. The plants that return to bloom cuts are not directed at Extension alone, I note in the December "Letters" column season after season for years of but are the result of state budget deficits the warning of Ron Carrow and his botany easy pleasure, our specialty ... that have affected support for higher iflstructor about identifying plants from Perennials. education across the board. However, the photogra phs. However, I still wonder White !beris for early spring, picture fo r Extension education is not en­ about the branch on page 39 of that issue. summer's perky Shasta Daisies and tirely a bleak one. Is it really Fagus grandifolia? It does not fall for blooming Chrysanthemums In Wisconsin, the University of Wiscon­ look like the branch of this tree outside my ... Perennials beautify your home. sin-Extension and Cooperative ExteNsion study window in the warm season. The tree Bluestone grows over 300 varieties programs remain strong, diversified, in­ in your picture does not have long, pointed of perennials which are shipped in novative, and forward looking. We have buds and leaves with large teeth. full growth -- easy to plant and strong relationships with our county Edward M. Barrows each plant guaranteed. partners, the Extension Education Com­ Washington, D.C. Send lor our lree catalog or call 800-852·5243. mittees of seventy-two county boards. We will be pleued to hear Irom you. Based on advice from 1,849 citizens serv­ Name ______ing oI( Strategic Planning Advisory Com­ mittees, we have shifted some of our Address ______priorities to emphasize education on three

518Ie' ______major issues facing our society: youth and families at risk, the quality of water, and Zip ______management of wastes. But we are still 7225 MIDDLE RIDGE RD. strongly committed to our traditional h.igh­ MADISON, OHIO 44057 priority programs. Our county structure is intact. The budget for the federal partner, Extension ServicelUSDA, has increased by Plant the Very Best ... 4 percent in each of the last rwo years, and Plant Andre Viette funding for national initiatives such as Quality Perennials! youth-at-risk, food safety, and water The Famous Andre Viette quality has iflcreased by 81Jz percent in Farm and Nursery has fiscal year 1992. The state of Wisoonsin's one of the largest commitment to higher education has collections in the East. resulted in stable funding for Extension. In We ship nationally. addition, UW-Extension plays critical Rare and Unusual educational roles in new state projects-in Perennials recycling, hazardous waste management, Nyssa sylvatica. Specializing in agricultural technology assessment, sus­ Flowering tainable agriculture, and nutrient and pest Not surprisingly, we heard from a number Perennials management-that have resulted in in­ of readers on this. Experts identified the Rock Garden creased state support. leaves as those of Nyssa sylvatica, com­ Perennials Woodland Our vision for Cooperative Extension in monly called sour gum or black gum. Plants Wisconsin is to be true to a commitment to Daylilies #~ excellence in our programs. This excellence Correction (~~~ ~~/ is possible only if we are actively responsive to people's needs; if we continue to change In OUf October article on Louisa Yeomans with the times; if we employ the best King, rwo dates were incorrect. The Garden ndreYfette educators; and if we use and adapt the best Club of Michigan was founded in 1911, FARM & NURSERY new communication technology for reach­ and Mrs. King was asked to be gaFden ing people with educational programs. But advisor to Montgomery Ward in 1936. the key to excellence-and to retaining the Accept No Substitute support of the people we serve-continues American Horticulturist welcomes letters 703-943-2315 to be our "£ront line," the county Exten­ concerning the magazine or activities ofth e Dept. AH, Rt. 1, Box 16 sion office and our county agents. American Horticultural Society. Letters Fishersville, VA 22939 Ayse Somersan may be edited for accuracy, clarity, or Write for our catalog - $2.00 Dean, UW-Extension length. In writing to us, please include a Madison, Wisconsin daytime phone number.

8 FEBRUARY 1992 Helps plants • SUlVlve OFFSHOOTS cold, dry winters.

Land, It's the Only Thing ticated Savannah she finds the rolling red Worth Dying For hills and ga unt pines wild and untamed after the long fl at vistas of sandy land By Katherine Grace Endico tt studded wi th palmetto and palm. She makes Tara more gracious by planting reathes there a soul , either South or wisteria to tumble over the veranda and by North, who does not love Gone growing pink crape myrtle bushes by the B With the Wind? Like everyone else, fro nt door. She also adds white-blossomed I'm fascinated by both the book and the magnolias, cape jessamine, and beds of movie version. So I confess to more than a zi nnias. As a fin al touch she stations a little curiosity when I learned that Margaret succession of young boys by the front steps Mitchell 's heirs ga ve permission fo r a sequel to shoo her husband's beloved turkeys and to a Southern historical novelist named geese to the back yard. Sprayed on plant surfaces, Wilt-Pruf® Alexandra Ripley. I suppose most people To my mind Tara is basica lly a country forms a protective coating that slows wondered whether Scarl ett would lure house. The ornamental garden, w hile down moisture evaporati on from leaves and stems. Use for: Rhett back, but the way I figured it, there charming, is definitely secondary to the wouldn't be much of a pl ot if she didn't get vegeta ble garden and the fruit orchard that • spring and summer transplanting • protection from summer heat him back at least temporaril y. So I worried sustain a sizea ble household . The author and drought about other details-like what Ms. Ripley indicates that Tara is part of the young and • fall transplanting would do with the landscape at Tara. lusty rural South. Cotton was its heartbeat. • winter windburn protection If yo u'll recall the Mitchell book, Gerald Its wea lth, newly won, came from the curv­ • Christmas trees, wreaths and greens O'Hara won a burnt-down plantation in a ing furrows and acres of fl eecy white. card game. It was in a wilderness area in the Now consi der how H oll ywood re­ Orga ni c and biodegradable, Wi lt-Pruf® is the safe way to guard middle of Georgia that had been ceded by the created Tara on screen. David Selzn ick aga inst moisture loss Cherokees onl y twelve yea rs ea rlier. The Irish bought the movie rights to Gone With the yea r 'round. WIlT0 immigrant establishes a successful cotton Wind in 1936. By that time it was already As k for Wilt-Pruf® at plantati on complete with a whitewashed one of America's best-loved novels; over yo ur ga rcen supply PRUf® brick house and ca lls his plantation Tara. the years it has sold more than 25 million store today. W hen Gerald O'H ara brings his yo ung copies . Selznick decided to make Tara the P.O. Box 469, Essex, CT 06426-0469 bride, Ell en, to Tara fro m the more sophis- ce ntral fig ure in the movie. Several times he 203f767 -7033

AMERICAN HORTICULTU RI ST 9 repeats his theme that land is the only thing Gerald O'Hara raised turkeys. There's a SPECIAL PRE- PUBLICATION that matters; it is the only thing worth sizeable difference between a turkey and a OFFER ... SAVE $100 working and dying for; it is the only thing peacock. But never mind, I suspect that that lasts. At the end of the film, Scarlett Hollywood was afraid the nongardening loses Rhett, but she will return to Tara, world might not notice the refined air that The Only Mitchell also has Scarlett thinking of daffodils and magnolia blossoms lent to Gardening Tara at the novel's end. She remembers its Tara. After all, the film's white-columned cape jessamine and dark cedars, but the version of Tara was at considerable odds Reference You'll emphasis is on her strength: "The spirit of with Margaret Mitchell's clumsy, sprawl­ her people who would not know defeat." ing rural estate of the same name. Ever Need Selznick began filming without a Scarlett. Now we have still another Tara to return He did, however, have Tara. to in Ripley's Scarlett-one more glimpse The story of how Tara's landscape was of a lost dream. Sure enough, Ripley begins created for film is related in Landscaping her novel with the line, "This will be over the American Dream by James J. Yoch soon, and then I can go home to Tara." In (Abrams/Saga Press, 1989). The book is fact she expesses that same sentiment twice about the gardens and film sets of Florence on the first page and again on the next page Yoch, a landscape architect who worked and two pages later. As I read, I began to from about 1915 to 1965 on various land­ fear the longing for Tara was all we were scapes from Pasadena to Carmel. In 1934, going to get of Tara. And considering that Yoch designed the landscape of Selznick's this is an 823-page book, it is. Beverly Hills home-a gracious suburban Scarlett imagines Tara's "glistening green design more comfortable than grand. leaves of cape jasmine bushes studded with Selznick gave Yoch a sizeable budget for perfect waxen white blossoms." But when Tara and much smaller sums for landscap­ she arrives, Tara is covered by vines-ugly ing T~elve Oaks and Rhett's Atlanta house. cords hung with dead leaves. Oh fiddle-dee­ Yoch traveled to Georgia where she studied dee. I had once read that Ripley's bathroom THE NEWRHS plants at a plantation like Tara. The trick, in her Virginia farmhouse was stacked with as she saw it, was to make California trees, flats of sprouting heliotrope and gardening shrubs, and vines look like they came from literature. Surely she could do more with Dictionary Georgia, Toward that end, Metro­ our beloved Tara. Goldwyn-Mayer's property department Ripley does write convincingly about the =of fabricated hundreds of dogwood blossoms fields behind Tara. "They were weedless, that were later tied to greenery, That same newly harrowed, and there was a faint, rich Gartf!!!!ing department made venerable oaks out of smell of the manure tilled in to prepare them telephone poles, chicken wire, and plaster. for the next planting. The red earth looked warm and fertile, and she relaxed, This was PUBLICATION : SPRING 1992 Particular attention was paid to the positioning of oak leaves so they could cast the heart and soul of Tara." Later Ripley All the gardening information you the appropriate shadows on the set, has Scarlett think, "Funny how in the city have ever needed-in one, accessible The film had several directors, One of manure was so smelly and messy, while in source. them, George Cukor, asked Yoch what the country it was a farmer's perfume," The • Over 50,000 detailed plant descriptions, plants would show that Scarlett's mother, writer obviously has a feel for the earth. But including every plant in cultivation in North America, A definitive guide to plant identification, Ellen, had come from a cultured family on alas, the revived Scarlett, barely thirty­ 'Man~chal seven pages into the novel, thinks, "Tara's • Practical guidelines for cultivating, protec t· the coast, She replied: Niel' ing, and propagating every plant described, roses and cape jessamine, Now considering not home for me any more, no matter how Includes latest USDA zones (also applied to that 'Marechal Niel' is a rather floppy yel­ much I love it. It's time for me to go." areas outside North America), low rose that was introduced in England at You can guess where she will go: after • Over 4,000 beautiful line drawings, illustrat· the close of the Civil War-about the time ing plant genera and species and recommended Rhett. That's about it for Tara except for gardening techniques, Ellen O'Hara dies-this may seem a rather the longing, which persists as a subplot. • Over 300 essay· length articles by 250 leading eccentric answer, But the name has an Those interested in the landscape of Tara horticultural, botanical, and taxonomic author' elegant French sound to it that surely must will have to wait until the miniseries ver­ ities from all over the world, Th ey provide the have satisfied Cukor. sion of Scarlett. Better still, I read recently most thorough and wide· ranging examination available of the art. craft, science, and history of Finally, the plantation took form, Two that Betty Talmadge, ex-wife of former gardening and botany, real magnolia trees were set in position as senator Herman E. Talmadge, bought the • ALSO: extensive cross· references, detailed were various bushes and vines that gave plywood facade of Tara that was built on botanical and horticultural glossaries, a Tara a look of elegant country life, Yoch MGM's back lot. There is talk of using it complete index of popular names, and extensive bibliography, balanced masses of greenery rather than in a 600-acre "Gone With the Wind" working with simple symmetry, The result theme park twenty miles south of Atlanta. was impressive, The audience cannot help One way or another we're bound to get For a copy of our illustrated, 14-page prospectus with further information on The New RffS but admire the floral splendor, another glimpse of Tara. Frankly, I still give Dictionary, and for more details of how you can In the opening shot, Scarlett sits on Tara's a damn. save $100 off the list price of $795 , please call us toll free 1·800·22 1· 2123 (in NY call (212) veranda holding several yellow daffodils. 673·4400), Or write us: St0ckton Press, Dept. AH, Two peacocks strut on the front lawn. Katherine Grace Endicott is a garden 257 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010, Great balls of fire, peacocks? In the book, columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle.

10 FEBRUARY 1992 BoOK REVIEWS

preformed , concrete, c lay, a nd brick sometimes not clearl y defined as U.S. or ponds, and combinations of these. The ad­ British measure), the size of pl anting con­ va ntages and di sadva ntages of each are tain ers could be more clea rl y discussed. covered as are optio ns of constructing The a uthor states that for large pl ants the strea ms, fo untains, and waterfa ll s. These la rgest containers possible sho uld be used are accompanied by many colo red figures but he illustrates the use of an eight-inch and photographs to illustrate deta ils a nd basket for la rge water lilies. Sin ce some of give examples of the final results. these plants have a normal leaf spread of This book originated in England, whi ch thirty sq uare feet, a pl anting container in is made obvious by the British spellings excess of two fee t in di ameter is none too (tonne, tyre, odo ur, colour, centre, etc .). large. (Wa ter gardening books printed at Consequently there is a bias toward the the turn o f the century for estate gardens plants, fish, and pond equipment that are recommend contai ners four feet on a sid e; found there. Fortunately, the author has water lilies haven't changed, but ga rden consulted experts in America to include practices have.) pertinent items avail abl e and applicable to Aside from these small caveats, I highly U.S. and Canadian gardene rs. He hel pfully recommend this book for anyone con­ translates most metric units into our cum­ templating bui ld ing a garden pond. bersome inches, feet, and ga ll ons, but does - Walter Pagels leave the reader up in the a ir on some of the more obscure conversions. Walter Pagels is the founding president of Under the chapter on water q uali ty the the International Water Lily Society. Water in the Garden author describes methods by whi ch the James Allison. Bulfinch Press, Boston, pond water can be kept cl ea r naturall y by 199 1. 160 pages. Co lor photographs and proper pond des ign and plantings. Alterna­ drawings. Publisher's price, hardcover: ti vely, he also describes the design and use Book Order Form $29.95. AHS member price: $25.50. of water filters necessary where the water D Water in the Garden .. $25.50 is excessive ly rich in nutrients (a situati on Here is an up-to-date book of particular becoming increasingly commo n in the D The AHS Flower Finder o first copy ...... $32.50 interest to anyone considering a pond for United States) or where the pond keeper D each additional copy . $30.00 the garden. It covers pond building from introduces more fish than the pond can the planning stage to the final landscaping naturall y sustain. The book also contains Postage and handling: $2.50. Virginia residents add 4 Y2% sales tax. Please all ow six weeks for and stocking with fi sh. a good secti o n on water chemistry, easily delivery. Prices are subject to change without notice. There is an extensive chapter on pool understood by the uninitiated. construction method s, including liner, The chapter on water garden pl ants is Enclosed is my check for $ ______extensive, with many colored illustrati o ns, o Visa 0 MasterCard Exp. Date: ___ but again with emphasis on hardy plants grown in England. The advantage for Ace r. #: American readers is an introduction to THE AHS FLOWER FINDER Signature: many fine aquatic plants not yet readily This easy-to-use resource by award­ avail able on this side of the ocean. With the Ship to: winning writer Jacqueline Heriteau ongoing cooperative efforts o f the com­ Street: ______describes and illustrates thousands of mercial members of the Interna tio na l the best bulbs, perennials, and an­ Water Lily Society, this disparity may soon Ciry: nuals for eve ry type of garden and be rectified. climate. Nurseryman Andre Viette I have very few criti cis ms of this book, State: served as horticultural consultant. but by searching diligently one can always Zip: The $40.00 volume is avail able to find a few items to carp about. Aside from AHS members for $32.50; each ad­ a few minor editorial oversights (some MAIL TO: AHS Books, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308-1 300. ditiona l volume is $30.00. page references mi splaced, the method of testing for nitrite not covered, ga ll ons

AMERI CAN HORTICULTURIST 11 Proven Performers

EACH YEAR AMERICAN HOR17CULTURIST

SELECTS SEVERAL PLANT SOCIETIES TO CHOOSE

AND DESCRIBE THEIR ALL-TIME FAVORITE

\ VARIETIES. AT A TIME OF THE YEAR

WHEN GARDENERS ARE BARRAGED WITH PAGE

UPON PAGE OF FANCY FLEDGLINGS, WE THINK

IT IMPORTANT TO HIGHLIGHT NOT THE

NOVEL, BUT THE NOTEWORTHY.

