Ô Canada: Un Hymne National, Deux Nations

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Ô Canada: Un Hymne National, Deux Nations Ô Canada: un hymne national, deux nations vingt-cinq traductions et lectures d’un chant identitaire canadien-français Page titre par Louis Alberti sous la supervision de Monsieur Charles Le Blanc, Ph. D. en philosophie PROFESSEUR AGRÉGÉ ÉCOLE DE TRADUCTION ET D’INTERPRÉTATION UNIVERSITÉ D’OTTAWA THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE À LA FACULTÉ DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET POSTDOCTORALES EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU GRADE DE MAÎTRISE ÈS ARTS EN TRADUCTOLOGIE ÉCOLE DE TRADUCTION ET D’INTERPRÉTATION FACULTÉ DES ARTS UNIVERSITÉ D’OTTAWA © Louis Alberti, Ottawa, Canada, 2018 Résumé Cette thèse analyse dans une perspective historique quelques aspects d’une vingtaine de traductions de l’hymne national canadien « Ô Canada », publiées entre 1906 et 1931. Ce chant a été composé à l’occasion d’un important rassemblement à Québec des Sociétés Saint-Jean- Baptiste en 1880. Les paroles françaises originales du Chant national furent écrites par Adolphe Basile Routhier, sur une musique de Calixa Lavallée. Jusqu’à ce jour, le texte français est demeuré intact. Vers 1901, cette chanson patriotique canadienne-française fut introduite au Canada anglais et divers auteurs anglophones ont entrepris de la traduire ou l’adapter. Cette thèse examine particulièrement les conditions de cette appropriation à travers la traduction de 1900 à 1931. Cette période fut, particulièrement en effet, un point d’orgue dans l’évolution de la société canadienne : tensions entre certains sujets attachés à l’Empire britannique et ceux revendiquant une plus grande affirmation nationale; participation du Canada à la Guerre des Boers et à la Première Guerre mondiale; en 1919, signature comme Dominion britannique du Traité de Versailles, ce qui contribua à la montée du nationalisme canadien; reconnaissance en 1931 par le Traité de Westminster de la souveraineté des pays membres de l’Empire britannique — dont le Canada. Les traductions de ce Chant national réalisées au cours de cette période sont presque indissociables des lectures que les traducteurs canadiens-anglais ou britanniques font des changements sociaux, culturels et politiques de leur époque qui se produisent au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde. Plus qu’un texte original, ces traductions expriment les différents avatars de ces lectures identitaires. Cette approche lectorielle forme le socle de notre analyse théorique. Charles Le Blanc le résumait ainsi dans son ouvrage, Le complexe d’Hermès : « Le traducteur est tout à la fois lecteur du texte original et auteur du texte traduit. […] L’original naît de l’écriture — avec tout ce que la culture de l’écrit comporte de libertés — alors que la seconde vient de la lecture – avec tout ce que l’acte de lire présume de culture, de dispositions sentimentales, de mémoire, de réciprocité aussi1 ». Comme Le Blanc disait de sa traduction de Bruni : « Il s’agit bien plus de comprendre un texte pour le traduire : il faut aussi comprendre une époque et une conscience2 ». « La fin du travail du traducteur […] n’est pas simplement celle de livrer une version acceptable d’un grand texte. Il faut assurer également que le texte traduit puisse jouer un rôle dans le développement 3 des idées et le progrès de la culture [de son époque] ». Bien que cette thèse ne porte pas sur 1 LE BLANC, Charles (2009). Le complexe d’Hermès, Regards philosophiques sur la traduction, Ottawa : Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, paragr. 119, p.148. 2 BRUNI, Leonardo (entre 1420 et 1426). De interpretatione recta ; De la traduction parfaite; LE BLANC, Charles (2008) De la traduction parfaite traduction, introduction et notes, Ottawa : Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa. [II], p. 12. 3 Ibid. ii l’ensemble des traductions réalisées entre les années 1900 et 1980, l’étude illustre, entre autres, que la version-traduction-adaptation-réécriture de l’hymne national canadien actuel promulgué le 1er juillet 1980 — quelques mois après l’échec référendaire du Québec — résulte elle-même d’une lecture idéologique, à tout le moins politique par nos parlementaires fédéraux soucieux de doter le Canada d’un symbole identitaire national comme fondement à cette unité nationale tant recherchée par les fédéralistes des années Trudeau- père. Cette appropriation graduelle d’un symbole patriotique canadien-français résulte du cheminement dans l’imaginaire du Canada anglais des lectures du pays rattachées aux premières traductions du Chant national. Celles apparues entre 1906 et 1931 ont déclenché