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AUTHOR Tancig-Brown, Juana TITLE South Africa In Transition, Curriculum Units and Study Guide, Grades 6-8. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1996 (South Africa). INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 67p.; Some materials may not photocopy well. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *African Studies; *Apartheid; Black Studies; Foreign Countries; Grade 6; Grade 7; Grade 8; Instructional Materials; Interdisciplinary Approach; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Peace; *Racial Discrimination; *Racial Segregation; Social Studies; Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS *South Africa
ABSTRACT This curriculum unit is designed to allow students to evaluate the social, cultural, political, and economic changes occurring in South Africa. Specially prepared portfolios serve as mini-museums and historical archives for study. Examples of historical and contemporary popular culture are included. Numerous documents, activities and resources are offered, along with study questions and information for additional inquiry. (EH)
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SOUTH AFRICA IN TRANSITION Curriculum Units and Study Guide Grades 6-8 ,Juana "fancig-Brown
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PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 4( C4D't<\i c
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
Cr) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION C641 CENTER (ERIC) jorjhis document has been reproducedas "" received from the person or organization Cr) originating it. Minor changes have been made to 00 improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent Oofficial OERI position or policy. Tab Ile of Contents
Rationale Page 1 - 2
Objectives Page 3
Strategies for Getting Started Page 4 - 5
Vocabulary Page 6
Time Line - History of South Africa Page 7
Time line Study Questions Page 8
To Kill A Man's Piide Page 9 - 27
To Kill A Man's Pride -Study QuestionsPage 28
Seven Steps to Democracy- Study Guide Page 29
Seven Steps to Democracy Page 30
South African Art - Activities Page 31- 32
Apartheid - Art Print Page 33
Ndebele - Photograph Page 34
Zulu Love Letter Page 35
Traditional African Woodprints Page 36
Archival Photographs - w/Oscar Peterson Page 37 - 41
Archive and Museum Pertfolio Contents Page 42
References Page 43
3 le
The strongest impressions South Africa left with me, were of the importance of individuals as agents of change in achieving a democratic society. I was just as impressed with how at every level of society the individual works with others for the good of the whole. Whether in small villages or in large urban areas, the importance of community was always evident. South African democracy is the product of the tireless commitment and effort of courageous individuals, but could not have been possible without these individuals joining together in order to achieve a common goal.
Sharing these impressions with my students became the impetus for developing my curriculum units on South Africa. I wanted to guide my students through a tour of the country similar to the one I had undertaken, helping them identify along the way the strands that make up this multicultural democratic society. I wanted the process of inquiry and discovery to be informed by my students curiosity and by student generated-questions which access to primary source material provided would spark. In order to allow the broadest perspectives to emerge I developed integrated curriculum units that draw on the arts, sciences and humanities as tools with which the students could undertake their journey.
This multidisciplinary perspective creates a more authentic learning environment, approximating how students would learn in the "real world". Students evaluate the social, cultural, political, and economic changes taking place in South Africa through the use of specially prepared portfolios which serve as mini-museums and historical archives. Cultural exhibits containing examples of Xhosa and Zulu traditions, as well as contemporary South African popular culture, are all included in this portfolio. Also included are historical documents, such as copies of the Constitution and the ANC charter. Using prior knowledge of changes in U.S. culture and society as the schema to help students organize and integrate this information, a more cohesive picture of South Africa's transition will begin to emerge.
Thisobjective will also help the students draw connections between South Africa's road to democracy and the struggles in our own history, identifying parallels between our respective sociopolitical system, and between South Africa's rainbow nation and our own multicultural society. I would like students to assess the importance of individual social action and identify opportunities for social actions as a member of a community. In order to do this it is important that students acquire content knowledge in a context that allows the students to work in concert with others, thus reinforcing the objectives of democracy by allowing the inquiry process to be a democratic one as well.
I knew I wanted the students to read, evaluate, and analyze the many pieces that together make up the complex story of South Africa in transition, but I also wanted to create a context for this process that would allow students more than a cursory look at random facts and pictures. The process of change must be studied within a holistic framework. This framework centers on an integrated perspective as the thread with which students connect the many pieces that make up the South African cultural quilt. An essential part of this inquiry is to allow student groups to identify their own areas of interest and to generate their own set of content and organizational objectives. Giving students this ability empowers them to act as an autonomous micro community /society which must
4 engage in aspects of the democratic process. Students must take the initiative to organize themselves, to engage in spirited dialogue insuring that this process is inclusive of all group members. This process parallels the democratic process of our two democracies. Thus the democratic process is both the lesson's objective content knowledge as well as the methodology used to understand and analyze.
Traveling in South Africa allowed me to see the widespread reforms within all institutions and I admired the sort of effort that in place to improve and democratize education. The government is acutely aware that this next generation needs to be better prepared academically. They are also aware that education has to prepare students not only for jobs, but to assume the role of responsible citizens who can continue the work that others before them began. This is the role of education in all democracies and as such educators must accept the responsibility to democratize the classroom and the process of learning, for the good of our students and our society. Objectitves
1. Understand the changes occurring in South Africa's institutions using primary source documents and visual documentation
2. Identify the important issues these institutions must address to remedy past inequities and create an inclusive democratic society.
3. Assess the role of the individual citizen as well as the role of community groups and organizations in effecting these changes and in achieving the stated goals.
4.Explain the role of geography, the environment and natural resources in the past and current historical transformations of South Africa.
5. Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of our own political, social and cultural institutions as vehicles for democratic ideals and action.
6. Understand the importance of negotiation, compromise and non-violent conflict resolution for the creation and maintenance of a democratic society, applying this process in a collaborative group setting to achieve a common goal.
6. Develop student generated mini-units for partner schools and elementary classes that feature knowledge of South Africa's historical, geographic, political and /or cultural changes.
6 Strategies for Getting Started
Archives and Museum portfolios can be used in a variety of ways. Each quarter my students are divided into groups of fours and they work cooperatively on major projects for the theme units I have designed. Each group gets a set of portfolios. Teachers may decide to compile portfolios so each group receives portfolios which contain the same documents, this way all groups will be working simultaneously on similar activities and research. Another suggestion would be to give each group documentation on different aspects of South Africa's transition. Groups would then specialize in a specific area and become the area experts for the class, whether in the arts, economy, politics, and environmental arena..
It is important that however you choose to divide the classroom, that the students be allowed to be part of the decision process in what they will choose to focus on and in how they will demonstrate their knowledge. I like to start with a brainstorming session before we embark on our research. This can be as simple as a mini-lesson giving a brief overview of South Africa, followed by a K-W-L chart. I started my mini-lesson with a personal reflection of my trip to S.A. accompanied by some attention-grabbing slides. You need not have made a personal visit, however, you could start with overhead pictures of Nelson Mandela, the now famous Hector Peterson photo and others included in this packet. I also informed my students that we were going to all "travel" to South Africa and would have to do a little research for our trip.Following this mini-lesson students may work on the K-W-Ls, which allows them to identify prior knowledge, as well as what they would like to learn about this topic.
Once student are in their groups a good way to embark on the unit (or trip) is to begin with a look at the geography of the country. In order to travel there students must know the location and do some investigation on the costs of travel, the distance and time to get there, as well as the weather since they need to know what to pack! Because of the stark differences among provinces students needed to be informed on the specifics of the locations we would visit. My class trip followed my own, so I used my itinerary, but your class could design their own. We worked on such real-life details as securing travel documents, inoculations ( our itinerary included Kruger Park - a malaria area), and calculating the costs of the trip as well as the current dollar-to-rand conversion rates. We used a travel book to accomplish much of this leg work, but I also had the students call the State Department and write letters to the South African embassy for any available information.
"In" South Africa
Each student arrived with an itinerary in hand which detailed where we were going . High on the list was a visit to Nelson Mandela, so we chose to fly into Johannesburg. We were careful when we selected our hotel, aware that the city has problem areas much like our own large cities. Although English is the most widely spoken language, there are 11 official languages, including Zulu and osa. We decided as a class we wanted to learn some basic vocabulary so as to be able to greet people in their own tongue. We also brushed up on some basic past and recent history, after all we would have to be informed and articulate when we met several dignitaries and luminaries who were scheduled to see us. These important hosts would, of course, be some
7 of our students who had eagerly volunteered to role-play Mandela and others.
The necessary material for this would be included in the portfolios. Inside we had the time-line, which gave us an annotated but informative overview of South Africa's history. I had the students work on these along with the study sheets. These questions and activities would allow my students to i terpret the information on the time-line, i fer the meaning of events, begin to identify a cause and effect relationship between past and present history, as well as to provoke more questions for group research. It would also help in the collaborative process, as the students begin to organize the material ,and themselves as a micro-community.
Team members have been asked to take on specific responsibilities within their groups. This both facilitates the process of inquiry as well as builds in the elements of accountability needed to complete and assess the work. Some of my students chose such professions/tasks as historian, statistician, artist/picture editor, and resource librarian. These are only possibilities and your students and you will have your own ideas of what is needed. must begin a democratic process of choosing which tasks will be performed by whom and what activities they will choose to work on. Doing this will require that all members be engaged: in joint decision-making; in sharing ideas; actively compromising; and in some form of peaceful conflict-resolution This begins to mimic the steps through which South Africa emerged as a democratic nation. As teams become more involved in the projects, the difficulty of South Africa's task will take on a more personal dimension and be better understood.