THIS YEAR, THE CACTUS AND SUCCULENT

SOCIETY OF AMERICA TELLS US THAT -

BESIDES SPINY WARRIORS - CACTI CAN BE

BLOOMING FOOLS, RAT-TAILS, ORCHIDS, AND

OLD MEN. THE AMERICAN PRIMROSE SOCIETY

LEADS US AWAY FROM THE WELL-TRODDEN

PRIMROSE PATH, TO PRIMULAS SUITABLE

FOR ALMOST EVERY CLIMATE, FROM CANADA

TO FLORIDA. At'JD THE AMERICAN HOLLY

SOCIETY TAKES US BEYOND THE ENGLISH AND

THE JAPANESE TO A NEW WORLD OF NATIVE

AND EXOTIC HOLLIES THAT ARE AS BEAUTIFUL

AS THEY ARE DURABLE .

12 FEBRUARY 1992 spring and summer. However, Neoporteria You can have almost species are fall bloomers, and the Schlum­ bergera bloom in late fall and early winter. any shape or flower Most are day bloomers, although a few color imaginable; genera such as Selenicereus are night bloomers. Some flowers, like those of the some even withstand genus Astrophytum, develop at the crown of the plant; others, like the small-flower­ subzero temperatures. ing Mammillaria species, form a halo around the body; and others develop laterally, as on Cleistocactus species. There are even some with scented flowers, such as Mammillaria surculosa (lemon), Echi­ nopsis leucantha (violet), and Discocactus STORY BY PEG SPAETE alteolens (pineapple). The difference between cacti and other FROM SOUTH AMERICA TO succulents is that cacti stems have areoles, Canada, cacti grow in hot which are like small bristle pads from deserts, coastal plains, which spines emerge. Many other suc­ agate beds, salt flats, and culents, such as Euphorbia and Pachy­ high mountain ranges. To podium species, have armature or spinelike adapt to their various emergences that protrude from the epider­ habitats, many of which mis, but since there are no areoles, they are are very harsh, these suc­ not cacti. There are many more succulents culent plants of the Cac­ than cacti. taceae have developed The following plants combine ease of mechanisms to store water culture, willingness to flower, a variety of and nutrients-sometimes flower colors and sizes, wide availability, for months at a time-in and beauty. their stems or tuberous Gymnocalycium species are prolific roots. There are over 150 bloomers. Most of them produce flowers genera and several thou­ in shades of white, but there are some with sand species, forms, and shades of pink, red, peach, and yellow. G. varieties of cacti. friedrichii has long-tubed, pretty pink The spines of cacti, which appear in flowers that enhance the red- and green­ several different colors-white, gold, rust, dappled body that is responsible for its black, gray-serve to reflect intense sun­ common name, the plaid cactus. It has light and discourage animals from eating another common name, chin cactus, be­ them. Spines vary in shape, and can be cause of its rounded tubercles (conical appressed (pressed flat against the cactus), protuberances) that look like numerous curved, straight, hooked, short, long, in chins. Like most Gymnocalycium species, combinations of these, or nonexistent. it performs very well in indirect sunlight. Dense hair like that on Cephalocereus Most forms offset within three to tour senilis or the wool on Parodia schwebsiana years, so starting more plants is easy. Rais­ or the powdery cover on Stenocereus ing them from seed presents no problems beneckei also help to protect the plant either. body. All of these variations provide the The genus Notocactus provides many cactus collector with many attractive fine blooming species with handsomely designs to study and enjoy. spined, spherical bodies. Most of the Flowers appear in various shades of red, flowers are a satiny yellow in various sizes; yellow, orange, white, magenta, and green, however, there are a few peach-colored but no blue. Sizes and sha pes of the flowers species and a purple one (N. uebelman­ vary according to species. Many Mammil­ nianus). The regions in Argentina, Brazil, laria species have flowers one-half inch and Uruguay where Notocactus species are wide; Epiphyllum hybrids can have found have more rainfall than most cactus flowers eight to nine inches across. Bloom­ habitats, so they can use more water than ing periods are at different times as well. recommended for container-grown cacti, For instance, some Parodia and Notocac­ and will do with a shorter rest period in tus species will begin blooming in February winter. Two months is fine. and March; most other cacti bloom in the N. magnificus has two forms. The white- Oreocereus hendriksenianus var. densilanatus. AMERICAN HORTICU LTURIST 13 GIVE CACTI GOOD LIGHT, WINTER REST, EVENING-TIME ATTENTION ost cacti will grow and bloom moisture that appear near the surface of well if you remember that the soil. A deep pot is not necessary for M they are li ving things out of cacti with fibrous roots. A few geneta, their habitat and need a good diet and such as Sulcorebutia and Turbinicar­ sufficient rest. Generally speaking, th ~ y pus, have a thick, long root system and will grow and bloom in the spring and consequently require deeper containers summer, some into fall, then rest during and less frequent watering. the coldest months. By resting (being When sowing cactus seeds, spread dormant), they will have the strength to them evenly over a moist, sterilized soil add new growth and bloom well when mixture, then press them gently into the the warmer weather begins. s0il, but don't bury them. The seeds To rest, cacti should have a location need light to germinate. Cover the con­ with good light, good air circulation, tainer with a clear plastic wrap and cooler temperatures (40 to 50 degrees), place it in a well-lighted, warm area and dry soil. If th ~ y are too warm, they (about 72 degrees). When watering, will continue to grow and this lack of water from the bottom to avoid disturb­ rest will be evident in poor growth and ing the seed. Once the seedlings are little bloom. established and the plastic is removed, After cacti hav~ rested for two to wate6ng can be done on the surface. three months, begin watering the plants When taking cuttings or offsets from Ofl the soil surfaC€~ , flOt overhead or cacti, allow the ends to callus over from the bottom. For most cacti, begif.l before placing them in a soil mixture to a feeding program in April; feed every take root. Callusing prevents rot. other time you water. Since the cacti are Echinocereus pectinatus var. rubrispinus. Remove offsets and cuttings during the dry when you wat~r and fertilize, feed growing period of the plant. Cut the only one-quarter to one-half strength with either a balanced offset with a sharp knife dipped in alcohol; twisting it off may fertilizer (20-20-20j or with a IS-30-iS. puB out the core of the plaRt. It is important not to feed for two to three weeks after'a plant Cacti need a porous soil mixture that drains wldl. If the soil has bloomed. The plant needs this rest since it is exhausted remains wet for a week after watering, then add some pumice from producing flowers. Trace elements are important for or small smooth gravel or charcoal to aerate the soil mixture. cacti, so either add them to the fertilizer or purchase one with Most potting soils break down within a year, so if plants are trac~ elements such as boron, magf.lesiUffi, and calcium. not repotted ~very year, the old mixture will flO longer hold Blotchy scars on cacti may ifldicate a lack of trace elements. moisture and nutrients will be depleted. If plants are not The stomata of cacti open in the evening. This is another repotted annually, it is especially important to have a regular mechanism that helps cacti and succulents survive in their watering and feeding program. native habitats. For this reason, the pI aRts are better able to Many growers use a top dressing of #2 aquarium-sized absorb water, fertilizer, and pesticides that are applied in the gravel for a number of reasons. The most important is to keep late attemoon or evemng. This makes them perfect plants for the moisture away from the base 0f the plant to avoid rot. people who are gone from home during the day. When potting up the plant, cover the root system completely The type and color of their planting containers also affect with the soil, then add the top dressing up to the base of the how often cacti should be watered. Plastic pots will obviously plant. Then when you water, the water will quickly drain hold moisture longer than clay pots. Dark pots will absorb through the gravel and into the soil where the roots can absorb heat, so when the SHn shines directly on them and the soil is it. The top dressiflg also helps to support the plant. wet, the root system can be injured. This is an important When growing a grafted plant, place it in an area with good concern when growing plants on the windowsill-light­ air circulation without direct sunlight and away from acciden­ colored containers should be used. tal misting or watering. Water and feed it according to the Most cacti have shallow root systems to absorb the mist and needs of the stock, not the scion. -Peg Spaete

spined one will offset within two to four fourths-inch fl owers on M. zeilmanniana have halolike bl ooms hovering around the yea rs. The bluish green form has distinct are magenta and the fl owers of M. zeilman­ body, the larger-fl owering species such as ribs with comblike spines; it grows solitary niana var. albifl ora are a brilliant white. M. theresae and M. longiflora have a less for se veral yea rs before se nding out offsets. Both have dark green, oval-s haped bodies sy mmetrical di splay. M ost are easy to grow Many N otocactus species are self-fertile, so covered with short white and reddish from offsets or seed. it's easy to collect seed and start ne'JV ones. brown spines and both cluster easily. Since Th e ge n us Neoporteria h as several Two forms of Mammillaria zeilman­ this is the second largest genus in the cactus species with dark to li ght green and purple niana are frequently referred to as bloom­ famil;', totaling over 170 species, there are to purple-black cy lindrica l bodies. Some, ing fool beca use of their halos of fl owers many other fl ower colors and sizes . While like N. gerocephala, a re completely th at seem to last all summer. The three- the smaller-flowering Mammillaria species covered with spines. Others, like the short,

14 FEBRUARY 1992 GRAFTING CACTI

black-spined N. nap ina, are nearly bare. raftiflg is used to save a cao~us that has be<:ome too weak to grow on its The dominant flower colors are mage nta own roots, to host crests and other fasciated fmms or plants without or soft creamy peach. N. rapifera has a G chlorophyll, to promote faster growth hom seed to floweriBg stage, and purple body with black spines accenting to ensure the life of very rare, prolle-to-rot cacti. the white woolly crown from which The £lat graft is probably the most frequently used method for grafting cacti. numerous magenta flowers emerge in the Prepare the well-rooted stock by slicillg off the top, leaving two to f0m: iBches of fall. This genus is easy to grow from seed the stock (more if grafting a larger orest). Bevel the sides, since the center will retract or offsets. as it dies. Prepare the scion by slickiflg off the bottom and bevel,ing it. Cardully The Parodia genus is one of the most match the vascular rings in the center of the plants, or overlap nhe rimgs so there diverse. Species come in a variety of flower are at least two points of contact. Use a clean, sterile knife. colors, including shades of pink, red, To hold the scion onto the stock, take a #12-gawge solid coated wire amd cut it orange, yellow, white, and combinations. to reach from the pot base to the top of the plant plus a couple of extra inches 'to Spines are colored rust, black, ye llow, or form a horizontal halo. Insert the straight end into the soil and allow the halo end white and can be straight, curved, hooked, to rest on top of the scion. Drape a piece of yarn with a small weight OB eaelh end appressed, or combined. The number of over the wire halo to ensure light pressure to hold the two plants tog(lther. After spines can be few or so many that the body three to four days, check to see if the union was successful. If not, repeat the is completely hidden, as with P. catamar­ procedure. censis. The prese nce of wool on these species (for example, P. schwebsiana and P. tafiensis) is another spectac ular charac­ teristic. Some species, like P. laui, have ribs that spiral up the elongated globular body. Most Parodia species are excellent bloomers, with flowers rising fr om the crown and lasting for days. Beginning as early as February, P. mairanana displays orange flowers unfolding from the brown woolly buds. These, added to its dark green body and white woolly areoles, give it a warm and earthy appearance. Most species cluster, providing offsets for starting new Parodia mairanana. plants. They are also easy to raise from seed, but a little slow growing the first year. The genus Rebutia boasts a variety of flower colors and colorful spines as well. R. narvaecense is a soft, white-spined species that produces a bouquet of long­ lasting light pink flowers. Flower colors on other species illclude yellow, gold, magen­ ta, white, and combinations; many flower in their second or third year. They are a: clustering plants and several species pro­ w '"a: duce flowers that are self-fertile. Rebutia >­'" Z species also have soft skin, so it is impor­ Z I tant to provide good air circulation and to ~ ~ avoid long dry spells, a condition that in­ U> vites mites. A light misting will help to t5 I discourage that pest. a. Oreocereus hendriksenianus is a thFee­ Aporocactus flagelliformis. Turbinicarpus valdezianus. foot-tall columnar plant, dra ped with long, soft, white hairs. It sends out offsets from old man cactus (Cephalocereus senilis) The long, pendant stems, which can reach its base, which serve to frame the majestic with long, coarse, grayish white hair. The six feet in length, are covered with short sculpture. Red tubular flowers appear on whitish wool-covered area (called the yellow spines. These "tails"-which give the sides and amber-colored, straight, cephalium) is where the three-inch, yellow­ the plant its common name of rat-tail cac­ central spines emerge through the white white, night-blooming flowers develop. tus-grow quickly and root eas ily. The red hairs. The spines of O. hendl'iksenianus This species will reach a height of fifty feet trumpet flowers open in ea rl y su mmer. The var. densilanatus are shorter and less con­ in its natural habitat in Mexico. Most intergeneric crosses between Aporocactus spicuous. Columnar cacti do not flower as columnar cacti are easy to grow from seed. a nd Epiphyllum, which a re ca ll ed x early as the globular types. A great basket specimen for a sunny Aporophyllum hybrids, provide a wider Another beautiful columnar cactus is the location is the Aporocactus flagelliformis. va ri ety of fl ower co lors. Use a light mi x for

