Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 The development of Green University’s Curriculum of Maejo University –Chumphon

Phatthanakan Tiapibool* ,Boonsin Jittapraphan** and Chondarong Tongsong*** Abstract

A sustainable social development requires education as a mechanism for operation. Education is used as a tool for sustainable development. There are three major components for this mechanism: 1). The curriculum is the knowledge to create wisdom in solving family and community problems, it will be the basis for creation of new knowledge and knowledge from the change of the current world; 2). Teachers or professionals should be a good model for learners to have analytical thinking and attempt to improve themselves for their future. 3). And the goal must follows the university guidelines. Therefore, the curriculum development for Green University of Maejo University at Chumphon focuses on sustainable development of education according to the strategy of Maejo University and the vision of Maejo University at Chumphon which is outcome -based education (OBE). It is necessary to create a network and link to departments, and organizations involving with environment, economic, society, have an education administration in practice, and more cooperate with agencies, especially, the content knowledge for education. Focusing on educational management is to develop, and to give opportunity for everyone to participate and realize of problems and needs of locals and communities in order to improve learners with participating process according to the Thai social context for sustainable development.

The awareness of climate change has become the pressure issue of the world society in all organizations to take more responsibility on environment. Likewise, in academies, the main activities is the educational management process which is composed of the instruction implementation, laboratory support, academic service support, building management, and the use of audio visual media. In this process, resources and energy such as papers, chemicals, office supplies, electricity, fuels, and water will be used in the organization.

*Maejo University, Chumphon Campus,

44 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 2011) The principle of Green University Proactive education management will partially comes from the concept of sustainable lead to the production of effective graduates development aiming to develop in three main from the instruction management. In addition to areas: society, economy, and environment and the educational management concerned the keep them balancing. production of quality graduates, a management In the society area, it focuses on minimizing the environment impact from its participation and development in quality of life operation is the most important for all of students, educational personnel or publics. In universities to focus on. In the past decades, economy, it focuses on the long-term continuity many universities have implemented beneficial to most people. In the last area, environmental management to improve, develop environment, it focuses on the effective use of the process to take more responsibility on the resource concerning with the environmental environment. This also enhances the image for impact. (Bauwkhao and Petchara, 2000) their universities. (Samsuwan, 2011) Piboonsongkram Rajabhat University Green University refers to a university has defined the boundaries of Green University having an effective administrative management as a university working in development, under the concept of the participating in restoration, conservation and participation environmental conservation and energy saving, including knowledge integration with activities using resources effectively, promoting of energy, environment, and natural resource alternatively energy, having an energy conservation, self-reliance development on the conservation, and environment integrating balance of ecology and wellness, instruction instruction. Research and in all universities system development, research, academic service activities are for safe working and friendly and all activities on energy, environmental environment and energy saving which will be conservation, and wellness for people in beneficial to environment and community. organizations and communities on the basic of (Rodtasana, 2015) participation of all personnel and all sectors. Green University is one of the most There are various dimensions of Green popular concepts in environmental management University. of universities. Many of them have adopted this 1. Green Environment is to develop concept to reduce environmental problems and and restore the environment, energy, and natural enhances their images of being a model resources, keep the buildings and their university for environment care. (Samsuwan, 45 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 surroundings in an organization to a good awareness of environmental threats, love and environment. The development of this green care for energy, environment and nature of environment makes a beautiful landscape and a universities and local communities through the balanced ecosystem. creation of attitudes, feelings, thoughts, 2. Green Service is to create and perceptions, consciousness, awareness of the develop the managerial system in service value of the environment through creating provision and the instructional system of an attitude, emotions perception, consciousness and environmentally friendly university which can awareness of the value of Environment and contribute to reduce the pollution on global environmental threats, being in love and care of warming. natural and the environment, and energy in a 3. Green activity is to promote the university and the local community activities to people in an organization and local 7. Green Generation is a new communities to have awareness and promote generation of students, working people and natural resources, energy conservation and groups interested in the conservation of nature, sustainable environmental development. energy , environment, and ecology of the 4. Green Economy is to promote and community, who cooperating to restore and create green economy in a university which develop the energy, environment, and ecology contribute to sustainable development, to of the university and community for sustainable increase efficiency use of resources and energy, development. to promote the patterns of the production, 8. Green Creativity is to cultivate and technology, and innovation in environment care encourage personnel and students being able to problems and to create a green market for create or present new ideas, find new approach, sustainable production and consumption. new innovation and adapt or develop the existing 5. Green democracy is to create and one. give opportunity for all levels including As mentioned above, the concept of stakeholders to participate in driving and setting green university is to manage environment of a policy in practice. university and to adapt this concept reducing 6.Green heart is to have a heart environmental problems. It also enhances a good respected on natural way through attitudes, image of model of being an environment feelings, thoughts, perceptions, having friendly university for sustaining development. consciousness the value of the environment, and For natural and environmental conservation,

