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A Critical Public Health Analysis of Drug Dependency Among Iranian Women

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A Critical Public Health Analysis of Drug Dependency Among Iranian Women A Critical Public Health Analysis of Drug Dependency Among Iranian Women by Maysa Shakibnia-Shirazi A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Public Health (Honors Scholar) Honors Baccalaureate of Arts in International Studies (Honors Scholar) Presented June 7, 2017 Commencement June 2017 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Maysa Shakibnia-Shirazi for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Public Health and Honors Baccalaureate of Arts in International Studies presented on June 7, 2017. Title: A Critical Public Health Analysis of Drug Dependency Among Iranian Women. Abstract approved:_____________________________________________________ Cynthia Mojica According to the United Nations, Iran has one of the highest percentages of drug addicts in the world, with anywhere between three and four million addicts addicted to heroin or crystal meth in a population of 80 million. At least 700,000 of these addicts are women, whom make up ten percent of Iran’s addicts; this number has doubled over the past two years. Women are frequently marginalized from harm reduction services in Iran, despite the growing number of females battling drug abuse. Exposure to sex trafficking, child marriage, homelessness, lack of access to healthcare, and domestic violence puts women at a high risk for drug abuse and addiction. There is a lack of resources to aid these women. The country has sought to address the problem through anti-drug public awareness campaigns and more than 600 government and private program run rehabilitation centers that cater mostly to men. The goal of this project is to better understand the rise of female drug addiction in Tehran, Iran, explore Non-governmental organizations that serve vulnerable women, and examine current drug reductions policies. Key Words: harm reduction, substance abuse, Iranian women Corresponding e-mail address: [email protected] ©Copyright by Maysa Shakibnia-Shirazi June 7, 2017 All Rights Reserved A Critical Public Health Analysis of Drug Dependency Among Iranian Women by Maysa Shakibnia-Shirazi A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Public Health (Honors Scholar) Honors Baccalaureate of Arts in International Studies (Honors Scholar) Presented June 7, 2017 Commencement June 2017 Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Public Health and Honors Baccalaureate of Arts in International Studies project of Maysa Shakibnia-Shirazi presented on June 7, 2017. APPROVED: _____________________________________________________________________ Cynthia Mojica, Mentor, representing Social and Behavioral Health Sciences _____________________________________________________________________ Indira Rajagopal, Committee Member, representing Biochemistry and Biophysics _____________________________________________________________________ Rebekah Lancelin, Committee Member, representing International Studies Degree Program _____________________________________________________________________ Toni Doolen, Dean, Oregon State University Honors College I understand that my project will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University, Honors College. My signature below authorizes release of my project to any reader upon request. _____________________________________________________________________ Maysa Shakibnia-Shirazi, Author Acknowledgements First, I want to provide my utmost gratitude to the brave and resilient Iranian women who show so much strength and symbolize hope for a better future. Additionally, thank you to Laila Arshad and Khaneh Khorshid as well as Dr. Kate Dolan and Persepolis Clinic for their contributions to this research and field. Your work has been so impactful and needed. Thank you to my mentor, Dr. Cynthia Mojica, for her guidance and support on this project. You have been so caring, kind, and, generous to me on this journey and have truly gone above and beyond that expectations of a mentor. Cynthia, you are the best! Thank you for making my days brighter. I cannot thank you enough for helping me graduate with an honors degree and am so thankful to have met you during my time at Oregon State. I want to thank my phenomenal committee, Rebekah Lancelin and Dr. Indira Rajagopal who have been there for me since my freshman year, during my darkest and best times, offering me support and encouragement. Thank you Rebekah for being the best advisor possible and for being a beacon of light for many of us at Oregon State. And, thank you Indira for taking me under your wing ever since BI 211 lab, and being there to talk about anything and everything. You are one of a kind. None of my accomplishments would ever be possible without the love and support of my family. I am indebted to you, Mahya, Mohammed, Baba, and Mama, for your endless encouragement. You have truly seen the best and worst of me, and have stuck by me through everything. This year has been so difficult, and I don’t think I would have made it without the love of my amazing family. I don’t know what I did to deserve you. To my Baba joon, your love and benevolence for your kids is overflowing, thank you for all the things you do. You are genuinely the nicest and most generous person I have ever known, and I am fortunate to have someone like you to use as an example of true empathy and compassion. Thank you Mohammed for being my editor, rant-listener, advice-giver, and the best brother possible. Mahya, your existence brings so much joy and light to my life, and just seeing you every day makes my life a million times better. Your sweetness, kindness, and intelligence is truly special, and I have no doubt that you will make a difference in the world. And, to my dearest Maman, who has been there for me since the very very beginning. I do not know what I would do without you, and your love, guidance, strength, and kindness. You are my role-model and I hope one day to be a semblance of the person you are. You are my rock, and I am so blessed to have you in my life. And, to my aunt Aida, who taught me the true meaning of commitment to those you love. Thank you for always being there for me, constantly willing to listen, offer me advice, and lift me up. I am so blessed to have you and Sahare in my life. I am also thankful to my Amoo Safa, for being like grandfather to me during my entire existence. Your wisdom, generosity, warmth, and jubilance have truly been a strong motivation for me my entire life, and I consider myself so lucky. Merci Amoo joon, for everything. Thank you to my amazing friends who have been there through the trials and tribulations of this year. This thesis was a group effort and if it wasn’t for you all, I don’t know if this would be happening. So much love to Lexi, Sydney, Eni, Marwah, Christy, Sara, Malik, Marshall, Kenneth, and Jasper. And to my OSU family, Karen, Loretta, Helen and Leo, you all are the best! Thank you for bearing with me, listening to me, always being so supportive and loving. These past four years with all of you have been the best of my life, and I cannot thank you all enough! Table of Contents: I. Introduction .............................................................................................................1 History of Iran ...................................................................................................1 Objectives .........................................................................................................3 II. Literature Review ....................................................................................................3 Drug Dependency in Iran ..................................................................................3 Women’s Health ...............................................................................................8 Access to Health Care ...........................................................................9 Diseases and Disorders ........................................................................10 Domestic Violence ................................................................................11 Trafficking and Prostitution ..................................................................11 Drug Dependency Among Iranian Women .....................................................13 Current Drug Reductions Policies ...................................................................18 Transgender Communities ....................................................................20 Nongovernmental Organizations in Iran .........................................................21 International Sanctions Against Iran and Impact on Drug Use .......................23 III. Methods...................................................................................................................24 IV. Case Studies ............................................................................................................25 Khaneh Khorshid .............................................................................................25 Services and Methods ...........................................................................26 Challenges .............................................................................................27 Persepolis Clinic ..............................................................................................28 Services and Methods ...........................................................................29
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