AM ERI CAN HORTICULTURIST 15 potting up these plants and during the are epiphytic in nature, not terrestrial. growing season water them before they dry The gen us Echinocereus has many color­ Forget the out completely. fully spined plants with deep yellow, Epiphyllum hybrids are larger hanging lavender, or white flowers. Even without stereotype. Pick a plants that provide an array of magnificent the oversized, lavender flowers with green prostrate form, blooms in the spring. There are also a few stigmas, Echinocereus pectinatus var. that bloom in the fall, such as the orange­ rubrispinus would be worth growing for yellow berries, or flowering E. 'George's Favorite' and the the burgundy spines that hug the plant's yellow and white E. 'Vista Star'. These cylindrical body. Some of the species are variegated leaves. flat-stemmed, tropical cacti, commonly hardy, growing in regions that r€!ach sub­ referred to as orchid cacti, produce enor­ zero temperatures. E. reichenbachii var. mous saucer- or trumpet-shaped flowers. baileyi and E. viridiflorus do well in out­ Many of the newer hybrids have smaller side rock gardens. They are known to be but more prolific blooms. One of the min­ hardy into Zone 4. Plants of this gerlUs BY F RED EBERSOLE ia tures is E. 'Blushing Belle', which has grow easily from seed, and since they off­ light lavender, bell-shaped flowers. Epi­ set, can also be vegetatively propagated. TWO OR THREE GENER­ phyllums need to be trimmed every year or The genus Turbinicarpus includes a ATIONS AGO, most so, thereby producing new stems and more large selection of small, slow-growing, Americans thought of flowers. They also need a little chill in the larg€!-flowering species. Some, like T. pseu­ hollies only as Christ­ faU and enough water in the winter to keep dopectinatus, have truncated or anvil­ mas decorations. But the soil moist so the roots do not deteri­ shaped tubercles, with white appressed World War II brought orate. The soil should be porous since these spine ~ om the tips. Some ha ve curved spines hundreds of thousands (T. schmiedickeanus), twisted spines (T. of Westerners, includ­ pseudomacrochele), or straight spin.es (T. ing knowledgeable CACTUS SOURCES & RESOURCES lophophoroides) that emerge from the flat­ gardeners and future tened, puffy tubercles. Spines vary from homeowners, across The Cactus and Succulent Society of white to yellow to black. The flowers are the Pacific, where new America (CSSA) is dedicated to promoting large, long-petaled saucers in white, white shapes and sizes of hol­ a better understanding and appreciation of with pink stripes, or pearly pink. T. val­ lies were everywhere. these spectacular, easy-care, water-saving dezianus has truncated tubercles with Later, plant tours for plants. It publishes the bimonthly Cactus small white spines on their tips. The large amateurs and plant and Succulent Society] ournal with cultural flowers are a lovely lavender or white. This hunting expeditions by and scientific articles and a bimonthly genus has thick roots for storing moisture, professionals followed newsletter and holds regional and national unlike the fibrous root system of most up on these initial ob­ comventions. Other m~mbership benefits cacti, so they should be watered less fre­ serva tions and con­ include the use of its slide library, a seed quently. tacts, fueled by the exchange, round robins, shows, and sales. Another thick-rooted genus, Sulcore­ growing demand for If you are interested in learning more about butia, has many splendid flowering species. attractive housing and landscapes for the society or want to join (dues are $30), The spherical bodies are quick to offset; returning service personnel. send your name and address to CSSA, during the blooming period they look like Today, there are hollies to fulfill almost Mindy Fusaro, Business Manager, P.O. a bouquet because the flowers of all the any requirement or desire of the home Box 35034, Des Moines, IA 50315-0301. plants are so numerous and long lasting. landscaper. There are upright tree hollies, For a free list of seeds, send a self-ad­ One of the most distinctive species, S. weeping forms, and dwarf mounded types dressed, stamped (52 cents), long envelope arenacea, has bone-colored, short, ap­ that all grow reliably and fit well in an to CSSA Seed Depot, 27821 S.E. Sun Ray pressed spines rising from woolly areoles infinite number of situations. There are Drive, Boring, OR 97009-941l. that spiral around a mocha green body. large-leaved, spiny hollies and small, Commercial sources of cacti include: Golden yeMow flowers have brush strokes smooth-leaved hollies. The leaf color rang­ Abbey Garden Cacti and Succulents, of yellow-orange at the tips. Since the es from a solid dark green to green. with a 4620 Carpinteria Avenue, Carpinteria, CA plants of this genus are mountain growers white or golden edge, and some have white 93013. Catalog $2. in Bolivia, they enjoy fresh air, cooler or yellow blotches in the center. There are Grigsby Cactus Gardens, 2354 Bella temperatures, and plenty of light. They berries of red, orange, yellow, black, or Vista Drive, Vista, CA 92084. Catalog $2. tend to suffer when it is very hot, so good white to add seasonal color. Hollies are Lauray of Salisbury, 432 Undermountain air circulation and shade are essential. invaluable companion plants, comple­ Road, Salisbury, CT 06068. Catalog $2. After they bloom in July, watering should menting vibmnum, witch hazel, jasmine, Mesa Garden, P.O. Box 72, Belen, NM be reduced until cooler temperatures arrive daphne, and cornelian cherry as well as 87002. Send two first-class stamps for in the fall, which is when they resume azaleas and rhododendrons. catalog. growing. Hollies are also a good choice for those Rainbow Gardens Tropical Cacti, 1444 to whom environmental concerns ar€! East Taylor Street, Vista, CA 92084. Peg Spaete is a board member of the Cactus paramount. They are extremely tolerant of Catalog $2. and Succulent Society of America. air pollution and serve as excell€!nt barriers

16 FEBRUARY 1992 to noise pollution and eyesores. They stand up well against the winter salt treatment of snowy roadways and against the baking summer sun of shopping centers and similar concrete islands. They take pruning with aplomb, so that they are excellent subjects for hedges, screens, and founda­ tion plantings, as well as topiaries. At midcentury, the U.S. National Ar­ boretum held that there were approximate­ ly 500 species of Ilex worldwide. Succeeding plant tours to the orient have indicated that there may be several hundred more scattered throughout far eastern Asia, Malaysia, and the South Pacific. In the United States, there are nine known evergreen species and ten to twelve deciduous species, the latter depending upon a couple of subgroupings to which some plant researchers give full species status. Though Ilex species tend to be con­ centrated toward the milder southern por­ tion of the United States, the hardy and prolific American holly (1. opaca) grows as far north as USDA Zone 4b. Among the first oriental hollies catching the interest of American home landscapers was the Japanese holly, I. crenata, with its compact, low-growing habit and flattish dome. But its fruit was black and unin­ teresting. There are now many cultivars hardy to Zone 5b, which, while their ber­ ries are still black, are unobtrusive. Good cultivars are 'Dwarf Cone' and 'Hoogen­ dorn', dwarfs that will remain under three feet; 'Hell eri' and 'Hetzi', which reach six feet; the taller 'Glass' and 'Sentenil', up to fifteen to twenty feet; and 'Highlander', which can reach well over twenty feet at full maturity in twenty-five years. In the more immense of these, the flat-headed dome shape can become unattractive in old age, but they can easily be trimmed back for many years to forestall this. Chinese species-primarily 1. cornuta­ with their bright red fruit took us another step forward. From this group have been selected the Burford type of I. cornuta. Visitors to Callaway Gardens in Pine Mountain, Georgia, marvel over the road­ side hedge of thirty-foot-tall 1. cornuta 'Burfordii', which in late fall and early winter is ablaze with red berries. These are not vest-pocket candidates to be sure, but man and nature have also yielded I. co r­ nuta 'Dwarf Burfordii'. This dwarf, unlike other plants to which that word is applied, makes a beautiful plant at any stage of its growth, from twelve inches to ten feet, th e height it will attain at fifteen years if left Hex aquifolium is among the fastest regenerating, easy-to-prune hollies. AM ERI CAN HORTICULTURIST 17 GOOD DRAINAGE PARAMOUNT FOR HOLLIES Ost hollies prefer fairly light untrimmed. It can easily be kept pruned to soil and good drainage. A any suitable intermediate height. The M planting hole dug in heavy profusely produced leaves are much smaller clay is likely to form a catch basin unless than those of 'Burfordii'. Its lea ves tend not gravel-filled drainage lines are dug or to be sharply spined, except at the tips, and drain tile installed at a lower level, or its fruit is not as heavy or as prominently unless sufficient clay can be carted away displayed. But its generally round, plump to bring in an overlay of lighter soil at shape makes it a magnificent, year-round least eight to ten inches deep. In display shrub. Both are hardy to Zone 6 with some areas not immediately adjaeent to a protection, but the foliage will be more dwelling, a simple solution has been to luxuriant in Zones 7,8, and 9. bring in light soil and plant the holly on Another I. cornuta of interest is the top of the clay, making sure that the spreading 'Rotunda', which has large glos­ planting mound is sufficiently broad sy leaves. It is hardy in Zones 7 to 9. I. and not too sharply sloped. These flat­ 'China Girl' and 1. 'China Boy' are the first tened mOlmds, when covered with I. cornuta hybrids to be tested in colder heavy mulch, meld into the background climates, but the claims of their hardiness of the larger planting area. They would to Zone 5 still have to be proven. not do well close to a house, not only because of the drainage difficulties but for A novelty holly from the South Pacific is aesthetic reasons: the confines of the building do not allow the mulch hump to be 1. dimorphophylla. For its first few years, balaneed out by distaNce and hence it is obvious and unsightly. it has beautiful, finely toothed leaves. This Under all conditions, ~horough mulching-~ith ma~erial such as forest debris, foliage gives way to less attractive, almost coarse or ground bark, peat moss, dead grass, spoiled hay, or compost-will be spineless circular leaves one-half to three­ bendicial. Avoid a thick layer of fresh grass clippings, which will rot and form a quarters of an inch in diameter. Its size makes heavy mass impervious to good drainage, and reduce air circulation in the upper it a standout: so far, there are no examples of layer of soil. A three-to-four-inch layer of any of these other mulches will also it growing higher than approximately thirty enhance the holly's color, and partially .compensate . for irregular watering or inches. It is not hardy in areas north of Zone fertilizing. Stirring the mulch once or twice in the gl'Owing season will redistribute 8b unless well-protected. fertilizer scattered on top in early spring. From the Liukiu Islands in the South Hollies should be fertilized in February or March in Zone 7 and south, and about Pacific comes I. liukiuensis, which shows one month later in the North. Use one pound of 10-10-10 commercial fertilizer (with tremendous promise in Zone 8 in the holly the six or seven trace elements) for each inch of the trunk's diameter, up to four collection of Sandhi lis Community College inches. For spreading shrub types, a plant two and a half to three feet in diameter at Pinehurst, North Carolina. It has a beau­ will need one pound. Ideally, some of the nitrogen should be an organic or tiful, slim triangle shape, and requires little slow-release type, such as urea-formaldehyde or composted manure. In very sandy or no pruning to maintain its almost per­ soil, with attendant loss through leaching, a second light fertilization in late spring fect geometric lines. is helpful. ill areas of severe winter weather, new growth should not be encouraged Before World War II, a few nurserymen past July 15, wheN the second growth flush is taking place. Beyond this date, extra attempted to adapt the native American tender new growth will be winter-killed and spring flowering reduced. holly, I. opaca, for intimate home land­ For prevention of scale, 2 percent horticultural oil should be sprayed on hollies scapes. Until then, it was classed as a wood­ in early spring, after night temperatures will not fall below 45 degrees. Leafminers land tree and used mainly in large areas like can afflict I. opaca. They can be combated with some powerful sprays such as parks and other public spaces. It was dif­ chlordane and cygon, but check with your Extension office first to make sure the ficult to take such a forest-bred tree, some­ sprays are legal in your area. Do flot llse cygon on I. cornuta or its cultivars as it what thin and irregular and not especially will retard the growth of some branches or possibly kill them outright. Spraying glossy, and expect it to compete successful­ should be done soon after spring growth begins, but avoid spraying during the ly in the rapidly growing home landscape period of bloom or bees will be killed. market dominated by the West Coast­ Pruning is opportunely done during the dormant season, which is also the grown English holly, 1. aquifolium, and its holiday season wnen you can use the beautiful greens and berries. Those forced to companion, 1. x altaclarensis. But these prune severely after storm damage or for drastic correction of shape will see the two have restrictions, as they go dormant in quick healing power of Ilex. The tree forms of American and English hollies are Southern coastal areas in July and August, especially regenerative. Many of these, if sawed off six inches above ground level, then bloom sparsely in late fall instead of will s

18 FEBRUARY 1992 as it remains compact and three to six fee t tall. It has a white- berried cultivar, 'Ivo ry Quee n', with a more open-branch habit. Its fruit is more off-white or ivory than white, something like the color of a dried popcorn kernel. Both are hardy to Zone 5. After Ameri can yards o pened up to many of the oriental species, we suddenly became aware of the landscape potential of deciduous ho ll ies, whi ch had been selling in th e limited holiday market for ge nera­ tions under such common names as winter­ berry a nd possum haw. Those who thought that hollies had to be evergreen soon learned that there are ten I1ex x meserveae 'Blue Girl'. species of nati ve deciduous hollies, scat­ tered all over the Eastern United States, from Maine and southern Michigan to Fl orida and Texas. All are of a ge nerall y shrubby fo rm . After ten yea rs the majori ty will become multi -stemmed and reach five to six feet in height or more in southern zones. The deciduous hollies are hard y through Zone 5. The most prolific and hardiest deciduous holl y is the winterberry, I. verticillata, found

Hex 'Autumn Glow'. I1ex 'China Girl'. HOLLY SOURCES & RESOURCES or as border accents in the rear. 'Jersey fashion can be pruned off at the end of that The H olly Society of America, Inc. , is a Princess' remains a beautiful front yard yea r's growth. Its one demerit may be that national membership organization that en­ specimen for twelve or fifteen yea rs before it sets a light fruit cro p. 'Cla rendon courages a broader use of holl y, dissemi­ it begins to appear out of proportion. Then Sprea ding' is now being tested for hardi­ nates info rmation, promotes registrati on it can be relocated. All 1. opaca cultivars ness at Schenectady, New York (Zone 5 ). and the introduction of new cultivars of are hardy to Zone 5. So far it is not doing as well as it does ho ll y, and supports holly research pro­ In the American section of the Sandhi lis farther south; it should probably not be grams. Annual dues start at $15 and entitle Community Coll ege collection are se veral used above Zone 6b. members to the quarterly H olly Society specimens of the unusual, spreading 1. Yellow-berried cultivars of I. opaca in­ Journal and to attend the annual meeting. opaca 'Maryland Dwarf'. At twenty-fi ve clude 'Goldie', with profu se large berries and They also se ll for 50 cents a ve ry useful yea rs of age, the three dwarfs, planted in a lustrous foliage; the compact 'Xanthocarpa', eight-page pamphlet, "Hollies-Versatile group, provide a giant Ilex ground cover, growing to fifteen or twenty feet; and 'Ca­ Beauty for the Intimate Landscapes," with fl owing over an area some thirty feet in naty', which can reach forty to fifty feet. a wea lth of information on cultivar selec­ di ameter and rising in three mounds some 1. x meserveae cultiva rs are the well­ tion, holl y culture, and holly arboreta and four to four and a half feet high. They kn own " blue" Meserve hollies. Nice plants test centers. Write to the Ho lly Society of produce a modest amount of red fru it. The for the small landscape, their hardiness Ameri ca, 304 North Wind Road, Bal­ northern and southern limits of 'M aryland seems confined to Zones 6b through 8a. timore, MD 21204. Dwarf' are still being determined. Cultivars include the most dwarf 'Blue Commercial sources of holly include: An I. opaca with exceptional promise is Angel', which with light pruning can be H oll y H aven Hybrids, 136 Sanwood 'Cla rendon Spreading', developed and used for a hedge under three feet ta ll ; un­ Road, Knoxville, TN 37923. Send self-ad­ named by the late Francis Howe near Pine­ pruned it may still remain under six fe et. dressed stamped envelope for cata log. hurst, North Carolina. It is an idea l hedge 'Blue Boy', 'Blue Girl', 'Blu e Prince', and H o ll yva le Fa rm, P.O . Box 69, pl ant because it grows slowly and dense ly, 'Blue Princess' are all intermedi ates, three Humptulips, WA 98552. Send long, se lf­ remaining full foli aged within six inches of to six feet tall. 'Blue Prince' and 'Blue addressed stamped enve lope for catalog. the ground. In twenty to twenty-five years, Princess' put on a hea vier growth and fruit. Roslyn N ursery, 211 Burrs Lane, Dix it rises to an adult height of seven and half All the M eserve hollies have sli ghtly Hills, N Y 11746. Catalog $2. to eight feet and a diameter of ten feet, wrinkled le aves with a bluish sheen and Simpson N ursery Company, P. O. Box sustaining a f1 attish crown that requires no produce generally brill ia nt red fruit. 2065, Vincennes, IN 47591. Catalog free. pruning for yea rs at a time. The occasional The native 1. glabra has fl at, glossy leaves Woodl a nders, Inc., 1 128 Coll eton wild shoot that takes off in an unruly and is used as a hedge or background screen Avenue, Aiken, SC 29801. Catalog $1.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 19 with both northern and southern adapta­ tions. Its colorful red fruit and fall foliage Rich in folklore, appear ea rlier in the Southeast than farther north; in my former Piedmont area home in these perennials are Hickory, North Carolina, it displays its beautiful in bogs and prominent, sparkling fruit beginning in early September. If left untrimmed, 1. verticillata colorful in shade will approach ten feet in height. Simpson's Nursery of Vincennes, In­ gardens. diana (Zone 5), has selected one cultivar of I. verticillata that they call 'Winter Red'. After amending my Carolina clay soil, I have watched mine spring up, untrimmed, over the course of twelve to fifteen years, to a feathery globe nine to ten feet tall and B Y ( Y R U S HAP P Y some ten feet in diameter. With less fer­ tilizer and judicious trimming, 'Winter IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING Red' may be kept in a globular shape six WORLD there lingers an to seven feet high and possibly somewhat air of nostalgia and al­ broader. In good soil, it may ultimately most-forgotten folklore grow to ten or twelve feet. about the primrose and Dr. Elwin Orton of Rutgers University its cou'sin the cowslip. has given us the low-growing I. 'Harvest Tisty-tosty, tell me true Red' and I. 'Raritan Chief-hybrids of I. Who shall I be married to? serrata and I. verticillata. They are easy to Country maidens in a maintain at three feet if not fertilized too circle tossed the tisty­ heavily. 'Harvest Red' has large shiny dark to sty, a ball of cowslip green leaves and very bright red fruit. blossoms, as the names of Another hybrid of the same species is I. possible mates were 'Autumn Glow', which has bright red fruit spoken. The name ut­ with a trace of orange. tered as the tisty-tosty fell I. decidua (possum haw) is a bit erratic apart was to be the hus­ and may shoot up to twenty feet or more. band of the eligible There is a yellow-berried cultivar, 'Byer's maiden who stood in the Gold', that also reaches twenty feet. I. center of the circle. decidua 'Warren's Red' has heavy, dark I call, I call. Who do ye call? green foliage that it retains late into fall The maids to catch this after the red fruit has set; it too can reach cowslip ball. twenty feet in good soil. These are not for - Robert Herrick, the small scale landscaping of the average­ "I Call and I Call" size urban lot. Bon Hartline of Alma, Il­ The name Primula is a linois, has developed the more moderate I. contraction of the medie­ decidua 'Hunter' and 'Sundance'. They val Latin word for daisy, still used extensively and it is the basis for will reach twelve to eighteen feet in good primula veris, which most of the primula literature. soil and retain their fruit into early spring. means "firstling of Primulas are found all around the A brochure available from the American spring." Botanists were Northern Hemisphere, in locations on the Holly Society (see Sources and Resources and are continually add­ southern tip of South America and on the page 19) characterizes hollies according to ing and subtracting Falkland Islands. Species grow in Outer eleven different shapes (as well as other species and rearranging Mongolia, under sandstone cliffs in the characteristics). The shapes are not totally the genus Primula. Currently the genus has Utah desert, in mountainous bogs of inclusive, but will serve as a' helpful guide been divided into thirty-three sections (a Burma, and in the tundra of the Aleutians. when visiting nurseries and garden centers, subdivision of a genus encompassing re­ Therefore, there is a primula for nearly where junior-sized sales specimens rarely lated plants that will hybridize with each everywhere, whether the winter low is 40 reveal what they will look like years later. other) and more than 800 species with new degrees below zero or 50 above. ones still being discovered. Although there The rule that primulas like half shade Fred Ebersole is a member and former has been a nomenclatural revolution with and a continuous supply of moisture is far board member of the Holly Society of primulas in the last forty years- sections too general, although you can start there. America. He developed the Ebersole Holly have been renamed, and species rearranged Even in our mild Pacific Northwest, dedi­ Collection at Sandhills Community Col­ and renamed-I find the old system, if not cated primrose growers often build lath lege in Pinehurst, North Carolina. perfect, at least workable and simpler. It is houses to modify the climate. But some of