This packet contains material intended to be used in a setting where students participate interactively in the learning process. Students are challenged to explore the contents of the archive/museum and trusted to make choices about what activities, in addition to the suggestions provided, they would like to use to further explore the material. It is important that classroom resources on South Africa are made available to supplement the materials in the portfolio. It is also important that students have access to listening and art centers to widen the possibilities for exploration. I have included a list of packet resources, a bibliography, and addresses of resource centers. I have also added an additional list of activities which my students have chosen to do during the course of the year.
You can spend anywhere from two weeks to two semesters on this theme, but don't be discouraged from teaching about the remarkable changes for lack of time. I hope you and your students enjoy your trip as much as mine did. Don't forget to drop a postcard!
8 VOCA ULA Y
1.oyco An organized refusal to buy or use a product in order to express protest or to pressure a government, company or individual to take action.
2. Embargo - A ban on trade with another nation.
3. Apartheid - A series of policies begun in the 1940's intended to separate people of different races in order to protect the privileges of white South Africans.
4. Segregation - The seperation of races.
5. Parliament - The law-making body in South Africa consisting of two houses - the National Assembly and the Senate. Headquartered in Cape Town, the parliamentary capital of South Africa.
6. Coalitio- The joining togetherof various political parties in order to govern jointly.
7. Khoisan - South Africa's earliest inhabitants. The San, a nomadic group and the Kiwi, cattle herders, lived in the western parts of South Africa.
8. Xhosa - Part of the Nguni cultural and linguistic group, they are recognized as one of South Africa's eleven official languages. Nelson Mandela was born a Xhosa prince.
9. Zulu - See Xhosa.Traditionally settled in parts of present day KwaZulu-Natal province. They have been recognized for their uniquely beautiful beadwork and as the tribe of such notable chiefs as Shaka Zulu.
10. Afrikaaner - The name given to descendants of Dutch, German, French settlers. The British would later call these people Boers, a word meaning farmers.
11. Kraal - A traditional Zulu village, it is usually constructed in a circular shape and surrounded with a wall of dead branches for defensive purposes.
12. omelands - A term used by the white apartheid government for reservation-like areas where blacks were forced to resettle according to arbitrary tribal designation.Blacks were not allowed outside these areas without a pass and explicit permission.
13. Difaqane - The destruction and scattering of the Bantu-speaking people as a result of war.
14.raai - Traditional South African barbecue.
15. Mielies - Corn. Used to make mieliemeal, atype of porridge resembling grits.
16. Sawnbona - Hello.Used in Siswati, Isixhosa, and Isizulu with some variations. TIME LINE - HISTORY OF SOUTH AIFRIICA
40,000BC San people settle in South Africa 300AD Bantu people arrive in KwaZulu Natal 1487 Bartolomeu Dias sails around the Cape of Good Hope 1500 Sotho people settle in todays Lesotho 1652 Dutch settlement started in Table Bay, Cape Town 1688 French Huguenots arrive in the Cape 1690 Boers move inland 1750 Nguni people settle in Swaziland 1780 Dutch fight the Xhosa at Great Fish River 1795 British capture Cape Town from the Dutch 1815 Shaka Zulu captures power - beginning of the difaqane 1820 British settlers arrive in the Eastern Cape 1824 Kning Moshoeshoe begins to consolidate the Basutho people 1830's The Voortrekkers begin the Great Trek 1838 Boers defeat the Zulus at the battle of Blood River 1852 Boer Republic of Transvaal created 1858 British defeat Xhosa after disaster of Great Cattle Killing 1860's Indians arrive in Natal as indentured servants to work sugar plantatio 1869 Diamonds found near Kimberly 1871 Gold discovered in the Eastern Transvaal 1877 British annex the Boer Republic of Transvaal 1881 Boers defeat British and Transvaal becomes the South African Republic 1886 Gold discovered in the Witswatersrand 1893 Mohandas Ghandi arrives in Natal 1897 Zululand annexed by Britain 1899-92 Anglo-Boer War 1905 Government commisssion recommends separate development for blacks, with inferior education 1910 Union of South Africa created, uniting the former British colonies and Boer republics Blacks denied the vote. Lasotho and Swaziland become British protectorates 1912 South African Native Council established, an early version of the ANC 1913 Natives Land Act restricts black ownership of land to 7 1/2 % of the country 1928 Communist party begins to work for full democracy 1948 National Party wins the elections and will remain in control until 1994. Apartheid laws, including the one making inter-racial marriages illegal passed. 1955 ANC adopts the Freedom Charter 1960 Sharpeville Massacre. ANC banned by the government 1961 South Africa leaves the Commonwealth of nations and becomes a Republic 1963 Nelson Mandela indicted during the Rivonia Trial and sentenced to life inprisonment 1966-68 Lesotho and Swaziland gain independence from Britain 1975 South Africa invades Angola 1976 Soweto uprisings begin 1977 Steve Biko is murdered 1985 State of emergency is declared - official murder and torture by the state increases as does black resistance 1990 ANC ban lifted, Nelson Mandela freed Use the abbreviated facts from your time line to identify, interpret, draw conclusions, and provide opinions to the following set of questions.
1. Provide plausible explanations for the migration of Europeans to South Africa in the 14th-17th century. What additional reasons can you conclude for 19th century migration?
2. What consequences did early European colonialization have on the native people of South Africa?
3. What geographical areas would you expect to have the largest concentration of population during the looking at the 18th and 19th century? Why?
4. What year(s) would you expect to see the policies of apartheid most strongly enforced? Explain why?
5. Identify the role each of the following may have played during the apartheid years of South Africa? The Nationalist Party, the Communist Party, the ANC.
6. The Natives Land Act restricted black (75% of the population) ownership of land to only 7 '/2 percent of the country. How might this policy have been implemented? What possible consequences did this policy have on the country's black population?
Further Activities 1. Using a Venn diagram compare and contrast the treatment by European colonialists on the native populations of South Africa and the Americas.
2. Using classroom resources and those found in your archive portfolio, construct a time line for the years 1990 to 1996.
3. Choose a given year and corresponding event in the time line. Research this event providing facts and historical details to create a more comprehensive explanation
4. Choose an event from the time line and "illustrate" it using any of the following - painting, drawing, collage, or assemblage. You may use realism or abstraction. Sacred Heart Elementary School 1625 Park Road NW Washington, DC 20010 (202) 265-4828
Noviembre 8, 1996
Estimados Padres y Guardianes:
Yo quiero empezar este boletin dandoles las gracias a ustedes por venir a nuestra primera reunion de la ASOCIACION DEL HOGAR Y ESCUELA el pasado 17 de Octubre. Nosotros estamos siempre contentos por verlos! Hubo muchos padres representando cadanivel de grado. MARAVILLOSO! GRACIAS! Cada grupo (con la excepciOn de una clase) tuvo la oportunidad de ver al maestro por grado de su hijo/a y organizarse. Esperamos que otros clubes de padres pueden verse antes de nuestro prOxima reunion e121 de Noviembre.
Los Padres de Kindergarten se reunieron el pasado 24 de Octubre y decidieron en una fiesta de Pizza del Dia de Halloween como una manera para empezar a aumentar fondos para comprar sombras para las ventanas de las clases. Dios losbendiga. Esta es un maravilloso comienzo. Dejenos unir y continuar trabajando juntos para tomar un paso a la vez por el motivo de hacer la Escuela Sagrado Corazon la mejor en esta area. Amigos, se puede lograr!! Ustedes, juntos con el personal de la escuela pueden hacerlo. Sthanse las mangas y imanse con nosotros. Hagan el sacrificio de asistir a las reunions y dar de ustedes por el amor de los nifiosnuestros nifios. Dios continuara bendiciendo nuestros esfuerzos y reforzando nuestros resolvimientos para avanzar mas adelante.
Por favor acepten mi disculpa personal por la inconvenience muchos de ustedes experimentaron ayer debido a los cambios abruptos en el programa del calendario. Yo acepto total responsabilidad y hare todo lo posible por evitar tal problema en el futuro. Yo aprecio su paciencia y comprensiOnTambien, yo agradezco a la Senora Brown, Sefiora Scott y el personal por avanzar tal como ellos lo hicieron bajo las circunstancias. Otroejemplo del esfuerzo de buen equipo. Esto es algo por el cual estoy muy orgullosa aqui en el Sagrado Corazon. Nosotros de verdad tenemos un gran equipo!!
RECAUDACION DE FONDOS YENTA DE DULCES: Las barras de chocolates ya llegaron. Estos son un surtido de chocolate con leche, mantequilla de mans y arroz crujiente vendiendose por un dolar cada uno. Nosotros estamos pidiendo a lospadres que per favor se presenten a la oficina de la escuela a recoger un suplemento para vender. Gracias a ustedes esto ha sido una campafia de recaudacion de fondos exitosa en el pasado. Yo se que podemos hacerlo tal como este tiempo con su apoyo. Dios los bendiga.
