Charles St Sq Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report CHARLES STREET SQUARE UPGRADE, 38 CHARLES ST, PARRAMATTA

MAY 2020 Prepared for Spackman Mossop Michaels & City of Parramatta Council by Curio Projects

[email protected] | P (02) 8014 9800 |Suite 9, 17 Thurlow Street, Redfern NSW 2016 | ABN 79139184035 Curio noun cu·rio \kyur-ē-ˌō\: any unusual article, object of art, etc., valued as a curiosity

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Cover Sheet

Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Aboriginal Cultural Report Title Heritage Assessment Report

Author (s) Name Sam Cooling

Curio Projects Author (s) Contact 5 Blackfriars Street, Chippendale 2008 Details [email protected]

38 Charles Street, Parramatta - Lot 2, DP 869186 38 Charles Street, Parramatta - Lot 1, DP 869820 Address of Subject 340A Church Street, Parramatta - Lot 1, DP 1172250 Area: 21 Charles Street, Parramatta - Lot 2, DP 532539 182C George Street, Parramatta - Lot 1, DP 506760 (CBD Foreshore Reserve) Spackman Mossop Michaels on behalf of the City of Parramatta Report prepared for: Council

Date of Report: May 2020

Use of report/confidentiality: This report is not This report may be used by OEH in a number of ways including: confidential except as placing it in a database; generally making hard and electronic copies expressly stated available to the public; and communicating the report to the public. Historical sources and reference material used in the preparation of this report are acknowledged and referenced in text and detailed in the references chapter and/or in figure captions. Reasonable effort has been made to identify, contact, acknowledge and obtain Copyright owner of permission to use material from the relevant copyright owners. the report Unless otherwise specified or agreed, copyright in this report vests in Curio Projects Pty Ltd and in the owners of any pre-existing historic source or reference material.

If the person/entity who claims to be the copyright owner of the report is not entitled to claim copyright in the report, he/she/it Indemnity indemnifies all persons using the report in accordance with the National Parks & Wildlife Act 1974 against any claim, action, damage or loss in respect of breach of copyright.

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Document Information

Citation Curio Projects 2020, Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta—Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report, prepared for SMM/City of Parramatta Council.

Local Government Area City of Parramatta Council

Cover Image Charles Street Square Concept Design Montage (City of Parramatta)

ISSUE ISSUE DATE VERSION NOTES/COMMENTS AUTHOR REVIEWED No. 1 30.10.2019 Draft Report For client review Sam Cooling Adam Fowler Bene Fernandez 2 February 2020 Draft Report For RAP Review Sam Cooling Natalie Vinton 3 15 May 2020 Final Report For AHIP Issue Sam Cooling Kim Bazeley

This report has been prepared based on research by Curio Projects specialists. Historical sources and reference material used in the preparation of this report are acknowledged and referenced at the end of each section and/or in figure captions.

Unless otherwise specified or agreed, copyright in intellectual property of this report vests jointly in Curio Projects Pty Ltd.

Curio Projects Pty Ltd 5 Blackfriars Street Chippendale NSW 2008 Australia

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Contents

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Cover Sheet ...... 2

Document Information ...... 3

Relevant Abbreviations ...... 7

Executive Summary ...... 8

1. Introduction ...... 12

1.1. Purpose of this Report ...... 12

1.2. Project Area ...... 12

1.3. Relevant Statutory Context ...... 13

1.3.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 ...... 13

1.3.2. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 ...... 14

1.3.3. Native Title Act 1993 ...... 14

1.3.4. OEH Guidelines ...... 15

1.4. Objectives of Aboriginal Heritage Assessment ...... 15

1.5. Limitations and Constraints ...... 16

1.6. Investigators, Contributors and Acknowledgements ...... 16

2. Aboriginal Community Consultation ...... 17

2.1. Stage 1—Notification of project proposal and registration of interest ...... 18

2.1.1. Registered Aboriginal Parties ...... 18

2.2. Stage 2 and 3 ...... 19

2.3. Stage 4—Review of Draft Cultural Heritage Assessment Report ...... 20

2.1. Submissions Received from the Aboriginal Community ...... 20

2.2. Curio Response to Submissions ...... 21

3. Summary and Analysis of Background Information ...... 22

3.1. Aboriginal Ethnohistory ...... 22

3.2. Early Contact Period ...... 22

3.2.1. Early Post-Contact Historical Connections ...... 24

3.3. Physical Setting/Landscape Context ...... 25

3.3.1. Description of Project Area ...... 27

3.4. Material Evidence of Aboriginal Land Use ...... 29

3.4.1. Archaeological Evidence of Aboriginal Occupation ...... 29

3.4.2. AHIMS Search ...... 29

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3.4.3. Previous Archaeological Investigations and Assessment ...... 30

3.5. Regional Character and Archaeological Predictive Model ...... 32

4. Cultural Heritage Values and Significance Assessment ...... 35

4.1. Assessment of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Values ...... 36

4.1.1. Social (Cultural) and Spiritual Value ...... 36

4.1.2. Historical Value ...... 37

4.1.3. Scientific (Archaeological) Value ...... 37

4.1.4. Aesthetic Value ...... 38

4.2. Statement of Significance ...... 38

5. Conservation and Impact Assessment ...... 40

5.1. Ecologically Sustainable Development ...... 40

5.1.1. Precautionary Principle ...... 40

5.1.2. Intergenerational Equity ...... 40

5.2. Proposed Activity ...... 41

5.2.1. Activities with Potential to Impact Aboriginal Sites ...... 42

5.3. Avoiding and Minimising Harm ...... 46

5.3.1. Potential Impact to Aboriginal Objects/Sites/Archaeology ...... 46

5.3.2. Potential Impact to Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Values ...... 47

5.4. Proposed Conservation (Avoidance) ...... 47

5.5. Harm to Aboriginal Objects and Values ...... 47

6. Management, Mitigation and Recommendations ...... 49

6.1. Strategy One—Aboriginal Archaeological Investigation ...... 49

6.2. Strategy Two—Aboriginal Heritage Interpretation ...... 50

6.3. Management of Aboriginal Objects ...... 51

6.4. Unexpected Finds Policy ...... 51

6.4.1. Unexpected Aboriginal Objects ...... 51

6.4.2. Unexpected Skeletal Remains ...... 51

6.5. Recommendations ...... 52

7. References ...... 56

APPENDIX A—Aboriginal Community Consultation Log ...... 57

APPENDIX B—Aboriginal Community Consultation Correspondence ...... 58

APPENDIX C—Archaeological Technical Report ...... 59

APPENDIX D—Glossary of Technical Terms ...... 60

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Relevant Abbreviations

ABBREVIATION/TERM DEFINITION

ACHAR Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report

ATR Archaeological Technical Report

AHIMS Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System

AHIP Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit

ASIRF Aboriginal Site Impact Recording Form

‘Code of Practice’ DECCW 2010, Code of Practice for the Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales.

‘Consultation Guidelines’ DECCW 2010, Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010.

DECCW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (now Office of Environment and Heritage—OEH).

‘Due Diligence Code of DECCW 2010, Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Practice’ Aboriginal Objects in NSW.

EP&A Act Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

‘Guide to Investigating’ OEH 2011, Guide to Investigating, assessing and reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW.

Heritage Act NSW Heritage Act 1977

ICOMOS International Council of Monuments and Sites

LALC Local Aboriginal Land Council

LGA Local Government Area

NPW Act NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974

OEH NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (formerly DECCW)

PAD Potential Archaeological Deposit

RAPs Registered Aboriginal Parties

SHR NSW State Heritage Register

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Executive Summary Curio Projects Pty Ltd was commissioned by Spackman Mossop Michaels (SMM) on behalf of the City of Parramatta Council (Council) (the proponent) to prepare an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) for the Charles St Square Upgrade Development, located across six (6) parcels of community land zoned RE1, including a section of Charles Street (a public road zoned B4), at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets, Parramatta (the study area).

This ACHAR documents the process of investigation, consultation and assessment with regards to Aboriginal cultural heritage and Aboriginal archaeology, as undertaken for the Charles Street Square Upgrade development project and study area, specific to the proposed development works. This includes background research and assessment of evidence and information about material traces of Aboriginal land use in the study area and surrounds, significance assessment of potential Aboriginal sites, places, landscapes and/or other values, as well as an impact assessment and management recommendations to assist Council with their future responsibilities for Aboriginal cultural heritage within the study area.

This report has been prepared following the requirements for reporting as established in DECCW Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (24 September 2010) (Code of Practice), and OEH 2011a Guide to Investigating, assessing and reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW (Guide to Investigating).

Aboriginal people are recognised in NSW statutory guidelines Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010 (DECCW 2010) as the determinants of their own heritage. Therefore, the process of Aboriginal community consultation for the Charles Street Square Upgrade project seeks to identify social and cultural values of the study area and its surrounds to the local Aboriginal community, in order to identify appropriate and respectful mitigation strategies for any identified impacts to Aboriginal heritage presented by the project.

A complete log of all communications between Curio Projects and Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) for the project has been provided as Appendix A, while copies of meeting minutes, written correspondence to and responses from RAPs etc are attached as Appendix B.

Aboriginal Archaeological Potential and Predictive Model The Charles Street Square Upgrade study area has been assessed as having moderate to high potential for Aboriginal objects and archaeological deposits to be present for the following reasons:

§ The environmental context suggests that given the proximity of the study area to water, its fairly open access, and its deep alluvial deposits (i.e. potential to contain part of the PSB), the site would be a prime location for past Aboriginal use.

§ Furthermore, the site may have preserved these deposits intact below the current ground surface. While it is known that the area would have been frequently impacted by flood events from the Parramatta River, and that this would have caused erosion and scouring, there is no reason to believe that this would have removed all potential archaeological remains.

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§ Part of the study area is mapped within the extent of the Parramatta Sand Body (PSB), which is significant on a State level due to its high potential for stratified archaeological material- thought to occur up to depths of 1.5m to 2m below the ground surface.

§ Previous archaeological investigations in the vicinity have demonstrated the PSB to be present, sometimes containing Aboriginal artefactual material.

§ The extent of the Aboriginal PAD within the study area relates to the demonstrated archaeological landscape in the immediate vicinity of the study area- i.e. it is considered to be a potential extension of the archaeological landscape of nearby AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and Site 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1).

§ Rather than registering an additional site with AHIMS for the PAD associated with the Charles Street Square study area, the site card for AHIMS Site 45-6-2648, Charles/George 1 (CG1) should be revised to include the study area within its extent- reflecting the association and distribution of this connected archaeological landscape, and avoiding unnecessary duplication of sites.

Cultural Heritage Significance The local Aboriginal community of Parramatta have stated that the Parramatta River is of high cultural and spiritual significance. The study area is located on the southern foreshore of the River and therefore included within this statement of significance. The study area has social significance both for its intangible values, such as Darug connection to Country and use of space, as well as for its association with tangible archaeological evidence of continued Aboriginal occupation of the area. Numerous sites are located in close proximity to the study area that provide physical evidence for the continued Darug occupation of the River foreshore and immediate surrounds.

Darug people consider all their sites to be connected. Viewed as a whole, these sites form a complex that embodies all aspects of Darug history and life. This complex of sites provides evidence of ongoing occupation, land use and lifestyle across Darug Country, which is of exceptional significance to Darug people as a representation of the long-enduring and continuous Darug occupation of, and connection to, the Parramatta area.

The study area is therefore considered to have high social and spiritual significance to the local Darug community.

The study area holds potential to be of historical value and significance to local Aboriginal people because of the early interactions between European colonists and Aboriginal people, within and around the Parramatta settlement.

While the Aboriginal archaeological significance of the study area is not able to be accurately assessed until the results of Aboriginal archaeological investigations are available, the study area has high research potential for its location within the mapped extent of the Parramatta Sand Body (PSB), an alluvial terrace formation which is significant on a State level due to its high potential for stratified Aboriginal archaeological material dating back to the Pleistocene (c.30,000 years BP). The study area has potential to contain a chrono-stratified archaeological deposit that

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 9 would be both rare and representative in the context of Aboriginal occupation in this area of Parramatta.

Should the PSB be present within the study area, and contain a remnant Aboriginal archaeological deposit, the study area may have high scientific significance for its ability to contribute knowledge to the archaeological record about Aboriginal occupation of this area of Parramatta and across the PSB itself.

Recommendations § Proposed development impacts have potential to encounter the PSB and associated PAD, and therefore will require archaeological mitigation to reduce and/or manage potential impacts to Aboriginal archaeology.

§ Aboriginal archaeological test excavation under the OEH Code of Practice is not possible at the Charles St Square study area as:

o The study area is in a highly developed urban environment, covered by a layer of historical fill;

o A historical archaeological deposit has the potential to be present across the study area, and would overlay the potential remnant soil profiles with the potential to contain in situ Aboriginal archaeological deposits, and will require investigation/removal in accordance with a S140/S60 consent (NSW Heritage Act), prior to the commencement of any Aboriginal test excavation; and

o The nature of the PSB profile provides complications for archaeological excavations- due to the instability of the sands and relative depth at which the PSB extends- making the excavation methodology as allowed under the Code of Practice not able to be applied to the current study area.

§ A more practical and bespoke test excavation methodology and research design- tailored to the nature of the study area and proposed development- has been developed to investigate the nature of the potential natural soil profiles within the study area.

§ An application for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) under Section 90 of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 should be submitted to the Aboriginal Heritage Planning Section of the Environment, Energy and Science (EES) division, of the NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE) for the Charles Street Square Upgrade development.

o The AHIP Application should allow for potential impact to the Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) associated within AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1).

o The AHIP application should be accompanied by a copy of this ACHAR (including the appended ATR).

o The AHIP should apply to the land as shown in the figure below.

§ A copy of this final ACHAR should be provided to all project RAPs for their records.

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§ With regards to Aboriginal intangible heritage values (social and cultural), the Charles Street Square Upgrade project has the opportunity for a positive impact to be achieved via future interpretation initiatives, to celebrate and communicate the significance of the site and landscape to the local Aboriginal community.

AHIP Application Area (Source: Curio 2020)

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1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose of this Report

Curio Projects Pty Ltd was commissioned by Spackman Mossop Michaels (SMM) on behalf of the City of Parramatta Council (Council) (the proponent) to prepare an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) for the Charles St Square Upgrade Development, located across six (6) parcels of community land zoned RE1, including a section of Charles Street (a public road zoned B4), at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets, Parramatta (the study area).

1.2. Project Area

The Charles Street Square Development study area is located across six (6) parcels of community land zoned RE1, including a section of Charles Street (a public road zoned B4), at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets, Parramatta (Figure 1.1), defined as the lots below:

Project Site

Square 38 Charles Street - Lot 2, DP 869186 38 Charles Street - Lot 1, DP 869820

Road Charles Street

Park 340A Church Street - Lot 1, DP 1172250 21 Charles Street - Lot 2, DP 532539 182C George Street - Lot 1, DP 506760 (CBD Foreshore Reserve)

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Figure 1.1: Charles Street Square Development Study Area (Source: Curio 2019) 1.3. Relevant Statutory Context

Aboriginal cultural heritage is governed in NSW by two principal pieces of legislation:

§ National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW) (NPW Act); and

§ Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) (EP&A Act);

1.3.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974

The NPW Act, administered by the Aboriginal Heritage Planning Section of the Environment, Energy and Science (EES) division, of the NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE) (formerly known as the Office of Environment and Heritage [OEH]), is the primary legislation that provides statutory protection for all ‘Aboriginal objects’ (Part 6, Section 90) and ‘Aboriginal places’ (Part 6, Section 84) within NSW.

An Aboriginal object is defined through the NPW Act as:

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“any deposit, object or material evidence (not being a handicraft made for sale) relating to the Aboriginal habitation of the area that comprises New South Wales, being habitation before or concurrent with (or both) the occupation of that area by persons of non-Aboriginal extraction, and includes Aboriginal remains.”

The NPW Act provides the definition of ‘harm’ to Aboriginal objects and places as:

“...any act or omission that:

(a) destroys, defaces or damages the object or place, or

(b) in relation to an object-moves the object from the land on which it had been situated, or

(d) causes or permits the object or place to be harmed in a manner referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c), (NPW Act 1974).

The NPW Act also establishes penalties for ‘harm’ to Aboriginal objects and declared Aboriginal places, as well as defences and exemptions for harm. One of the main defences against the harming of Aboriginal objects and cultural material is to seek an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) under Section 90 of the NPW Act, under which disturbance to Aboriginal objects could be undertaken, in accordance with the requirements of an approved AHIP.

1.3.2. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

The EP&A Act is an 'Act to institute a system of environmental planning and assessment for the state of NSW’. Dependent upon which Part of the EP&A Act a project is to be assessed under, differing requirements and protocols for the assessment of associated Aboriginal cultural heritage may apply.

Part 4, Division 4.1 of the EP&A Act identifies and defines State Significant Development projects (SSD) as those declared under Section 89C of the EP&A Act. SSD and State Significant Infrastructure projects (SSI), replace 'Concept Plan' project approvals, in accordance with Part 3A of this Act, which was repealed in 2011.