20 FEBRUARY 1992 Orange double Primula vulgaris. the species and hybrids are very adaptable. one-inch-wide flowers are often pleasantly from the Himalayan region and Japan, Drawing from the hardiness research done citrus scented. Although auriculas grow they do best in rich, moist, slightly acid soil by Trevor Cole at the Ottawa Research wild in Europe, some of these may be of in part shade; many will actually grow in Station, we find primulas that tolerate or hybrid origin. bog or marsh conditions. The height varies even prefer extremely hot summers and For those who cherish only species or from bright orange P. cockburniana at fif­ cold winters. Undoubtedly there will be natural hybrids, P. rubra is ideal and very teen inches to yellow P. helodoxa at seven one for you. adaptable. The delightful one-half- to one­ feet. All have the characteristic multitiered The Auricula section is composed of inch-wide bell flowers are rose pink, lilac, circles of flowers progressing up the stems, several species native to the mountains of mauve, or white. A tiny pinch of water­ pagoda style. Europe. Most grow naturally on rocky holding polymer gel in the soil will get these P. japonica will grow wherever it gets open or lightly wooded slopes. Smooth­ and most primulas through stressful enough moisture, but like the rest of the leaved evergreen auriculas (P. auricula) are periods. You might even consider joining Candelabra section, it prefers streamside generally very hardy (USDA Zones 4 to 8) the cult that grows the British show or bog. Flowering usually extends from and can stand a fair amount of sun as long auriculas in unheated greenhouses, which May to July and colors range from purple as they have an adequate water supply. protects them from winter dampness. magenta through pink to white. Orange­ They need to be protected from dehydra­ Zones 4 to 8. red and copper shades show up in the tion during a prolonged winter freeze­ The Candelabra section includes some hybrids. Seeds of this species germinate snow cover is ideal. The yellow, of the most spectacular primulas. Coming readily, but young seedlings need a steady

AMERICAN HO RTICULTURIST 21 PRIMROSES WANT FRESH SOIL, NOONTIME SHADE resh soil-or at least refreshed soil-is important to the successful cultivation flowered umbels, one over the other. P. of primroses. Primulas tend to exhaust their bit of soil after two years in the obconica (Obconica section), the top prim­ Fsame spot. Refreshing old soil means adding organic material, such as manure rose, is also known as the poison primrose or chippings from the shredder, plus sand for bett(Jr drainage around roots. Bits of because its four-inch long, hairy leaves give super phosphate and wood ash are good in moderation. some people skin irritations. Its flowers are Plants should be divided at the same time but only during a growth period in spring blue, purple, rose, pink, salmon, or white, or early fall. The best time to divide is just as the flowers fade, while you can still sort displayed in large, sturdy-stalked umbels out the colors. Dividing during summer or winter dormancy is often fatal. held well above the foliage. There is a Hardiness information for primulas is oftchance seedling at the Royal Botanical as the snow departs. Its paler pink hybrid Gardens at Kew. Its fragrant flowers are P. 'Peter Klein' (crossed with P. clarkei) is bright yellow. every bit as easy to grow. Both are hardy Most primulas need protection from Other tender primroses are suitable for in Zones 3 to 8. midday sun. In the South, tender the South. The fairy primrose (P. mala­ P. via Iii (section Muscarioides) is one of primroses can be grown in a shade coides, Malacoides section) has rose, pink, the best and easiest of all. The long cone­ house with excellent air circulation. lavender, or white flowers in many- shaped flower head emerges in July with

22 FEB RU ARY 1992 bright red overlapping calyxes followed by a lilac flower opening first at the bottom of the head and gradually covering all but th e tip. It can and often does die after bloom­ ing, but a liquid feeding in late July will keep it growing. It grows easily from seed and will bloom the second year from a spring planting. Zones 3 to 8. Two large primulas that like boggy con­ ditions but will do well in any moist loca­ tion are yellow P. f/o rindae (section Sikkimensis) and off-white P. chionantha (section Nivales). P. florindae- a Tibetan native-sends graceful drooping flower heads up to five fe et tall. The flowers are dusted on their backs with mea l and emit a delightful fragrance that is sweet-fruity with a touch of nutmeg. P. chionantha­ native at high altitudes in China-smells of vanilla and flowers shoot up at least two feet. Zones 4 to 9. At last we reach the common primrose, the cowslip, and other closely related Ver­ nales section plants from Europe and western Asia. These are the plants of British and northern and central European folklore-the plants that have been used to flavor wines and divine the future. They are easily cultivated garden plants, growing in light shade in all except the heaviest or sandiest soils. P. vulgaris, the common primrose with pale greenish yellow flowers, grows on banks and in open woodlands from Ireland Primula denticulata is sometimes called drumstick primula. eastward into Russia. There are many local variations. In Pembroke, South Wales, it is purple, and other colors are occasionally found elsewhere. Zones 6 to 9. The modern hybrids of P. vulgaris-with vivid and varied colors and uniform sizes­ go on sale in late winter. They are long­ lived perennials, but hardiness varies. The survivors will need to be divided during a growth period and put into fresh soil every other year. They come fairly true from seeds, but I can't resist the few that revert and come up with true primrose color. P. veris, the cowslip, is hardy and tough. It is found from Ireland eastward into Siberia and should survive iF! all but the deep South of the United States. Normally the cowslip has nodding, one-sided umbels of yellow flowers and a pleasant fragrance. In the wild it seldom exceeds ten inches tall, but in rich soil it will double in height. Zones 2 to 9. Color variations in cowslips occur in Turkey and Romania-mostly orange and red shades. P. veris var. hortensis from Germany is bright red. It is naturalized in Primula veris var. hortensis. Primula chionantha.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 23 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM TO MARK FIFTIETH YEAR n international primula symposium, "Primula Worldwide," is scheduled for April 10-12 in a suburb of Portland, Oregon. It will be a historic global PRIMUlA SOURCES & RESOURCES A journey, taking participants on an audio-visual botanical exploration from the deserts of the Middle East through the valleys and mountains of Europe and The seed exchange of the American Prim­ the Soviet Union and the rugged peaks of the Far East and North America. rose Society distributes collected and gar­ Primula enthusiasts from around the world will CONvene at the Greenwood Inn, den-grown seed from a worldwide Beaverton, Oregon, to celebrate the diversity, beauty, and rich heritage of the membership. Its seed list also includes ex­ primula and to honor the American Primrose Society (APS) on its fiftieth anniver­ perimental strains and old favorites from sary. Growers and experts will describe native habitats of primulas and share ways commercial hybridizers, including the tiny of growing ~he plants successfully in the garden. Primula x juliana seldom commercially Featured speakers will come from England, ScotlaNd, the United States, CaNada, ava il able. Annual dues are $15 and include and Japan. Also included in the symposium will be plant sales by regional specialty a subscription to the quarterly Primroses nurseries, the APS national primrose show, and garden tours. Primula and other and access to specialists worldwide. For horticultural books will be offered for sale along with souvenir sweatshirts, pins, more informati on or to join write to Jay G. and other gift items. Lunn, Treasurer, 6620 N.W. 271st Avenue, Cosponsors of the symposium-the first of i,ts kind since 1928-are the APS, Hillsboro, OR 97124. the Royal Horticultmal Society of England, arnd the Berry Botanic Garden of The American Rock Garden Society lists Portland. Others assisting are the American Rock Garden Soci(lty, the Alpine many primulas in its seed exchange. An­ Garden Club of British Columbia, Matsumoto Sakurasoh and the Primula Club nu al dues are $20 and include a subscrip­ of Japan, the Scottish Rock Garden Club, the Alpine Garden Society of England, tion to the quarterly Bulletin. Contact and the Northern, Midlands, and Southern English sections of the National them atP.O. Box 67,Millwood, NY 10546. Al1riCtlla and Primula Society. ' Other seed exchanges that offer prim­ ulas include: For more informatir;m about the symposium, contact Ann Lunn, Registrar, 6620 The Scottish Rock Garden Cl ub, K. M. N. W. 271st Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97124, (503) 640-4582. Gibb, 21 Merchiston Park, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH10 4PW. The Alpine Garden Society of England, E. Michael Upward, Lye End Link, St. some areas of Germany, and would be my There are many named hybrids referred John 'S, Woking, Surrey, England GU21 choice as the best primula for harshly cold to as P. x juliana. Not all of them are totally 1SW. climates. Zones 3 to 8, perhaps 9. hardy, but they tend to outlast the P. vul­ The Alpine Garden Club of British The large, brightly colored polyanthus garis hybrids and P. x polyantha. Many Columbia, G. Gibbens, 803 Old Lilloet primrose (P. x polyantha) is a supermarket have round thumbnail-s ized leaves and Road, North Vancouver, BC V7J 2H6, favorite. The multiple flowers ("polyan­ make a cushion of nearly eyeless flowers. Canada. thus" means many flowers on one stem) Their special charm has attracted many The National Auricula and Primula So­ come in a wide range of colors. There are collectors. ciety of England has three regional sections: varieties with double flowers, some called But th(ln primroses have been collected So uthern Section, Lawrence E. Wigley, a hose-in-hose (one corolla is set inside for hundreds of years, from the time when 67 Warnham Court Road, Carshalton another) and others, called Jack-in-the­ peasants would return home with an un­ Beecehs, Surrey, England. greens, whose flowers are backed with a usual wild plant that they had found by Midland Section, P. Green, Primrose ruff of small green leaves. Some strains are chance and dug up. Some of these unusual Hill, Bell's Ba nk, Buckley, Worcester, much hardier than others, but typically plants with Old World names like ga ll ygas­ England. they are limited to Zones 6 to 8. All will kins, pantaloons, and jackanapes are still Northern Section, D. G. Hadfield, 146 need cool moist shady summer quarters. grown. Several naturally mutated double Queens Road, Cheadle Hulme, Cheadle, One tough old strain, probably 'Mun­ primroses found in the wild-white, yel­ Cheshire, England. stead', which was popular from 1910 to low, and lilac ones-have been propagated Commercial nurseries with diverse 1940, grows in a few old gardens across for more than 500 years. Modern doubles primula selections include: the country. It is as hardy as a cowslip and now come in a full range of colors. Chehalis Rare Plant Nursery, 2568 Jack­ holds up a good head of light yellow One final note: The term "primrose son Highway, Chehalis, WA 98532. Send flowers. Watch for it and beg a piece. path" should be used with great discretion. long self-addressed stamped envelope for Hybrids of P. juliae are popular with Shakespeare plucked it out of antiquity catalog. rock and container gardeners. They are and used it properly in Hamlet: "Himself Colorado Alpines, Inc., P.O. Box 2708, dainty but sturdy, spreading by stolon­ the primrose path of dalliance treads. " The Avon , CO 81620. Catalog $2. iferous roots just under the surface. The primrose path is the path of debauchery Mt. Tahoma Nursery, 28111-112th Ave­ longstanding favorite is the reddish purple and degradation. I marvel at committees nue East, Graham, WA 98338. Catalog $l. 'Wanda', which survived for many years in that insist on selecting it as a flower show Siskiyo u Rare Plant Nursery, 2825 Cum­ Trevor Cole's Ottawa garden. Do not con­ theme. mings Road, Medford, OR 97501. Cata­ fuse it with the P. 'Wanda H ybrids' being log $2 (refundable). offered these days, which are pink, lilac, Cyrus Happy is the president of the Ameri­ Thompson & Morgan, Inc. , P.O. Box and purple with large leaves. Zones 5 to 8. can Primrose Society. 1308, Jackson, NJ 08527. Catalog free .

24 FEBRUARY 1992 uJu• e) the Chinese Date

The candy is popular at movie theaters, but the fruit has yet to catch on.

B Y LEE R E ( H ay "jujube" and most Americans think of a fruit-flavored gum­ drop. But the Chinese have been growing and eating jujube fruit for more than four thousand Syears. As late as the middle part of this century, China had more jujube trees than any other type of fruit tree. (Persimmons, incidentally, were second on this list.) Beyond China, jujubes (Ziziphus jujuba) sometimes go under the sobriquet of "Chinese dates." Though botanically un­ related, jujube and date fruits resemble each other in appearance, texture, and flavor. Jujube fruits range in size from that of a cherry to that of a plum, have a high concentration of sugar (22 percent) and one elongated pit. When just ripe, the skin is the color of mahogany and as shiny and smooth as if buffed with a cloth. At this stage, the flesh is crisp and sweet, reminis­ cent of an apple. If the fruit is left to ripen a bit longer, the skin begins to wrinkle as the fruits lose water, and the flesh changes from light green to beige and becomes spongy, i.e., more datelike. Jujube plants traveled beyond Asia cen­ turies ago. The Roman scholar Pliny recorded that jujubes were brought from Syria to Rome sometime near the end of The CLang' jujube is one of the most commonly planted in the United States. Augustus's reign. Plantings subsequently spread throughout southern Europe and middle Atlantic and southern states. ren regions of the Southwest. In his en­ northern Africa. The olive-sized fruits from Interest in the gustatory value of jujube thusiasm, Fairchild would show up at so­ seedling trees still find their way onto des­ was spurred when u.S. Department of cial events in Washington-a get-together sert trays in southern Europe today. Agriculture (USDA) plant explorer Frank hosted by Alexander Graham Bell (Fair­ The first jujube plants to reach America Meyer began sending propagating wood of child's father-in-law) or a banquet for the crossed the Atlantic in 1837 and were superior fruiting types from China to planted in Beaufort, North Carolina. The America in 1908. Because jujubes also This article is reprinted with permission plants evidently aroused some interest as tolerate drought, Meyer's chief in Washing­ from Uncommon Fruits Worthy of Atten­ ornamentals, for in 1854 the u.S. Patent ton, David Fairchild, saw great promise in tion: A Gardener's Guide published by Ad­ Office distributed jujube throughout the this plant for developing agriculturally bar- dison-Wesley Publishing Company.