SEGURIDAD DE LA ESCUELA: Este tema crece cads dia. Nosotros hemos decidido instalar un Sistema de Alarma ADT como una medida deprecaucien. Otras medidas estan bajo consideraciOn. Por ahora, este nuevo Sistema de Alarma costarA ala escuela noon para Instalar y veinticinco &Stares mensuales pars mantenerlo.Aqui tambion usted puede ayudarnos. Nosotros de tondos para pagar porla instalaciOn. usaremos algo de nuestrodinero recaudado en la campafia
12 .T.0 KILL Mtutuzeli Matshoba- A MAN'S PRIDE hisonly humanity..Every a mortal man is born. 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But ag, it's the good-looking girls'to clean his house' the people they ic'iia.rettesfcould.talked see together that people during we lunch metTellMzimhlope who meand = knewentrained who and mecouldFaraday deny Stations. such a man every day without being friendship? together always but wantmonths,thebeforeforSome girls themto he talkofwhen registers theat to lunch girlsitthem is them. releasedorare on after married. theYou work, phone,among should When he ora seerefers herdcome their him ofto husbands among cows.them as acts like a bull that has been kept alone for looking hostelrivhatylnew'also after could'justbetter. had toI Ihada seeHowever invitefamily beenwhere him he onderedregistered Iwas for?neverlive'. denied? To what invited remindthat IAnd hewas him invited himit up was home thatto notwithme he until to a the'country boy', withinwhen`boyfriends'. the one hemorning. hasof the Otherwisenot twoHis got assistantIndian out he on has girls `Howthe is a aloof wronglittlein much the andsense office.'side is has the of an startinghumourhis affair bed pay?' Eby'`Registration withouttirif a way formention. ofwork killing is It such wasa man's anon interesting Monday,pride that after Iexample cannot two pass it Ihave don't been know.' with the firm overHe`Twenty-five threetold me years. a little rand The more women,a week. about Thirty himself, for thatthose he who had 5i'Weeks.letter of Pieters tounrewardeded the as gavenotorious a general me a letterlabourer80 Albert which at Street. hissaid firm. I had Monday I beenwas toemploy- is take labour and perseverance, that the Johannesburgcomelostmustthat from hishe have eyehad Mond guessed in beenwith a stick-fightlo withanear I forged was VryheidDetail curious competition pass for in eightto two know) yearswhenyears that before, heand he was (he a Natal to work in had usuallyWakesend the upup dejected,onbusiest this day day crowding determined thereThat because theMonday to labourfind everybody aI job.woke office They ,up for elated, whistlingjobs. all the hungry.'couldteenager, be blamed. an unfortunate 'Your mouth accident'Say'I'm is used itdry. again,for toYou which it, mfowethu. mfo.must no-one Don't be worry,'We are I allsaid used politely. to it at jr. it- overpmy:.the myhousetoothbrush upper4.Vay forthe body. thoseastoilet. and washingI whoThe greeted coldwere rags 'Star',water still to asleep,alsowas revivifyingwashing and took as I splashed I cleaned the coal stove, made fire to warm the tap outside centsone here. time Let's or- anothergo buy some of our magewu.' lives. But I have fifty . F,R atthe the' washing tap diagonally basin, half-filled opposite myit with water and went home. Then I took lentman mefrom money the hostel. to buy At aThatthe weekly end was of howticket,the I struck gave meup a friendship with the 1_ 9 first week he 4 home and 'set out,intofinished sweptthe lavatory washinginto the to andtorrent wash dressing the of workersrest I badeof me. them When goodbye I at had rushingfirst174 and to the we station. waited' Somdali for our hadtrains reached with the statiohundridi TO KILL A MAN'S' Mb TOtheir KILL feet A MAN'S on the PRIDE door ledges. A slight wandering of the 175 school.preferalreadytimethem to mylooked on Iwait did thebrothers for not platform..like trains sympathize children.have on The tothe whothemselves, guysstation with did from bridge.theM.not the want,Saturday locatio-iiiManyThe to golittlel of:7' and 43'..t scarletlostlines,mind,terminated. grip bringing aand sudden two We the orange swaying hung weight oncoloured, In offor Pieters's thethe dear others train two life office. fancy asuntilon it top switched Faraday. Fourashtrays, of us, automatic a telephones, two and another labour unit would be abruptly shufflenearrumbledhour.Sunday, the From ofsome roadin a with myriad fourofto themthe precarious in hostel footfalls spendtheThe morning youtrainworshipping frequency. longare schedule woken beforethe Bacchus., Iftrains was up yotithe by geared firststag's.hadl the.il;-r';1 to the morning rushl mymarkedchain,a gildedofthe feet dirt. bland two aINball-pen Onthick andface flat the carpet theof plasticstandsoft aother large opalthat complete trays,one highly-polishedmadegreen OUT, the withmewall oneallfeel gildedon displayed likeonmy desk. pen thealeft piece Underand left aon big mistyantrain.the endless I nocturnalmorning have flow seen downofbug these resolute has Mohale people bittenI hadmen, awesomeon streetme.arrived hasteningmy All wayto Itenapparition.the can home inminutes saythe wheiif: inky;is that: early at the station. The ly balancedcuriouslyarmchair,whiteframedsplendour. safari `Desiderata' on madeBehindhis thesuit, hairy edge me leaning theand think legs ofdesk, above the (thebackof wearingdesk mea palefrog's in ain ceiling the askin short ventral manner ofof cream- heaven- which side) of a a regal flexible undercarryingthestuntmanI`ninety-five' was train, everythere. thousandsshow.a tofew pylon. This.George centimetresThe trainOne ofdaredevils Goch electric mistimedbrought passed from ran Mzimhlope thestep, along nakedfree a slipthe morning; while cableroof 7;1,of _- volts, and duckeVi and calledlysheriff bald, bans: in jackal-faced an old-fashioned overlord. western,`Yes,`You've mister blue-eyed,got your Pieters.' pass?' slight- That one did not want to be haveshowsNoreflex comment lost action.have their beenwould frommagic. going anysend onof hisMy sinceus hand attrain thetime clasping tostation. immemorial Faraday for The support arrived, train and .; bursting along the edgerespectfullypermit of to the work behindtable in Johannesburg?'and me. opened`It`I`Let was doesn'ta medrawer. born see follow.' here,it. Out I hope ofmister He it it'sheremoved Pieters.'the right his My one. legs hands You from gotwere the a couldcoachesseamsintothose getthewith hanging were onnarrow its the filledload. trainon runnels perilously Thewith was spacesalong people.by wedging by thebetween hooking Sotops the thyself of the only thetheir adjacent coaches,among way fingers I !: backDon'tthemtook aand andspendsmall I've handed bundle twotaken days itsomebodyof to typed there.me.He papers.squinted`Go elseOtherwise to in Hethe yourhis signed pass eyes youplace.' office.at onecome me of and wagged his tongue, trying176 to amuse me the way he would try to make TO KILL A MAN'S PRID employerTO:KILL A MAN'Shaving PRIDE his work done in half the time he 177 amusebaby smile. me the .That way reallyhe would amused a baby. me, I thoughthis trying he AO;had'' . . followingenoughhad bargained for day, a ticketand_maybefor, and back each tento of the the pass-office labourers the cents worth of dish- with homeless(thesimplyinga baby's aremaining whole 'Pass mind. methylated Office'. block. half a AcrossAddress:parkingspirit`Esibayeni'..Two drinkers the space 80street, Albertandof thehalf 'home' storeycity) street,the ofblocktaken red-brick the or building occupy--; pieceshandedsmartneighbourhood,water andand betweentheir familiar .bread passes thefor fromwith in threepages. with the days. waystwentyoily This restaurantsofThose and/or the -pass-office who fifty-cent in the gave them first were thatpopulationwhytime,up by place. butit another has 'Esibayeni' of been Johannesburg red-brick called (at the structure. that.kraal) above The itself. Notpass whole No officesage question: knowsblack this reachPollysnakedpreference, the street. aboutdoor. and It thirtyInsidehadthey takencould metres Thethe choose ten-footqueue around the to wall'Esibayeni' betterthe jobs. me more than an hour to was moving slowly. It corner of was an andwheregutterswretched the theon rest menbothsun's milling withsidesrays defeatedleakedabout.of AlbertLike throughWhen eyesIStreet, asitting thecar others skyscrapers,driven along grouped by the a said, it was full on a Monday, full of takethewithoppositeasphaltfinished rectangle, mebored-looking anotherwall there infacing justthethree men, shadebefore wide hours toilets ofbustling lunch-time, doors. it rectangle, longitudinal benches along the to narrowreach the tin clerks.ledges, filledIf I on the lower side of It would looseacursedwhitebehind truck as man person men,himorit andvan wentuntil I fought wouldhadmean heup not wentthe cometodirty come givestreet out toslovenly their forofpick pandemonium sight. that passesup men, labourers purposeOccasionally first. trotted brokeIf theyfor the a starvingblackjacksFortunatelyfourthat I in would leeches. the afternoonwho Inot had One beworked twenty throughtook when centsthere with the and me up the queue to four werepass nothingmy office registration butclosed. by I knew that the would mean wouldofpiece truckforty,men job.want that andbefore Thewere todouble miss clerkyou wanted the thecould would cut,number for whichsay such shout 'stop'.would and caused out such Nonebe the quite alla numberjob, ofover some themsay the wasusurpedwhosepeople being wasted whoplaces bawled stood their ahead at beforehimbreath of Thein grumbling.Afrikaans. man in front The ofclerk me could me in the aqueue snarling had white been boy. Those not understand what gave bodytolaidwouldproblems decide out was take among howfor satisfied all the andmuchthe employer. wholesimply into pay group, divide Afor shrewd aas thepiece it wasmoney businessman job. left Every- heto himhad n the end the temporary everythingThatshouldthanup explaining, hisway be own. heat in RAU wouldn't onenotI felt prepared tonguelearning that burst at just histoto usebecausespeak any other other it language a vein trying to explainage, about twenty, he was his. He languages. 