Where a project is assessed to be an SSD, the process of development approval differs, with certain approvals and legislation no longer applicable to the project. Of relevance to the assessment of Aboriginal heritage for a development, the requirement for an AHIP in accordance with Section 90 of the NPW Act is removed for SSD projects (EP&A Act, Section 89J).

The Charles St Square project will not meet the criteria for SSDA, and therefore will be subject as normal to the provisions of the NPW Act.

1.3.3. Native Title Act 1993

The Native Title Act 1993 provides the legislative framework to recognise and protect native title, which recognises the traditional rights and interests to land and waters of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Under the Native Title Act, native title claimants can make an application to the Federal Court to have their native title recognised by Australian law.

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There are currently no native title claims or determinations in place for the Charles St Square Development study area.

1.3.4. OEH Guidelines

In order to best implement and administer the protection afforded to Aboriginal objects and places as through the NPW Act, and EP&A Act, the [former] OEH have prepared a series of best practice statutory guidelines with regards to Aboriginal heritage. These guidelines are designed to assist developers, landowners and archaeologists to better understand their statutory obligations with regards to Aboriginal heritage in NSW and implement best practice policies into their investigation of Aboriginal heritage values and archaeology in relation to their land and/or development. This report has been prepared in accordance with these guidelines, including:

§ DECCW 2010a, Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in NSW. (the Due Diligence Code of Practice)

§ OEH 2011a, Guide to Investigating, assessing and reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW. (the Guide to Investigating)

§ DECCW 2010b, Code of Practice for the Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales. (the Code of Practice)

§ DECCW 2010c, Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010. (the Consultation Guidelines)

§ OEH 2011b, Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permits, a Guide for Applicants.

1.4. Objectives of Aboriginal Heritage Assessment

The objectives of the Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment for the Charles Street Square Upgrade project, were to:

§ identify Aboriginal community members who can speak for the Country within which the project is located;

§ involve the Aboriginal community in the cultural heritage assessment process, including consultation to determine their opinions with respect to the project and its potential ‘harm’ to their cultural heritage;

§ understand the number, extent, type, condition, integrity and archaeological potential of any potential Aboriginal heritage sites and places that may be located within the study area;

§ determine whether the potential Aboriginal sites and places are a component of a wider Aboriginal cultural landscape;

§ understand how the any potential physical Aboriginal sites relate to Aboriginal tradition within the wider area;

§ prepare a cultural and scientific values assessment for all identified aspects of Aboriginal cultural heritage associated with the study area;

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§ determine how the proposed project may impact any identified Aboriginal cultural heritage;

§ determine where impacts are unavoidable and develop a series of impact mitigation strategies that benefit Aboriginal cultural heritage and the proponent (in close consultation and discussion with the local Aboriginal community); and

§ provide clear recommendations for the conservation for Aboriginal heritage and archaeological values and mitigation of any potential impacts to these values.

1.5. Limitations and Constraints

This report has been prepared using the available historical data and documentation available for the study area and surrounds, including relevant archaeological reports and assessments.

This report does not include assessment of non-Aboriginal heritage values or archaeology, nor any non-heritage related planning controls or requirements.

1.6. Investigators, Contributors and Acknowledgements

This report has been prepared by Sam Cooling, Senior Archaeologist of Curio Projects, with review by Natalie Vinton, Director of Curio Projects. Table 1.1 presents a complete list of the project team, including qualifications, affiliation and role in the project. Details of all project RAPs are presented in Section 2.

Table 1.1: Investigators and Contributors

PERSON (QUALIFICATION) AFFILIATION ROLE Sam Cooling, Senior Archaeologist Curio Projects Project Manager, Report Author (BA, M Archaeological Science) Natalie Vinton, Director Curio Projects Report Reviewer (BA (Hons) Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology) Andre Fleury, Archaeologist Curio Projects GIS and Mapping (B. Hist, M Archaeological Science)

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2. Aboriginal Community Consultation Aboriginal community consultation is required for assessment of Aboriginal cultural heritage, and should be undertaken in the early stages of project planning in order to best guide the development process. This section documents the process of Aboriginal community consultation that has been undertaken for the Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment of Charles Street Square Upgrade project. Aboriginal community consultation in accordance with OEH statutory guidelines Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010 (Consultation Guidelines), was initiated for the project in April 2019.

Aboriginal people are recognised in the Consultation Guidelines as the determinants of their own heritage. Therefore, the process of Aboriginal community consultation for the Charles Street Square Upgrade project seeks to identify the social and cultural values of the study area and surrounds to the local Aboriginal community, in order to identify appropriate and respectful mitigation strategies for any identified impacts to Aboriginal heritage presented by the project.

The objectives of Aboriginal Community Consultation, as stated in the OEH Consultation Guidelines, are to:

‘ensure that Aboriginal people have the opportunity to improve assessment outcomes by:

• Providing relevant information about the cultural significance and values of the Aboriginal object(s) and/or place(s)

• Influencing the design of the method to assess cultural and scientific significance of Aboriginal object(s) and/or place(s)

• Actively contributing to the development of cultural heritage management options and recommendations for any Aboriginal object(s) and/or place(s) within the proposed project area

• Commenting on draft assessment reports before they are submitted by the proponent to the OEH.’ (DECCW 2010a)

Cultural protocols with regards to RAP requests to censor, redact or omit sensitive cultural information from reports and correspondence have been observed throughout the consultation process. Therefore, some correspondence may be excluded from direct reproduction within this report where requested by project RAPs.

The Aboriginal Community Consultation process, in accordance with OEH Consultation Guidelines, consists of four main stages:

Stage 1—Notification of project proposal and registration of interest

Stage 2—Presentation of Information about the Proposed Project

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Stage 3—Gathering Information about Cultural Significance

Stage 4—Review of Draft Cultural Heritage Assessment Report

2.1. Stage 1—Notification of project proposal and registration of interest

The first step in undertaking the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment process for the study area, is the identification of the Aboriginal community members who can speak for Country in the area of the project (Stage 1).

On behalf of SMM/Council, in April 2019, Curio Projects initiated a new process of Aboriginal Community Consultation for the Charles Street Square Upgrade study area in accordance with OEH consultation guidelines. Stage 1 notifications identified the nature and location of the Charles Street Square Upgrade project. In accordance with Stage 1.2 of the consultation guidelines, letters were sent to the relevant statutory bodies on 12 April 2019 (NSW OEH, Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council [DLALC], the Registrar Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983, the National Native Title Tribunal [NNTT], Native Title Services Corporation Limited [NTSCorp], City of Parramatta Council [CoP], and the Greater Sydney Local Land Services [LLS]), requesting names of Aboriginal people who may have an interest in the proposed project area and hold knowledge relevant to determining the cultural significance of Aboriginal objects and places relevant to the study area.

A public notice advertising the Charles Street Square Upgrade project was also placed in the Parramatta Advertiser on 10.4.19 (consistent with Stage 1.3 of the Consultation Guidelines), advising of the project location and proposed development, and inviting registration from local Aboriginal people.

All names compiled from Stage 1.2 of the process were then written to via email and/registered post in May 2019, inviting registration in the process of community consultation for the project. Response was requested within 14 days of the date of the letter.

2.1.1. Registered Aboriginal Parties

As a result of Stages 1.2 and 1.3, twenty Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) were identified for the Charles Street Square Upgrade project (in alphabetical order):

§ A1 Indigenous Services

§ Barking Owl Corporation

§ Butucarbin Aboriginal Corporation

§ Biamanga

§ Cullendulla

§ Darug Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessments

§ Darug Aboriginal Land Care

§ Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation

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§ Darug Land Observations

§ Deerubbin LALC

§ Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation

§ Goobah

§ Merrigarn

§ Muragadi

§ Murra Bidgee Mullangari Aboriginal Corporation

§ Murramarang

§ Phil Khan

§ Wailan Aboriginal Group

§ Widescope Indigenous Group

§ Yulay Cultural Services

2.2. Stage 2 and 3

Each project RAP was provided with written details of the proposed project and the draft proposed Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment methodology for the project (Stage 2 of the consultation guidelines). This letter was sent to all project RAPs in July 2019. Request was made for comment and/or review within 28 days of provision of the methodology document. A copy of the methodology document is provided in Appendix A.

All project RAPs were invited to a site visit and on-site consultation meeting on 20 September 2019, providing an opportunity to visit the site, and to discuss the overall project and proposed methodology. The site visit/meeting was attended by Steve Randall (DLALC), Jamie Eastwood (DACHA), Lana Wedgwood (DCAC), as well as Sam Cooling (Curio Projects), and representatives from the City of Parramatta Council; Elizabeth Sandoval, Paul Graham and Julia Gauci. During the site visit and meeting, Curio Projects presented an overview of the proposed project and results of the due diligence assessment, including a summary of the proposed cultural heritage assessment methodology, after which Elizabeth Sandoval presented more detail about the proposed development via presentation of photomontages and an on-site walkthrough.

While an opportunity was made for project RAPs to visit the project site, no archaeological survey was able to be undertaken, due to the nature of the study area as a highly developed and urbanised site, completely covered with existing structures, building, hardstand, landscaping, therefore presenting with no potential for visible surface artefacts nor landscape/landform features capable of informing Aboriginal archaeological assessment.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 19 and significance of the site to project RAPs. All feedback and discussion undertaken at this meeting was recorded, and is summarised in this ACHAR.

Key points discussed at the September 2019 site meeting were as follows:

§ Opportunities for integration of Aboriginal cultural heritage interpretation initiatives within the development, such as bush tucker within proposed floral displays

§ Consideration of songlines integrated within development to share stories/information of the river from Circular Quay to Parramatta Quay

§ Use of the new amphitheatre for Burramatta NAIDOC celebrations

§ Amphitheatre could include storyboards for people using the space to look at

§ Suggestion for a future accessible link from the eastern part of the River corridor to Parramatta Quay, help connect east and west

§ Potential for Council to consider ways to quickly clean the river following flooding events (large amounts of rubbish visible in water around Charles Street Weir).

Figure 2.1: September 2019 Site Visit and RAP Meeting (Source: City of Parramatta 2019) 2.3. Stage 4—Review of Draft Cultural Heritage Assessment Report

The draft ACHAR was provided to all project RAPs on 11 February 2020 for review and comment. Request was made for comments and submissions by 10 March 2020 (28 days from date of provision of draft ACHAR).

2.1. Submissions Received from the Aboriginal Community

All RAP responses to review of the draft ACHAR endorsed and agreed with the recommendations of the report. Table 2.1 provides a summary of submissions received from RAPs with regards to the Charles Street Square Upgrade project. This table has been revised and updated following RAP review of the draft ACHAR. Comments as summarised below have generally been paraphrased from verbal comment, or indicated where they are a direct quote from a written response. Full details of all comments, feedback and copies of written submissions are included in Appendices A and B.

Table 2.1: Summary of Key RAP Submissions/Comments

# DATE FORMAT COMMENT

1 18.2.20 Email “I have reviewed the document and support the ACHAR.” “I have read the draft ACHAR for the above project, I endorse the 2 25.2.20 Email recommendations made” “This area is significant to the Darug people due to the evidence of 3 27.2.20 Email continued occupation, within close proximity to this project site there is a complex of significant sites.”

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# DATE FORMAT COMMENT

“Many Aboriginal organisations listed in the OEH response letter do not contribute to the Aboriginal community of Western Sydney. Individuals listed in the OEH response letter do not represent the community and while they may be consulted with, should not be employed for their own personal financial benefit.” “… have received and reviewed the report for Charles Street Square, Parramatta. We support the recommendations set out in this report.” We agree and support all your recommendations regarding Charles Street 4 2.3.20 Email Square Parramatta’ I have read the project information and Draft ACHAR for the above project, I 5 3.2.20 Email agree with the recommendations made. 6 9.3.20 Email “Please keep me informed on any further developments” ‘Please keep us informed on any further developments and we support the 7 9.3.20 Email draft ACHAR for Charles Street Square, Parramatta’

2.2. Curio Response to Submissions

All written responses received were replied to, directly addressing any comments, acknowledging how they had been addressed within ACHAR if relevant, or explaining if otherwise. All responses were supportive of the recommendations of this ACHAR and did not require further response or discussion.

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3. Summary and Analysis of Background Information This section summarises the environmental, historical and archaeological background and context for the Charles Street Square Upgrade study area. This summary serves to place the study area and proposed development into an appropriate regional context. This background assessment has been undertaken in order to provide a holistic understanding of the cultural landscape within which the study area is located. This analysis has been prepared to focus on both the tangible, as well as intangible cultural heritage and Aboriginal history of the region, and will assist with the development of appropriate mitigation measures, prior to any non-reversible impact to the site, Aboriginal archaeology and cultural values and significance.

The descriptions below of physical setting/landscape context and material evidence of Aboriginal occupation at the study area are a summary of the full background analysis undertaken and presented within the ATR (Appendix C).

3.1. Aboriginal Ethnohistory

Prior to European occupation of the region Aboriginal people had inhabited the wider region of the Sydney basin for thousands of years. The Darug, the traditional owners of the Parramatta area, are part of a language group that originally extended from the eastern suburbs of Sydney as far south as La Perouse, west as far as Bathurst and north as far as the Hawkesbury River. The Darug clan group, that occupied modern day Parramatta, were the Barramattagal after whom that place is named. Much of the evidence of traditional Aboriginal lifestyle and economy was disturbed in the early years of European settlement and much of our information on the local people is based on ethnohistorical sources. The Barramattagal people enjoyed an abundant and uniquely varied food resource created by the convergence of fresh water and salt water within the river. Fresh water species included mullet, crayfish, shell fish and turtles while the salt water species included eels, fish, shell fish and molluscs, and large shell middens were created by Aboriginal people along the majority of the main waterways in the region. Post-1788, Aboriginal shell middens were excavated for a myriad of uses by the Europeans. Much of the disturbance of shell middens occurred early in the post-contact period, particularly in areas of the river close to settlement building activity such as Parramatta and Sydney.

3.2. Early Contact Period

The local Aboriginal inhabitants of Parramatta would have been some of Australia’s first traditional owners to experience the detrimental impacts, social dislocation and disturbance which resulted from European arrival.

Parramatta was the second settlement established in New South Wales, intended to supply the Sydney settlement with agricultural resources. Soon after the First Fleet reached Sydney Cove in January 1788, it became apparent that the surrounding land was not suitable for agriculture. In addition, the Colonial Marines and convicts were largely untrained in farming, which exacerbated the shortage of both necessary skills and supplies for maintaining the colony. As a result, explorations were made further inland to locate arable land. Lieutenant Bradley reached at least

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 22 as far as Duck Creek in February 1788 and Bradley noted the good quality of soil along the Parramatta River by May 1788.

Following the failure to establish successful farming operations in Sydney Cove, the British first arrived in Parramatta in 1788 on the hunt for more appropriate land for agriculture, leading to the establishment of one of the colony’s earliest agricultural settlement (along with a military redoubt) at Rose Hill (the original name for Parramatta). Following the arrival of the Second Fleet in 1790, Parramatta was officially founded by Governor Phillip as the second city on the Australian mainland. Following the success of the farming at Rose Hill, the decision was made to expand the settlement, with a town plan being laid out by Phillip in 1790 with High Street (George Street) running from the planned site of Government House, to the wharf at the eastern end of Parramatta (near Harris Street). The initial planning of Parramatta saw wide streets and large land allotments, with the early population of the city predominantly consisting of convicts. The first permanent dwellings and structures in the city were generally focused along the main streets of George, Macquarie and Church Streets. Parramatta was renamed in 1791, after the Aboriginal name for the area (Burramatta, which is reported to loosely translate to ‘the place where the eels lie down’) (MDCA 2003).

Effects of European occupation of Parramatta would have been keenly felt by the local Parramatta population, including loss of access to traditional lands, disease, starvation, inter- tribal conflict and the breakdown of traditional cultural and social practices. Increasing conflict between the local Parramatta people and the new colonists in the early days of Parramatta lead to the establishment of a school for Aboriginal children, known as the Parramatta ‘Native Institution’, in 1814 (the public gazettal of the ‘Rules and Regulations’ for the Native Institution date to 10 December 1814), in an effort to extend British ideals of ‘civilisation’, commerce and Christianity to local Aboriginal people of the Sydney colony (Brook & Kohen, 1991). In reality, there was no intention of returning children to their parents or of maintaining any traditional cultural connections.

The Institute was originally conceptualized by William Shelley (together with his wife Elizabeth), a trader and former London Missionary Society member, who wrote a letter to Governor Macquarie in April 1814 proposing the establishment of the school. Shelley became the appointed superintendent of the Institution (which after his death in 1815, continued to be run by his wife Elizabeth Shelley).