AMERI CAN HORTICULTURJST 25 shoot might appear instead of a branchlet and this shoot becomes part of the per­ manent structure of the tree. Shoots of intermediate vigor are half-deciduous, losing only their distal portions at the end of the season. Small, inconspicuous, yellow flowers grow in clusters of one to half a dozen or more in leafaxils of the growing branch­ lets. The plants have an extended blossom­ ing period that continues sporadically throughout the growing season. However, individual flowers are receptive to pollen for only a day or less. Pollination needs of the jujube are not clearly defined. Some cultivars need cross­ pollination and others do not, but these needs might change with climate. Even al­ legedly self-fertile clones set more and larger fruit with cross-pollination. Three hundred years ago, the Chinese writer, Li Shi Chen, described forty-three varieties of jujubes; today, China has over 400 varieties. Most jujube plants in Europe and America are seedling trees with fruits of variable quality. My first introduction to the fruit was not favorable: I joined a Chinese couple in gathering fruit from beneath a tree growing in the shadow of the Capitol in Above: Each jujube branch node Washington, D.C. This tree evidently was not produces one to ten branch lets, most one of the better clones, for I found the fruits of which will fall off in autumn. insipid. Years later, the fruits of a tree at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York, Right: The tree is rarely more than though small, were tasty enough to renew my thirty feet tall with branches that interest in the plant. droop when heavy with fruit. Frank Meyer sent to America eighty­ three varieties that he collected in China, but only a few are available in this country National Geographic Society, for example­ today. The most commonly planted cul­ with jujubes for everyone to sample. tivars in the United States are 'Li' and In part because of the tree's handsome 'Lang'. 'Li' has round fruits two inches in appearance and its adaptability to many diameter, among the largest of any jujubes, soils, jujubes today are not uncommon and with excellent flavor. 'Lang' is an dooryard trees across America's southern upright tree with pear-shaped fruit two by tier. Jujube breeding continued through the one-and-a-half inches. The skin is shiny 1950s at the USDA's research station in and the flavor sweet with a hint of caramel. Chico, California, and jujubes were used Also available are 'Silverhill' and 'So'. for one of the Tennessee Valley Authority's 'Silverhill' is a large tree with relatively few reforestation projects. The International suckers or thorns, and a prolific bearer of Tree Crops Institute even studied the pos­ elongated fruits about an inch across. The sibility of converting the fruit's abundant Branches on some clones are armed with fruit flesh is solid and sweet. 'So' is slow sugar to alcohol to be used as fuel. But the intimidating spines over an inch long. For­ growing and ornamental with downward fruit never caught on. tunately, other clones and older trees have curving branches and moderate crops of Jujube is a small tree-rarely more than few or no spines. good quality fruits. thirty feet high-with small, glossy leaves As the growing season commences, each Though the jujube is native to hot and a naturally drooping habit accen­ node of a woody branch produces one to climates where temperatures range from tuated when the branches are weighed ten branch lets, with older branches pro­ 20 to 120 degrees, the tree will survive down with fruits. Plants send up suckers ducing more branchlets. Most of these winter cold to at least 22 degrees below from their roots, and these suckers can branchlets are deciduous, falling from the zero. The plant revels in summer sun and appear many feet from the mother plant. plant in autumn. Here and there a robust heat, and in northern states, the lack of

26 FEBRUARY 1992 either will limit fruit production more than winter cold will. Northern gardeners should site the plant in their sunniest and warmest microclimate, such as near a south wall. Jujubes tolerate many types of soils. Meyer reported seeing trees in China that were productive even when growing "in an inner courtyard where the ground has been tramped until it is hard as stone." Jujubes also tolerate a wide range of soil moisture conditions, as evidenced by their native habitats where rainfall might be as little as five, or as much as eighty, inches each year. Cultivated trees grow well between rice paddies in China and in the dry soils of the American Southwest. Sometimes, however, rain during the period when the fruit is ripening will split the fruit. Given adequate heat and sun, jujube trees will thrive without any special care. The plants bloom reliably late enough to escape spring frosts and virtually no pests attack the plant or the fruit. The plants are precocious. Grafted trees have even been known to bear some fruit in the same season in which they were grafted! Meyer repotted that the Chinese would cut outa ring of bark from the trees right after blossoming in order to increase yield, with Above: Fruit of the 'Li' jujube some sacrifice of sweetness in the ripe fruit. drying on the tree. Dry fruit will The ring was made with a saw cut each year keep for a year if kept cool. Left: As at a different level on the trunk, beginning when trees were six or seven years old. fruit ripens it turns from white to The ground around jujube trees should mottled, then solid reddish brown. never be cultivated. Any root damage in­ duces the plants to send up suckers. Plants grown from seed usually do not bear high-quality fruit, but could be used as may bear a few fruits in their first season. rootstocks or ornamentals. Germination is Chip budding, T-budding, and whip-and­ enhanced by opening the stone and extract­ tongue grafting have all been successful. ing the two kernels it contains. (Depending Stem cuttings root with difficulty. on pollination, some stones will be hollow­ The 100 pounds of fruit that a single and some large-fruited cultivars always have jujube tree can produce do not ripen at the hollow stones.) An easy way to open a stone same time, so the fruits must be picked is to carefully cut it lengthwise along one edge every few days for a month or more. As a with pruning shears. green fruit ripens, it first turns almost white The kernels should be stratified under and then becomes mottled reddish brown. cool, moist conditions for two months. It This mottling quickly coalesces until the is important that the peat moss, perlite, or ripe fruit is completely reddish brown. whatever medium in which the seeds are Suckers, root cuttings, and grafts are The fruits can be picked underripe­ being stratified is just moist, not wet. Never ways to propagate superior jujube clones. when they turn from green to almost white expose the kernels to temperatures below A clone to be propagated by suckers or -and ripened in a bag at room tempera­ freezing. Expect an average of about 50 root cuttings must be on its own roots; that ture with a ripe apple (volatile eth ylene percent of the seeds to germinate, less for is, it should not be a grafted tree. Success given off by the apple speeds ripening). large-fruited clones, and more for small­ with root cuttings is variable, depending on Such fruits will not be as sweet as those fruited clones. The kernels are slow to ger­ the clone, and plants grown from root ripened on the tree, though. minate and seedlings often require two cuttings will not develop the taproot of Ripe fruits will keep for one to two years of growth before they are large trees grown from seed. Grafted plants months at 50 degrees; at room tempera­ enough to be grafted. grow vigorously and, as mentioned earlier, ture, the fruits continued on page 40

AMERI CAN HORTICULTURIST 27 -~ ('But the ( ( ) \)Glory of th~ -f Garden lies zn more than

rye. ))

- Rudvard Kipling , y garden journal started graphs of dahlias, gladioli, and other "exotic" out as a notation on the flowers. One glad intrigued me so much that I kitchen wall calendar. In mailed out a check for forty of the bulbs, which the tiny square for May were promised to "arrive at the proper planting third, I wrote: "Planted time." When I received the order acknowl­ marigold seeds." They were the biggest, edgement in mid-December, I tossed it in a brightest marigolds I'd ever seen, and they drawer and forgot about it. brought compliments from all who passed. The The following April, while browsing next year, I wondered what type of marigolds through a local nursery here in Indiana, I was they were so that I could repeat the perfor­ attracted to a large display of gladioli of a mance. I couldn't remember. I'd even forgotten particularly striking shade of coral. I was in the where I'd purchased them. mood for a little digging, so I bought forty of But it was the gladioli that made a journal them. Two days later, mail-order bulbs arrived seem a necessity. One gloomy fall day a thick and-you guessed it-I ended up searching for catalog arrived containing gorgeous photo- homes in my already crowded garden for WeST eighty identical gladioli! I decided I needed a place to record all of this information so that I,wouldn't have to live with any more oversights and disap­ pointments. I was learning that this hobby that requires the wearing of old clothing and the dirtying of fingernails also has its cerebral side. I also discovered that garden­ ing can be a costly pastime, especially if you Whether you're starting don't go into it with a little preparation. The most admirable gardens are not a garden bed or results of spm-of-the-moment ideas. They expanding, a sketch are the products of plans, sketches, re­ drawn to scale on search, and very often, trial and error. Even graph paper with four if your gardening involves only the plant­ squares per inch will ing of a few petunias, there are always new give you an idea varieties on the market. Gardening is not of how it will look static, and documenting changes can be as when completed. rewarding as creating them. Look out a frosty window through the blanket of snow or sodden leaves and im­ agine the way your garden will look in a few months. Your impatience for the new season can be alleviated by flipping through your own garden journal. What to include? Here are just a few ideas: ~ Photographs of plants and beds during their growing season. ~ Notes on what's going on in your garden and when. ~ The date each item is planted, along with its bloom time and soil and light req uirements. ~ How you've controlled pests or dis­ eases and the time of year these problems are prevalent. ~ The number and type of annuals you've planted. ~ Weather trends and how you deal with them. ~ Descriptions and photos (if available) of plants you've ordered from cata­ logs and receipts of purchases with guarantees. ~ Mistakes in plant placement. ~ Articles listing new varieties available next season. When you've finished going through your garden to clip, prune, and inspect for insects and diseases, take another few minutes to record your thoughts and dis­ coveries. When you're impressed with the way a plant or bed looks, take its picture. If for no other reason, it will give you something to look at on those dreary days of winter. When planning a new garden bed or adding to an existing one, you'll need to have an idea of how it will look when completed. You don't have to be an artist or an engineer to sketch your garden to dicating the number of plants needed for scale on graph paper with four squares per I the best effect will help ensure that you inch. A tape measure, ruler, and template "NEXT YEAR: Plant more purchase the correct amount each year. are all yo u'll need to make sure everything Throughout the summer you might find fits into the space avail able. tall snapdragons and annual you need to make adjustments for the fol­ Dianthus in the day lily bed lowing year. ¥.l6 to provide late summer color. Order Cleome seeds "1 divided the Hosta and for early spring sowing in put them under the juniper ~l ~tEnchantment' same bed." went through its bloom on the east side where When using annuals in perennial beds or cycle very quickly, they'll have more room. 1 borders or in pots and flower boxes, in- beginning about a week purchased two of them ago. Make sure they have three years ago and now have six plants. " Photos of plants ~ It's important to keep track of each variety ordered from you obtain and when and where you plant catalogs are fun it. Looking back at this information wi ll be helpful if a certain plant fails to bloom as to compare to it had in previous years. It may simply be photos of in need of division. them that you take later. -;1'Lu~:3 "1 squashed my first slug today. 1 put out shallow bowls of beer covered with chicken wire-they love it! (So does the dog.)" The types of diseases or pests that are prevalent in your area and how you've dealt with them should be recorded so that you'll remember what to watch for and when. enough water during very dry spells. " When we experienced a drought in 1991, I looked back at my garden notes from 1988, a year that, in the Midwest, had set many temperature records and gave us very little rain. I found a few helpful ideas: "Purchase a coupler so that two hoses can be run from one spigot and watering time cut in half. A timer can be purchased through Ringer and Gardener's Supply Company catalogs." The notes I'd taken in the summer of '88 also gave me an idea of what to expect as far as the length of bloom time for some of the plants in these conditions. ~20 tlcThe ~YPsophila paniculata 'Perfecta' is beginning to bloom again after cutting it back about three weeks ago. It seems to thrive in these hot, dry conditions." SE SAVE TH\S Buy a rain gauge and check it after each rainstorm. Jot down the amount and keep ~lpORTANT! PLEA ' necessary, hVl .. 1 an adjUstment IS a monthly record. The amount of Rlvl in case precipitation your gardens happen to fO 'de LOG tor more See reverse SI BURPEE CATA eciftC products receive is not a factor you can adjust, but EE '(OUR " dates for SP to S , bout shIppIng it's interesting compare rainfall from informatIon a year to year. You'll be more aware of how different plants perform in drier or wetter conditions, indicating which ones to buy again or the need for alternative choices and strategies. ~f WHAT YOU'LL NEED "The Clethra was dead OU don't need to be a you Iil€ed to make journal-keep­ when we returned from naturally well-organized ing an enjoyable habit: Y person to keep a garden ~ Three-ring binder. vacation. Sent letter with journal. With materials found in ~ Filler paper. receipt to White Flower an offic€ supply store or local ~ Graph paper supermarket, it's easy to keep (four squares per inch). Farm for fedit. " documents, photographs, and ~ "Add-A-Pocket" dividers. A really avid gardener will use many sources notes in an attractive format that ~ Heavy paper for mounting for plant purchases. There are hundreds of can be referred to during the gar­ photos or photo album plant catalogs available and it can be more dening season and all year lOiag. refills that will fit a three­ fun to browse through these than to trudge The following suppli€s ar€ all ring binder. out on a rainy fall day in search of a certain Narcissus . If YOli order through the mail from a reputable dealer, there is often a journal. It's fun to compare these pictures guarantee that extends one year from the with the photos you take of these plants date you receive your plants. Your journal after they've taken up residence in your can be used to file the receipts just in case, garden. You'll also know what to expect as through no fault of your own, one of them far as bloom times and the ultimate size of refuses to grow. Keeping these records can the plant. also help to prevent duplication if you have been ordering a lot of plants through the mail as well as making local purchases, as I did with my gladiolus. ~!r "The Muscari armeniacum o~!() is at its peak, but the Narcissus I planned for "The two fall-blooming them to accent are finished Anemones, A. x hybrida blooming. IN THE FALL: 'Honorine fobert' (white) Move the Muscari to the and A. x hybrida front bed with the late­ 'Margarette' (pink), are blooming Narcissus 'Thalia' quite healthy-looking. But and 'Hawera'." while the pink one is soon be available. A good place to keep blooming nicely, the white these articles on file is a pocket in your journal, possibly labeled, "New on the one has only buds. " Market." That way, when you are ready to ~~Mont Blanc' purchase additional plants (And what gar­ are blooming nicely but dener can resist at least one?), you'll know where to find their sources, names, and they're too close to the pink descri ptions. "It snowed yesterday and When those flashes of color begin to minirose, causing few appear in your once all-brown landscape, the buds on the white blooms and blackspot you'll have a game plan for the gardening season that is never long enough. And anemone never did open. problems. IN THE FALL: when you pick up your journal to add NEXT YEAR: Try feeding information about the current growing Relocate rose or lilies. " season, you'll be drawn to its previous the white anemone earlier You can't expect to create the perfect com­ pages and reminisce about triumphs and bination of perennials every time. Before failures. You'll see your gardening skills in the season." putting your mistakes behind you, put improve before your very eyes. When ordering from several catalogs, it's them in your journal. helpful to cut out pictures of the plants You will often find articles in news­ Jean Starr is a free-lance writer who is along with their descriptions and attach papers and magazines working toward her Master Gardeners cer­ them to a plain sheet of paper in your new cultivars of garden tificate from Purdue University.

rI P/1eJpgraphs will help you remember what your garden looked like at various times during the growing season.