178 TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE 179 oneimpatientwas ofeither the to pagesbone-headed 'rule theof theBantus'.He man's ortook downright apass, rubber and stamplazy threw or and else the banged it furiously on . withthetogether wall a tilt andnear of hisgrabbed him. head, 'Go and in,'He dilating he spat into his right hand, rubbed a stick that was leaning against challenged, indicating his gaping nostrils. his palms whenstupid!'thebook door.my into turn the to man's be snarled face.The`Next! at`Go mancame. to Wat said,the He soekother hadThanks,' jy?' frecklesbuilding, he and asked elbowed in a bellicose his way voice to meuncouthsupposeddismaying to go as in?to notproduce me.Whatever to It tellmight something the beHis that behaviour perplexed me why he would not allow me, morereason, than angering I regretted or that Ihe was drunk; or was I first, and was he so askedhisinall Afrikaans overlanguage for his my face, easedthatpass and I in somewanted a a weak slightly ofI gave theEjaw. and calmertension him F cards.the manner.out letter ofMy him. of Iuse gaveemployment He of and explained alsoaggression.seesaggingcould if going there not belly,towas kickroom anyone and six,' proceeded else!No, explained witnessing mfo. You've the got to wait some of the `rnai-mai' out of the on my way. I turned to for others who are unnecessary thoughtlaboriouslyHepermissionit to took him that twoand wroteto he cards hework should pagedmy fromin pass Johannesburgstill through. a numbers pilebe at in school, 'Good,front on rightthem. oflearning you enough.'him Again have and to I smokecigaretteInothing couldteeth since sayto on cover thanks: yesterday.' you? his Y'know, 'Say,large, I haven't missing, wearing a tattered mnumzane, haveparched you feet. got aAnd, before a man with half his overcoat andhad a single continuoustwelvegowritethe to roomproperly.desk other wassixU-shaped clerks inHeovercrowded the stampedgrowling otherdesk, block.. andthe atwith people cardsthe peopleThere space and from were toldwhoin behind front meaboutmade toof a it handseither.myflame. shirt-pocket. shookI searched`Eil Babalaaz violently Hemyself indicated has when and me.'I gave hethat lit himhe had the one shrivelled Lexington I had in gave the box to him. His and shielded the no matches going?'buildingdifficult toacross get to the the street. door.'Awn!Another 'Where What's do blackjack you wrong think barredwithyou're you? the I'mentrance going to room to- the gruntedweresore.The man I aleaned goodthat turned we against many shouldand walkedtheof follow uswall 'Ya,waiting and him neh,' waited. theI said, for the sake away as if his feet were of saying something. When theregatekeeper waywasbloodshot,answeredsix fouledfrom inhelpful. aswith an big equally `mai-mai', as a cow's unfriendly and and his as way. attitude-stupid, His waseyeshisto breathbea were long registered. You're wasting my time,' I el 4 dependingshoutedtotemporary.bustling reach out the on the Therow whether jobs ofmen windows at in fiftythey there where 'kraal'. That was where the black clerks werecents fighting a piece like or madmore,were permanent or they handinside in totheir another 180 TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE cementpasses. way We rising followed to a Therethe blackjack was nowhere up ait sloping wasn't full at the green double door. pass-office. CLERK:KAFFER:TO KILL A NoMAN'S PRIDE Jy . baas, I was .mad. . jy dink . . (and the white man's 181 andonestoodwereHere the across too buzzingwhitein ait serieswas theclerks all fullstreet,- of overbehind of the theonly samethe place, thisbrass miserable onebut this time they queues at a long counter like the grille wore ties.was L-shaped figures that KAFFER: thatan(Comingout.)mouth explanation) I was drops mad to theall At rescue home of the open with no words coming along, baas. 'Strue. they tell me baas with queuesblackjackhadI decidedothers, the to same although join.leftthat us Ourtheyrotten with cardsthere were another werewas of one notaken doubt who and told that handed to a manners and arrogance. The a better class than the theyus also which KAFFERCLERK: NowIhave was(WithWhere Ibeen treatedam annoyance.) are betterto the doctor'sand hospital if youby were a witchdoctor, mad! baas. have found papers? You must a job. croppedundersame.lady filing Whenthe hair grille.clerk Iand reached who aThe thin went the sharpI wastocounter look face. right! for IHe pushed The went clerks man who took it had close- were, at bottom, all the our records. mythrough pass not,thenharassSuch however, theyanswers the should poor people with impossibleserve them right. If it is expect equivalent answers. I did their aim to questions, notmy know. namepass checking scrawled iton against top in a photostathandwriting record that Iwith did the truth. `Looking for work, who?' . 'Looking for work.' say something out of the way. I told sinner.September?'from behind he the said grille in alikeI coldhave`Where voice, heard have lookingsome funny at tales, from you been from January until now, a god about to admonish a me notalong?' know he that asked, like `Scrounging,`That's`Baas.' right. and And looking for among us blacks a man is awhat god. have work.'you Perhaps been living.on he all never thrown did CLERK:recognisewhen it thiscomes one: to answering that Heer, man. Waar was jy al die tyd, question. See if you many tellers,' Dohavebeforeto contravened the dogs. `Stealing, youhuh? know You that should you would have you found this job. Do section two, nine, for you know thathave been nine months? caught you CLERK:MAN: Mad!?Itime,(Lord, Youjong?) man. think Where I'm... I washave mad, baas. your uncle, kaffer? you been all the jong? frontturningpolicementwo of years him.his are attention if not doing to Itheirthe had wanted to tell you had been caught, tsotsi? him that if I had stampsjob anymore,' and papers he in gone to jail for had a chance These said, stoppedto182 steal, myself. I would It was not the have wise hesitated thing to to do so, but:II TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE act timid:in:1 TOla. KILL Your A MAN'S pass.' PRIDE I hitched my trousers up while he harried me to 183 wasmestoodfoundit.the The circumstances.shifted reasonably menat blackjack the andsitting end Ifast. sat of told onHe onthe We benches gaveme the queue. moved which meedge. alongsidethe Theforward corridorThis time onto.follow. the the queue seats pass after stamping 5 man in front of one wall and preparingposinggou,straightenedgivedone himgou!' myselfthe theto My same,do myselfpass pride soto beforeand him,a at rowhad theleisure, with I beenone ofcould men thein'in hurt front zip spite manof enough my differentof ofbehind trousers.me his byhaving `Gou, ex-meages I manHalfwayblackjackcouldyouof hadournext not pants.to tofollow madestand methe If removed dooryouyouupthe and linewanted sitwe sit, hisinstanding. standupperto prevent upclothes. The and them patrolling sit. All shining You; the were approaching,an embarrassing the;t way.:i maroonparadingItfinished must stamp havethemselves dressing somewheremeant I gavethat beforeThe I inhimwas amongstmedical a the fitbored topass. work. examination theowl. He last putWhen pages. a little was I over and the women impatientonunderothers to thetheir nearernext blackarmpits. one to technicians. wherethe I did door Wethe we hadsame. werewere The their all X-rayed snakingvaccinated clothes by linebundled some in theof first room and moved bodyvanishedheldandknow.on the down yourselfelse The benches aboutfromthe young togetherpassages theirit. outsidewhite sight, as showedladies best pretended and asclicking you you they nevercould theytheir knew. tolduntil heelsdid any-You younot up mostThatdesignedblack wasdisgraceful. bodies what to save reminded80 Albert expense meStreetThe orof last prisoners part of being the medical searched. examination I don't know whether 'it was on some other ground of was all about... was the somethe'Maar, hostel of my the one friend. guys day? who Why Just come todon't see from youwhere Natal come I stay, with with and me. me. meet Are to insideaffairs.werecrossAfterexpediency, people beingthewhich You corridor X-rayedpassed ofsat but both a faton tothem sexes we mewhitethe coulditbefore doctor'swaiting had putthe entering tocubicle.effect settle theof their dishonour. Outsidecubicle, on our shirts and own office.barriersyoufive afraid?' randI atwas Faraday and evenSomdali few beginning station. cents askedIt in was toasa brownget we the used went third envelope to through weekthe twenty- thatafter the the I had been to the pass tiltedthefly.manwith desk,I who unzippedhis a face fathadholding face gonelike mine to my anin the and ahead owl,trousers right stood behind of and mefacingwith left was both twicethe zipping owlhands. behind 9 man in a white dust-coat a. simple desk. The or thrice. up his He anyforandIndianofficereceived a whichcomplaint. whole lady to signit. made bookkeepersweek I feltfor He meand chickenlike 'seemedfeel taking a in dupevery feedthe Pieters's to whenashamed officeafter think workingI hadscornhad that each given to we,without go honestlytime me,tothe theI thatworkers,184 he, in depended turn, .depended on him for on aour living labour for his TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE and to forget easy watchmenTO KILL A MAN'S at every PRIDE gate, preventing outsiders from 185 likeaboutlife. Everybodydemanda sheikhMaybe the bull-like .was in this wasa harem. was atbehaviour hisbecause None mercy. ofofhe Somdalithe knew that had the been right for jobs, for work, not for labour. our boss.. He behaved women liked it, greater havetheuntilshamefullittleentering hostel, beenthereconscience, theplace. sheeralthoughwas premises. Asfree madness timeand trafficonly wentPerhapswished formen between on a wentwoman this to'someone trysecurity therethe toand location go still slackenedhide into had thatandthe a it would invitationanandwantedbut invitation let they him to righthad continue. remain to .toenough. hide a working. cocktail their SuchI could disapproval We party not only refuse but gritted it Somdali's invitation. It are the invitations of .. as long as they our teeth was wasnot an sightpoisonousmainlyencampmentofand the ofwater thesamethe brew locationpeople thingof of deprived yeast, whichof drunks the brown theylocation. men. who consumed bread, Evenwent We brownthenin only thereafter it wentsugar was outthe of mbamba, skokiaan and other variations dangerous:thebabies,butin thethe listendoll's simple. evenings while to house.'seventy-six Apartbeingthe I usuallyhysterical Andaskedfrom had the hadto shift fact hostelnothing thatthis he come andscreams gone. of Before my sisters' wasway andno