The Parramatta Native Institute was officially opened with the first Aboriginal Annual Feast on 28 December 1814, at the marketplace in Parramatta (site of the current Parramatta Town Hall). While the establishment of the ‘Annual Feast’ at Parramatta was originally orchestrated with the intention of encouraging Aboriginal families to give their children over to the Institution, it became a significant annual gathering and event in Parramatta from 1814–1835. At its peak, the Annual Feast attracted several hundred Aboriginal people from as far as west of the Blue Mountains, Jervis Bay, Broken Bay and the Monaro district, all gathering in Parramatta for the annual distribution of food, blankets, clothes, and the feast (Brook & Kohen 1991: 72).

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Figure 3.1: ‘Annual Meeting Of Native Tribes At Parramatta’, Augustus Earle, C. 1825–1827. (Source: NLA, available from http://Nla.Gov.Au/Nla.Obj-134502097)

Figure 3.2: Sketch of the Native Institution Site/Buildings. Dated To c.1820 (?) (Source: Royal Australian Historical Society Glass Slide 4636, Reproduced In Kass, Liston & McClymont 1996: 105.) 3.2.1. Early Post-Contact Historical Connections

Historical accounts provide information about early interactions between the local Parramatta population and the new colonist settlers in the southern end of George Street dating to the early 1820s, particularly in connection with Reverend William Walker, an early missionary who was a

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 24 significant historical figure in early contact Aboriginal history in Parramatta. Perhaps most well known as one of the managers of the Female Orphan School in Parramatta from 1825-1826, Reverend William Walker had already had significant interaction with the local Parramatta population in the years proceeding this appointment, including taking Aboriginal children into his home (Harrisford), as well as encouraging Aboriginal visitors to Parramatta to attend the Wesleyan Mission House (MDCA 2003).

Part of the Charles Street Square Upgrade study area is located across an early land allotment granted to Walter Lawry (Allotment 70, Figure 3.3), a Methodist missionary who arrived in the NSW colony in 1818 as a chaplain on-board the convict transport vessel Lady Castlereagh. Lawry was instrumental in the establishment of the Methodist church in the colony, and through his work with the Shelley’s (who established and managed the Parramatta Native Institute in the 1820s), came to have connections with Aboriginal communities in the Parramatta region.

Figure 3.3: Detail of “Map of the Township of Parramatta”, 1823 showing the early allotment boundaries. Allotment 70 (Lawry) indicated (Source, LPI, CP 1.1022) 3.3. Physical Setting/Landscape Context

The physical setting of the study area, its natural resources, landforms, and wider landscape setting has a significant influence over the nature, location, and form of Aboriginal occupational and use patterns through their interactions with the land (tangible values and site), while also providing meaningful landscape context for intangible heritage and connection to Country.

Parramatta in general falls within the Cumberland Basin, which is a low-lying plain present within the greater Sydney Basin. The land along the Parramatta River is mostly made up of Bringelly Shale of the Wianamatta Group, which is generally overlaid by alluvial materials derived from

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Bringelly Shale and other flood event deposits. The study area is located on the Birrong soil landscape that is generally characterised by fluvial deposits marked by high clay content.

The study area is also located within the bounds of the mapped extent of the Parramatta Sand Sheet (PSB) (Figure 3.4), a Pleistocene era deposit that has been demonstrated to retain significant archaeological, environmental and geological evidence that contributes to the understanding of the Cumberland Basin pre-European settlement. The PSB has been demonstrated to contain stratified Aboriginal archaeological materials dating to the Pleistocene period, i.e. c.30,000 years BP. Archaeological excavations undertaken on the PSB in recent years have consistently demonstrated that the uppermost levels have been mostly removed due to historical land use activities, truncating the PSB in most locations.

No known sources for stone tool materials are located within the bounds of Parramatta. Therefore, it is assumed that raw materials used by local people for manufacture of stone tools would have been imported from the surrounding area or possibly from St Marys, Marsden Park, or other western areas where silcrete is known to be sourced. Other, less certain, sources of raw material for use in stone tool manufacture including basalt and other volcanic materials may have been sourced from the Toongabbie area.

Located directly along the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River, the study area would have afforded access to significant natural resources of the river, however its proximity to the river also means it would have been (and remains so) to be susceptible to major flooding events. This would have caused significant soil erosion events, particularly prior to the 1970s when flood mitigation strategies were developed.

Historical accounts written at the time of the NSW colony being established describe a slight bank with open grassland containing large trees (species likely to include grey box and forest red gum) that were a considerable distance from each other. The open nature of the area would have enabled Aboriginal people to camp along the bank with easy access to the Parramatta River. There is also potential that the lack of underbrush described may have meant that burning along the banks may have been occurring in the area.

Other vegetation that may have been present would have been mangroves, paperbark and swamp oak along with common reed, however native vegetation along the Parramatta River foreshore was extensively disturbed during the development of Parramatta CBD. Parramatta would have provided Aboriginal people with access to rich freshwater and saltwater resources such as fish, shellfish, molluscs, eels, ducks, mullet, crayfish and turtles. Faunal resources would have included mammals such as possums, flying foxes, goannas, wallabies and kangaroos.

Modern development in the area included construction of a ferry stop, adjacent access ways, surrounding building development and infrastructure. This would have impacted directly on the study area at least superficially with potential for deeper deposits to remain intact.

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Figure 3.4: Indicative mapping of Parramatta Sand Body over Study Area (Source: Curio 2019, after Mitchell 2007)

3.3.1. Description of Project Area

The study area is located along the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River, to the north of the Parramatta CBD. The majority of the site is located on Lot 2 DP869816. The site is bounded to the north by the Parramatta River, with the Charles St Weir at its very northern extent. The southwestern corner of the study area is located at the intersection of Phillip and Charles Streets, while the western edge bounds a reserve along the southern foreshore.

The study area is approximately 160m in length, running northwest to southeast, and generally presents as a developed urban site with 0% ground visibility. At the time of writing, the central area of the site was characterised by tiered concrete areas connected by stairs, with concrete pathways and access areas (Figure 3.5). There were some areas of vegetation in landscaping, and the existing wharf extends out into the river (Figure 3.6).

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The southeast of the site is a landscaped reserve that imitates the descriptions of the natural environment. It is open and grassed, with soil deposits visible at the surface, and trees well- spaced throughout. These trees, which feature many of those described in the natural environment, may represent both planted vegetation and remnant natural vegetation.

Figure 3.5: View of the study area showing the terracing, garden beds and wharf structure (Source: Curio 2019)

Figure 3.6: Existing developed site, terracing leading to the wharf (Source: Curio 2019)

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3.4. Material Evidence of Aboriginal Land Use

3.4.1. Archaeological Evidence of Aboriginal Occupation

Extensive archaeological excavations across the Parramatta CBD in recent years have served to confirm a pivotal trend of archaeology across the city: that the presence of modern development at a site is not sufficient to determine that all subsurface archaeological deposits have been disturbed or removed. In fact, if anything, previous archaeological excavations have consistently demonstrated that both historical and Aboriginal archaeological deposits (including natural soil profiles) remain intact at a large number of sites across the Parramatta CBD.

Numerous archaeological excavations have determined the potential for intact natural soil profiles to be present beneath layers of modern and historical development, and therefore it cannot be assumed that simply because the land in question has been developed, that this would have removed all Aboriginal archaeological deposits in this location. Aboriginal stone artefacts, in pre-historic, post-contact, and disturbed contexts, are likely to be present across most areas of the Parramatta CBD.

The nature, location and extent of archaeological evidence of Aboriginal occupation as it presents in the Parramatta region is further described in the following subsections.

3.4.2. AHIMS Search

An extensive search of the Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) database was undertaken on 4 April 2019, centred on the study area with a buffer of 1km, and returned 87 results. The extensive AHIMS search is attached as an appendix to the ATR (Appendix C to this report). There were no sites identified directly within the study area, however the closest site was located only c.40m to the south, and consisted of an artefact site (#45-6-2648, Charles/George 1).

The most common site types in the area are artefact sites (n=37), followed by Potential Archaeological Deposits (PADs) (n=32), and Potential Archaeological Deposits (PADs) in relation to a number of other site types (n=14). While two modified trees and one grinding groove were located by this AHIMS search, neither of these sites are in close proximity to the current study area.

The AHIMS sites 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1) are registered as being located c.50m and c.150m south and southeast respectively of the current study area. While these two sites are registered individually, archaeological excavations at both sites (JMcDCHM 2005a; 2005b) have revealed the same archaeological feature, the PSB terrace.

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Figure 3.7: AHIMS Sites. Study Area in Red (Source: Curio 2019) 3.4.3. Previous Archaeological Investigations and Assessment

A literature review of the NSW OEH library along with other relevant reports was undertaken in order to understand the broader archaeological patterning of the Parramatta region. This literature review is presented in detail within the ATR, of which, a summary is provided as follows.

Aboriginal archaeological excavations have often been undertaken in conjunction with historical archaeological excavations across Parramatta. Numerous Aboriginal archaeological excavations have successfully demonstrated that regardless of the level of supposed development and ground impact at a site within Parramatta, there often remains the potential for Aboriginal archaeological deposits and stone artefact assemblages to remain intact within remnant natural soil profiles, as well as in a post-contact context.

An Archaeological Management Strategy (AMS) prepared for the Parramatta River CBD Foreshore (Extent 2017) identified Charles Street Square as ‘Precinct 14’. The AMS assessed the study area as having an overall moderate archaeological potential, with the part of the study

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 30 area with the potential to contain part of the PSB assessed as having high Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity. The AMS recommended that any works within the Precinct that will impact potential Aboriginal heritage would require an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment, which would be likely to be complex and require sub-surface investigation.

Several archaeological excavations undertaken by Jo McDonald CHM in 2004 were the first to definitively identify the presence of a complex and significant Aboriginal archaeological deposit within the PSB. Located in very close proximity to the current study area (i.e. the closest being within 50m), these sites represented multiple periods of Aboriginal occupation of the area, from those of considerable antiquity, to more recent deposits.

Over 6,500 artefacts were recovered from archaeological excavation on the PSB at the corner of Charles and George Street (CG-1) with relative dating suggesting that the older assemblage could date to between 10,000 and 20,000 years BP (JMcDCHM 2005a).

Following from the excavation at CG-1, archaeological salvage excavation at the nearby site of RTA-G1 (109-113 George Street) (JMcDCHM 2005b) recovered >6,500 Aboriginal stone artefacts from within the PSB- as well as recovering some of the earliest radiocarbon dates of Aboriginal archaeological deposits in the greater Sydney region- indicating repeated occupation of the PSB in this location from c.30,000 years BP (Pleistocene era). At the time this date was recovered, this more than doubled the previously accepted scientifically dated timeframe for Aboriginal occupation of the Sydney region. The RTA-G1 site was identified as being a continuation of the same archaeological landscape of CG1.

Archaeological test and salvage excavation of 101-110A George Street (CG3) in 2005 (JMcDCHM 2006) encountered further evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the PSB- identified as being a continuation of the archaeological landscape identified at CG-1 and RTA-G1. Archaeological excavation at CG3 recovered <10,000 artefacts, dominated by silcrete and silicified tuff, along with clear evidence for change in preferential use of raw material types and stone tool production technologies over time.

While numerous other archaeological investigations of relevance to the study area have been summarised in the ATR, evidence is sufficient to demonstrate that Aboriginal archaeological deposits of varying ages and complexity are located along the Parramatta River, particularly along the southern bank. Aboriginal archaeological sites in the vicinity of the study area have consistently identified the presence of multiple phases of occupation and use of the PSB by Aboriginal people in the region- dating from the Pleistocene (c.30,000 BP) through until the mid to late Holocene (c.2,500 BP). These investigations have been sufficient to allow categorisation of the archaeological evidence recovered from the PSB along the southern side of the Parramatta River as part of the same archaeological landscape, particularly sites in proximity to the study area: e.g. CG1; RTA-G1; CG3; GSP 2013.

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Figure 3.8: Location of Sites referenced Above (Source: Curio 2019) 3.5. Regional Character and Archaeological Predictive Model

Aboriginal Predictive Modelling plays an important role in understanding the potential within a study area and thus provides insight into management recommendations. An archaeological predictive model utilises the environmental context, previous historical context and AHIMS results to assess the potential for remaining archaeological materials to be present. In the case of this study area generally it can be described as having moderate to high potential for the presence of Aboriginal archaeological objects. Aboriginal archaeological potential within the study area generally correlates with the extent of the PSB, as depicted in Figure 3.4.

The environmental context suggests that given the proximity of the study area to water, its fairly open access, and its deep alluvial deposits (i.e. potential to contain part of the PSB), the site would be a prime location for past Aboriginal use. Furthermore, the site may have preserved these deposits intact below the current ground surface. While it is known that the area would have been frequently impacted by flood events from the Parramatta River, and that this would have caused erosion and scouring, there is no reason to believe that this would have removed all potential archaeological remains. The known past landscape suggests similarity to the current incline to the riverbanks.

It is also known that potentially this site would hold remains of the Parramatta Sand Body, which is significant on a State level due to its high potential for stratified archaeological material. The PSB is thought to occur up to depths of 1.5m to 2m below the ground surface, and as already

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 32 excavated boreholes have identified Bringelly Shale at a depth of 2.5m, it has been assessed that there is potential for the PSB to be encountered within the study area.

From the AHIMS results it can be seen that the most common Aboriginal site types in Parramatta are single artefacts, PADs or some combination of the two. There are modified trees and grinding grooves, but these are rare and are located within areas of low development, and so are unlikely to be found within the study area. From this data it can be seen that most sites are found on the southern side or Parramatta river and within 500m of a permanent water source. There are many sites positioned within the Birrong Soil Landscape, which the study area primarily sits within. Using this information, it can be seen that the potential for PADs or artefacts within the current study area is relatively high.

Historically the site has been underdeveloped, and prior to the currently wharf’s construction, very little disturbance has occurred. It was the site of a Chinese market garden and potentially part of the Rosehill settlement during convict and colonial periods. These most likely would have disturbed upper deposits of Aboriginal significance. However, modern development is likely to have left deeper Aboriginal deposits intact. The extent of erosion and modern disturbance from the wharf is currently unknown, and therefore testing would be required to inform specific potential.

Previous studies in close proximity to the study area have shown that the PSB is present in the vicinity and has the potential to contain Aboriginal artefactual material and sites. However, a number of previous archaeological excavations undertaken in the Parramatta area has indicated that while the PSB was commonly subject to ephemeral occupation by Aboriginal people over the past 20-30,000 years, only very localised areas appear to have been used more intensively, with the majority of excavated sites reflecting a low intensity use of the landscape.

This would suggest that similar findings may be present within the study area. It has also been found that Aboriginal objects can be found within disturbed contexts, and the exact nature of how they came to be deposited still holds scientific value and research potential. It can be assumed that more intact deposits would be located a small distance from the river, being free from constant erosion. This means that upslope from the wharf would hold the highest potential for intact archaeological deposits, with the deposits being more affected by re-deposition from the river. This does not lessen the probability that material would survive but would make it less useful from a research perspective.

AHIMS Site #45-6-2648, Charles/George 1 (CG1) is located only c.50m to the south of the Charles Street Square study area. While this site is registered as an individual point, it has been widely accepted as being part of a wider Aboriginal archaeological landscape in this location, including other sites such as RTA-G1 and CG3. The proximity of the current study area to these three sites, located along the boundary of the same sand body, means that any potential Aboriginal archaeological deposits located within the Charles St Square study area would be considered to be part of the same archaeological landscape as sites CG1, RTA-G1 and CG3.

Therefore, it is recommended that rather than registering an additional site with AHIMS for the PAD associated with the study area, that the site card for AHIMS Site 45-6-2648, Charles/George

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1 (CG1) be revised to include the study area within its extent, reflecting the association and distribution of this connected archaeological landscape, and avoiding unnecessary duplication of sites.

While tangible evidence is important, it is acknowledged that there is also potential for Aboriginal intangible values to be associated with the study area and its landscape context. For example, the riverbank of the Parramatta River has been identified through previous investigations as being of high significance to Aboriginal people. Intangible values of the study area (i.e. social, spiritual and cultural values of significance to the local Aboriginal community) are discussed further in Section 4 of this ACHAR.

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4. Cultural Heritage Values and Significance Assessment The Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS 2013) defines cultural significance as:

…aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. (Australia ICOMOS 2013: 2)

The five types of cultural heritage value, as presented in The Burra Charter (2013) form the basis of assessing the Aboriginal heritage values and significance of a site or area. Each of these cultural heritage values, as specifically relevant to Aboriginal cultural heritage, are summarised as follows (after OEH 2011a).

Social (Cultural) and Spiritual Value—spiritual, traditional, historical or contemporary associations and attachments the place or area has for Aboriginal people. Social or cultural value is how people express their connection with a place and the meaning that place has for them.

Historic Value—associations of a place with a historically important person, event, phase or activity in an Aboriginal community. Historic places do not always have physical evidence of their historical importance (such as structures, planted vegetation or landscape modifications). They may have ‘shared’ historic values with other (non-Aboriginal) communities.

Scientific Value—the importance of a landscape, area, place or object because of its rarity, representativeness and the extent to which it may contribute to further understanding and information.