AMERI CAN HORTICULTURIST 33

Above: A 1690 farmhouse now serving as a guest house is surrounded by beds made fertile by their former use as a chicken yard. Right: Comus kousa 'Blue Shadow'. Another Polly Hill selection, C. kousa 'Square Dance', has bract segments that nearly form a square. of horticultural experimentation, Hill has she's a very modest, low-key person." met in the California goldfields, came back never sold a plant. She gives them away, Richard Lighty, director of the Mount to farm it. When Hill's parents bought the and then badgers nurserymen to propagate Cuba Center for the Study of Piedmont property as a summer place, the Littlefield and promote them. "That way I don't have Flora in Delaware, has traded plants and family guaranteed them twenty-five acres. the IRS on my back," she says. That's part seeds with Hill for thirty years, and "When it was surveyed, it turned out to be of it. The other part is, she likes to see her describes her as being as meticulous as a forty-seven!" Since then, Hill has been able plants flourish-and be appreciated-in scientist. "She's highly organized and to buy twenty adjoining acres of wood­ the world beyond Barnard's Inn Farm, the thorough. When she doesn't know some­ land. But she has cultivated only twenty Martha's Vineyard locus of her experi­ thing, she gets in the car or on the phone acres. "I wanted to keep it simple, and not ments. until she finds the answer." clutter up the fields, and keep it manage­ In this island setting of meadow and High morning Vineyard fog blocks the able, beca use there was no gardening woodland and gray shingled structures sun as I rendezvous with Hill, who waits staff," she explains. Hill refers to planted seven miles off the Massachusetts coast, sea perched on the edge of a yellow electric can. areas descriptively as the Allee, the Barn­ air moderates the state's dominant USDA It's the kind of vehicle used by country club yard, the Arbor, the Playpen. Zone 5 to a more temperate Zone 6. Hill grounds crews, comprising a shallow truck Hill points out a lavishly blossoming insouciantly and persistently tries plants bed that carries tools and whatever else Hill Photinia villosa higher than the roof of a not expected to be hardy in New England. may need in her peregrinations about the nearby shed. "I think the reason that's done "You never know until you try," she says. farm. She invites me aboard for a tour. so well is, this was the chicken yard," she John Elsley, director of horticulture for As we ride, she tells how her parents, Mr. theorizes. "In the old days everybody kept Wayside Gardens, which sells a number of and Mrs. Howard Butcher Jr., bought the chickens, and everything around the farm­ Hill's plants and is building up stock of property in 1927. "All the buildings needed house has done well." others, calls Hill "an amateur in the best, work then and there was no electric power When Hill's parents bought the property original English sense of the word. She has up-island." (The Vineyard's harbors, Edgar­ it had not been a working farm in thirty a good eye for selecting very good forms. town and Vineyard Haven, are down-island, years, but in the nineteenth century it was There are few amateurs so knowledgeable and the Tisburies are up-island.) a sheep farm; the soil is especially fertile about such a wide range of woody plants. Henry Luce, progenitor of the publish­ around the gateways in the stone walls. She The fact that so few of her plants are ing family, bought the land from Algon­ once rooted a Franklinia alatamaha cut­ available is not her fault, but that of the quians in 1640. The Luce family owned it ting by merely sticking it into the ground. industry. The only way these plants will until about 1860, when an islander, Bart In our yellow cart we glide past the 1690 become known is through publicity, and Smith, and Albert Littlefield, a friend he farmhouse, modernized by Hill's mother.

36 FEBRUARY 1992 It was her observation that seeds col­ lected from the Far East were often more adaptable than American natives moved out of their normal range. She obtained Asian seeds both from her Japanese col­ laborator and from botanical gardens, such as Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Morris in Philadelphia, and Longwood in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Other seeds and plants came to her by swapping with friends "or enemies," she says with dry humor. A long-time member of many horticultural societies, she also has obtained seeds from their exchange programs. Landscaping the farm, Hill found that its gray native stone fences make a handsome and subtle backdrop. One of her favorite walls is Beetlebung Alley, where she has planted a row of twenty black gum (Nyssa sylvatica, known locally as "beetlebung") along 100 feet of stone wall. Pruned to create a hedge on stilts, their trunks and high hedgelike foliage frame the field beyond. We motor through a shady corner near the road. Hill points out a Magnolia grand­ iflora-" It blooms through October"­ and a double row of Cornus kousa. Although these oriental dogwoods were once thought to be almost immune to the dogwood anthracnose that has decimated It's now a guest house often occupied by planted some pines for a windbreak, and the native C. florida, the damp ocean air Hill children and grandchildren. Hill and that led to conifers. Dr. Seibert said, why made her trees susceptible to the fungus her husband Julian, one of the inventors of don't you do camellias? I thought it was about two years ago. In her allee of thirty nylon, have summered in what was the pretty far out of range. But I had nothing trees, two were killed and others had to be cow barn. "In '35 my mother threw the to lose and all the time in the world." She severely pruned. "We took out two and a animals out of the house we live in now." was 50 at the time. half truckloads of dead wood from here," But it would be another twenty years This great patience is one factor that has she says. She looks up to assess the other before Hill was given gardening space at made Hill's plants so outstanding, accord­ twenty-eight as we glide by. "But they've Barnard's Inn Farm. ing to Wayside's Elsley. "She has observed practically recovered." Her mother was "no gardener," Hill their performance over an extended time." Hill has named and introduced seven C. says, and was more interested in remodel­ Oddly, Hill has never introduced a new kousa. Her favorite is 'Square Dance', ing the old buildings than in improving the camellia, but her seed-grown selections in­ whose four white bract segments come landscape. Hill was "always interested in clude, besides azaleas, forms of rhododen­ close to forming a square. Those who've plants," though. Vacationing on the drons, dogwoods, magnolias, Stewartia, seen this tree rave about it. Lighty says it is Vineyard, she and Julian and their young hollies, Clematis, junipers, crabapples, and notable not only for its unique bracts, but family clean;: d poison ivy and catbrier from sorrels. also for its large and abundant fruits. the granite walls bordering the fields. At In 1958 she took over the Vineyard Others among Hill's C. kousa are 'Big home in Wilmington, Delaware, she main­ property and began her experiments in Apple', 'Blue Shadow', 'Julian', 'Snow­ tained a small but choice city garden and earnest. By this time she had taken courses bird', 'Steeple', and 'Gay Head'. was active in tIDe garden club. After World in botany, taxonomy, and plant pathology Like C. kousa 'Gay Head', some of Hill's War II when Longwood Gardens began at the University of Delaware. Her dream hollies are given Vineyard geographical offering horticultural education, Hill took was to create her own miniature botanical names: Ilex verticillata include 'Quansoo', courses there. "I wanted to learn how to do garden using plants grown from seed, a 'Quitsa', 'Aquinnah', 'Tiasquam'. Family it right," she says. One of her instructors method that gives her greater variation in members are similarly honored. A mag­ was Longwood's director, Russell Seibert, genetic material. Lighty says that while he nolia and a dogwood are named for Julian; who would continue to act as a mentor. was trained as a geneticist, "She seems to the Hills' three children and five grand­ Just before Hill's mother died in the come by it naturally. She's fascinated with children all have namesake plants. 1950s, she let Polly put in some seedbeds the natural variation, and she's very dis­ The Clematis 'Starfish', on the other at the Vineyard place, out of sight in the criminating in choosing plants that will be hand, was named for its shape. Its elon­ woods. "I was going to do hollies. But I usable in the garden." gated petals make it look as though it could

AMERI CAN HO RTICULTURIST 37 Above: A blossom on Stewartia malacodendron 'Delmaroa'. Right: The 'Louisa' crabapple, one of HiWs widely sold selections. Far right: Hill and a visitor chat in the «Bower, n where an iJld Clematis cultivar, 'Lasurstern', is in bloom.

swim up its vine. It's an eye-catching white. The Tokyo surgeon was the first to base children to live in Taiwan to be near her 'Gabrielle', which is similar in shape, is his hybrids on the Taiwanese miniature R. Vietnam-based husband. Hill gave her lavender. nakaharae. This gives Hill's azaleas their some twigs from a cultivated R. nakaharae Hill's interest in plants wasn't reflected in desirable prostrate form. "The bloom is and asked her to make a project of finding her undergraduate studies. A music major beautiful, too," said Gary Koller, assistant the wild species. Many fruitless expeditions at Vassar, she took zoology and chemistry, director of horticulture at the Arnold Ar­ ensued. Finally, picnicking on Mount Seven but not botany. After graduation in 1928, boretum. "There are enormous flowers on Star, Fielder's teen-aged son somersaulted she traveled to Japan to teach English and these little plants." down the hill, landed in a clump of brush, gym for a year at Vassar's sister college, The basic facts about Hill's progeny­ and shouted, "I've found it!" Tokyo Joshi Daigaku. She spoke no Japa­ scientific name, seed origin, hybridizer, year Fielder collected the seed with the help nese. "It was hard," she remembers. planted, germination, location on the farm, of a faculty member at Tai Da University. But Japan was to playa major role in her and continuing health or demise-she Of those sent to Hill, two germinated and horticultural work. In 1956, planning a methodically records by hand on three-by­ one plant lived. Twenty years later it still tour of Asia with her son, she was sent with five cards. Once a year she sends them to a survives, a low and compact mound, in the an introduction to Dr. Tsuneshige Rokujo, "computer lady" in New Bedford, who Playpen. Hill says it has the richest flower a professor of surgery whose avocation is enters it all and returns a bulky printout. color of any R. nakaharae she has seen. hybridization of Rhododendron species. That's for the official record. But as we Rokujo has sent other plants, cuttings, Hill became intrigued by the miniature pass her favorites she has an anecdote to tell and seedlings. The U.S. Department of azaleas that so effectively carpet Japanese about each-finding this one on a bird Agriculture requires that they be heat gardens, and asked Rokujo to make some walk, getting that one as a seedling in the sterilized. "It's not supposed to kill them," crosses to meet a specific objective: a mail. Outside the Playpen, Hill stops to Hill says. "Some of them don't survive the prostrate, hardy evergreen form to be used admire 'Little Hill', a dwarf pine named but cooking, though." as ground cover. "I'm more impressed with not yet introduced. It's the result of seeds In the electric cart we drive through the form than color. It's something I learned collected from a witches' broom in an East­ Arbor, a pleached arch of European horn­ from the Japanese," Hill says. ern white pine tree (Pinus strobus). It has beam, Carpinus betulus. We park outside Bill Frederick, a Delaware landscape ar­ grown into a tiny, appealing mound shape. the Playpen, where Hill's most-prized chitect, praises Hill for this sensitivity to The story of the rediscovery of the wild specimens are protected. It's a no-nonsense design considerations. "She has high Rhododendron nakaharae is one of Hill's enclosure thirty-five by 300 feet, sur­ standards. None of her selections was a best tales. In 1969 a military wife from the rounded by lumber-and-wire fencing ten waste of time." Vineyard, Ann Fielder, was taking her five feet high. Hill emphasizes that she respects

38 FEBRUARY 1992 all of nature. She is realistic, however, al­ lowing hunters into her woods; they took seven deer last year. "Deer will jump eight feet. They love rhododendron buds," she says. "And this place is a smorgasbord for rabbits. " Inside the Playpen is an array of shrubs, from the modest mound of the original wild Mount Seven Star azalea (a cultivar is sold as Rhododendron nakaharae 'Mt. Seven Star') to stately Magnolia hypoleuca 'Lydia'. Hill points out 'Wild Wealth', a Rhododendron yakusimanum selection of which she is particularly proud. She pauses to admire its unfolding blossoms, cerise in bud, paling as they open to pure white. "It blooms top to bottom," she says with satis­ faction. A former vice president of the American Horticultural Society, Hill has received countless honors for her work, including gold medals from the Pennsylvania Hor­ ticultural Society and the American Rho­ dodendron Society and a silver medal from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. In 1990 she was awarded the prestigious Ar­ thur Hoyt Scott Garden and Horticulture Award at Swarthmore College for "creat­ ing and developing a wider interest in ... gardening through her work as a grower, introducer, and promoter of superior gar­ den plants." As we meander through the Playpen, Hill is approached by a neighbor. "Oh, do you have some time?" she asks. Hill ex­ cuses herself and sets him to work on a nearby bed. Returning, she explains, "That fellow is an artist. He understands plants, so when he has some time he comes and works for me." For some years Hill gardened without a staff. Now she has an assortment of part­ timers, anchored by "head pruner," Eliza­ beth McFadden, who periodically ferries over from New Bedford. "I couldn't get along without her," Hill says. "I don't have to tell her what to do. I ask her what she's going to do today." Two local women work for about ten hours apiece each week, one bringing her baby with her. There's no time clock to punch at Barnard's Inn Farm; the workers just tell Hill how long they've been there. "People come [to work here] because they like to come." She gets help from family members, as G well. "I have a daughter who loves to '3 5 prune. She does the crabapples. My grand- ~ children, if I can get my hands on them, are a: ~ good workers." There are five, ranging in

AMERICAN HORTICULTIJRIST 39 age from 12 to 26. "Lydia, the 12-year­ she like one? And how about some gen­ Jujubes continued from page 27 old-she could run this place herself." tian? And with scientific precision, the in­ When it was Lydia's turn for a namesake stant she removed a plant, Hill went to the may be stored for a week to a month. The plant, Hill asked whether she wanted a compost pile and filled the hole. length of the storage period probably small plant or a big tree. She chose the big Where Hill differs from many ex­ depends on the humidity, wi.th longer tree. Magnolia hypoleuca 'Lydia' stands perimental growers is her persistence in storage possible in drier air. If stored at thirty or so feet tall in the Playpen. introducing new forms to the trade. If a temperatures below 36 degrees the fruit Next our cart circles the north field. Hill nurseryman evinces interest, she'll invite may be injured and sunken areas in the plants things only at the perimeters. "I keep him or her to North Tisbury. "We'll put fruit may develop. the centers of the fields open. It's how the them up, let them have whatever they Under dry conditions, on or off the tree, Vineyard looks." She points out Malus want. I don't sell anything. I give it away." ripe fruits lose moisture, shrivel, and be­ 'Louisa', a weeping pink crabapple named Polly Hill will go some lengths to come spongy inside. These dried fruits will for her daughter. "It stays pink; it's very publicize her plants--even submit to an keep for up to a year at cool temperatures fragrant. It has this umbrella shape you see. interview. She didn't like the idea. "I was and just over 50 percent relative humidity. And it's disease-free." brought up to believe, 'Fools' names and In China, jujubes are eaten fresh, dried, Barnard's Inn Farm now holds some fools' faces .. .' " She thought it over for a smoked, pickled, candied, and as a butter. 1,700 taxa. "I'm trying to make everything moment. "But I'll do it for the plants. The fruit can also be boiled with rice or I do better than what exists. Or new. Some­ "I don't want to die and have all these baked with breads, much like raisins. thing nobody bothered to think about." She things die here without anybody knowing Meyer reported in 1911 that the very spiny glances sideways with a suppressed smile. about them." branches of wild jujube plants were used as "You've got to beat the competition." fencing in China, and their small, sour, She has. She has grown Stewartia mala­ Boston free-lancer Marty Carlock writes though pleasant-tasting, fruits were col­ codendron, recommended for Zone 8, on about nature, art, and education for the lected by "old women and children" for the island. From seed sent from Georgia, Boston Globe and other publications. pastes and preserves. she has raised and introduced three spec­ Here is the recipe for real jujube candy tacular orange Rhododendron bakeri cul­ (Chinese "honey jujubes"), quoted from tivars-'Sunlight', 'Sizzler', and 'Chalif'­ SOURCES Meyer's 1911 report: here in Zone 6. "A lot of it is serendipity," The Chinese take large, sound, dried she says. "Some plants don't like some Arthur Steffen Sons, 1253 Fairport fruits and boil them thoroughly in sugared people. Tree peonies don't like me. They Road, Fairport, NY 14450, (716) 377- water, after which they are taken out and want clay, and less acid." 1665. Catalog $2. Clematis 'Gabrielle', C. dried in the sun or wind for a couple of Probably the most popular of Hill's in­ 'Starfish' . days. When sufficiently dry they are given troductions have been the 'Joseph Hill' Carlson's Gardens, Box 305, South a slight boiling again and are partially azalea and the 'Louisa' crabapple; "thou­ Salem, NY 10590, (914) 765-5958. $2 for dried. When dry enough to be handled, the sands" of the flowering Malus are sold two-year catalog subscription. Azaleas. skin is slashed lengthwise with a few small each year, Hill says. The Cummins Garden, 22 Robertsville knives tied together. Then the fruits are There have been some frustrations, too. Road, Marlboro, NJ 07746, (201) 536- given a third boiling, now, however, in a One of her favorite azaleas, Rhododen­ 2591. Catalog $2. Azaleas. stronger sugar water, and for the best dron bakeri 'Sunlight', "nobody can root. Roslyn Nursery, 211 Burrs Lane, Dix grades of honey jujube, honey is added. Briggs [an Olympia, Washington, nur­ Hills, NY 11746, (516) 643-9347. Catalog When this process is finished they are seryman] has it, and we're hoping he can $2. North Tisbury azaleas. spread out to dry, and when no longer root it in tissue culture." The dogwoods Wayside Gardens, Garden Lane, sticky are ready to be sold. 'Square Dance' and 'Blue Shadow' have Hodges, SC 29605, (800) 845-1124. Cata­ potential, but no one has offered them yet. log free . Rhododendron 'Joseph Hill', R. Dr. Lee Reich is a horticultural writer and "A lot of people have them, but say they nakaharae 'Mt. Seven Star', Stewartia consultant who lives in New Paltz, New York. have to build up their stock" before the 'Ballet'. trees go into their catalogs. Because of the Weston Nurseries Inc., Box 186, Hop­ time it takes to propagate enough plants, kinton, MA 01748, (508) 435-3414. SOURCES Hill notes, "Many more of my things are Catalog free. Ilex 'Bright Horizon', North in botanical gardens than in nursery Tisbury azaleas. Edible Landscaping, P.O. Box 77, Afton, catalogs. " The following two nurseries are whole­ VA 22920. Catalog free. 'Lang', 'Li', and Hill's horticultural prowess is legendary sale only. Do not contact them directly. local large-fruiting varieties. on the island. Garden clubbers tell of her Rather, give their addresses to local nur­ Pacific Tree Farms, 4301 Lynwood appearance at a meeting carrying a Stewar­ series if you want them to order Polly Hill Drive, Chula Vista, CA 91910. Catalog $2. tia blossom as big as a turkey platter. She plants for you. 'Lang' and 'Li'. is generous to those interested in plants. Environmentals, Cutchogue, NY Roger and Shirley Meyer, 16531 Mount One amateur gardener recalls a visit when 11935. Azaleas. Shelley Circle, Fountain Valley, CA 92708. Hill offered her an unusual milkweed seed­ J. Frank Schmidt & Son Company, 9500 Send self-addressed stamped envelope. ling. On the wa y to dig it, Hill spotted some S.E. 327th Avenue, Box 189, Boring, OR 'Lang', 'Li', 'S ilverhill', 'So', and about surplus Japanese Jack-in-the-pulpit; would 97009. Malus 'Louisa'. twenty other cultivars.