et concouru à cette mainmise. iii Abstract This thesis analyzes from an historic perspective a few aspects of some twenty translations of Canada’s national anthem “Ô Canada”, published between 1906 and 1931. This song was composed for a gathering of the Sociétés Saint-Jean-Baptiste in Quebec in 1880. The original French lyrics of the Chant national were written by Adolphe Basile Routhier, with music by Calixa Lavallée. Until then, the French text remained intact. Around 1901, this French-Canadian patriotic song was introduced in English Canada and many Anglophone authors then began to translate or adapt it. This thesis will study the conditions of this ownership that came across the translation from 1900 to 1931. This period was indeed a landmark event in the evolution of the Canadian society: tensions between some subjects attached to the British Empire and those demanding a broader national affirmation; participation of Canada to the Boer War and to the First World War; in 1919, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles as a British Dominion, which contributed to the rise of Canadian nationalism; recognition in 1931, with the Treaty of Westminster, of the sovereignty of the member countries of the British Empire — including Canada. The translations of the Chant national done during this period are almost similar to the readings that English-speaking Canadians or British translators made of the social, cultural and political changes of their times, which happened in Canada and elsewhere in the world. More than just a text, these translations express these readings. This reading approach constitutes the basis of our theoretical analysis. Charles Le Blanc summarized it as follows in his book, Le complexe d’Hermès: “The translator is a reader of the original text and the author of the translated text. […] The original text is created with the writing — with all liberties associated with the culture of writing — whereas the other text comes from the reading – with everything the act of reading infers from the culture, the emotional views, the memory, and the reciprocity (free translation)4”. As Le Blanc mentioned about his translation of Bruni: “In order to translate a text, one needs to do more than to understand it – one needs to also understand the era and the consciousness (free translation)5”. “The end of the work of a translator […] is not to simply produce an acceptable version of a great text. It is also important to ensure that the translated text can play a role in the development 4 LE BLANC, Charles (2009) Le complexe d’Hermès, Regards philosophiques sur la traduction, Ottawa : Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, paragr. 119, p.148. 5 BRUNI, Leonardo (entre 1420 et 1426) De interpretatione recta ; De la traduction parfaite ; LE BLANC, Charles (2008) De la traduction parfaite traduction, introduction et notes, Ottawa : Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa. [II], p. 12. iv of ideas and the advancement of culture [of its era] (free translation)6.” Although this thesis does not focus on all translations done between 1900 and 1980, the study shows, among other things, that the version/translation/adaptation/rewriting of the current Canadian national anthem promulgated on July 1st, 1980 — a few months after the referendum in Quebec failed — is itself the result of an ideological reading, or at least a political one, by our federal parliamentarians anxious to provide to Canada a national symbol of identity as a foundation for this national unity that was sought by the federalists of the Trudeau years (the father). This gradual adoption of a French-Canadian patriotic symbol is the result of the journey in the imagination of English Canada driven by the readings of the country in relation with the first translations of the Chant national. The translations that have emerged between 1906 and 1931 have triggered and contributed to this stronghold. 6 Ibid. v Table des matières Page titre ........................................................................................................................................................ i Résumé ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iv Table des matières ....................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Remarques préliminaires .......................................................................................................................... 1 Objet de l’étude ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Problématique ..........................................................................................................................................
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