- Assessment of Scientific Value also includes assessment in terms of Research Potential, Integrity, Condition, Complexity, Archaeological Potential, Connectedness, Representativeness, Rarity, Education Potential, and Archaeological Landscapes.

Aesthetic Value—sensory, scenic, architectural and creative aspects of the place. It is often closely linked with the social values. It may consider form, scale, colour, texture and material of the fabric or landscape, and the smell and sounds associated with the place and its use.

Assessment of each of the above criteria has been undertaken in consideration of the landscape and environmental context of the study area, Aboriginal history, previous archaeological work, and the field survey. The assessment of each criteria has then been graded (as per OEH 2011a Guide to Investigating) in terms of high, medium and low, in order to allow significance to be described and compared. The application of the cultural values criteria to the Aboriginal cultural heritage of the study area has also included consideration of research potential, representativeness, rarity and education potential for each criterion (as relevant).

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4.1. Assessment of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Values

4.1.1. Social (Cultural) and Spiritual Value

The local Aboriginal community of Parramatta have stated that the Parramatta River is of high cultural and spiritual significance. The study area is located on the southern foreshore of the River and therefore included within this statement of significance. The study area has social significance both for its intangible values (such as Darug connection to Country and use of space), as well as for its association with tangible archaeological evidence of continued Aboriginal occupation of the area. Numerous sites are located in close proximity to the study area that provide physical evidence for the continued Darug occupation of the River foreshore and immediate surrounds.

Darug people consider all their sites to be connected. Viewed as a whole, these sites form a complex that embodies all aspects of Darug history and life. This complex of sites is of exceptional significance for its ability to provide evidence of ongoing occupation, land use and traditional lifestyle across Darug Country, demonstrating the long-enduring and continuous Darug occupation of, and connection to, the Parramatta area.

Should archaeological deposits be present within the study area, for the local Darug community, this would represent a tangible and meaningful connection to their ancestors.

Aboriginal community consultation to date in relation to the Charles Street Square Upgrade has provided the following statements of social and cultural significance:

…this area is significant to the Darug people due to the connection of sites and the continued occupation

…The area is an important part of our culture and valued by the community as most of the people that lived there were Darug.

RAP review of the draft ACHAR provided the following further description of significance of the study area and surrounds to Darug people:

Landscapes and landforms are significant to us for the information that they hold and the connection to Darug people. Aboriginal people (Darug) had a complex lifestyle that was based on respect and belonging to the land, all aspects of life and survival did not impact on the land but helped to care for and conserve land and the sustenance that the land provided. As Darug people moved through the land there were no impacts left, although there was evidence of movement and lifestyle, the people moved through areas with knowledge of their areas and followed signs that were left in the landscape. Darug people knew which areas were not to be entered and respected the areas that were sacred (see Appendix A, Stage 4 for source of this commentary)

The study area is therefore considered to have high social and spiritual significance to the local Aboriginal (Darug) community.

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4.1.2. Historical Value

The study area holds potential to be of historical value and significance to local Aboriginal people in connection with the wider area in this part of Parramatta because of its association with early interactions between European colonists and Aboriginal people at the Parramatta settlement.

4.1.3. Scientific (Archaeological) Value

OEH states the scientific (archaeological) value of an Aboriginal site or place to:

Refer to the importance of a landscape, area, place or object because of its rarity, representativeness, and the extent to which it may contribute to further understanding and information. (OEH 2011: 9)

Following OEH guidelines for assessing scientific value (OEH 2011), five key criteria have been considered with regards to the scientific and archaeological context of the study area in order to determine its level of scientific significance. These criteria, as they have been applied to the study area, are defined below in Table 4.1. Following the criteria above, an assessment of the potential scientific significance of the Charles Street Square study area has been undertaken, identified as relevant to the five key criteria.

Table 4.1: Archaeological significance criteria

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION

Research Potential Research potential describes how much potential a site has to contribute to a further scientific or archaeological understanding of a site/area/region. This should include consideration of factors such as: integrity and condition (the level of soil disturbance that a site has been subject to and the ability for the site to yield intact archaeological deposits); complexity (demonstrated or potential ability of a site to yield a complex archaeological deposit; archaeological potential (the potential for a site to yield an archaeological deposit or resource); and connectedness (the connection of a site to others in the local area or wider region, though aspects such as type, chronology, content, location etc). Rarity Rarity refers to the frequency of similar site types in a local or regional area/landscape. Representativeness Representativeness refers to the level of variability between or within Aboriginal sites in an area or region, what is already conserved, how sites relate to each other, and the condition that a particular site type may be in that is able to better present or demonstrate more clearly that specific site type through the archaeological record. Education Potential Education potential refers to the ability of a site to contribute to the public record and provide teaching resources in order to further understanding of Aboriginal cultural heritage and archaeology. Is the site well preserved? Are there artefacts that would be good to use in teaching? Are there recognisable site features, artefacts types, records etc, that would be productive in teaching or use within public heritage interpretation strategies? Archaeological The study of Aboriginal cultural heritage and archaeological study in the context of Landscapes the wider landscape (geographical and cultural/social) in which they exist.

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The Aboriginal archaeological (scientific) significance of the study area is not currently able to be accurately assessed until the results of Aboriginal archaeological investigations are available.

However, the study area has high research potential because of its location within the mapped PSB, which is an alluvial terrace formation which is significant on a State level due to its high potential for stratified Aboriginal archaeological material dating back to the Pleistocene (c.30,000 years BP). The study area has potential to contain a chrono-stratified archaeological deposit that would be both rare and representative in the context of Aboriginal occupation in this area of Parramatta.

Scientific significance and values can only be further confirmed through a program of archaeological investigation.

4.1.4. Aesthetic Value

The study area may have aesthetic value to the local Aboriginal community, both for its landform positioning on the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River, as well as in the context of the wider Aboriginal landscape in which it is located. Should archaeological investigation within the study area recover Aboriginal stone tools, these may have potential for aesthetic value and significance.

4.2. Statement of Significance

The study area has high social and spiritual significance to the local Aboriginal (Darug) community, connected to the significant intangible values associated with the Parramatta River foreshore, as well as part of the wider Darug Aboriginal landscape.

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5. Conservation and Impact Assessment As noted by the OEH, it is important that an impact assessment directly addresses the potential harm that an activity may pose, specific to an Aboriginal place, objects, site or archaeological deposit (OEH 2011: 12).

5.1. Ecologically Sustainable Development

One of the aims of the NPW Act is to ‘conserve places, objects and features of significance to Aboriginal people’ (NPW Act, Section 2A(1)(b)(i)). One of the ways in which this objective can be achieved, is via the consideration of the principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD). ESD is defined in Section 6 of the Protection of the Environmental Administration Act 1991 (NSW), as requiring the integration of both economic and environmental considerations (including cultural heritage) in the decision-making process for a development, with an aim to achieving, on balance, beneficial outcomes for both development, and Aboriginal cultural heritage.

ESD can be achieved by applying the precautionary principle and the principle of intergenerational equity to the nature of the proposed activity, in relation to the Aboriginal cultural heritage and archaeological values of a site.

5.1.1. Precautionary Principle

The precautionary principle states that if there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. In applying the precautionary principle, decisions should be guided by:

• a careful evaluation to avoid, wherever practicable, serious or irreversible damage to the environment; and

• an assessment of the risk-weighted consequences of various options.

The precautionary principle is relevant to DECC’s [now OEH] consideration of potential impacts to Aboriginal cultural heritage where:

• the proposal involves a risk of serious or irreversible damage to Aboriginal objects or places or to the value of those objects or places; and

• there is uncertainty about the Aboriginal cultural heritage values or scientific or archaeological values, including in relation to the integrity, rarity, or representativeness of the Aboriginal objects or places proposed to be impacted.

Where this is the case, a precautionary approach should be taken and all cost-effective measures implemented to prevent or reduce damage to the objects/place. (DECC 2009: 26)

5.1.2. Intergenerational Equity

Intergenerational equity is the principle whereby the present generation should ensure the health, diversity and productivity of the environment for the benefit of future generations.

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In terms of Aboriginal heritage, intergenerational equity can be considered in terms of the cumulative impacts to Aboriginal objects and places in a region. If few Aboriginal objects and places remain in a region (for example, because of impacts under previous AHIPs), fewer opportunities remain for future generations of Aboriginal people to enjoy the cultural benefits of those Aboriginal objects and places.

Information about the integrity, rarity or representativeness of the Aboriginal objects and places proposed to be impacted, and how they illustrate the occupation and use of land by Aboriginal people across the region, will be relevant to the consideration of intergenerational equity and the understanding of the cumulative impacts of a proposal.

Where there is uncertainty, the precautionary principle should also be followed. (DECC 2009: 26)

5.2. Proposed Activity

The Charles Street Square Stage 1 Renewal development proposes to deliver a substantial upgrade of the existing Charles Street Square, improving amenity, access, legibility and identity at this important gateway to Parramatta City. The project will be delivered in coordination with a major public artwork, and will complement the RMS upgrade of the ferry wharf infrastructure.

A high quality river foreshore is a major opportunity identified in the Parramatta 2038 Community Strategic Plan for the Parramatta CBD, supported by the adoption of the Parramatta City River Strategy.

The key components of the project design as per the preferred concept design will include:

§ Circulation system of ramps and walkways that provides universal access between the street and the riverfront

§ Generous seating terraces and steps integrate with the ramps and walkways to create more direct access to the riverfront, and also create a space that can be inhabited for events as well as everyday activities (rest, viewing the river, waiting for the ferry etc)

§ Landscaping including removal of some existing trees and addition of new trees

§ New shade structure integrated with seating terraces

§ Preservation of existing means of access to adjacent land uses (driveway to 94 Phillip St, right of carriageway to 36 Charles St)

Development activities associated with the construction of the Upgrade will include:

§ Demolition of existing terraces and replacement with new walkways and ramps, installation of new seating terraces and seating around existing trees;

§ Relocation of existing automated toilets (Exeloo ‘Orbit’);

§ Construction of several new structures (i.e. new shade structure, new ferry shed);

§ Cutting and filling to achieve required levels;

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§ Installation of new traffic bollards at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets;

§ Excavations for new and revised service routes, stormwater lines and pits; and

§ Retention of existing trees, planting of new trees and general landscaping.

The detail of the design is currently under refinement, and may be subject to minor revisions, such as the final detailed design of the terraces, ramps and walkways. However, this has been allowed for within this impact assessment, with below ground impacts assessed for their potential to impact archaeology more generally.

Figure 5.1 to Error! Reference source not found. presents the concept design for the development, while Figure 5.2 summarises the indicative locations and extent of below ground impacts/excavation required for the development.

5.2.1. Activities with Potential to Impact Aboriginal Sites

Development activities with the potential to impact Aboriginal sites and/or potential archaeology are those that extend below the ground surface within the zone of mapped Aboriginal archaeological potential. These development impacts include:

§ Cutting and filling to achieve required levels;

§ Installation of new traffic bollards at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets;

§ Local trenching for new and amended services (e.g. electrical conduits, stormwater lines and pits);

§ Other minor excavation for site features such as light pole footings, bike hoops, signage etc; and

§ Planting of new trees and general landscaping.

Below ground impacts of the development are generally confined to the western side of the study area, with minimal to no below ground impacts proposed for the southeastern extent of the area (i.e. the southeastern part of the study area consists mainly of new gardens and landscaping with minimal development).

Figure 5.3 presents a sketch of the below ground development impacts with reference to the mapped extent of the PSB within the study area (i.e. the area of potential Aboriginal archaeology).

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Figure 5.1: General Arrangement Plan (SMM, April 2020)

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Figure 5.2: Indicative Extent of Excavation, Preferred Concept Design (SMM + Lahznimmo, 19.3.2020)

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Figure 5.3: Indicative Extent of Excavation with Aboriginal Archaeology (Source: SMM with Curio Additions 2019)

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5.3. Avoiding and Minimising Harm

While the provisions of the NPW Act hinge predominantly on the presence and protection of physical Aboriginal sites (i.e. and AHIP provides a defence against ‘harm’ to ‘Aboriginal objects’), an effective and holistic assessment of potential impact to Aboriginal cultural heritage values as posed by a development is really two-fold:

§ the physical and archaeological values of sites (tangible heritage); and

§ the wider social and cultural impact of a development within a landscape (often relating to more intangible Aboriginal heritage values, lacking material evidence).

The ATR (which functions as an appendix to this ACHAR) includes a detailed assessment of the potential impacts to the physical heritage (Aboriginal objects, physical sites, and potential archaeological deposits). This assessment has been summarised below. However, this ACHAR also seeks to address the potential impact of the development on the wider social and intangible values of the study area and landscape in which it is located.

5.3.1. Potential Impact to Aboriginal Objects/Sites/Archaeology

Archaeological potential within the Charles Street Square study area is directly related to the possible presence of the PSB, and the Aboriginal archaeological potential associated with this feature. Therefore, the archaeological potential within the study area is directly related to that of registered AHIMS sites 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1).

While the site card for AHIMS site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) was not available to request from AHIMS, an assessment of the 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1) card, as well as the results of the archaeological excavations undertaken at both sites (JMcDCHM 2005a; 2005b) indicates that it is appropriate to treat the potential within the current study area as a component of these two registered sites (regardless of the nature of AHIMS sites that require an individual coordinate location be registered).

Therefore, below ground impacts for the study area are considered to have potential to impact on the extent of the PAD associated with AHIMS site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1).

Table 5.1: Type and Degree of Impact and Harm that Development Activities may cause to Aboriginal sites

TYPE OF DEGREE OF CONSEQUENCE OF HARM ACTIVITY HARM HARM

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TYPE OF DEGREE OF CONSEQUENCE OF HARM ACTIVITY HARM HARM

Partial loss of value (dependent on Excavation of new tree pit Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the study area) Partial loss of value (dependent on Other general landscaping and Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the minor works study area)

5.3.2. Potential Impact to Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Values

As discussed in the introduction to this section above, intangible Aboriginal heritage values of a site or area are as important to the local Aboriginal community, if not more important, as the more tangible and physical evidence of Aboriginal life and culture that remains in the landscape. Therefore, it is appropriate to consider the potential impact the proposed development may have to wider intangible cultural heritage values, and, should potential impact be identified, appropriate management strategies should be developed to help mitigate this impact.

Consultation with the project RAPs has provided several relevant comments regarding potential impact to intangible heritage values associated with the study area and surrounds:

§ The area is significant to the Darug people due to the connection and proximity to the complex of significant sites in the Parramatta area and evidence of continued occupation

§ Landscapes and landforms are significant for the information they hold, and connection to Darug people. While physical evidence of the passage of Darug people through the land may not necessarily remain evident today, people had intricate knowledge of their land and followed signs in the landscape–aware and respectful of restricted and sacred areas.

5.4. Proposed Conservation (Avoidance)

Curio Projects have been working closely with SMM and City of Parramatta Council through the development of the Concept Plan for the Charles Street Square upgrade in order to provide advice regarding the potential of the development to impact Aboriginal archaeology. Following from this advice, below ground development impacts have been located as much as possible to the north of the study area (i.e. within areas of highly disturbed soils adjacent to the river foreshore with low to no potential to contain Aboriginal archaeological deposits), with the concept design making a concerted effort to reduce impacts within the mapped extent of the PSB.

5.5. Harm to Aboriginal Objects and Values

Table 5.2 presents a summary of the Aboriginal sites that have the potential to be harmed through the proposed development works, and summarises the type and degree of physical harm the proposed development may present. N.B. The potential harm proposed to this site is dependent on the results of Aboriginal archaeological investigation to confirm whether the PAD associated with the study area actually contains an intact Aboriginal archaeological deposit, or not.

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Table 5.2: Physical Harm to Aboriginal Sites

SITE TYPE OF HARM DEGREE OF HARM CONSEQUENCE OF HARM

Partial loss of value (TBC Charles/George 1 following test excavation to Direct Partial AHIMS #45-6-2648 confirm nature of PAD in this location)

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6. Management, Mitigation and Recommendations This report relates specifically to the proposed development impacts of the Charles Street Square Upgrade Concept Plan design, in relation to potential Aboriginal archaeological and cultural heritage impacts, and provides recommendations for management and mitigation of development impacts, both archaeologically (i.e. ground disturbing works), as well as culturally (i.e. opportunities for Aboriginal cultural heritage interpretation within the site redevelopment).

The Aboriginal cultural heritage values and Aboriginal archaeological potential of the study area are proposed to be managed and mitigated via two main strategies:

§ Archaeological investigation; and

§ Aboriginal Heritage Interpretation to facilitate a long term conservation outcome for Aboriginal cultural heritage values (tangible and intangible) within the proposed development.

It is believed that the application of these strategies through the Charles Street Square Upgrade project will serve to minimise any harm posed by the development to Aboriginal cultural heritage values.