46 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 students and educational personnel can learn and was Wageningen University &Research of the participate in action. However, there are United State, the second rank is University of differences in practice of being a green Nottingham of the Great Britain and the third university depending on problem issues and its rank is University of California Davis of the visions in each university management to adjust United State. The rank is shown in Table 1. itself according to the university regulation Table 1: Green metric Ranking World University in which has different environment, location, 2017 by UL Green metric Ranking World people and budget and all will need to cooperate University (2017) and think for the suitable implementation Ranking university country Total framework. 1 Wageningen Netherland 7552 University &Research Criteria for Green University 2 University of UK 7464 Green metric Ranking World University Nottingham 3 University of UK 7365 in 2012 organized by the California Davis or UI, is a mechanism to encourage the global 4 University of UK 7290 Bradford educational institutions to establish green policy 5 Nottinngham Trent UK 7210 and manage environmental system for University sustainability contributing to reduce the global 6 University of Oxford UK 7199 7 University of UK 7148 warming effects. Energy conservation, good Connecticut environmental management, increasing green 8 Bangor University UK 6881 9 University College Ireland 6861 space, and promotion of alternative energy are Cork also taken into consideration. The judging 10 Hochchule Tier- Germany 6806 Umwelt- Campus criteria includes the management of policy, the Brikenfeld development of managing system encouraging (Source: Green metric Ranking World University in 2017, overall ranking 2017: online) consciousness, the operation system in practice. The university must follow the 3E's principles: In Thailand, in 2017, 27 universities were in the Environmental Economics, Equity and green ranking. It was found that the highest rank Education. There are six criteria for evaluating university was , followed by ranking and it has been used since 2010, and the , and Kasetsart total score is 1,000 points. In 2017, 619 University respectively. The rank is shown in universities of 49 countries were in the world Table 2. ranking. The highest score ranked universities

47 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 Table 2: Green metric Ranking World University in environment, as well as developing sustainable 2017 by UL Green metric Ranking World energy. The indicators are: University (2017), the universities in Thailand Ranking university Total 1. the ratio of open space area towards 86 Mahidol University 5782 total area; 90 Chulalongkorn University 5754 2. area on campus covered in forest; 96 5706 122 Rambhai Bhanni Rajabhat 5472 3. area on campus covered in planted University vegetation; 143 5309 4. area on campus for water absorbance; 156 5230 168 5171 5. the total open space area divided by 176 King Mongkuts University of 5113 total campus population; and Technology North Bangkok 6. University budget for sustainable effort. 183 Mae Jo University 5113 195 Dhurakij Pundit University 5032 Energy and Climate Change (EC) (21%) (Source: Green metric Ranking World University in 2017, Overall ranking 2017: The university’s attention to the use of online) energy and climate change issues takes the There are six criteria for evaluation ranking and highest weighting in this ranking. In our each of which will has different score questionnaire we define several indicators for proportion. this particular area of concern, i.e. energy Setting and Infrastructure (SI) (15%) The efficient appliances usage, renewable energy campus setting and infrastructure information usage policy, total electricity use, energy will give the basic information of the university conservation program, green building, climate policy towards green environment. This change adaptation and mitigation program, indicator also shows whether the campus greenhouse gas emission reductions policy. With deserves to be called Green Campus. The aim is this indicator, universities are expected to to trigger the participating university to provide increase the effort in energy efficiency on their more space for greenery and in safeguarding buildings and to take more about nature and energy resources. The indicators are:

1. energy efficient appliances usage are 3. number of renewable energy sources in replacing conventional appliances; campus; 2. smart Building implementation; 48 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 4. the total electricity usage divided by Water (WR) (10%) Water use on the total campus population (kWh per campus is another important indicator in person); Greenmetric. The aim is that universities can 5. the ratio of renewable energy produced decrease water usage, increase conservation towards energy usage; program, and protect the habitat. Water 6. elements of green building conservation program, piped water use are implementation as reflected in all among the criteria. The indicators are: construction and renovation policy; 1. water conservation program 7. greenhouse gas emission reductions implementation; program; and 2. water recycling program 8. the ratio of total carbon footprint implementation; divided campus population. 3. the use of water efficient appliances (water tap, toilet flush, etc); and Waste (WS) (18%) Waste treatment and 4. Treated water consumed. recycling activities are major factors in creating a sustainable environment. The activities of Transportation (TR) (18%) Transportation university staff and students in campus will system plays an important role on the carbon produce a lot of waste, therefore some programs emission and pollutant level in university. and waste treatments should be among the Transportation policy to limit the number of concern of the university, i.e. recycling program, motor vehicles in campus, the use of campus toxic waste recycling, organic waste treatment, bus and bicycle will encourage a healthier inorganic waste treatment, sewerage disposal, environment. The pedestrian policy will policy to reduce the use of paper and plastic in encourage students and staff to walk around campus. The indicators are: the campus, and avoid using private vehicle. 1. recycling program for university waste; The use of environmentally friendly public 2. program to reduce the use of paper and transportation will decrease carbon footprint plastic in campus; around campus. The indicators are: 3. organic waste treatment; 1. the Ratio of total vehicles (cars and 4. inorganic waste treatment; motorcycles) divided by total campus 5. toxic waste handled; and population; 6. sewerage disposal. 2. shuttle service;

49 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 3. zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) policy the thought that university has an important role on campus; in creating the new generation concern with 4. the ratio of Zero Emission Vehicles sustainability issues. The indicators are: (ZEV) divided by total campus population; 1. The ratio of sustainability courses 5. ratio of parking area to total campus towards total courses/subjects area; 2. The ratio of sustainability research 6. transportation program designed to limit funding towards total research funding or decrease the parking area on campus 3. Number of scholarly publications on for the last 3 years (from 2015 to 2017); environment and sustainability 7. number of transportation initiatives to published decrease private vehicles on campus; 4. Number of scholarly events related to and environment and sustainability 8. pedestrian path policy on campus. 5. Number of student organizations related to environment and sustainability Education and Research (ED) (18%) In 6. Existence of a university-run 2012 questionnaire, one new criterion added to sustainability website the questionnaire: education. This criterion has 7. Existence of published sustainability 18% of the total score. This criteria is based on report In addition, Maryan & Faghihimanu development means “development which meets (2010) of the University of Oslo stated in the Do you needs of the present without Best Green University Practice Version that compromising the ability of future generations to Steering group for study examines the meet to three mutual reinforcing pillars which commitment of 20 University around the world are economical Social and environmental to environmental sustainability in the where is development their own needs”. It refers to three functions of universities. Setting a key keyword mutual reinforcing pillars which are economical for Green University is a matter of social and environmental development. Environmental sustainability (ES). To define environmental sustainability, we should look at a Social Bearable equitable broader frame of sustainable development. The Sustainable

Environment Economic concept of sustainable development according to Viable the 1978 World commission on environment and

50 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 Figure 1: Environmental Sustainability (source: Borrowed from UCN, paths (flagships) into three development stages: 2006) Organic University, Green University and Eco- Maejo University has set the direction university. These three stages are under the same of development for 15 years from 2012 to 2069 concept studying on STEM Education which is aiming to be an organic university and an Eco the stage of education integrating in the University under the development concept of Interdisciplinary such as science, Technology, “Maejo, a University of Life”. It’s ‘a life using Engineering and Mathematics, and focuses on agriculture is as a basis of development on bringing the knowledge to solve problems in real living, respects for nature and the environment, life. Moreover, development of new processes or bonds with traditions and culture in the real products will be beneficial to life and work. world, knows the technology and its change and Therefore, it is necessary to develop the regards the good governance and goodness. The integrating curriculum and link to “Go Eco” or a university has also set on strategic development safe agriculture, and culture. Maejo University at Chumphon has an world. In 2016, it is reaching the period of equivalent status to one of the faculty of Maejo developing the curriculums shared in 2018. University, located at 99 Moo 5, Lamae, Lama, Those curriculums includes Bachelor of Science Chumphon, Thailand. For the undergraduate, (a Program in Fisheries, Bachelor of Arts Program four- year course) it provides 5 programs: in Tourism Development, and Bachelor of 1.Bachelor of Arts (Tourism Development) 2. Business Administration in Management, Business Administration Program Bachelor of Science in Political Science and (Management) 3. Fisheries Science (Fishery) 4. Bachelor of Science Program in Plant Bachelor of Science (Technology Management Production Technology. for Plant Production) 5. Bachelor Curriculum Development Frameworks on Green of Arts Program (Political Science) Maejo University University in and Maejo University, Maejo University Phrae Campus, both have shared the curriculums since 2016. Maejo University has set the policy for Maejo Maejo Phrae Campus and Maejo University at Chumphon, and University to develop their new curriculum according to the context in those areas, social needs and changes in the modern Figure 2: the qualifications framework for higher education for Green University