40 FEBRUARY 1992 70 YEARS YOUNG AND OUR YOUTHFUL SPIRIT STILL SHINES ON

SINCE 1922 THE WORK OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY has been steadfastly supported by members like you. Your special gifts in support of our educational projects, member programs, and operations have contributed to our success these many years. We value and appreciate each contribution, large or small.

WE ENVISION OUR FUTURE AS BRIGHT WITH PROMISE. Never before in our country has the demand been greater for info~mation and knowledge concerning horticulture and environmentally responsible gardening practices. Our timely programs in composting, garden deSign, and horticultural educatio1!l are reaching more people than ever before. Our puhlications are being expanded to bring Y01!l more inSightful news from the world of North American horticulture. And our year-round Horticultural Career lnternshil? Program is among the best in the nation.

AHS WILL CELEBRATE ITS 70TH YEAR IN OCTOBER 1992, with a fun-filled and informative Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. Watch for details, and plan to join us as we celebrate 70 years of horticultural excellence.

WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO CONTINUE TO SUPPORT AHS through your generous gift to this year's Annual Appeal. Checks should be made payable to "AHS '91-'92 Annual Appeal" and can be mailed in the postage-paid envelope bound into this magazine. You can support the work of AHS in the future through a planned gift or bequest. Please consult your financial advisor, or phone our Executive Office at (800) 777-7931. copies are only $30 each (plus $2.50 postage per THE AVANT GARDENER book). Virginia residents add 4 112% sales tax. To FOR THE GARDENER WHO WANTS MORE order write AHS/Books, 7931 East Boulevard FROM GARDENING! Subscribe to THE Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308-1300. AVANT GARDENER, the liveliest, most useful of all gardening publications. Every month this EXOTICA Series 4, with 16,300 photos, 405 in unique news service brings you the newest, most color, 2,600 pages in 2, volumes, with Addenda of 1,000 updates by Dr. A. B. Graf, $187. practical information on n ~ w plants, products, techniques, with sources, f~ature articles, special TROPICA 4th edition, 1992, 7,000 color issues. 24th year. Awarded Garden Club of photos, 1,156 pages, $165. Exotic House America and Massachusetts Horticultural Plants, 1,200 photos, $8.95. HORTICA, pic­ CLASSIFIEDS Society medals. Curious? Sample copy $1. torial cyclopedia of Garden Flora and Indoor Serious? $12 full year (reg. $18). THE AVANT Plants, 8,100 color photos schedwled for Fall GARDENER, Box 489M, New York, NY 1992. Shipping additional. Circulars gladly s~nt. 10028. ROEHRS COMPANY, Box 125, E. Rutherford, NJ 07073. AZALEAS AND RHODODENDRONS FOR GARDENERS WHO CARE WHAT THE HEALTHY INDOOR PLANT. The whys Classified Ad Rates: $1 per word; mInI­ and hows of successful indoor gardening. 300+ mum $20 per insertion. 10 percent dis­ GOES WHERE: Carlson's Catalog and Color Cue Cards help create yea r-ro uml, low-maifl­ pages. Illustrated. Guaranteed. $24.50 postpaid count for three consecutive ads using same tenance Azalea and Rhododtmdron gardens prepublication price through March 1, 1992. copy, provided each insertion meets the worthy of any size estate. Two-year subscrip­ Thereafter, $29.50. ROSEWELL PUBLISH­ $20 minimum after taking discount. tion: $3. CARLSON'S GARDENS, Box 305- ING, Department AH2, P.O. Box 2nO, Colum­ bus, OH 43216. Copy and prepayment must be received AHC, South Salem, NY 10590. (914) 763-5958. on the 20th day of the month three months BULBS BED AND BREAKFASTS prior to publication date. Dutch bulbs for fall planting. 12CM Tulips, DNI Historic Fordhook Farm, home of pioneering Daffodils, Hyacinths and Miscellaneous. Catalog Send orders to: American Horticultural seedsman W. Atlee Burpee, is open as a Bed and Society Advertising Department, 2700 Free. Paula Parker DBA, Mary Mattison van Breakfast Inn. Reserve for Philadelphia Flower Schaik, IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS, P.O. Box Prosperity Avenue, Fairfax, VA 22.031, or Show Week. THE INN AT FORDHOOK 32AH, Cavendish, VT 05142. (802) 226-7653. call (703) 204-4636. FARM, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. (215) 345- 1766. CACTI AND SUCCULENTS BOOKS FLOWERING JUNGLE CACTI catalog for The American Horticultural Society Flower 1991-92 including 4-page 1992 plant adden­ Finder-new from AHS! The most authorita­ dum now available. 190 color photos of Orchid AFRICAN VIOLETS tive, compreheflsive guide to selecting flowers Cacti (Epiphyllums), Hoyas, Rattail Cacti, America's Finest-177 best violets and ges­ with lasting beauty, maximum pest and disease XmaslEaster Cacti, Succulents, more! 77-page neriads. Color Catalog and Growing "Tips" 50 resistance, and minimum maintenance require­ plant/cactus bookshop catalog, all only $2. cents. FISCHER GREENHOUSES, Box H, Lin­ meAts. This $40 volume is available to AHS Hurry! RAINBOW GARDENS, 1444 (AH) wood, NJ 08221. members for just $35 postpaid. Additional Taylor St., Vista, CA 92084.

A H S STUDY TOUR - HOLLAND AT TULIP TIME APRIL 19 - MAY 3,1992 Holland offers a wealth of horticultural diversity aside from the beautiful tulip blooms. Join us on this exciting study tour visiting famous destinations such as the Aalsmeer Flower Auction, Keukenhof and the Lisse bulb fields. Enjoy Floriade 1992, the world's greatest flower show, held once every ten years. Experience behind the scenes visits to Sluis and Groot seed producers, the Moerheim Nurseries and the Aalsmeer Pot Plant Research Center. Meet and greet members of the Dutch Horticultural Society at a cocktail party hosted by the AHS. The tour will be led by Elvin McDonald, lecturer, author, and an AHS Board Member. He has spent extensive time in Holland, most recently doing research for the upcoming PBS series "Gardens of the World" with Audrey Hepburn. * EXPO GARDEN TOURS 145 4th Ave, Suite 4A, New York, NY 10003 (800) 448-2685, in New York (212) 677-6704 42 FEBRUARY 1992 CARNIVOROUS PLANTS Carnivorous (Insectivorous) PlaI'lts, seeds, sup­ plies, and books. Color brochme free. PETER PAULS NURSERIES, Canandaigua, NY 14424. CHESTNUTS AND KAKI PERSIMMONS Heavy-bearing Dunstan Chestnuts, new hardy for Kaki Persimmons. CHESTNUT HILL NURS­ ERY, Rt. 1, Box 341AH, Alachua, FL 32615. more EXOTIC PLANTS SPECIAL OFFER-Rare indoor palms: Hedys­ beautiful cepe canterburyana and HOUJea belmoreana. Both only $15.95 postpaid. Ready for 6" pots. Catalog of palms, cycads, caudiciforms, cactus, yards, gardens succulents, bromeliads, much more! $2 (refund­ able with order). JOE'S, P.O. Box 1867, Dept. A, Vista, CA 92085-1867. FREE PLUMERIA PLANT with minimum order!!! Easy-to-grow Tropicals. 300+ varieties! Plumerias, Hibiscus, Bougainvilleas, Gingers, Flowering Vines and Shrubs, Bulbs, Jasmines, Fragrant Plants. Books. NEW! Super fl ower­ producing specialty fertilizers. NEW! Plumeria Handbook (co lor). $10.95. Beautiful descrip­ tive Ca t a log, 100+ color photos. $2. PLUMERIA PEOPLE, Box 820014-AH, Hous­ ton, TX 77282-0014. GARDEN FURNITURE o Choice of stunning Opal White or Bronze-TInt English regency style. Carefully hand-forged. glazings on white or bronze framework 0 QWIK'· Spray lawn Entirely hand-riveted. Direct from blacksmith. window/sc reen change system 0 Do-it-~~lUrself fertilizers. Lega l SSAE for brochure to F. B. ODELL, 6209 assembly 0 America 's # I value. insecticides, Upper York Rd., Newhope, PA 18938. Send $2 for Color Catalogues, Prices, weed killers. GARDENING SENT FIRST CLASS MAIL. Dealer Inquiries Welcome FREE CATALOG! 4,000 Horticultural Items­ Make mulch, Seeds, Plants, Trees, Supplies, Greenhouses, Or­ VEGETABLE FACTORY, INC. woodchips. PO. Box 1353, Dept. 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Salary will be commensurate with • Lifts 3Z fImD.d. vents up to u: qualifications and experience, medical and den­ • iiIIiJM1Hb Opening T/!111peralon MacKissic Incorporated tal benefits are provided. Housing is not in­ Dept. AH022, P.O. Box 111 , Parker Ford , PA 19457 cluded. Limited relocation expenses wi ll be • JlgjqertQ17Ils ill"!! similar product Ru sh details on Mighty Mac provided. Applications wi ll be received until o Shredder-chippers 0 Portable Sprayers and location of nearest distributor March 1, 1992 with a placement sc heduled to be or effective around April 1992. Please send cover FREE INFORMATION My phone number is ______letter and resume to Donald E. King, President, dealer inquiries welcomed. Name ______RHODODENDRON SPECIES FOUNDA­ Address ______City ______TION, P.O. Box 3798, Federal Way, WA 98063- Superiorc7'lu toven ts S1ate Zip _____ 3798 or Fax (206) 838-4686. EEO/AA. 17422 La Mesa Lane Huntington Beach. Ca . 92647

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 43 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR-THE PITTS­ EW beauty, gorgeous BURGH CIVIC GARDEN CEN TER. Ad­ new colors, exotic ministrati velFund Raising skills and degree in a fragrance and horticulturally rel ated fi eld . Experience in all the fascinating new interest above. Request detail s: SEARCH , THE PITTS­ Nare given to your BUR GH CIVIC GA RDEN CENTER, 1059 garden by the addition of a Sh ady Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 1523 2. Water Lily Pool. And, The Am eri can Horticultural Society is often fortunately, every garden, asked to refer individuals for horticultural posi­ large or small, provides tions around the country. As a service to our ample room for a Water members, both jobseekers and employers, we Lily Pool, or at least a would be very glad to receive resumes and cover simple sunken tub-garden. letters of individuals seeking job changes and empl oyers seeking candidates. All responsibility Marvelously beautiful for checking references and determining the ap­ effects can be achieved propriateness of both position and ca ndidate quickly and with little rests with the individuals. Inquiries and in for­ effort or expense. You can mational materials should be sent to: Horticul ­ enjoy a Water Lily Pool tural Empl oyment, American H orticultural this summer if you plan Soci ety, 793 1 East Boulevard Dr., Alexandria, now. VA 22308-1300. HERBS ;::VA '.:~_/. .I_~.I NEW 1992 Catalog! COLLECTOR'S PLANT LIST. Herbs-Ivies­ ..... A.J{Ulft.Lef!/ CiJwfJlll.. A beautiful catalog Fuchsias-Odd and Rare Houseplants-Minia­ ivuiftogrll7lt . filled with helpful ture and Scented Geraniums. 45th Anniversary information describe (lbbi.- Season! $2 to MERRY GARDENS, P.O. Box f'\\~,te/liJ!l and illustrates in full 595, Camden, ME 04843 . l n" color the largest collection of Water Lilies in America Gala Herb Weekend March 14-15. Water Lil y along with Aquatic Plants Weekend April 4-5. Exhibits, discuss ions, slid es, and Ornamental Fishes door prizes, and refres hments held in our warm and Pool Accessories. greenhouses, ra in or shine 9 a.m.-5 p.m. BIT­ SEND $3.00 to: TERSWEET HILL NURSERIES, Rt. 424 and William Tricker, Inc. Governor's Bridge Rd., David sonville, MD 7125 Tanglewood Drive 21035. (410) 798-0231. Independence, Ohio 44131 HOSTAS (216) 524-3491 CHOI CE SELECTION-Catalog $2. SAVORY' S GARDENS, INC., H osta Specialists, 5300 Whiting Ave., Edina, M N 55439. (6 12) 941-8755. HOUSE PLANTS ..",-~ AHS PRESENTS "GREAT GARDENERS ORCHIDS, GES N ERIADS, BE GO N IAS, ~~ OF AMERICA" AT AMERIFLORA '92 CACTI & SUCCULENTS . Visi tors welcome. 1992-1993 ca talog $2. LAURAY OF SALIS­ BURY, 432 Undermountain Rd., Salisbury, CT 06068. (203) 435-2263. Want to learn more about daylilies? The revolution in vegetable gardening? New urban INDOOR-OUTDOOR GARDENING trees? Gardening in the shade? Join America's gardening experts for the "Great SUPPLIES Gardeners of America" lecture series to be held at AmeriFlora '92 in Columbus, Ohio, beginning in April. Presented by the American Horticultural Society, in association with "LOWEST PRICES " ... "TOP QUALITY" . . . First Community Bank, the lecture series begins April 25 and continues every Pots, Flats, Ce ll Packs, Hanging Baskets, Soil Mixes, Saturday until October 10. AmeriFlora '92, the official Quincentenary Celebration of Light Stands, etc. .. . Catalog $2. PLANT COL­ Christopher Columbus's voyage to the New World, is a showcase for American LECTIBLES, 103E Kenview, Buffalo, NY 14217. gardening. For ticket information contact: AmeriFlora '92 , 1995 East Broad Street, NURSERY STOCK Columbus, Ohio 43209, (800) 837-1992. MILLION S OF SEEDLINGS: High Quality, Reasonable Prices. Ove r 100 Selections for "GREAT GARDENERS OF AMERICA" LECTURE SERIES Christmas Trees, Ornamentals, Windbreaks, SCHEDULE: APRIL TO MAY 1992 Timber, Soil Conserva ti on, Wildlife Cover. Free Catalog. CARINO NURSERIES, Box 538, April 25 : "American Gardens in Jeopardy, Opportunities for Optimism. " Dept. ] , Indiana, PA 15 701. H. Marc Cathey, National Chairman for Florist and Nursery Crops Review with the ORCHIDS Agricultural Research Service, Former Director of the U.S. National Arboretum PLEIONE ORCHIDS Grow like crocuses, May 2: "The Luxuriance of Peony, Hosta, and Daylily Gardening" bl oom like orchids! Large fl owers, vibrant Roy Klehm, Owner of Klehm Nursery in South Barrington, Illinois colors! Garden hard y in Zone 7+! FREE LIST. May 9: "Gardening: The Great American Dream " RED 'S RHODIES, 15920 S.w. Oberst, Sher­ Carolyn Marsh Lindsay, Immediate Past President of AHS from Rochester, New York wood, OR 97140. May 16: "Gardening in All Fi ve Senses" PERENNIALS Alan Lacy, Author and Garden Columnist from Linwood, New Jersey Huge selecti on of qualiry perennials, nati ves, May 23: "Gardening for the Design of It" roses. Send $1 for full colo r cat a log. Sally Boasberg, Landscape Designer from Washington, D.C. , and AHS Board Member MILAEGER'S GARDENS, Dept. AMH, 4838 Douglas Ave ., Racine, WI 53402-2498. May 30: "Flower Arranging for Floral Artists" Pauline Runkle, Floral Artist from ManChester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Perpetual Perennials-2,000+ hard y perennial va ri eties; starter sizes $1.00-$1.50; ca tal og $2 (credited). PERPETUAL PERENNIALS, 1111 Upper Vall ey Pike, Springfield, OH 45504.