6.1. Strategy One—Aboriginal Archaeological Investigation

Section 5.2 of the ATR (Appendix C to this report) presents an archaeological excavation methodology and research design for the study area that has been developed based on the archaeological predictive model, with the aim of investigating the nature and extent of any subsurface Aboriginal archaeological potential within the impact zones of the proposed development

Aboriginal archaeological test excavation under the OEH Code of Practice is not possible at the Charles St Square study area for the following reasons:

§ The study area is in a highly developed urban environment, covered by a layer of historical fill

§ A historical archaeological deposit has the potential to be present across the study area, and would overlay the potential remnant soil profiles with the potential to contain in situ Aboriginal archaeological deposits, and will require investigation/removal in accordance with a S140/S60 consent (NSW Heritage Act), prior to the commencement of any Aboriginal test excavation.

§ The nature of the PSB profile provides complications for archaeological excavations- due to the instability of the sands and relative depth at which the PSB extends- making the excavation methodology as allowed under the Code of Practice not able to be applied to the current study area.

Therefore, a methodology and research design for Aboriginal archaeological investigation of the Charles Street Square study area has been developed–presented in detail in Section 5.2 of the ATR (Appendix C)–to investigate the nature of the potential natural soil profiles within the study

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The aims of archaeological test excavation within the Charles Street Square study area will be to:

§ Identify the boundary, extent and intactness of the PSB within the main impact zones of the study area.

§ Determine the nature, depth, extent, and significance of any potential Aboriginal archaeological deposits within the study area.

§ Identify any locations with Aboriginal stone objects (or other sites) within the study area, for which impact via the proposed works will be unavoidable, and develop management strategies to minimise or mitigate these potential impacts.

§ Salvage a reasonable sample of any Aboriginal archaeological deposits that may be present within the footprint of the development impacts, prior to commencement of development works.

§ Provide data for the overall archaeological record to help refine future archaeological predictive modelling across the Parramatta region (if possible).

6.2. Strategy Two—Aboriginal Heritage Interpretation

Appropriate heritage interpretation can contribute to the conservation and celebration of the history and cultural heritage of the local Darug people and wider local Aboriginal community, preserving their culture, history and stories within the development for generations to come.

Opportunities for potential Aboriginal heritage interpretation initiatives within the study area as discussed with project RAPs during the September 2019 site visit included:

§ Opportunities for integration of Aboriginal cultural heritage interpretation initiatives within the development, such as bush tucker within proposed floral displays

§ Consideration of songlines integrated within development to share stories/information of the river from Circular Quay to Parramatta Quay

§ Use of the new amphitheatre for Burramatta NAIDOC celebrations

§ Amphitheatre could include storyboards for people using the space to look at

Curio Projects have been commissioned to prepare a Heritage Interpretation Plan for the Charles Street Square Upgrade development, an element of which will include Aboriginal cultural heritage significance.

It is appropriate that the Heritage Interpretation Plan for the study area include an analysis of current public art and existing interpretation installations within or in relative proximity to the Charles Street Square study area, in order to ensure that future interpretation initiatives will be relevant and appropriate in the locational context of the study area.

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6.3. Management of Aboriginal Objects

There are several options when it comes to the long-term management and curation of Aboriginal stone objects, once recovered from excavations. The suitability of each option depends on a number of factors including the nature of the development, the significance and extent of the deposit, and the wishes of the Aboriginal community.

City of Parramatta Council has an existing archive facility containing recovered artefacts from sites within the city, located in the Heritage Centre at 346A Church Street Parramatta. It is proposed that any Aboriginal artefacts recovered from the Charles Street Square study area would be temporarily stored within this archive facility until completion of development works.

The intention for long term management of Aboriginal objects recovered from Charles Street Square is that they be returned to site, either for reburial in accordance with Requirement 26 ‘Stone artefact deposition and storage’ in the Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in NSW’, or for incorporation within interpretive opportunities on site. Further consultation with project RAPs on preferred methodology for keeping the objects on Country will be undertaken once the nature and extent of any Aboriginal archaeological resource within the study area is understood.

6.4. Unexpected Finds Policy

6.4.1. Unexpected Aboriginal Objects

Upon discovery of an archaeological feature that is suspected to be an Aboriginal Unexpected Find (excluding human remains- see Section 6.4.2 below), the following procedure should be followed:

1. Cease works in the immediate vicinity of the find. 2. Contact the project archaeologist to verify the nature of the find. 3. If Unexpected Find is confirmed as Aboriginal archaeology, project archaeologist will notify project RAPs and BCD of the find. (If Unexpected Find is confirmed as not Aboriginal in origin, project archaeologist will provide advice for works to recommence). 4. Project Archaeologist/Project RAPs will undertake a preliminary assessment and recording of the find. 5. Formulate archaeological or heritage management plan- specific to nature of the find. 6. Implement archaeological/heritage management plan. 7. Works may commence once archaeological/heritage management plan has been successfully implemented and project archaeologist provides sign off to contractor for works to resume in vicinity of find.

6.4.2. Unexpected Skeletal Remains

While not anticipated to be encountered within the Charles Street Square Upgrade study area, the unexpected discovery of any potential skeletal remains during development works would be

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If any suspected human remains are discovered and/or harmed the proponent must: a) Not further harm these remains; b) Immediately cease all work at the particular location; c) Secure the area so as to avoid further harm to the remains; d) Notify the local police and OEH’s Environment Line on 131 555 as soon as practicable and provide any available details of the remains and their location; and e) Not recommence any work at the particular location unless authorised in writing by OEH.

6.5. Recommendations

The following management recommendations for the Charles Street Square Upgrade project, located at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets, Parramatta, are made on the basis of:

§ Legislation as detailed and adhered to through this ACHAR, including the NPW Act, EP&A Act, and relevant OEH statutory guidelines, protecting Aboriginal cultural and archaeological objects and places in NSW; § Background research and archaeological analysis of the study area in its local and regional contexts; § Consultation with the local Aboriginal community regarding the cultural significance of the study area and wider Aboriginal landscape of the Parramatta River foreshore and Parramatta CBD region, noting their concerns, views and requests; and § The impact of the proposed development within the study area.

It is recommended that:

§ The environmental context of the study area suggests that given its proximity to water, its fairly open access, and its deep alluvial deposits (i.e. potential to contain part of the PSB), the site would be a prime location for past Aboriginal use.

§ The Charles Street Square Upgrade study area has been assessed to have moderate to high potential for a Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) associated with the Parramatta Sand Body in this area of the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River.

§ Proposed development impacts have potential to encounter the PSB and associated PAD, and therefore will require archaeological mitigation to reduce and/or manage potential impacts to Aboriginal archaeology.

§ Archaeological potential within the Charles Street Square study area is directly related to the possible presence of the PSB, and the Aboriginal archaeological potential associated with this feature. Therefore, the archaeological potential within the study area is directly related to the same archaeological landscape and extent of the PAD of registered AHIMS sites 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1)

§ Rather than registering an additional site with AHIMS for the PAD associated with the Charles Street Square study area, the site card for AHIMS Site 45-6-2648, Charles/George 1

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(CG1) should be revised to include the study area within its extent- reflecting the association and distribution of this connected archaeological landscape, and avoiding unnecessary duplication of sites.

§ Aboriginal archaeological test excavation under the OEH Code of Practice is not possible at the Charles St Square study area as:

o The study area is in a highly developed urban environment, covered by a layer of historical fill; o A historical archaeological deposit has the potential to be present across the study area, and would overlay the potential remnant soil profiles with the potential to contain in situ Aboriginal archaeological deposits, and will require investigation/removal in accordance with a S140/S60 consent (NSW Heritage Act), prior to the commencement of any Aboriginal test excavation; and o The nature of the PSB profile provides complications for archaeological excavations- due to the instability of the sands and relative depth at which the PSB extends- making the excavation methodology as allowed under the Code of Practice not able to be applied to the current study area. § A more practical and bespoke test excavation methodology and research design- tailored to the nature of the study area and proposed development- has been developed to investigate the nature of the potential natural soil profiles within the study area.

§ An application for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) under Section 90 of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 should be submitted to the Aboriginal Heritage Planning Section of the Environment, Energy and Science division, of the NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment for the Charles Street Square Upgrade development.

o The AHIP Application should allow for potential impact to the Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) associated within AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1).

o The AHIP application should be accompanied by a copy of this ACHAR (including the appended ATR).

o The AHIP should apply to the land as shown in Figure 6.1

§ A copy of this final ACHAR should be provided to all project RAPs for their records.

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Figure 6.1: AHIP Application Area (Source: Curio 2020)

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7. References Benson, DH & Howell, J 1990, Taken for Granted: the bushland of Sydney and its suburbs, Kangaroo Press, Sydney.

Brook, J and Kohen, J. 1991, The Parramatta Native Institute and the Blacktown: A History. NSW University Press

Dominic Steele Consulting Archaeology (DSCA) 2017, Aboriginal Archaeological Test & Salvage Excavation Report: 184-188 George Street, Parramatta, NSW. Prepared for Wizcorp Pty Ltd.

Extent Heritage 2017a, Parramatta River CBD Foreshore Archaeological Management Strategy: Volume I. Prepared for City of Parramatta.

Extent Heritage 2017b, Parramatta River CBD Foreshore Archaeological Management Strategy: Volume II. Prepared for City of Parramatta.

GML Heritage 2015, 143–169 Macquarie Street, Parramatta, Aboriginal Archaeological Two-staged Salvage Post Excavation Report. Report prepared for Leighton Properties.

Jo McDonald CHM 2004, Archaeological Test Excavation at 1 Smith Street (Site SSP1), Parramatta, NSW. Report prepared for Casey & Lowe on behalf of Sydney Water.

Jo McDonald CHM 2004a, Archaeological Test Excavation for Indigenous Sites Civic Place, Parramatta: Final Report, prepared for Parramatta City Council.

Jo McDonald CHM 2005a, Archaeological Salvage Excavation of Site RTA-G1, 109-113 George Street, Parramatta, NSW. Report prepared for Landcom.

Jo McDonald CHM 2005b, Archaeological Salvage Excavation of Site CG1 (NPWS 45-5-2648) at the corner of Charles & George Streets, Parramatta. Report prepared for Meriton Apartments.

Kayandel Archaeological Services 2015, Parramatta River Darug Cultural Value Mapping Parramatta. Prepared for Parramatta City Council

Mary Dallas Consulting Archaeologists 2003, Parramatta City Council Aboriginal Heritage Study, prepared for Parramatta City Council

Mary Dallas Consulting Archaeologists 2014, Parramatta Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Study Review, prepared for Parramatta City Council.

Mitchell, P 2008, ‘Nature and distribution of Parramatta Terrace Sand’, Parramatta City Council.

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APPENDIX A—Aboriginal Community Consultation Log

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APPENDIX A—Aboriginal Consultation Log—Charles Street Square, Parramatta Stage 1—Notification of project proposal and registration of interest Stage 1.1—Compilation of a list of Aboriginal stakeholders Statutory Body Contact Date Date Comment Sent Reply

NSW Office of Environment and Barry Gunther 12.4.19 23.4.19 List of stakeholders Heritage Regional Office

The Registrar, Aboriginal Land Rights Elizabeth Loane 12.4.19 17.4.19 Contact Deerubbin LALC Act

National Native Title Tribunal 12.4.19 12.4.19 Refer to Native Title Vision, the Tribunal’s online mapping system to discover native title matters in area of interest.

Mapping system accessed 16.4.19, no Native Title determinations or applications in project area.

Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Steve Randall 12.4.19 15.4.19 Deerubbin LALC registration. Provision of two names to contact. Council (LALC)

City of Parramatta Council (CoP) Jayde Kelly 12.4.19 12.4.19 List of relevant people and organisations that should be consulted

Native Title Services Corp 12.4.19

Greater Sydney Local Land Services Margaret Bottrell 12.4.19 12.4.19 Contact OEH.

Stage 1.2—Newspaper Advertisement Newspaper Date Printed

Parramatta Advertiser 10.4.19

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

A minimum 14 days were allowed for Aboriginal people to respond to the newspaper advertisement (29 April 2019).

Stage 1.3 and 1.4—List of Aboriginal groups/people from Stage 1.1 and 1.2, Aboriginal notification of proposed project and offer to be involved in consultation

Organisation/Person Contact How Date Date Comments Name was Contacted Registered Obtained

Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation CoP 30.4.19

Darug Custodians CoP 30.4.19

Gandangara LALC CoP 30.4.19

Metro LALC CoP 30.4.19

Deerubbin LALC Steve Randall CoP 12.4.19 15.4.19 Deerubbin LALC registration. Provision of two names to contact.

City of Parramatta Aboriginal & Torres Strait CoP 30.4.19 Islander Advisory Committee

Phil Khan DLALC 30.4.19 30.4.19 Phone call registration.

Phil Boney DLALC, 8.5.19 12.5.19 Phone number provided incorrect OEH

Darug Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Gordon Morton OEH 9.5.19 20.5.19 Phone call registration. Assessments

Darug Land Observations Jamie and Anna OEH 8.5.19 9.5.19 Workman

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Organisation/Person Contact How Date Date Comments Name was Contacted Registered Obtained

Des Dyer OEH 9.5.19 15.5.19

A1 Indigenous Services Carolyn Hickey OEH 8.5.19 19.5.19

Gunjeewong Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Cherie Carroll OEH 8.5.19 Corporation Turrise

Merrigarn Indigenous Corporation Shaun Carroll OEH 8.5.19 24.5.19

Corroboree Aboriginal Corporation Marilyn Carroll- OEH 8.5.19 Johnson

Murra Bidgee Mullangari Aboriginal Darleen OEH 8.5.19 24.5.19 Corporation Johnson

Muragadi Heritage Indigenous Corporation Jesse Johnson OEH 8.5.19 24.5.19

Bidjawong Aboriginal Corporation James Carroll OEH 8.5.19

Wurrumay Consultancy Kerrie Slater OEH 8.5.19

Warragil Cultural Services Aaron Slater OEH 8.5.19 (Manager)

Kamul Cultural Services Vicky Slater OEH 8.5.19 (Manager)

Tocomwall Scott Franks OEH 8.5.19

Amanda Hickey Cultural Services Amanda Hickey OEH 8.5.19

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Organisation/Person Contact How Date Date Comments Name was Contacted Registered Obtained

Widescope Indigenous Group Steven and OEH 8.5.19 9.5.19 Donna Hickey

HSB Consultants Patricia OEH 8.5.19 Hampton

Rane Consulting Tony Williams OEH 8.5.19

N/A Anthony OEH 8.5.19 Williams

Dhinawan-Dhigaraa Culture & Heritage Pty Ricky OEH 8.5.19 Ltd Fields/Athol Smith

Gunyuu Kylie Ann Bell OEH 8.5.19

Walbunja Hika Te Kowhai OEH 8.5.19

Badu Karia Lea Bond OEH 8.5.19

Goobah Developments Basil Smith OEH 8.5.19 13.5.19

Wullung Lee-Roy James OEH 8.5.19 Boota

Yerramurra Robert Parson OEH 8.5.19

Nundagurri Newton OEH 8.5.19 Carriage

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Organisation/Person Contact How Date Date Comments Name was Contacted Registered Obtained

Murrumbul Mark Henry OEH 8.5.19

Jerringong Joanne Anne OEH 8.5.19 Stewart

Pemulwuy CHTS Pemulwuy OEH 8.5.19 Johnson

Bilinga Simalene OEH 8.5.19 Carriage

Munyunga Kaya Dawn Bell OEH 8.5.19

Wingikara Hayley Bell OEH 8.5.19

Minnamunnung Aaron Broad OEH 8.5.19

Walgalu Ronald Stewart OEH 8.5.19

Thauaira Shane Carriage OEH 8.5.19

Dharug Andrew Bond OEH 8.5.19

Mirramajah Management OEH 8.5.19

Gulaga Wendy Smith OEH 8.5.19

Biamanga Seli Storer OEH 8.5.19 13.5.19

Cullendulla Corey Smith OEH 8.5.19 13.5.19

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Organisation/Person Contact How Date Date Comments Name was Contacted Registered Obtained

Murramarang Roxanne Smith OEH 8.5.19 13.5.19

DJMD Consultancy Darren Duncan OEH 8.5.19

Butucarbin Aboriginal Corporation Jennifer Beale OEH 8.5.19 23.5.19

Didge Ngunawal Clan Lillie Carroll, OEH 8.5.19 Paul Boyd

Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation Steven OEH 8.5.19 Johnson, Krystle Carroll

Nerrigundah Newtown OEH 8.5.19 Carriage

Wailwan Aboriginal Group Phil Boney OEH 8.5.19

Barking Owl Aboriginal Corporation Jody OEH 8.5.19 19.5.19 Kulakowski (Director)

Yulay Cultural Services Arika Jalomaki OEH 8.5.19 17.5.19 Arika Jalomaki sent an email on 10/07/2019 stating that Yulay Cultural Services support the draft methodology for the project.