51 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 In Figure 2, the qualifications framework for activities for environmental and energy higher education for Green University for Green conservation, and well-being are good for the University of Maejo University at Chumphon. people in the organizations and the communities The guidiance to implement are as follows: in all levels and all sectors on the basis of the participation. Organic University is to develop the university, return to natural agriculture, Eco University has the perfect balance Lianchamroon(1996) and the International between human and nature in living regarding to Federation of Organic Agriculture: IFOM states the true happiness of human. Department of that organic agriculture refers to the agricultural Health Promotion Environmental Quality has production system avoiding the use of synthetic stated the “The School for Environmental chemical, fertilizers, pesticides, stimulating Education for Sustainable Development”, project growth hormones for plants and animals for the or shortly called “the Eco School" in 2008. It sustainability of environment, social, climate and aimed to develop the school system for economic. This system focuses on soil education and to encourage students to be improvement and try to apply the mechanism responsible citizens, being aware of and natural cycles to increase productivity environmental issues and local development, according to social, economic climate, and local having knowledge and understanding from culture conditions. learning and practice. They will be ready have a role in the prevention, restoration and utilization Green University is a developing of the environment. It emphasizes on university balancing with nature and focuses on Community-based learning, and problem-based natural and environmental treatments, having a learning. Chamorndusit (1995) stated that the good culture, and good mental development, and concept of development is under the principle of creating consciousness for students and a balance creating of economic, social and education personnel in developing, restoring, environmental dimensions, focusing on concrete and participating. It also includes the knowledge outcome of eco-efficiency and reducing the integration and conservative activities for natural disparity for positive results in the social resource, energy, and environment, self-reliant dimension resulting from the better quality of development on the ground of balancing of life of people living in cities. The numerical ecosystem and a well- being. development model relies on the mechanism of Furthermore, the development of teaching, creation. Equilibrium in three dimensions of research, academic service, and university development is also important. However, there

52 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with Maejo University Social Science Asia journal Volume 4 Number 3, p: 44-55 are some differences depending the context and present, the emphasis is on the economic urban development policies in each area. At dimension of urban development. Outcome -based education is a Sustainable Development) is a process of Students- Centred learning. Teachers will thinking to future in balancing the current world organize this learning process. Lecture-based situation and the quality of life. In addition, the learning is learning from teachers’ lecturing. development of sustainable curriculum in higher Activity-based learning. There are many education, it is essential for curriculum different methods and techniques for learning management to have these elements into style including Problem-based learning, Project- learning content. 1. The three components of based learning, Service learning all are like sustainable development.it is necessary to Look activity-based learning or Active learning. These at the importance of the difficulty of the research styles are the process of Outcome-based study. 2. The curriculum with development for education which must follow the standard green and sustainability economic and society qualifications framework for higher education of will contribute knowledge creation in all levels. the Ministry of Education, the Announcement 3. Learning of the culture diversity of the world Board of higher Education in 2014 on the population would help to understand and guidance for the Thai qualifications framework cooperate in living together and have no conflict. for higher education in2009 or standard Besides, Pinsuda Sririrangsri( 2012) said that qualifications framework for international educational management would lead to the education such as -Quality desired characteristics of the curriculum. This assurance (AUN-QA). will lead students to achieve learning with their full potential. They will be qualified and happy. In the study for sustainable development, the This learning style will responds to the needs of Dhammapitaka (PA. Puyetto, 1996) stated that parents, and communities. Apart from learning sustainable development is the development that of general and professional subjects, to encompasses all dimensions: economic, social, understand the roots of religion and their culture, natural resources and the environment. It is a students should know about the current world, man-centre development and the goal is to keep behave well, and keep peace. This behaviour man happy and well-being. In 2016, Kanjana will lead to the grater achievement of them. Ngaurunsri stated that ESD (Education for Education is used as a tool for sustainable A sustainable social development development. There are three major components requires education as a mechanism for operation. for this mechanism. 1. The curriculum is the

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