towaslonger that do my in at friend,home ersrelativestothere being use to the sell ever'outside', showers something prepared most and quicklyTheofto whom'snatch few returninmates had a bargain' beento withthe discovered location. a venturesome spirit or having a watch maybe, the hostel- or mustplacehadfamilies,Somdali beIseen knew hell marriedinvitedit, toandof liveand thatmenme theredidn't there,was without where know the wives. hostel about. That I knew family men withoutmy concern ended. was to me a was how I it lost,eachpeoplewenttheresame wherever otherinout seem surnamethe to in Goldenmix tothis you believeor withway. go,clan-name City thebecause This that by location thewaythey as everybody tracing you youare people. isallcan regardedof related neverlineage,with Black the betoas a experiencingpartakethefromofBut the basewhen amanto safe ofreal!), it caughtwhatthe comes drain.understand. it up to in Somdali'sthe squalor misery The invitation deepestof life distance. Most people shrink from feels like to be down, licking are never really felt one has to pangs theinkill,whorelative the hostel soinvaded small that and peoplethere locationis the obliged waslocation a someoneonceformidableness to you.at in night every lyingOthers solely week.dead formed that tosomewhere This rapemade bands gave and it howAtcaredchance Ifirst viewed about to the get thesecuritythe to thehostelhostel, core of from rthinkoftheIn hostel order afarhostel life.for you to understand why I had a brief description of will be necessary. was tight, with was my never weekends,terribledifficultnostalgiaalcohol lot. to andfillingbefriend for traditional the in themtheplacesThe emptiness or bulkofto theirsympathise of of thebirth, their inmates liveswiththe ban-en withtheir chose to stay 'inside' at song that brought them scrapShopelessness186 in the human of ..which jungles had driven them of Johannesburg. TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE . to gather urine,TO KILL dirty A MAN'S water PRIDE and neglected toilets, an unhygienic 187 concernwas also for rife life:. inside.' -'We live Dehumanized people like hogs, wild dogs lose their Murder . you'vemucky- ever atmosphere been near that a almostpigsty, madethen you youhave puke: the. If hewhen.better neverother hecomplained.than neglected was we,' in a-animals.: Somdalireally depressed The would -mood. pets of.. abeLungu say to me on a day Normally .. or any live thinkwebutright went atthat idea. least deeper it wasNotthe location humansintothat Ithe rate smells whohostel the let locationof I life, other humanswas live disgusted to not neglect. As much better, hostel,quiteearly,' familiar joined I said withand At`Okay the station. Somdali, saw thata manhe was named pleased. Joe, whoSomdali from dice go. with you today. games in thewas already It's still. Marxism;keeptheirlike that, itsweat going. ain bastion fuelledthe The lowest so-called ofthe last economystate of dereliction: ofmen the scraping country- and yetsmall to sooty bastion against roving he wouldderivedSomdaligoingthat .'say.. waswas great was rather that satisfaction us.not Somdali aware and ofcostly Joe. the to the former.Somdali provided from living. with wereexploitation friends, only beers.andWhat Innocent kept them amajita, as walkingoverallswastingmealenamel they in potsaway the had toopen on incook skokiaan, plastic in theirthe carriers. in the water-troughs; tomatoes, onions and mealiea bastion ofunderpants. men washing Don't count a bastion of menA bastion of men he.withlatter.promising hadcould been.both to :nota of.`spot'.to helpthemget pickpocketed at the There -was laughingSomdali insideThe a expeditions..whendrunk and Somdali no need to wise himwoman and to lead the always ended claiming thatI heard Joe up. I up doorbricksThreetoilets.me and in, doors.and andtheSix undulating A countw-allbasins goingSomdali in' asbestos onlyThe out too.first dormitory gap. Another pile of brownish, greyish a row in an enclosure withwas fifty short paces long. on top; this time the no theturnedup..Mohale :new.ofabout learning. downSoweto it, perhaps street to live Carr street and fifty consideringwith the Soweto-style.-Thewave it of three as part of the sacrificemetres'spot', later crossed but countless people, of us went not sore emptyclothesin.this:passerby Behind roomhigh in. this: could Thenarrowwith low, longitudinal eightsee troughs,deep showers. A a person sitting inside. Adjacent to cement troughsapparently for washing to wash dishes half ofhalfway this place up so that an a andsorneone-firstMzimhlope. naturally. time (I :had that `. We .entered.the first I had'gone been there .on. impersonalhighway where 'street' to to the hostel our left. It wasit started the skirting matters)to visit middletoilets.ofrubbing them. ofA soaptheman The night onobeyinglong his had dormitoriesnaked the glistening to walk outside for not less call of nature in the alternatedman was with vigorously the body under one smeltthat. hanging told- in the you' yout.were in my senses:were: sharp. 9 air, the stench of a different place rottingThe rubbish, .first thing was the toilet.wisethan fifteenthing to paces do There had been was to be armed when going to thean attempt towell, make like the in theplace location. The c linedhomely, our188 way maybe on bothwhen sides it and through was still new. Peach trees TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE the gaps TheTO sootKILL mightA MAN'S have PRIDE come from a brazier during 189 grewpotatoes.patchesbetween waist The high.the grass buildings The behind stench AtI. andwas length, between unbearable. after the jumping buildings and stepping around the with wilting plants,saw mostlythat there maize were and garden theTheintowinter.the same firsta last closet opening asand the for had one four ledonly we topeople onehad another,We openingpassed, sleepingfollowed into exceptto a in it.Somdalicloset theEight that corners. exactly itmen to was the on opening on the right, agitatedThewateraheadpushedpuddles, noise insects.andjust theit we asmadein metal we frontcame followed,put doorof toour the where inwards teeth door. Somdali There without was stayed. knocking. my foot sank into stagnant on edge. He went in a buzz of He sleeppaceslongmeneither todormitories, inlong.side one your ofTheredoor thecorner and, centralis forty-eight absolutely of there the room, closet,being men nowhich privacythree onto meantonethe doors there. door-likeunit sixteen in fiftyYou the medium-sizedutterlyindicatesyou expect that to room.this is Theso.When Butfloor in you the go hostel into a place where people disheartened. The door opened into find something, at was bare, dust-laden least, which are living, you are a smallandyourlid of the possessions, aone-plate menbrick below kist stove in ayou. metrewhich hardlyThe fromyou alast footare the closet supposed highman wasfromnext tofull towhich keep you of men huddled around a themadecleanedsquarescement. floor. of Nearcutsincecement The into thebenchesthe itslabswall hostel for facing windowson opposite the door,that sides had which of had on metal stilts coming outwas of built, were two tables never beenthe tables two gone.a thinthe`house', wooden roof.Worn,battered although The dirty lids chimney sun shreds and the was frommiddle andpipesetting theblankets rose of smuttyand summer to itwerea wassmallrafters was heaped cold hole nothung in longonin theall evenfromtalkingpipes.were raiseaalso Two plastic in theirmade aold dull container eyesmen of murmur cement toin seedenim between who andslabs overalls was apparently resting them. coming in. Against sat at one table They did noton sewerage drinking aandsorts bicyclesmokeguitars. whatever of dust-covered fromsuspendedA smell you the may of miniature rags,rottingwith care jackets, ato food,wire, name. stove overcoats,sweatand There stifled two and was electric jerseysthethe even coal- air. openingsfrontcoveredgreenthe side wallpaint wallsalmost on halfhad thewere completely.peeledthe left long length and long steel right. ofTheyago cabinets the Theand extended whichwalls from side walls to two whichwere thefromrust not now the lightSomdalitheSuddenly thatcorners. made said the and thenaked tookroom bulb off eerie,`This hisblinked jacketcastingis my alive bed,which darkness andmajita, he shed added in make yourselves at home,' a wereplastered coated and with the thickasbestos layers roof of sootrested and spider-webs. 3 (1 on rafters that anykist,to signthe Joe clothes of settling surprise hanging down at the nearbeside unspeakable his me 'bed'. without We living sat showing con-on the e`; hostel.ditions.190 As As for I said, me, heI wasAfter used hanging to personal his coatvisits Somdali turned was shocked. TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE? to greet the to the,, livestockTOthemof KILL removing inA andMAN'Sfilth? whatmen PRIDEIs that fromlittle not theirland meant familiesthey to had, kill after and a man'staking burying pridetheir 191 cornerofus'umthakathi'others. andentering resumedto Whenannounce the (wizard) wetheir. compny had himself Conversation..The who of byarrives others greeting. is forAfricanfirst. It is the come in ;hey had just glanced at unseen. `Sonibonarm- the new way gallmakein fromhimself?' in that his his knownvoice, wife it's'Ifin yousotantamount many takeI understood wordsa man, to hecastrating a whatmarriedwent Somdalion, him.man, with Ameant. Before I could SomdaligreetedAthin'amaekhaya him for (Good Bhunu? enthusiastically,the firstevening (Whattime. at home).'.,do`Awu, the BoersSomdali! You are back from esiLungwinr: as if they were noticing say?)' They purposes.'toldKhuzwayo,bullock me iswas castratedthe like .grey-head a father to make`Yes, sexagenarian to themSomdaliit strong in theirSomdali isfor. right, labour ndodanahad (son).' It was old insertingintroducedscorpion'sfriend thepf bite? me, minepossessive startingEr, that madoda, I.preposition withwork`What I havewith can rka'brought they say, but continue my first name i.ans .. to give .us. the" before. :m and:he you .a whencampIFana replaced Idens. stoodtalk to 'Comehimup you. from beside Fana,nearer the thetin sit boy,ofold yourself paint man. I want he Thesomewhere.' was to little seesitting youstove on. atSomdaliThe surname.ease, others my came 'Well,friend.followed to sitthis Relax. next suit.skelmOne Youto I countedJoe manmust. you held be.shocked.,.,know.' eight, my hand and introduced me. 