Thoorga Nura John Carriage OEH 8.5.19

Darug Boorooberongal Elders Aboriginal Gordon OEH 8.5.19 Corporation Workman

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Organisation/Person Contact How Date Date Comments Name was Contacted Registered Obtained

B. H Heritage Consultants Ralph and Nola OEH 8.5.19 Hampton

Ngambaa Cultural Connections Kaarina Slater OEH 8.5.19

Goodradigbee Cultural & Heritage Aboriginal Caine Carroll OEH 8.5.19 Corporation

Mura Indigenous Corporation Phillip Carroll OEH 8.5.19

A minimum 14 days were allowed for Aboriginal people to register and interest to be consulted.

Stage 1.5—Registered Aboriginal Parties (In Alphabetical Order)

Aboriginal Organisation/Person Contact Method Registration Date and Comments Registered

Deerubbin LALC Steve Randall Email 15.4.19. Registration and two Aboriginal groups to contact

Phil Khan Phone 30.4.19

Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation Justine Coplin Email 30.4.19.

Darug Land Observations Anna Workman Email 9.5.19

Widescope Indigenous Group Steven Hickey Email 9.5.19

Wailan Aboriginal Group Phil Boney Email 12.5.19

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Aboriginal Organisation/Person Contact Method Registration Date and Comments Registered

Murramarang Roxanne Smith Email 13.5.19

Biamanga Janaya Smith Email 13.5.19

Cullendulla Corey Smith Email 13.5.19

Goobah Basil Smith Email 13.5.19

Darug Aboriginal Land Care Des Dyer Email 15.5.19

Yulay Cultural Services Arika Jalomaki Email 17.5.19

A1 Indigenous Services Carolyn Hickey Email 19.5.19

Barking Owl Corporation Jody Kulakowski Email 19.5.19

Darug Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessments Celestine Everingham Phone 20.5.19

Butucarbin Aboriginal Corporation Lowanna Gibson Email 23.5.19

Murra Bidgee Mullangari Aboriginal Corporation Ryan Johnson Email 24.5.19

Muragadi Jesse Johnson Email 24.5.19

Merrigarn Shaun Carroll Email 24.5.19

Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation Krystle Carroll Email 31.5.19

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

Stage 2—Presentation of information about proposed project Stage 2.1—Presentation of proposed project information and provision of proposed assessment methodology to RAPs All RAPs were provided a copy of a document presenting the project information and proposed cultural heritage assessment methodology.

RAP Date Date Method of Comments, Outcomes or Issues Sent Reply Reply

Deerubbin LALC 9.7.19

Phil Khan 9.7.19 23.7.19 Email I have reviewed and agree to your Methodology, looking forward to receiving your next report and look forward to work alongside you with this upcoming project.

Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation 9.7.19 19.7.19 Email Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation have received and reviewed the report for Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta. We support the recommendations set out in this report.

Darug Land Observations 9.7.19 N/A

Widescope Indigenous Group 9.7.19 N/A

Wailan Aboriginal Group 9.7.19 N/A

Murramarang 9.7.19 N/A

Biamanga 9.7.19 N/A

Cullendulla 9.7.19 N/A

Goobah 9.7.19 N/A

Darug Aboriginal Land Care 9.7.19 N/A

Yulay Cultural Services 9.7.19 10.7.19 Email Yulay Cultural Services supports the methodology for this project.

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

RAP Date Date Method of Comments, Outcomes or Issues Sent Reply Reply

A1 Indigenous Services 9.7.19 14.7.19 Email A1 supports the methodology

Barking Owl Corporation 9.7.19 N/A

Darug Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 9.7.19 N/A (Sent via registered post). Assessments

Butucarbin Aboriginal Corporation 9.7.19 N/A

Murra Bidgee Mullangari Aboriginal 9.7.19 11.7.19 Email I have read the project information and methodology for the above project, I Corporation endorse the recommendations made.

Muragadi 9.7.19 11.7.19 Email I have read the project information, background and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology for the above project, I agree with the recommendations made.

Merrigarn 9.7.19 11.7.19 Email I have read the proposed cultural heritage methodology for the above project, I endorse the recommendations made by Curio Projects.

Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation 9.7.19 N/A

All RAPs were provided with a minimum of 28 days (from date of provision of methodology document) to provide feedback of the project information and proposed cultural heritage methodology document. Verbal comment was also accepted from RAPs if desired, during the field survey (see below).

Submissions to the project information and methodology were documented, addressed where appropriate, and included within the ACHAR. Submissions received are appended to this document below.

Stage 2.2—On-Site Consultation Meeting and Site Inspection—Opportunity for RAPs to Visit project site—Attendees All project RAPs were invited to attend an on-site consultation meeting and site inspection on 20 September 2019.

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

RAP Representative Comments/Discussion

Darug Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Jamie Eastwood Assessments

Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation Lana Wedgwood

Deerubbin LALC Steve Randall

Stage 3—Gathering information about cultural significance Stage 3.1—Gathering information from RAPs on presence of Aboriginal objects of cultural value, and places of cultural value RAPs were provided the cultural heritage assessment methodology at the same time as the project information, with a minimum of 28 days to provide feedback of the project information and proposed cultural heritage methodology document. Details of, including submissions and responses are summarised above in Stage 2.1.

Stage 4—Review of draft cultural heritage assessment report All RAPs were provided a copy of the draft ACHAR via email or registered post on 11 February 2020 and provided with 28 days from date of provision of draft ACHAR for review (10 March 2020). Comments received are detailed below. Where verbal comment has been provided rather than written comment, Curio Projects has confirmed with the RAP that they are happy with this method of submission of feedback and comments.

A copy of all written submissions received from project RAPs are attached to this appendix.

RAP Contact Date Date Method Comments, Outcomes or Issues How Comments were Addressed Sent Reply (where relevant)

Deerubbin LALC Steve Randall 11.2.20 N/A Email

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

RAP Contact Date Date Method Comments, Outcomes or Issues How Comments were Addressed Sent Reply (where relevant)

Darug Aboriginal Gordon 11.2.20 N/A Registered post Cultural Heritage Morton/ #63307606678060 Assessments Celestine Everingham

A1 Indigenous Carolyn 11.2.20 18.2.20 Email “I have reviewed the document and N/A Services Hickey support the ACHAR.”

Murrabidgee Ryan 11.2.20 25.2.20 Email “I have read the draft ACHAR for the N/A Mullangari Johnson above project, I endorse the recommendations made”

Darug Custodian Justine 11.2.20 27.2.20 Email “This area is significant to the Darug SC email response 17.3.20. Will Aboriginal Coplin people due to the evidence of update ACHAR with Corporation continued occupation, within close recommendations, including concern proximity to this project site there is a about OEH response letter. complex of significant sites.”

“Landscapes and landforms are significant to us for the information that they hold and the connection to Darug people. Aboriginal people (Darug) had a complex lifestyle that was based on respect and belonging to the land, all aspects of life and survival did not impact on the land but helped to care for and conserve land and the sustenance that the land provided. As

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

RAP Contact Date Date Method Comments, Outcomes or Issues How Comments were Addressed Sent Reply (where relevant)

Darug people moved through the land there were no impacts left, although there was evidence of movement and lifestyle, the people moved through areas with knowledge of their areas and followed signs that were left in the landscape. Darug people knew which areas were not to be entered and respected the areas that were sacred.”

“Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation have received and reviewed the report for Charles Street Square, Parramatta. We support the recommendations set out in this report.”

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

RAP Contact Date Date Method Comments, Outcomes or Issues How Comments were Addressed Sent Reply (where relevant)

Phil Khan 11.2.20 2.3.20 Email ‘We agree and support all your N/A recommendations regarding Charles Street Square Parramatta’

Muragadi Jesse 11.2.20 3.3.20 Email I have read the project information and N/A Johnson Draft ACHAR for the above project, I agree with the recommendations made.

Murramarang 11.2.20 9.3.20 Email ‘Please keep me informed on any N/A further developments’

Goobah 11.2.20 9.3.20 Email ‘Please keep us informed on any further N/A developments and we support the draft ACHAR for Charles Street Square, Parramatta’

APPENDIX A | Charles Street Square Upgrade Parramatta ACHAR | Prepared for City of Parramatta Curio Projects Pty Ltd

APPENDIX B—Aboriginal Community Consultation Correspondence

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 58 Curio Projects Archaeology | Built Heritage Assessments | Heritage Feasibility Reviews | Interpretation | Archival Recordings | Adaptive Reuse Projects

12 April 2019

OEH Regional Office PO Box 644 Parramatta NSW 2124

Sent via email to: [email protected]

Re: Aboriginal registration for community consultation — Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta Quay.

Dear Sir/Madam

On behalf of City of Parramatta (the proponent), Curio Projects (heritage consultants) is commencing Aboriginal community consultation for a proposed development. The project is Charles Street Square Upgrade, located at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta (the study area, see Figure 1 below). We are writing to you in order ‘to compile a list of Aboriginal people who may have an interest in the proposed project area and hold knowledge relevant to determining the cultural significance of Aboriginal objects and/or places’.

Figure 1: Site Location

1 e: [email protected] | Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street, Redfern NSW 2016 | ABN 79139184035 Curio noun cu·rio \kyur-ē-ˌō\: any unusual article, object of art, etc., valued as a curiosity

The upgrade of Charles Street Square will resolve some of the issues identified through earlier stakeholder and community engagement. This improved urban design will provide a more attractive, accessible and useable public space. The Charles Street Square project will also complement the NSW Government’s upgrade of the ferry wharf to create a vibrant meeting place for visitors and our community.

Currently the project is still in design stage, and for more information you can visit www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/council/charles-street-square

The purpose of community consultation with Aboriginal people is to assist the proponent in the preparation of an application for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) in accordance with Section 90 of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, and to assist the Director General of the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) in his or her consideration and determination of the application.

Community consultation is being undertaken in order to assist the City of Parramatta’s assessment of cultural significance of the Charles Street Square Upgrade area. This notification is being undertaken in accordance with Section 4.1.2 of OEH’s Aboriginal cultural heritage requirements for proponents 2010.

We would appreciate if you would be able to respond to this letter in writing, with a list of any relevant Aboriginal people/groups who should be consulted with respect to this project.

Please send correspondence via email to: [email protected] or mail to:

Att: Sam Cooling Curio Projects Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street Redfern NSW 2016

Your earliest attention to this matter would be greatly appreciated, ideally within 14 days of the date of this letter (i.e. 26 April 2019).

If you have any questions about this project, please contact me.

Yours sincerely,

Sam Cooling Senior Archaeologist Curio Projects Pty Ltd.

2 e: [email protected] | Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street, Redfern NSW 2016 | ABN 79139184035 Curio noun cu·rio \kyur-ē-ˌō\: any unusual article, object of art, etc., valued as a curiosity sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Environment Line Sent: Friday, 12 April 2019 1:26 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: RE: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Request for known Stakeholders. Project: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay [ ref:_00D7F6iTix._5007FjsE3Q:ref ]

Hi Sam,

Thank you for your email.

I have forwarded your email to the Senior Team Leader Planning to reply back to you.

Kind Regards

Yasmin

Environment Line

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Original Message ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au [[email protected]] Sent: 12/04/2019 12:28 To: [email protected] Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Request for known Stakeholders. Project: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay

Dear Sir/Madam,

Please find attached a letter in accordance with Section 4.1.2 of the NSW OEH guidelines Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010, seeking the names of Aboriginal people who may hold cultural knowledge relevant to determining the significance of Aboriginal objects and/or places within the project area (Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay).

We would appreciate if you would be able to respond to the attached letter in writing (via email is fine), with a list of any relevant Aboriginal people/groups who should be consulted with respect to this project. Your earliest attention to this matter would appreciated, ideally within 14 days of the date of this email (i.e. 26 April 2019). If you have any troubles opening the attachment, please let me know.

Kind Regards,

Sam 1 Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

To help protect your privacy, Micro soft Office prevented au tomatic download of this picture from the Internet.

ref:_00D7F6iTix._5007FjsE3Q:ref

17 April 2019

By email: [email protected]

Attention: Sam Cooling Curio Projects Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street REDFERN NSW 2016

Dear Sam,

Request - Search for Registered Aboriginal Owners

We refer to your letter dated 12 April 2019 (“Letter”) regarding an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment for the proposed development at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta, NSW as indicated on the map attached to the Letter.

Under Section 170 of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 the Office of the Registrar is required to maintain the Register of Aboriginal Owners (RAO). A search of the RAO has shown that there are not currently any Registered Aboriginal Owners in the project area.

We suggest you contact Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council on 02 4724 5600 as they may be able to assist you in identifying Aboriginal stakeholders who wish to participate.

Yours sincerely

Elizabeth Loane Project Officer, Aboriginal Owners Office of the Registrar, ALRA

Address: Level 3, 2 – 10 Wentworth Street, PARRAMATTA NSW 2150 Post: P.O Box 5068, PARRAMATTA NSW 2124 Phone: 02 8633 1266 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Steve Randall Sent: Monday, 15 April 2019 1:08 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramatta

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam,

Deerubbin LALC would like to register for this project

There are two Aboriginal groups that I believe have knowledge of the area in question

Phil Khan – 0434 545 982

Phil Boney – 0477 089 710

Cheers

Steven Randall Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Officer

Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council Level 1, Suite 3 291‐295 High Street, Penrith NSW 2750 PO Box 40, Penrith NSW 2751 T: (02) 4724 5600 F: (02) 4722 9713 M: 0417 219 174 E: [email protected]

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Jayde Kelly Sent: Friday, 12 April 2019 1:51 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Request for known Stakeholders. Project: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay Attachments: Stage 1.1 Statutory Bodies Letter (CoP) v2.pdf

Hello Sam,

Please see list of relevant people and organisations that should consulted:

Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation PO Box 441, Blacktown NSW 2147 p:9622 4081 e: [email protected]

Dharug Custodians PO Box 36, Kellyville NSW 2155 p: 4577 5181 e: [email protected]

Gandangara Local Aboriginal Land Council 2/103 Moore Street, Liverpool NSW 2170 p: 9602 528 e: [email protected]

Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council Level 1, 295 High Street, Penrith NSW 2150 p: 4724 5600 e: [email protected]

Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council 36‐38 George St, Redfern NSW 2016 p: 8394 9666 e: [email protected]

City of Parramatta Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Advisory Committee Convenor: Tarina Rubis p: 9806 5082 e: [email protected] Tarina will be able to distribute to members of the ATSI advisory meeting.

Also it would be a good idea to distribute information through the Parramatta e‐newletter, the contact person for that is Silvia Bethencourt ‐ [email protected]

1 Kind Regards,

Jayde Kelly Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Development Officer | Community Capacity Building Team

02 9806 5312 | [email protected]

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Friday, 12 April 2019 12:32 PM To: Steven Ross Cc: Adam Fowler Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Request for known Stakeholders. Project: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay

Dear Steven,

Kind Regards, Sam Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Geospatial Search Requests Sent: Friday, 12 April 2019 6:02 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: RE: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Request for known Stakeholders. Project: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay Attachments: Search Form_Request for Search of Tribunal Registers 2018.docx

UNCLASSIFIED

Native title search – NSW Your ref: ‐ Our ref: N/A

Dear Sir/Madam,

Thank you for your search request received on 12 April 2019. To enable us to complete the search appropriately and adequately, please fill out the attached search form and return to us via [email protected]

Cultural Heritage Searches in NSW The National Native Title Tribunal (the Tribunal) has undertaken steps to remove itself from the formal list of sources for information about indigenous groups in development areas. The existence or otherwise of native title is quite separate to any matters relating to Aboriginal cultural heritage. Information on native title claims, native title determinations and Indigenous Land Use Agreements is available on the Tribunal’s website.

Interested parties are invited to use Native Title Vision (NTV) the Tribunal’s online mapping system to discover native title matters in their area of interest. Access to NTV is available at http://www.nntt.gov.au/assistance/Geospatial/Pages/NTV.aspx Training and self‐help documents are available on the NTV web page under “Training and help documents”. For additional assistance or general advice on NTV please contact [email protected]

Additional information can be extracted from the Registers available at http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/Pages/default.aspx

If you have any further queries, please do not hesitate to contact us on the free call number 1800 640 501.

Regards,

Geospatial Searches National Native Title Tribunal | Perth Email: [email protected] | www.nntt.gov.au

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Friday, 12 April 2019 12:37 PM To: Enquiries

1 Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Request for known Stakeholders. Project: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay

Dear Sir/Madam,

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Margaret Bottrell Sent: Friday, 12 April 2019 1:16 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Aboriginal registration for community consultation — Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta Quay.

To Sam Cooling,

RE: Aboriginal registration for community consultation — Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta Quay.

Thank you for your letter dated 12 April 2019, requesting assistance with identifying Aboriginal stakeholder groups or persons who may have an interest in your project area.

Greater Sydney Local Land Services (GS LLS) acknowledges that Local Land Services have been listed in Section 4.1.2 (g) of theAboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010, under Part 6, National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 as a source of information to obtain the “names of Aboriginal people who may hold cultural knowledge relevant to determining the significance of Aboriginal objects and/or places”.

GS LLS is a partner with many Aboriginal communities in the region on many natural resource management (NRM) projects. However, GS LLS is not the primary source for contacting or managing contact lists for Aboriginal communities or persons that may inform or provide comment on planning issues. GS LLS considers cultural heritage issues that relate to land‐use planning in general and only considers culture and heritage issues in the context of NRM.