44 FEBRUARY 1992 NEW, INEXPENSIVE way to buy perennials. Specialists in growing and improving perennials guarantee you the finest plants ever offered­ sa me as by professional nurserymen. Send for fr~e Bluestone Catalog; lists more than 400 varieties, plus information on care and growing. BLUESTONE PERENNIALS, 7201 Middle Ridge, Madison, OH 44057. PLANTS (UNUSUAL) OVER 2,000 KINDS of choice and affordable plants. Outstanding ornamentals, American na­ ti ves, perenni als, rare conifers, pre-bo nsai, wildlife plants, much more. Descriptive catalog, $3. FORESTFARM, 990 Tetherhasl, Williams, OR 97544. Rare & Exotic Tropicals for home and garden. Plant coll ector's paradise. 84-page colorful Schultz Company. 14090 Rlverport Drove. Maryland HeIghts, MO 63043 catalog $5 or send SASE for list. SOUTHERN EXPOSURE, 35 Minor-AH, Beaumont, TX 77702-2414. 1,000+ SEED items: Perennials, Natives, Shrubs, etc. .. 100s at 25 cents each. $1 for com­ plete list. SASE for order form. SEED SOURCE, Balsam Grove, NC 28708. Choose from over 1500 useful plant varieties in our mail REAL ESTATE catalog. Extensive collections of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, ARBORETUM FOR SALE, near Baltimore, Conifers, Perennials, hardy Camellias, Kalmias, r"t(~~~ Md. 27 Acres of Public Garden, pond with 50' rare shrubs and trees and much, much more. fountain, converted barn for group use, paved access and parking, charming older home, un­ Send $2.00 for our descriptive mail order catalog to: usual opportunity! Call Al Noblin, agent, O'CONOR, PIPER & FLYNN, REALTORS, Roslyn Nursery (301) 876-1982. 211 Burrs Lane, Dept. L ROSES Dix Hills, NY 11746 LARGEST ASSORTMENT OF ROSES to be (516)-643-9347 found anywhere, at reasonable prices: HT, climb­ ers, antiques, English Garden Roses, Rennie's miniatures, Cocker's introductions, etc. A superb collection. Orders shipped with our refrigerated ATTENTION HOMEOWNERS! truck to USA UPS depots for distribution, in most cases. Catalog $2. HORTICO INC., 723 Robson Now! A professional-quality Rd., Waterdown, ON LOR2H1. (416) 689-6984 or 689-3002, Fax (416) 689-6566. greenhouse••• that's affordable! SEEDS TALL FLOWERS FOR CUTTING GAR­ Expand your horizons in the ELITE DENS- A splendid collection of over 600 seed Creenhouse - the only professional­ varieties: annuals, perennials, everlastings and grasses. Vast se lecti on of indi vidual colors and style, real glass greenhouse designed unusual varieties from Europe. Many old­ and priced for homeowners! fashioned favorites and antiques. Catalog $2. • Plants grow faster under clear, THE COUNTRY GARDEN, Box 3539, Oak­ horticultural-grade glass! land, CA 94609. • Lifetime quality with rust and TREES AND SHRUBS rot-proof aluminum and stainless­ HARDY CAMELLIAS, OTHER broad leafed steel construction! evergreens, dwarf conifers. Rare Asian trees and • Half the price of the competition, shrubs. Catalog $1. CAMELLIA'S FOREST thanks to easy-to-assemble, inter­ NURSERY, 125 Carolin a Forest, Chapel Hill, locking design! NC 27516. • Models up to 104 sq. ft. in size! Call TODAY for Full Details about these classic, English-style glass greenhouses: ~tIJef£ Jf/UJ1f~ Toll-Free 1-800-366-1818 Dept. 3498 TREES • SHRUBS • PERENNIALS or Send NOW for FREE Information ______c.:,o r ~ '::...!;' (..!.9 ~ I TROY-BILT Mfg.Co., Dept. A3498 Name,______2951 Curve-Nonkipoo Rood I 102nd St. & 9th Ave. , Troy, NY 12180 Address Route #3. Box # 158-A I 0 YES! Please send details on the ELITE '------Ripley. Tennessee 38063-9420 I Greenhouse line, including Money-Saving City I Offer now in effect and our Easy Payment ------Catalog $2.00 IL Plan. ______My garden size is sq , ft, State ZIP _____ ~

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 45 PRONUNCIATIONS

Anemone x hybrida ah-NEM-oh-nee x Photinia villosa foe-TIN-ee-uh vil-LO-suh HY-brih-duh Pinus strobus PINE-us STRO-bus Aporocactus flagelliformis Primula auricula PRIM-yew-luh uh-por-oh-KAK-tus flah-jel-lih-FOR-mis ah-RIK-yew-luh x Aporophyllum x uh-por-oh-FIL-um P. chionantha P. kye-oh-NAN-thuh As trop hytum as-tro-FYE-tum P. clarkei P. CLARK-ee-eye Brugmansia x candida br~wg-MAN-see-uh P. cockbumiana P. ko-burn-ec:-A Y-nuh x KAN-dih-duh P. denticulata P. den-tik-yew-LA Y-tuh Carpinus betulus kar-PINE-us BET-yew-lus P. floribunda P. flor-ih-BUN-duh Cephalocereus senilis sef-l:lh-lo-SEE-ree-us P. florindae P. flor-IN-day seh-NIL-iss P. helodoxa P. heh-lo-DOKS-uh Cestrum noctumum SES-trum P. japonica P. jah-PON-ih-kuh nok-TURN-um P. juliae P. JEW-lee-ee Cleistocactus klay-sto-KAK-tus P. x juliana P. x jew-lee-AY-nuh Clematis KLEM-uh-tis Mammillaria zeilmanniana 'G. Thompson'. P. x kewensis P. x kew-EN-sis Cleome klee-OH-mee P. malacoides P. mal-uh-KOY-deez Clethra KLETH-ruh Magnolia grandiflora mag-NO-lee-uh P.obconica P. ob-KON-ih-kuh Comus florida KOR-nus FLOR-ih-duh grand-ih-FLOR-uh P. x polyantha P. x pol-ee-AN-thuh C. kousa C. KOO-suh M. hypoleuca M . hye-poe-LOO-kuh P. rosea P. ROSE-ee-uh Datura metel duh-TOUR-uh MEH-tel Malus MAL-us P. rubra P. ROO-bruh Dianthus dye-AN-thus Mammillaria longiflora P. saxatilis P. saks-uh-TIL-iss Discocactus alteolens dis-ko-KAK-tus mam-mil-LAIR -ee-uh lon-gih-FLOR -uh P. sieboldii P. see-BOL-dee-eye al-tee-OH-lens M. surculosa M. sur-kew-LO-suh P. sinensis P. sye-NEN-sis Echinocereus pectinatus var. rubrispinus M. theresae M. teh-REE-see P. veris P. VER-iss ek-in-oh-SEE-ree-us pek-tin-A Y-tus var. M. zeilmanniana M. zyle-man-nee-A Y-nuh P. veris var. hortensis P. VER-iss var. roo-brih-SPY -nus M. zeilmanniana var. albiflora M. hor-TEN-sis E. reichenbachii var. baileyi zyle-man-nee-A Y-nuh var. al-bih-FLOR-uh P. verticillata P. ver-tih-sih-LAY-tuh E. rye-ken-BAK-ee-eye var. BAY-lee-eye Mesembryanthemum P. vialii P. vee-ALL-ee-eye E. viridiflorus E. vir-ih-dih-FLOR-us mes-em-brih-AN-thee-mum P. vulgaris P. vul-GAY-ris Echinopsis leucantha ek-ih-NOP-sis Muscari armenia cum mus-KAY -ree Rebutia narvaecense reh-BEW-tee-uh lew-KAN-thuh are-men-ee-A Y-kum nar-vee-SEN-see Epiphyllum ep-ih-FIL-lum Narcissus nar-SIS-sus Rhododendron bakeri roe-doe-DEN-dron Euphorbia yew-FOR-bee-uh Neoporteria gerocepahala BAKE-er-eye Fagus grandifolia FAY-gus nee-oh-por-TER-ee-l!lh jer-oh -SEF-uh-luh R. nakaharae R. nak-uh-HAH-ree grand-ih-FOE-lee-uh N. napina N. NAP-ee-nuh R. yakusimanum Franklinia alatamaha frank-LIN -ee-uh N. rapifera N . rap-IF-er-uh R. yah-koo-see-MA Y-num ah-lah-tah-MAH-huh Notocactus magnificus no-toe-KAK-tus Sclerocactus sklee-roe-KAK-tus Gymnocalycium friedrichii mag-NIF-ih-kus Selenicereus seh-lee-nih-SEE-ree-us jim-no-kuh-LIH -see-urn freed-RIK -ee-eye N. uebelmannianus Stenocereus beneckei stc:n-oh-SEE-ree-us Gypsophila paniculata jip-SOF-ih-luh N. oo-bel-man-nee-A Y -nus bc:n- EK -ee-eye pan-ik-yew-LAY-tuh Nyssa sylvatica NISS-uh sil-VAT-ih-kuh Stewartia malacodendron stew-AR -tee-uh Hosta HOS-tuh Oreocereus hendriksenianus mal-uh-ko-DEN-dron flex x altaclarensis EYE-leks x oh-ree-oh-SEE-ree-us S. pseudocamellia var. koreana S. al-tuh-kluh-REN-sis hen-drik-sen-ee-A Y-nus soo-doe-kuh-MEEL-yuh var. 1. aquifolium I. ah-kwih-FOE-lee-um O. hendriksenianus var. densilanatus kor-ee-A Y-nuh 1. comuta I. kor-NOO-tuh O. hen-drik-sen-ee-A Y-nus var. Sulcorebutia arenacea 1.crenata I. kree-NAY-tuh den-sil-an-A Y -tus sul-ko-reh-BEW-tee-uh are-en-A Y-see-uh 1. decidua I. deh-SID-yew-uh Oxydendrum oks-ih-DEN-drum Turbinicarpus lophophoroides 1. dimorphophylla I. dye-more-foe-FIL-luh Pachypodium pak-ee-POE-dee-um ter-bin-ih-KAR-pus loe-foe-for-OY-deez 1. glabra I. GLAY-bruh Parodia catamarcensis puh-ROE-dee-uh T. pseudomacrochele 1. liukiuensis I. lew-kew-EN-sis kah-tah-mar-SEN-sis T. soo-cdoe-mak-roe-KEE-lee 1. x meserveae I. x meh-SERV-ee-~e P.laui P. LAUW-ee T.pseudopectinatus 1. opaca I. oh-PAY-kuh P. mairanana P. mare-uh-NAY-nuh T. soo-doe-pek-tih-NA Y-tus 1. serrata I. ser-A Y -tuh P. schwebsiana P. shwebz-ee-AY-nuh T. schmiedickeanus T. shmee-dik-ee-AY-nus 1. verticillata I. ver-tih-sih-LA Y -tuh P. tafiensis P. tah-fee-EN-sis T. valdezianus T. val-dez-ee-A Y -nus Lilium LIL-ee-um Pediocactus peh-dee-oh-KAK-tus Ziziphus jujuba ZIZ-ih-fus JOO-joo-buh

46 FEBRUARY 1992 Spend time with some great gardeners.

English writer Rosemary Verey notes the "Victory Garden " co-host Jim Wilson leads Garden expert Rosalind Creasy looks at influence of great gardeners on British and the first day's program with introduction to the future on the second day with her American gardens for her keynote address. several masters of the specialty garden. presentation about children in the garden. Colonial Williamsburg and the American Horticultural Society present the 46th Williamsburg Garden Symposium t April 5-8, 1992 Every great garden is created by a great gardener.

Great gardeners are the subject and the leaders of this year's symposium in Williamsburg, Va. A faculty of garden experts, presentations by visiting gardeners, demonstrations and master classes fill the program.

Garden Symposium registration includes six days of access to Colonial Williamsburg's exhibition buildings, craft shops, museums, and gardens; two receptions and a dinner; and a full schedule of tours, talks, demonstra­ tions, clinics, and conversations.

Please send information on the Garden Symposium. Learn from garden masters. Harvest ideas to take your garden to greatness. Name --~~------=-~~~~~---- Address ______~~ ____- For full registration information, please mail the coupon to Garden Symposium, P.O. Box 1776, City State Zip Williamsburg, VA, 23187-1776, or call (804) 220-7255. Telephone

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST 47 Is your garden missing jewel-like flowers floating on a one of the mos~ satisfying forms of gardening. If you shimmering water surface and the darting brilliance of haven't one, you are missing a great deal of satisfaction goldfish? Are you missing the melodic sounds of water from your garden. spilling from a fountain, vessel or waterfall? Let Lilypons and TETRA POND help you to get started What you need in your garden is a water lily pool. A water today by ordering one of our durable TETRA POND 32 mil, lily pool is a garden whose plants like damp to very wet flexible 2 ply PVC pool liners. So easy to install and main­ feet. Fish and frogs like to !lve there and butterflies will tain you will ask yourself why you waited-so long to begin like your garden better than ever. A water garden is simply this adventure. Choose from the seven sizes listed (sizes are approximate, for depth 1 Y2' to 2' in yoW" own deSign.): o Lilypons water gardening cata!logue subscription ...... $ 5 ' 0 8' x 13' 'liner makes 4' x 8' pool ...... $109 o 10' x 16' liner makes 6' x 12' pooL ...... $159 0 13' x 13' liner makes 9' x 9' pooL...... ; ...... $179 o 13' x 20' liner makes 9' x 16' pooL ...... $259 0 16' x 23' liner makes 13' x 19' pool...... $329 o 20' x 26' liner makes 16' x 22' pooL ...... $479 0 23' x 30' liner makes 19' x 26' pooL ...... $569 Use your personal check or circle credit card: AE CB CH DC MC VS. Card Number: Exp. Date ______---..,..o;--'~ ____

Name Address ______~ ______

City State Zip Phone ( ) _~~ ____ Catalogue free with liner order. California (6%), Maryland (5%) and Texas (7%) residents please add sales tax. Lilypons Water Gardens Dept. 1526 SUite 1526 Dept. 1526 P.O. Box:l,0 P.O. Box 1130 P.O. Box 188 Buckeystown, Maryland 21 n 7·0010 Thennal, CalifOrnia 92274-1130 Brookshire, Texas 77423·0188 (301) 874·5133 Washington Loca1428·0686 (713) 934·8525 Houston Loca1391·0076