'You seemnot.tO of. then*himself. waveattractive.directlyward.fillingwas was beginning Theits intotoo whole old muchmy man toface.face forglow also and Hisme, onpositionedBushman-likeboiling so the I shifted sides, furiously. himself aa featureslittle solitary The back-to heat-werelook pot getthis used stable to it, when mfowethu.' you`Let's hope I will. But I doubt it,' I replied. see it. for the first time.r-You , himtwice by finishingbefore he his heard greeting me`Ya, well. with ndodana 'You my name.defend ka I abeLungudid this ? (Yes, son of?)' I answered themselves,'Theyfor workdon't thecare following how day,.'`They`This said isdon't our know. reward Otherwise for working they'd for be the ashamed4 I answered, thinking that you live, as long as youttir.0 Somdali bitterly no ,norm maderightfulthis:by`Or saying is heavenis this legacyit theyan apportionmentand fromdo earth?'not the know? ancestors, He thatpaused, Now, our or my conquerorsfromlooking boy, Tixo tell at who me.methink the way we live, all of us blacks - our dolivinghuman you that beingsay way. of could the consciously`You think so?' Somdali seemed very36 idea of building such a la tolerate other peci2 to disagree. ,... ! Ifitaround for us?' to. Everybodydid`It not is the know BESTlatter, what baba,'COPY old I repliedKhuzwayoAVAILABLE without was certainty, getting as was listening. Doubtless they 3 1 notthewere sink192 social all lower sensitive stratification. down about than theThey they question knewTO KILL that aA manMAN'S could PRIDE were, and the only of their status in - andasTO Bongani.KILL they A assailed MAN'S I had PRIDEme tried from toI all vindicateattempted directions. their to manoeuvre oppressors out of the spot I was in 193 hopelessnessfacesstoodsystemway infor theythat the the bred degradedmuckcould forces oflet thatthem.the off held steam To them a volcanic racism. hostel. In other words, their them down withwas their by damning the every white man producesthesituationnotintendedby explaininginhumaneknow isato how calmcamouflaged. say laws exactly youwasof sorts, livethatthat what andbecause resulttheThe thismajority Iharsh hadin deceives thesuch meant.enforcement whole of conditions whites them 'What rotten into doof I endevenaccordingyouwell. canof us theYoublack turn toworld. see, yourtheirpeople, they eyesButdesires tohave totill laidthe`That soil is right, my boy. You are following see. If everythingthey would had have ownedclaim to everything that for them until the my words gone theythethinkanarchiststhinking police camouflage that that theasand "thepeopleeverybody agitators black camouflage" are vexations whovery is mustapt these withwhen be days,bruteweeded they violencebecause refer out. to I satisfied except a few exist,scratchremoveus,owned allbut his they a byyou man name another. lackcannot from outis a And andtheway facesince to justify of remove him physically fromone the human being cannot bepretend that he does they are unable to genocide.a piece You of paper, owncannot causearebroughtunder made of control.strife to about believe was, are The itthat made has means alland been lightis whenever peaceful.by settled of, which or deliberatelyand Whateverthere this things ishas a markedthebeenare and "calm" the whites ofcreatedonebornface that square here ofwhich by andthe Nkulunkulumetre earthsoumhlaba he he dieswithout here, owns in the world. For(earth)so wasthat hemade might avail himself murdering him. For hefighting perhaps for the to give. Man man was is oneonproducedunscrupulously "in attacked their for own me them. suppressed.afterbackyard". They that.They don't That's A seemed knowcounterfeit what whatsatisfied I meant.' ispeace going with is my clarification, for no ordainedweinandwas the were tonot end keepto createdborn.' determineand that leave to which divide `Ya.for others The old man is right, mfowethu. No everything as we foundthe fate isof good another. for himself. If We that which is bad it whenman isall die shoulderGermanSecondexplanationFor a moment amicably. World nation takes War. Iwhy thought 'You my Whenthey Old mindknow, thathad Khuzwayothe back myallowedyoutime son, towere came the hadyoupeople lost.end to takenknow. ask of Yourto the beto me. He slapped my world.'dissatisfiedis determination,bydisturbed some So vilesaid is it trying is the alwaysthen means, usurped the other's right man who hadto get introducedpeace his rightful is disturbed. himself share Whenfrom a sign that someone who is tohe self-has, peace the claimedcountry.standplacedecimated until upthat It in didinitthey was not had too help notlate them knownto doany anything whatbecause was abouteverybody taking it but defencefront of of their the sovereigntyeyes, they shamefully of their 39 arecontroltheirwas194 against enemiestheir destiny. them.. because Their'Blind. they country obedience allowed was divided TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE some fanatics to and gullibility among TObeenAnotherwash KILL eating.Athe MAN'S one pot took PRIDEand a the broom spoons to sweep in the where sink outside.they had `No, boy. You'll sweep tomorrow 195 Eachsoupboilingand his man anmates. assortmentdived. Bongani, to where of oldI who stayedhe vegetables kept had longer his than I had intended cut our topic short by announcing ';'!' been cooking spoon withand, Somdaliatinto a thick supper. chores.ationcrumbsSomdali,morning. in theythe The preventing way had dust -made.they will lived. takehim. ThereWhen time TheHe was Bongani collectedtoyoung asettle certain ones down,'returned only organis- did said thethe he removed the guitars theswiftsmallthe old fordropstove: man's his ofage. Evenplastic an Joe eyelid, Khuzwayo milkI sawI hadwhy been they had been came from the shadows to sit on crate. was alone in front of the surprisingly ordinaryandconnectedfrom strummed their dexterity, theperches guitarsfor theysome and. to played seconds.angave amplifier aone. moving Then, 'to with `mbaciangewith a PM extra- 10 is Fana. They theTheysheetsteamingto pot Bongani's brokeof with. paper pot.pieces their thatThreecall. fromspoons. They loaves the Youloavesall of ate breadcould andtogether was spread on the dusty floor. so fast in their reactions were placed on a scoopedsee thatfrom they from the smallcountry(athetwangs,.that fast stove shadowsgloomy African people). the and overhanging listening lair, castbeat The withby thatsound sorrowfullythe dust-coveredthe dim,of men an stained electricsitting to rags,the melodiousaroundlight theguitar bicycle, bulb, inthe still a favourite with insultpieceskilling?thewere deadlythose ofracing,' Theybread brothers excitement eveneach than fought wanting ofthe of`Damn to down it, Fana, don't push!' snarled ours, but haveover you space. nextever seenman.a predator I don't after wish making to a more soup and todraughtsHedescribe.mesmerised drink passed you Somdaliand the megave also. can in thewasa topassed way canthe drinking which nextto it the on. man, Ihisman Iffail youbeer whobesideto find didin took slow notyou.words a want sips.fewThe to ofpot?' you,' retorted the other Fana withOld`You're`Give Khuzwayo me cheeky, space. ruled How for do one threatened.you Fana. One day I'll beat it out a full mouth. peace.you `Awu, think don't I'll reach fight the one of them. returnedatstartedmusic home pausedanother fromthey work.while wouldsong IimmediatelyBongani wasbe `I`What'swondering three don't and hours know,afterthe Fana time,whylate that. my.drank. already. Somdali?'I had.friend. They not You I asked, want thinking to go now? that mai'foodbody'sover from isfood gettingmeal. the like opposite And finished.'puppies, while dormitory.Supper boys. You'reover, Somdali spoiling 4'3 sent Fana toyou're buy him 'mai- busy fighting,Bongani the went to every- peopleoppositeofMadoda, the younger decide house, any of men toand you go bringhad gotlooking toa`Yes, another watch?'go andfor. ndoda; canask meNone of theIat shouldbeer... had, thetime police-so inbe onethe running away before my stations.'night196 and It was stood after to go; nine. I bade everybodyJoe did the same. TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE Somdali good- TOwho KILLbuilding hoped A MAN'S castles It would not for world peace at in the. air.PRIDE be the last time this point inthe desolation I visited time were Somdali. of the 197 long.'Hopetooksaid, us you and out. come we 'So parted. byyou've yourself seen`Sweet, Somdali. See you when you've gotwhere time. I Sostay, mytomorrow friend. morning,' I hostelSomethinglocationInsteadmy attracted of people,about going me I friends and maybe the dirtthere andwent for vice,there out strongly towardsthat is why I like ofmany sympathymore, of felt so strongly sharingthe place. the with the way,animals.in theI remarked hostel. To travel Jesus, theAs man, we`You came know, out Joe,of I've never about our visit to Joe. the gaping fence onto thewhole distance from where thesespent people such a live long like high-time aboutfilled,emptinessoutside gavethe for way venttheme, of shopsthe to our feelingsthe listlessthey lived. What's life of andSomdali at the evenings on streetand it was station. Every and his comrades It gave meamazing how corners,day we the placestheyfield,'see come in counted Soweto from toJoe. alone. stay'Ira. It's bad, sonny. it's this one, Dube, Thinklike this!' of the manyHow other many are there? Let'sNhlazane, Merafe, Nance- such satisfactiontherapeuticthosewas who the the ofprefer As I continued only solace of knowingexercise much wasmorethe for escapism me.going there, I those lonely of artificiality. discovered that song people.about life At thanleast music. lands.thousandsofwe're thousands That's not of much not starvingof counting better families'And us Diepkloof.. All disgruntled men, leaving hundreds about the sameoff size. than Hundreds the hostel location people, becausein the so-called home- residents of closetAftertwoa stageMbobodays supperand agroup start and others week they sang they would rehearsingsinging with for the a would come from assembletraditional in the choral Some of the songs were conscientiousnessfete. of Hearing the opposite adjoining this, withexceptpeoplenot our only in families.' who that havewe are uprooted'Not counting the rest Johannesburg. All over the country allowed a temporary sojournof South Africa either. from normal family life bitterness and there are It's houseperformedtheout ofand samethat their join Iwithpaces. souls, wondered where in the