We strongly recommend that you make contact with the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH), Cultural Heritage Division, for all‐inclusive contact lists of persons and organisations that may assist with your investigation.

Note: Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Authority (HNCMA) no longer exists. All work previously carried out by HNCMA in now delivered by Greater Sydney Local Land Services (GS LLS).

Regards,

‐‐ Margaret Bottrell Senior Strategic Land Services Officer (Aboriginal Communities) Greater Sydney Local Land Service Level 4, 2-6 Station Street Penrith PO Box 4515 Penrith Westfields NSW 2750 T: 02 47242111 E:[email protected] W: http://www.lls.nsw.gov.au

1 significance of Aboriginal object(s) and/or places in the PUBLIC NOTICES area of the Charles Street Square Precinct, to register an PROPOSALS interest in a process of community consultation. Registrations of Interest for Please forward your registration to Curio Projects no later Proposed Grant of Easement over Charles Street Square, Parramatta than Monday 29 April 2019 by: Community Land On behalf of City of Parramatta Council, Curio Projects • Post: Sam Cooling, Curio Projects Pursuant to Section 47 of the Local Government Act 1993, (heritage consultants) seek registration from local Aboriginal Suite 9, 17 Thurlo Street, Redfern 2016 NSW notice is hereby given of the following proposed grant of Traditional owners and community members (organisations, • Email: [email protected] easement over Community Land to the persons listed below. groups and individuals) with respect to a proposed • Phone: 0402 522 789 DUNDAS development. The development is the City of Parramatta‘s Address of Community Land: Ponds Creek Reserve plan to transform Charles Street Square at Parramatta South, 14A Bennetts Road, Dundas (Lot 21 DP 28964) Quay, one of a number of planned foreshore improvement and 11C Yawung Street, Dundas (Lot 35 DP 880036) projects to strengthen the connection between the City Purpose of the proposed easement: For construction of and its river. a stormwater pipe below the surface of the land to connect The project will bring to life Charles Street Square, attract to a Council stormwater facility within the reserve more visitors to the Parramatta Quay precinct, and create Term of the proposed easement: Perpetual a memorable experience at one of the major gateways Persons for the proposed grant of easement: to our City. The proprietors of 47 Kariwara Street, Dundas The street address is 38 Charles Street within the City of Any person may make a submission regarding the above Parramatta Local Government Area and it comprises several proposed grant of easement. Submissions must be in writing parcels of land from various allotments, including part of and be received by the Council no later than 8 May 2019. the road reserve. The allotments are: Please send your submissions to: • Lot 1 DP 1172250 Above: The red line indicates the proposed study area. • Post: The City of Parramatta Council, • Lot 2 DP 869816 PO Box 32, Parramatta NSW 2124 • Lot 2 DP 869820 Parramatta ClubGRANTS Now Open • Email: [email protected] • Lot 1 DP 506760 Applications for Parramatta ClubGRANTS are open and A submission by way of objection must specify the grounds • Part of the adjacent road reserve of Charles Street close on Wednesday 1 May 2019 at 4pm. and how the interests of the person making the objection are affected. The upgrade of Charles Street Square will resolve some ClubGRANTS is a community development funding of the issues identified through earlier stakeholder and program sponsored by local clubs and administered by For further information please contact the Council’s community engagement. This improved urban design will City of Parramatta. Property Asset and Services Unit on 9806 5218. provide a more attractive, accessible and useable public The Parramatta ClubGRANTS Local Committee aims to Parramatta Lanes 2019 space. The Charles Street Square project will also complement cover services and projects including: the NSW Government’s upgrade of the ferry wharf to create Art Commissions • Community welfare and social services a vibrant meeting place for visitors and our community. City of Parramatta is seeking proposals from individual or • Community development Currently the project is still in design stage and for more collective artists and performers, to produce and present information you can visit cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/ • Community health services site-specific art installations and performance works for council/charles-street-square • Employment assistance activities the 2019 Parramatta Lanes event. Council will award up to The purpose of consultation with the Aboriginal community The Committee has a set range of funding amounts – five separate commissions for Parramatta Lanes 2019, with three commission levels of $3,000, $12,000 and $25,000. is to assist the proposed applicant in the preparation of $1,000 to a maximum of $10,000 per project application. an application for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit All applications are to be submitted through the ‘SmartyGrants’ (AHIP) in accordance with Section 90 of the NSW National Applications must be submitted via an online application online platform: parracity.smartygrants.com.au/ Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, and to assist the Director form. To submit an application and to register for an ParramattaLanes2019 General of the Office of Environment and Heritage in his information event, visit cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/ The deadline for submissions: 5pm, Friday 31 May 2019. or her consideration and determination of the application. living-and-community/grants/parramatta-clubgrants Enquiries: Josh Engelbrecht – Production Manager, Curio Projects invite local Aboriginal Traditional owners and You can contact the Community Capacity Building Team City Events & Festivals; City Identity, Experience and community members (organisations, groups and individuals) on 9806 5110 or [email protected] Engagement on 9806 5434 or 0439 284 283 or who hold cultural knowledge relevant to determining the to discuss your application. email: [email protected]

9 May 2019

Re: Aboriginal registration for Community Consultation—Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta

Dear Sir/Madam,

On behalf of the City of Parramatta (the proponent), Curio Projects (heritage consultants) are commencing Aboriginal community consultation for a proposed development. The project is the Charles Street Square Upgrade, located at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta (the study area, see Figure 1 below). We are writing to you in order ‘to compile a list of Aboriginal people who may have an interest in the proposed project area and hold knowledge relevant to determining the cultural significance of Aboriginal objects and/or places’.

Figure 1: Site Location

1 p: 0402 522 789 | e: [email protected] | Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street, Redfern NSW 2016 | ABN 79139184035 Curio noun cu·rio \kyur-ē-ˌō\: any unusual article, object of art, etc., valued as a curiosity

The purpose of community consultation with Aboriginal people is to assist the proposed applicant in the preparation of an application for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) in accordance with Section 90 of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, and to assist the Director General of OEH in his or her consideration and determination of the application.

Community consultation is being undertaken in order to assist City of Parramatta’s assessment of cultural significance of the Charles Street Square area. This notification is being undertaken in accordance with Section 4.1.3 of the OEHs Aboriginal cultural heritage requirements for proponents 2010. Curio Projects invite local Aboriginal people who hold cultural knowledge relevant to determining the significance of Aboriginal object(s) and/or places in the area of the Charles Street Square Upgrade, to register an interest in a process of community consultation.

If you believe that you hold cultural knowledge relevant to determining the significance of Aboriginal object(s) and/or places in the area of the Charles Street Square Upgrade, City of Parramatta and Curio Projects would like to invite you to register your interest in a process of community consultation for this project. If you wish to register, please provide a brief written notification of your interest in writing within 14 days of the date of this letter (i.e. 23 May 2019), however your earliest response would be greatly appreciated.

Please send correspondence via email to: [email protected] or phone on 0402 522 789.

Or alternatively mail to:

Att: Sam Cooling Curio Projects Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street Redfern NSW 2016

Please be advised that if you register an interest in the project, your details will be forwarded to the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH), and the Deerubbin LALC unless you specify that you do not want your details released.

Yours sincerely,

Sam Cooling Senior Archaeologist Curio Projects Pty Ltd.

2 p: 0402 522 789 | e: [email protected] | Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street, Redfern NSW 2016 | ABN 79139184035 Curio noun cu·rio \kyur-ē-ˌō\: any unusual article, object of art, etc., valued as a curiosity sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Steve Randall Sent: Monday, 15 April 2019 1:08 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramatta

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam,

Deerubbin LALC would like to register for this project

There are two Aboriginal groups that I believe have knowledge of the area in question

Phil Khan – 0434 545 982

Phil Boney – 0477 089 710

Cheers

Steven Randall Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Officer

Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council Level 1, Suite 3 291‐295 High Street, Penrith NSW 2750 PO Box 40, Penrith NSW 2751 T: (02) 4724 5600 F: (02) 4722 9713 M: 0417 219 174 E: [email protected]

DARUG CUSTODIAN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION

PO BOX 81 WINDSOR 2756 PHONE: 0245775181 FAX: 0245775098 MOBILE: 0415770163 Leanne Watson 0414962766 Justine Coplin EMAIL: [email protected] / [email protected]

Attention Curio Projects Pty Ltd Date: 30/04/19

Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramatta Quay

Dear Sam

Our group is a non‐ profit organisation that has been active for over forty years in Western Sydney, we are a Darug community group with over three hundred members. The main aim in our constitution is the care of Darug sites, places, wildlife and to promote our culture and provide education on the Darug history.

The Schofields area is an area that our group has a vast knowledge of, we have worked and lived in for many years, this area is significant to the Darug people due to the connection of sites and the continued occupation. Our group has been involved in all previous assessments and works in this area as a traditional owner Darug group for the past 40 plus years.

Therefore we would like to register our interest for full consultation and involvement in the above project area.

Please contact us with all further enquiries on the above contacts.

Regards

Justine Coplin DARUG LAND OBSERVATIONS PTY LTD ABN 27 602 765 453

______Email: [email protected] PO BOX 173 ulladulla NSW 2539 Mobile: 0413 687 279 9th May 2019

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Level 1, 24-26 Botany Road ALEXANDRIA NSW 2015

Notification and Registration of ALL Aboriginal Interests

RE: CHARLES STREET SQUARE UPGRADE, 38 CHARLES STREET, PARRAMATTA

Aboriginal Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

Dear Sam,

Please be advised that Darug Land Observations Pty Ltd is seeking to be involved in any and all consultation meetings and fieldwork.

This office specialises in Aboriginal and community consultations, and has a membership that comprises of Traditional owners from the area in question. Those retain strong story, song lines, oral history and continued contact.

We would also like to state that we do not accept or support any person or organisation that are NOT from the DARUG Nation that comments regarding the said area.

Please also be advised that this Aboriginal organisation does not do volunteer work or attend unpaid meetings. I hope that you advise your client of this so that, ‘This Group’, will not be discriminated against and refused paid fieldwork. DLO’s rate is $440 half day (less than 4 hours) and $880 per day (flat rate), including GST.

All correspondence should be emailed to: [email protected] and any further consultation during this project can be directed to Anna on 0413 687 279.

Yours sincerely,

Jamie Workman Uncle Gordon Workman Darug Land Observations Pty Ltd Darug Elder sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: WIDESCOPE . Sent: Thursday, 9 May 2019 2:53 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Community Consultation Registration

Hi Sam

Could you please register my interest in the Aboriginal Cultural heritage assessment for Charles St Square Parramatta

I am a recognised indigenous cultural knowledge holder. I hold knowledge relevant in determining the significance of Aboriginal objects and places. I hold a cultural connection to the project area and the surrounding areas.

My preferred Method of contact is Via Email:[email protected]

Mob 0425230693

Admin 0425232056

My level of involvement:

I would like to attend Community Consultation meetings and to be considered for field survey works. Thank you I look forward to assisting with the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage part of the project

Regards

Steven Hickey

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Phillip Boney Sent: Sunday, 12 May 2019 12:26 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Charles st, Parramatta

Hi Sam,

My name is Phil Boney of Wailwan Aboriginal Group. I would like to register my interest in the said project. If I am a successful on becoming a stakeholder for this project I look forward to working with you on future projects. Thank you.

With respect and regards, Phil Boney Wailwan Aboriginal Group

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Biamanga Sent: Monday, 13 May 2019 3:10 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation Registration for the Charles St Square, Parramatta

Please register Biamanga in the City of Parramatta (the proponent), Aboriginal community consultation for the proposed development at Charles Street Square Upgrade, located at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010.

‐‐ Kind Regards Janaya Smith Chief Executive Officer Biamanga

This email may contain privileged information. Privilege is not waived if it has been sent to you in error, or if you are not the intended recipient. Please immediately notify me and delete the email if you have received this in error.

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Cullendulla Sent: Monday, 13 May 2019 3:10 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation Registration for the Charles St Square, Parramatta

Please register Cullendulla in the City of Parramatta (the proponent), Aboriginal community consultation for the proposed development at Charles Street Square Upgrade, located at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010.

‐‐ Kind Regards Corey Smith Cultural Heritage Officer Cullendulla

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Goobah Sent: Monday, 13 May 2019 3:09 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation Registration for the Charles St Square, Parramatta

Please register Goobah in the City of Parramatta (the proponent), Aboriginal community consultation for the proposed development at Charles Street Square Upgrade, located at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010.

‐‐ Regards Basil Smith Chief Executive Officer Goobah PH 0405995725

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Murramarang Sent: Monday, 13 May 2019 3:10 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation Registration for the Charles St Square, Parramatta

Please register Murramarang in the City of Parramatta (the proponent), Aboriginal community consultation for the proposed development at Charles Street Square Upgrade, located at 38 Charles Street, Parramatta for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010.

‐‐ Kind Regards Roxanne Smith Cultural Heritage Officer Murramarang

Environme nt & Heritage Darug Aboriginal LandCare

(Uncle Des

Dyer) 18a Perigee Close

Doonside 2767NSW ABN 71 301 006 047 Sam Cooling Archaeologist Curio Projects Pty Ltd Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street Redfern 2016 NSW

Re: Charles Street, Parramatta.

Dear Sam,

Darug Aboriginal Land care / Uncle Des Dyer. Have no objections to the planned development.

The Darug Aboriginal Land care would like to register for this project and be consulted and take part in survey and test excavations. This project falls within the Darug land.

We are Traditional Owner, our members have lived on Darug land for most of their lives and worked in the area. We have responsibility to look after the plants, creeks and rivers on Darug land. We have been doing Cultural Heritage Assessments for over 20 year and still do today.

Our members are family and have lived in the area, we consult with them by Email and phone. We would like to take part in any field survey and test excavations. Attend any meetings.

We have over 20years experience and all our works have White cards Our preferred method of communication is by Email.

Our Site Officer Ricky Fields Mobile 0402942572. Email [email protected]

For all Survey test excavation and salvage works please contact him for all work matters. please contact him

We agree and understand you can give our contacted details to others.

The area is an important part of our culture and valued by the community as most of the people that lived there were Darug. We can provide cultural knowledge during the survey. Our preferred option to receive the project information is by E-mail.

Thank you Kind regards Des Dyer. Manager. Darug Elder Email [email protected] Mobile 0408360814 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: arika jalomaki Sent: Friday, 17 May 2019 1:17 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Re: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Invitation to Register. Project: Charles St Square, Parramatta

Dear Sam

Yulay Cultural Services would like to register our interest in this project

Kind Regards Arika Jalomaki Yulay Cultural Services 15 Rowley Pl, Airds NSW 2560 0411 048 794

On Thu, May 9, 2019 at 12:04 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au wrote:

To Whom it May Concern,

Please find attached a letter in accordance with Section 4.1.3 of the NSW OEH guidelines Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010, inviting local Aboriginal people who may hold cultural knowledge relevant to determining the significance of Aboriginal objects and/or places within the project area (Charles Street Square, Parramatta), to register an interest in a process of community consultation.

If you wish to register, please provide a brief written notification of your interest in writing within 14 days of the date of this email (i.e. 23 May 2019), however your earliest response would be greatly appreciated.

Kind Regards,

Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Caza X Sent: Sunday, 19 May 2019 1:40 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Re: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Invitation to Register. Project: Charles St Square, Parramatta

A1 Indigenous Services Contact: Carolyn M: 0411650057 E: [email protected] A: 10 Marie Pitt Place, Glenmore Park, NSW 2745 ABN: 20 616 970 327

Hi A1 would like to register for consultation and an field work for this project. I am a traditional owner and hold cultural knowledge and connection to this area Thank you Carolyn Hickey

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Thursday, 9 May 2019 12:04 PM Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Invitation to Register. Project: Charles St Square, Parramatta

To Whom it May Concern,

Kind Regards, Sam

2 Barking Owl Aboriginal Corporation ICN: 8822 ABN: 88241973761 2-65/69 Wehlow St MT DRUITT NSW 2770 [email protected]

17 May 2019

Dear Sam,

RE: CHARLES ST PARRAMATTA ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

We would like to register interest for full consultation and involvement in the study area.

Registering Aboriginal Party: Barking Owl Aboriginal Corporation Contact Person: Jody Kulakowski Phone: 0426 242 015 Email: [email protected] (preferred contact method)

We are able to provide ﬁt and hardworking site ofﬁcers to assist with work that may involve physical labour with current white cards and all PPE equipment.

We can provide copies of relevant certiﬁcates of currency for business insurances on request.

Members put forward have experience in a variety of community consultation projects.

Please feel free to contact by email [email protected] if you require any further information.

kind regards

Jody Kulakowski Director BOAC Barking Owl Aboriginal Corporation 0426 242 015 BUTUCARBIN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION PO Box E18, Emerton NSW 2770 28 Pringle Road, Hebersham NSW 2770 Ph: 9832 7167 Fax: 9832 7263 [email protected] ABN: 83 535 742 276

23th May, 2019

To whom it may concern, Butucarbin would like to register interest in the Aboriginal Consultation in relation to the Charles Street Square Upgrade.