singing.theirWhengraceful eyesfirst they glazedsung dances,sang, those so they could all lyrics;it wasand from the corewith memorieselegantly carried have learnt interrupt- of saiddon'tmultiplyto slave Joe, arrive inandit abouttheat I asilently very twenty sad andAt home I thought cities. Take Somdali's aboutagreed the with hostel him. before I million times and see if you volcanic state of affairs,' dozed the ionswherebecausebymind weretheir they for notI music haddid paradises not tolerated. Sometimesthat I yearnedknow tothe songs Ithat I conjured up, After an sailed away in myjoinI was them, so where people evening of moved and moreoff.world The I felt wasmore still I recalled too far depressed. My last thought was d 9 from perfection and thatall the those details of my visit that the invigoratingsang talk and their troubles away. untainted African \ L. traditional "-) adaptabilitybecausetheinsong a labour198graveyard. I went they camps, awayhaslive Those given:in feelingas butthe throes;they them if of I had found men might be buried there in TO KILL A MAN'Sare still PRIDE people and,debasement, human treasure somethingusBorrowTO KILL A ato MAN'Smug drink from PRIDEwith.' one of`Aah, our sonbrothers of mydrink here mother! and let You came just in time. to our ancestors. Bongani, give him 199 pleasuresitthatpeoplepractical but throughout ending who approach of livethe up flesh,comfortabletheir drowning to life, time half-immersed and their lives on earth, never achievingnone of the illusions'a most of simple and frustrations inor thestrive only for in intoxicants everybodymugwholebrow? that week?' BonganiIs thisdrinks I wouldwhat handed white you reply `Oftoman's have`Here, me. jokingly,course beenbeer Somdali. andworking feelsaccept You're for, rich. the drinkingthe the sweat of your what do you think? It's Friday today; withhavingonhumanityand a half anpoor knownempty out rotsman of stomach.hungerinside theirfor help, minds them. himself, because half.:I wouldwill the time, until theira rich man, neverlet you go away rather depend muchinvited,now,Come as not on,buthe for couldusetook preaching.' your abefore container mouth SomdaliWhen for and what Joe protestedgulped it was should downwith that be me,usedhe he did not wait to be as thewherethink people he of. picked wewords worked them I heard with,up).The from He who weekends would were most exciting. a friend (I don't know came from the rural lookThey at some made of me three!'mainwas drinking room. we .would 'Five as if itI hear do,was fivethemhisMeanwhile, lastI dosinging day on the outearth. game with wouldgreat be warming up in the . . . Ee, pop! Ee, six atdin thecountry,areashome that man.' andreachedon but Friday,On say, youFriday 'You Ican would the canneverA drearinesstypical take take the weekend the went like this: a crescendo on Sunday afternoon. go up to the hostel in the manwas outafter stirred of looking thecountry by a in out of mealdinetogusto. theashes together.inhostel On one with that ofreplete. no theEveryoneevening one city Oldtending `chesanyamas' the Khuzwayo ate stove it.an Fridays almost would neverand they substantial returnedburn returned did itself not at to findSomdalifavouritetocompany augment him wassitting ofgame their Joea loyal like orof scanty somechance, worshipper paypacketsof the a lord in the shadows of his kist shooting craps (dice). guysof Bacchus.who went I therewould with Soweto's wethefeltslumstooweekends gambit.lost,muchthat on thebut thebecausefor Sometimes gamemostly hisroof agedwas ofof we the the hotwe nerves.lost. boisterousness, Golden enough, The He foolish City.slept whichWhenin lost the their sky won and at other times we went in for was we sofriend,Whenrestwith before. of two Iasa camewhole orif wethree in hadcrate hebottles not would inside been of beerthe multi-purpose 44 greet metogether like a long-lost only an hour between his legs, the 'bed'. or moneyonlywatchwholethe to whole paythem involved,lose envelopes thatnight.begging as it The well.was tothere winners possible'beDepending andadvanced itnever for on the hung the game amount around to last of the was such a pity to more money, scoopsgame200 long, in one but of thewent countless off to drink haunts their of vice. crumpled When TO KILL A MAN'S PRIDE one.TO KILL That A MAN'Sis why PRIDE when I learnt of Auschwitz, the 201 anyover-indulgenceyou concoction canare poorthereafford of toyou one drown is kindwanted, noAt yourform Msomi's misfortunesandof entertainment youthe profligategot in everything: besides that cigarettes, or another. dagga, togethertheirAuschwitz'.Nazithe campwashingwall playing drinkingin Grim-looking Poland, at dice.the from Itroughs Door-to-doorsimply tins men at dubbedand every sat othersor merchants house.thestood hostelclustered Someagainst `ourhad did whatcashwerethemselveswomen for onlyshe whosethe wastoo companyto eager thelike.sole famished sourcetoMsomi's of part anything ofwith hostel income a little hard-earned traffic in vicein skirts, no matter men. The latter was peddling was werewearbags.armstheir colourful toThewithbought overcoats, clothing the andgoodsrest they lockedandof draped their soldeven away rangedstocks overfemale untiltheir fromin garments bulging shoulderssuch men's time under-whichpaper and as referredandamongthebooming hacking police, the to inhabitantsthem, and toany deaththere occurred sign aof of primordial `sellout whomfrom in bloodlust. was no fear of interference from time to time. intruders',the hostel as invoked they Stoning atentrailsshiftThe flies,thea safestreet shopsbuyer while tosalivating vendorschicken totook the start rib-cages them distance. wouldpiecesselling home ofbethat Aseverything mongrels topreparing thehummed present day keptgot fromtheir towith older, histhemselves make-sheep family. the green growingforcontributedlocationin the living; location. children. the a a presence man'scertain The delight differenceamount ofWhen womenfolk is of it got late I went home a loving womanwarmthwas and and striking. a reason In theor somewhere else and children itself.underlinedthetempo night Thewould came bymen increasea to strong drank cover traditionalto togetheritThen, aall fast up. ondrunken accordinginclination, Sunday, frenzy a sleepingshowed until social consciousness, earningsManythereBefore woke to inthe sinkbeer. beerhall up what withThere hadSaturday remained morning was always was destroyed, everybody swarmed a whole daywas to nothing themselves. else they could a drab spectacle.of their Friday thoseareasusedtribalism.places totheydays of spend origin. It camethat was their were fromDon'tonly Sundays traditionally theirmistake recollection in thisthe set fordifferent aside of forhow social they not necessarily Sundays, but a reflection of tocountry their everybodysoonmatesado. chance asWhenwith the camedebauchery. to thesun go bar outsurfaced into went-up of business theirHowever, in lairsin the flamessupplying their to evensoakeast beforeup on the Saturdays, that,mild as the Msomis saw hostel andtheirgatherings songshanded elders which where down with fromthedances young fatherSunday to andthe to soundmorningnimble of entertained was no different from were sung by the great-grandfathers son. a Saturdaytom-toms strickenmorning concentration beams. They made 6 0 kr" camp although I had never seen me think of a plague- `Zionist'wasexcept being that uniforms prepared you could of for. blue see The onthat fewsnow-white something converts and woreimportant clutch- their el 7 garbtheed202 their locations. left staffs the hostel Groupsand bibles singing, of dancersto join whistling, other wearing TO.KILL A MAN'S PRIDE worshippers in waving their distinctive vesselselvesTO which-was KILL going A MAN'S with refilled long PRIDE draughtsfrom large from plastic a big containers. black clay 203 whitespeoplesinging.todancing treat regarded doingThe sticksthe disappointing suchlocation ,andit as thingspausingbackwardness. people where at to part was that many location every busy street corner some dancing theyand stay,''You'll they never see tothunderously.TheirsandalsThe frontthe competitors Africanfeet vigorouslyuntil rose you Endurance'ballet', above tookthought stomping andthe their and you'stage'a weakling headsthephysical could groundlike and feel waves, doesfitness came withit vibrating.not thoseistheir downwaste basic tyrein wrong?thembecauseyourthey'rewould whites inI wanted orderI say.not knew are black Whyto to the their'civilize' ask shouldmeasuringlike mindsthe I them.critics the standardwhites of right am. And who told you that had been stolen from but chose not todo them? Mos and awaitperformedthat.youhis time yourwere going with partners,penalized superb on the and by rhythm.stage. yourhaving Asgroup If toI say, leave lost the pointsthe dance stage for to you missed a step was spacethesorrowsfrom groupsnear other forgotten where went hostels the forout beerhall toa to while. theAt two used in to the be afternoon, and where after preparing ours in the same fashion, their `market-place' (an open Other groups came themselves, fromMeadowlandswithon,`Usuthu!' the sweatthe muscular chimneysand until likethe sunset, risingaand glowing would wiry and 'whenThe fallingblankethalf-circle,black drum, the bodieslegs the the andclapping slumbering glistening the smoke hands, the sun would'songs, lie on shouts of went on and Thefromhostel.Pedismost first ofbroughtside sound the to vendors side,ofpeople the blowingsold toThe watch their baPedi their assortments formed of tom-toma line and and the swayed flutes gracefully of the from all corners of the flutes in typical goods). Soweto. andfootandsize,fashion -danced stomping. the the smallestwhile biggest to Zulus. othersthe theof sound themTheysize playedA of dressedmademost the exciting entertainment a gallon of paint.of a single drum with out of drumsparaffin of was drumsdiminishing provided byin thetraditional attire singinggroups,four,amazing five orclapping humming rhythm.or six, hands according They in high in satunison spirits. with the drum 48 to the size of theor competing knelt in formations of They kept them- and I? 9 "To Ki illi A Man's ?ride - Study Questios and Act-Miles
1. This story is told from the point of view of the narrator, Mtutu, who has a very different life from his friend,Somdali. Rewrite the narrative from the point-of-view of Somdali, making sure to include descriptive details that create a strong picture of what his life is like.
2. Construct a chronology of events Mtutu had to go through in order to secure a full-time, paid job. You may choose to incorporate illustrations to accompany your narrative.
3. Mtutu more than once in the story compares the conditions in the hostels to the conditions in the concentration camps at Auschwitz. Do you feels this is a legitimate comparison? Why or why not? Support your opinion by alluding to Mtutus descriptions of the conditions in the hostel and from your knowledge of the camps.
4. The story's title is illustrated throughout the story with accounts of the indignities the men were subjected to every day of their lives. Using the cause and effect diagram connect these indignities to the apartheid laws which caused them to exist. (Hint: use your portfolio references to help you make the connections)
LAW (CAUSE) EFFECT ON THE MEN
The Act of Union
The Land Act
Group Areas Act
Bantu Education Act
Pass Laws
5. The men find relief from their difficult lives by playing and listening to listening mbaqanga. On occasion they also get to watch the Zulu dancing competitions. Using one of your music tapes from the portfolio listen to the music (check out a tape player from the listening center) How does the music make you feel? Describe the instruments you hear. What about this music would cheer the men up? Using this information provide a definition of mbaqanga.
50 SEVEN STEPS TO DEMOCRACY - STUDY GUE
One of the factors contributing to the success of peaceful transition in South Africa was the commitment to negotiation between key players in DeKlerk's government and the ANC. These negotiations came as a result of organized resistance in the form of boycotts, work-stoppages, and international pressure. Beginning in 1987 Nelson Mandela met with the apartheid government representatives in his prison cell. These talks would begin a series of further discussions which finally resulted in action by the DeKlerk government. The ANC was unbanned in 1990, and with this gesture the ANC gave up the tactics of armed struggle in favor of discussions and negotiation.
The representaives agreed on basic terms which included an open election where all citizens could vote, as well as the writing and adapting of a new Constitution which would guarantee the rights of all South Africans. This process is examined more closely in this pamphlet included in the student portfolio.
Using this pamphlet and classroom resources complete the following questions/activities.
Activities
1. What groups were involved in the multiparty talks ?
2. What activities were initiated in order to educate and mobilize potential voters.
3. Describe the type of safeguards that were implemented to insure that the ruling party complied with the changes mandated by the elction. (Remember: the ruling party still controlled the army, as well as the executive and legislative branches of government).
4. Explain why the new government was called the Government of National Unity? Also explain why this structure did not last.
Acitivity - Imagine that your group is entrusted with writing the Constitution for the New South Africa. What freedoms and provisions would you insure are included. You may use the U.S. Constitution as well as the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights to help provoke ideas. Remember you represent the people and their
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An. I First Election under the Democratic Constitution
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The portfolio contains several examples of traditional and contemporary art in several mediums. There are postcards of Zulu and Xhosa beadwork, of both traditional and more contemporary designs. There are examples of woodcuts using traditional tribal motifs. Included also are pictures of Ndebele geometric painted houses, with their startling colors and beauty.
Contemporary art in South Africa can be as diverse as the people who create it. Compare and contrast the protest art of murals and posters with the telephone wire basket made by settlers at a squatters camp just outside of Durban. Each piece is uniquely rich with a story that conveys meaning, yet each is very distinct in how it speaks a story.
Many traditional people infuse everyday objects with artistry and craftsmanship. Try these projects with your group.
Activities
Zulu love letters
There is a lovely history behind this unique form of correspondence. As you know, one of the effects of apartheid was to separate men from their families and friends. In "To Kill A Man's Pride" Somdali tells his friend Mtutu how much his heart aches to be away from home. The only way families could communicate with loved ones was through writing. Many families, either because they could not afford the postage, or because they did not write, would send messages through men who would come to the villages briefly and return to the gold mines or where they were employed. Some brought back an ingenious "letter", consisting of colored beads strung together, with each color of bead symbolic of a feeling or idea. Red was passion, while green was jealousy, black meant anger, while white was peace or comfort. Depending on the pattern and color a letter could say "Come home soon, miss you" or say "You are my friend".
You will colored beads, fishing wire, and a large safety pin. Using the model "write" your own Zulu letter to a friend or loved one.
Traditional Designs
You may choose to do woodcuts using a potato instead of the wood to cut out your design. Another option is to cut out a template from the designs provided in your portfolio. Once you do this either brush the tempera on the potato or over your potato. Regardless of which you use you may print your design on the paper or on the cotton cloth provided. Many of the traditional prints are white on black, but you may be as creative as you choose.
54 Art of Protest and Change 1Pg.2
Art can be a wonderful vehicle to draw attention to a social ill that a nation or community must come to grips with. It can express anger a wrong that must be made right, and it can also express a hope for the future. The Art of Apartheid, the photographs of the conditions in Soweto's shanty towns, the women's march posters all carry a strong, loud message, although no words are spoken. In our own culture we have the powerful message of the Aids Quilt which stirs deep emotions in those who see it. Choose a theme, idea, or message you would like to convey. For some of us it may be the issue of homelessness, child abuse, the anti-immigrant backlash, or the thread of racism that still lurks in our own society. Once your group has settled on an issue, choose whether you will use a photo collage or an acrylic painting. Plan out your design or ideas on paper before starting your project. Remember, your painting/photos will convey your message to your audience.
Interpreting a Painting
Carefully look at Valente Ngwenya Malangatana's painting titled Apartheid
1. Who are the figures in the painting meant to represent?
2. Interpret the symbolic meaning of the talons and the fish.
3. Why do you think the painter chose the color red? Why does he bring in a small amount of green into the top left corner?
4. On a separate 8x10 card provide a short narrative that discusses the meaning of your own artwork. List the group member's names (or you name if you chose to work alone), the title of you piece, the year it was created, and the medium you used ( ex. Acrylic on canvas). After this information write your narrative. ZIA
Valente Ngwenya Malangatana Born: Mozambique, 1936 Apartheid, 1982 oil on canvas 5 6 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 123 x 102 cm ARTIST NATIONNDEBELE
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59 BEST COPY AVAILABLE I In 1955 the government announced that women must carry passes. A huge campaign was mounted by women, countrywide. Women also led a militant campaign against munici- pal beerhalls. According to the law it was illegal for women to brew traditional beer. Police raided homes anddestroyedhome brewed liquor so that men would use municipal beer- halls. In response, women attacked the beerhalls and destroyed equipment and buildings. The women also organised a highly success-The highpoint of the women's campaign againstpasses was the ful boycott of the beerhalls. march on the Union Buildings in Pretoria by 20,000women. Their message was clear.' Wathint abafazi, wathint imbokodo. Uzokufa! (You have struck the women, You have struck a rock. You will becrushed!)
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?.) ANC Women's League leaders .z7r. (l-r) Lilian Ngoyi, Helen Joseph, Amino Cachalia and Sophie Wil- liams with the petitions protesting against passes for women, Preto- ria, 9th August 1956
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W E SIAM sy 111 ' 4- $ 6 I . - Police attack women demostrating at Cato Manor, Natal, 1959. The :TJ previous night women attacked beerhalls and drove out the men spr. tki
' 7.7`;`,'"..- A fendingresident his with home a homemade and community firearm from stands attack guard by lnkatha de- )pted3 coup by members of the Bophu- impis, Inanda, Natal 1990 Police with lnkatha supporters
a meeting to N.*1:11sX/protest their incorporation 8 3 FuneralTGWU for bus two driver, UDF also youth killed who in were the violence, abducted Mpophomeni by lnkatha and killed while returning from the funeral of a township, Natal 1987 g 4 A youthcarries the body ofHectorPeterson, the first casualty inthe 1976uprising BEST COPYAVAILABLE 65 L9 WIENTIVAVI MOD-----....-:-.-- iSail %44,4- 11%4z - , ,t 99 1.7 . - 4'4 ;, , :',-,:i,.., 1 ,-;;, '. , :4-',,-.;t....,, .... 7 1 : , ''.-i- J ;:' I >1 ; 4 3+
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