Please see information regarding our organisation below.

Cultural Connection and Representation Butucarbin Aboriginal Corporation is a successful not for profit community organisation that was established in 1989 to provide Community Development, Education and Training to organisations and individuals in the Blacktown and Penrith LGA’s of Western Sydney. The organisation has won many awards for outstanding service delivery over the past 23 years. The latest being our Executive Officer Jennifer Beale being a finalist in the 2014 NSW Australian of the Year awards.

Due to the changes in funding, for Aboriginal organisations and for Butucarbin to continue the service that they have been providing, the organisation has developed an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment business. All profits go back into the organisation to provide services to the community. As community workers we believe it is our duty to involve the Aboriginal community of Western Sydney in this work, as it enables the community to learn about cultural heritage and also enables archaeologists to gain different perspectives into Aboriginal Culture.

Butucarbin in itself is a modern example of cultural heritage in that it is a product of the 1970’s resettlement program and self-determination policy (see, Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations). Due to this resettlement policy there are generations of Aboriginal people who have been born in Western Sydney and have been raised in the Mount Druitt Community (which has the highest Aboriginal urban population in Australia) and thus, this is where their connection lies. Ultimately, our cultural connection lies in our community work and assistance to the people of wider Western Sydney.

In conclusion, we also believe it is essential to pass on knowledge from generation to generation. Butucarbin provides cultural knowledge to the wider community through Aboriginal Cultural workshops and community development programs.

Previous experience We recently participated in the Western Sydney Airport (WSA) EIS Aboriginal cultural heritage field program and Mt Gilead cultural test excavation and sieving program. As well as the aforementioned, our team has also participated in ‘walk-overs’ involving major projects with WSA and Inland Rail, to name a few. Our workers were on time, professional and participated in all tasks set for them. It is essential for our community members to participate in Aboriginal Community Consultations and other cultural work as we believe it is of the utmost importance that cultural heritage skills and knowledge are passed on to our younger Aboriginal generations.

Overall, our team is highly skilled and has over ten years’ experience in cultural heritage assessment field work. Currently, our team consists of several skilled field officers and two archaeology majors from the University of Sydney, one of which has a completed degree and also worked as a graduate archaeologist. We ensure there is diversity amongst our workers in that we do not discriminate against gender and age. In fact, we strongly encourage the employment of individuals of all ages as it is essential to gain insight into cultural heritage from varying age groups.

Schedule of Rates Our rates are as follows:

Fieldwork - $110.00 per hour Perusal and comment of reports - $110.00 per hour Mileage Allowance – 0.75 cent per kilometre

If you require further information, we have attached our flyer and web page www.butucarbin.org.au and we are also on Facebook. We would appreciate the opportunity to tender for any Aboriginal cultural heritage assessments you may have coming up in the future. You can contact Jennifer Beale on 0409924409 or Lowanna Gibson on 0458537666.

Yours Sincerely,

Lowanna Gibson Project Manager for Butucarbin Cultural Heritage and Assessment B.A Archaeology/Anthropology USYD Juris Doctor Candidate UTS

sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Shaun Carroll Sent: Friday, 24 May 2019 4:32 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Charles street parramatta

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam, I would like to register an interest in the above project, our family holds a strong connection to the area has for many years. Kind regards Shaun Carroll

Sent from Mail for Windows 10

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Muragadi Sent: Friday, 24 May 2019 4:34 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Project: Charles St Square, Parramatta

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam, Could you please register my corporation for the above project, I was born in Westmead hospital and have lived in the area since birth. I have done many projects in the area and surrounding areas with various archaeology company’s Kind regards Jesse Johnson

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Ryan Johnson Sent: Friday, 24 May 2019 2:32 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: RE: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Invitation to Register. Project: Charles St Square, Parramatta

Hi Sam Please register our family and members for the above project Kind regards

Ryan Johnson | Murra Bidgee Mullangari

Aboriginal Corporation Cultural Heritage

A: PO Box 246, Seven Hills, NSW, 2147 E: [email protected] ICN: 8112

Note: Privileged/Confidential information may be contained in this message and may be subject to legal privilege. Access to this e-mail by anyone other than the intended is unauthorised. If you are not the intended recipient (or responsible for delivery of the message to such person), you may not use, copy, distribute or deliver to anyone this message (or any part of its contents ) or take any action in reliance on it. In such case, you should destroy this message, and notify us immediately. If you have received this email in error, please notify us immediately by e-mail or telephone and delete the e-mail from any computer. If you or your employer does not consent to internet e-mail messages of this kind, please notify us immediately. All reasonable precautions have been taken to ensure no viruses are present in this e-mail. As our company cannot accept responsibility for any loss or damage arising from the use of this e-mail or attachments we recommend that you subject these to your virus checking procedures prior to use. The views, opinions, conclusions and other informations expressed in this electronic mail are not given or endorsed by the company unless otherwise indicated by an authorized representative independent of this message.

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, 9 May 2019 12:05 PM Subject: Aboriginal Community Consultation, Invitation to Register. Project: Charles St Square, Parramatta

To Whom it May Concern,

1 relevant to determining the significance of Aboriginal objects and/or places within the project area (Charles Street Square, Parramatta), to register an interest in a process of community consultation.

Kind Regards, Sam

GINNINDERRA ABORIGINAL CORPORATION PO BOX 3143 PRESERVATION FOR ABORIGINAL HERITAGE GROSE VALE NSW

LAND MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION PH 0451016224 [email protected]

May 31, 2019

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street Redfern NSW 2016

RE: EXPRESSION OF INTEREST: Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta

Dear Sam,

Our Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation members are interested in consulting and assisting with all aspects of the above-mentioned project at Charles St, Parramatta. We have several members who have cultural ties to the area.

All of our members have white cards, and have vast knowledge and experience in the identification, salvage, and preservation of aboriginal artefacts.

Please register us for participation in all aspects going forward. Our nominated representative to receive all future correspondence for this project is Krystle Carroll. Email is our preferred method of contact; however, she can also be contacted on 0451016224.

Yours sincerely,

Krystle Carroll Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation E: [email protected]

Curio Projects

9 July 2019

Project Registered Aboriginal Parties Charles St Square Upgrade

Dear Registered Project Participant RAP,

RE: CHARLES STREET SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY CONSULTATION, PROJECT BACKGROUND AND CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY

Thank you for your registration of interest in the Aboriginal community consultation process for the Charles Street Square Upgrade (Charles St Sq.), located at 38 Charles St, Parramatta (the study area- see Figure 1 below). The project is a step towards realising the City River program of works, to deliver the City’s vision for a revitalised Parramatta River foreshore.

This letter is to provide you with a brief overview of the project background, as well as the proposed project cultural heritage methodology in accordance with Stage 2 and Stage 3 of the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) guidelines Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010.

Consultation with Aboriginal people is necessary to understand any views and/or concerns that Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) may have about the proposed project, and to understand the Aboriginal cultural values that may be present in the area that have the potential to be harmed through the proposed development.

The aim of consulting with Aboriginal people is to facilitate a process for RAPs to actively contribute to the gathering of culturally appropriate information relevant to the project area, and to provide the opportunity for input into the development of cultural heritage management options. The consultation also seeks to improve the assessment outcomes of the project with regards to Aboriginal cultural heritage.

The City River Program will be undertaking work along the river corridor over the next 5 years and the City of Parramatta is keen to build our knowledge of cultural values as we implement the program.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 1 Curio Projects

Figure 1: Charles St Square Study Area, Parramatta Project Background

Parramatta City River Strategy

The Parramatta City River Strategy is a long-term plan for revitalising the foreshore of the Parramatta River between Gasworks Bridge and Rings Bridge, O’Connell Street.

It aims to improve connections between the river and the city and create more recreational opportunities for city residents, workers and visitors. This includes better spaces for walking, cycling and for hosting major city events by the river such as New Year’s Eve and Loy Krathong. The strategy creates a new vision for the area and reclaims the river and its foreshore as a vibrant public space for the city and its people.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 2 Curio Projects

Figure 2: Charles St Square location in the City River Strategy Charles Street Square Upgrade

Charles Street Square is the next project in the City River Program.

City of Parramatta Council is currently in the process of preparing a concept design to transform the urban design of Charles Street Square, located at Parramatta Quay, into a more attractive, accessible and useable public space. The project will be delivered in coordination with a major public artwork, and will complement the RMS upgrade of the Parramatta ferry wharf infrastructure. Further information about the project can be found on Council’s website at www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/council/charles-street-square.

The renewal of Charles Street Square will improve connections between the river and the city and along the riverfront for all users. The project aims to create a memorable experience that celebrates the special qualities of this unique point in the river, responding to the surrounding landscape of escarpment, trees and parkland, the curving geometry of the river, and the sense of arrival to create a welcoming space for locals and visitors.

The key components of the project design as per the preferred concept design will include:

▪ A series of ramps and walkways that allow people with a range of mobility to access the street and riverfront

▪ Generous seating terraces and steps that integrate with the ramps and walkways to create more direct access to the riverfront, and also to create a space that can be inhabited for events as well as everyday activities (rest, viewing the river, waiting for the ferry etc)

▪ Preservation of existing trees, as well as planting of additional trees

▪ New shade structure integrated with seating terraces

While the concept plan is still under development and is yet to be finalised, development activities associated with the construction of the upgrade of Charles St Square are likely to include:

▪ Demolition of existing terraces and replacement with new walkways and ramps, installation of new concrete and timber seating terraces around existing trees.

▪ Construction of new minor structures (i.e. new shade structure, storeroom, and relocation of existing public amenities to a new location on the site);

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 3 Curio Projects

▪ Retention of existing trees, planting of new trees and general landscaping.

Figure 3 below presents a representative view of the current condition of the study area and existing terracing down towards the Parramatta River and Wharf, while Figure 4 presents an illustrative view of the preliminary proposed concept plan for the upgrade. The design remains in concept only, yet to be finalised, and may change from that presented below, but is presented here for context purposes.

Figure 3: View of the Charles St Square study area, existing terracing leading to the wharf (Source: Curio 2019)

Figure 4: Illustrative View of Preliminary Concept Design, Charles St Square Upgrade, view from Escarpment (Source: Spackman Mossop Michaels 21.5.19)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 4 Curio Projects

Proposed Project Methodology

The Aboriginal cultural heritage and archaeological assessment for the study area is proposed to be undertaken via the following steps:

▪ Aboriginal Community Consultation;

▪ Background Research;

▪ Site Visit and Initial RAP Meeting;

▪ Significance and Impact Assessment;

▪ Archaeological Investigation (Possible- To be confirmed); and

▪ Heritage Interpretation.

Once the concept design has been finalised and development impacts confirmed, it will be possible to determine whether the proposed development will have a below ground impact of sufficient depth to have the potential to impact the Parramatta Sand Sheet. Should the development be demonstrated to have potential to impact the Sand Sheet, the development will require an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) and associated Aboriginal archaeological investigation.

The details of the archaeological assessment including all steps as listed above, would be presented within an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) and Archaeological Technical Report (ATR), which would accompany an AHIP Application to OEH, if determined to be required for the development. Both the ACHAR and ATR reports would be provided in draft form to all RAPs for review and comment (minimum of 28 days) prior to report finalisation.

Should below ground impacts of the finalised concept plan be minor in nature (i.e. no excavation of sufficient depth to potentially encounter or impact the Parramatta Sand Sheet), then an AHIP will not be necessary for the Concept Plan of the proposed upgrade. However, an ACHAR would still be prepared to accompany the Development Application for the project.

The objectives of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment for the Charles Street Square Upgrade project are to:

▪ identify Aboriginal community members who can speak for the Country within which the project is located;

▪ involve the Aboriginal community in the cultural heritage assessment process;

▪ consult with the Aboriginal community and determine their opinions with respect to the project and its potential ‘harm’ to their cultural heritage;

▪ understand the range and type of Aboriginal heritage values and places within the study area and surrounds;

▪ determine whether the potential Aboriginal sites and places are a component of a wider Aboriginal cultural landscape;

▪ understand how any potential physical Aboriginal sites relate to Aboriginal tradition within the wider area;

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 5 Curio Projects

▪ prepare a cultural heritage values assessment for all identified aspects of Aboriginal cultural heritage associated with the subject site;

▪ determine how the proposed project may impact any identified Aboriginal cultural heritage;

▪ determine where impacts are unavoidable and develop a series of impact mitigation strategies that benefit Aboriginal cultural heritage and the proponent; and

▪ provide clear recommendations for the conservation of Aboriginal heritage values and mitigation of any potential impacts to these values.

Aboriginal Community Consultation to Date

Aboriginal community consultation was initiated in accordance with the OEH Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents 2010, with Stage 1.2 letters to statutory bodies sent on 12 April 2019, requesting contact details for Aboriginal people who may have an interest in the study area. Names of possibly interested Aboriginal parties were provided to Curio Projects through this stage, and these groups were sent invitations to register for the project. An advertisement was placed in the Parramatta Advertiser on 10 April 2019, requesting any further registrations from Aboriginal parties who may have an interest in the project.

All names compiled from Stage 1.2 of the process were then written to via email and/or registered post, inviting registration in the process of community consultation for the Charles St Square project. Response was requested within 14 days of the date of the letter. As a result of Stages 1.2 and 1.3, twenty Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) have been identified for the Charles St Square Upgrade project (in alphabetical order):

▪ A1 Indigenous Services; ▪ Barking Owl Aboriginal Corporation; ▪ Biamanga; ▪ Butucarbin Aboriginal Corporation; ▪ Cullendulla; ▪ Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation (DCAC); ▪ Darug Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessments (DACHA); ▪ Darug Aboriginal Land Care; ▪ Darug Land Observations (DLO); ▪ Deerubbin LALC; ▪ Ginninderra Aboriginal Corporation; ▪ Goobah; ▪ Merrigarn; ▪ Muragadi; ▪ Murramarang; ▪ Phil Khan; ▪ Murra Bidgee Mullangari Aboriginal Corporation; ▪ Wailan Aboriginal Group; ▪ Widescope Indigenous Group; and ▪ Yulay Cultural Services.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 6 Curio Projects

Background Research

An Aboriginal Due Diligence Heritage Assessment report has been prepared for the study area by Curio Projects in May 2019, in accordance with OEH statutory guidelines Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in NSW (the Due Diligence Code of Practice).

The Due Diligence report concluded that:

▪ The study area itself does not contain any registered Aboriginal sites; however registered sites are located in close proximity (i.e. within 50m) (Figure 5).

▪ The study area is located predominantly within a flood zone that would be subject to both erosion and deposition of material.

▪ The study area was subject to relatively little historical development prior to 1970, after which time it has been has been significantly modified to mitigate flooding within the area. The current wharf, accessways and services would have impacted upon potential deposits when they were constructed.

▪ The study area is located within an area of general development that has been partially landscaped, it is most likely not associated with any remnant trees.

▪ The Parramatta Sand Sheet has potential to be located within the study area, likely further from the immediate river foreshore, further towards the southern side of the study area (Figure 6).

▪ Stone artefact sites and PADs are the most likely Aboriginal site types to be present within the study area and surrounds. Generally, the artefact sites would be found on the surface (i.e. identified through survey) as low-density artefact scatters and/or isolated finds, while the PADs would be subsurface within intact soil profiles.

Therefore, the DD report concluded that the Charles St Square development may have potential to impact upon Aboriginal archaeological deposits, if present within the study area, as well as potential to contain/impact upon the Parramatta Sand Sheet- depending on the depth of excavation impacts required by the development.

At present, the exact development impacts for the Concept Plan design are yet to be finalised, and as such, it is not possible to confirm whether or not development activities will impact the Parramatta Sand Sheet within the study area (should it be present intact). Once the concept plan and associated development activities has been finalised, it will be possible to confirm whether an AHIP will be required for the development or not.

The preliminary concept plan appears to require only minor excavation activities, with the majority of excavation works being less than 1m in depth, and predominantly located in the north of the study area, i.e. in closer proximity to the Parramatta River, in an area of low to no potential for Aboriginal archaeology.

The archaeological impact assessment for the development will be ongoing throughout this process of Aboriginal community consultation for the development, as discussed further in the relevant section below.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 7 Curio Projects

Figure 5: Surrounding AHIMS Sites. Charles St Square Study Area in Red

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 8 Curio Projects

Figure 6: Mapping of Parramatta Sand Sheet over Charles St Square study area. Site Visit and Initial Meeting

An initial site visit and meeting will be organised in the near future, to which all project RAPs will be invited to attend. The purpose of this meeting is to provide an opportunity for project RAPs to visit the site, and to provide an opportunity for Curio to verbally present the details of the proposed

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 9 Curio Projects

Archaeology | Built Heritage Assessments | Heritage Feasibility Reviews | Interpretation | Archival Recordings | Adaptive Reuse Projects project, and the proposed methodology for Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment, as presented in this letter report. All comments and feedback from this meeting will be recorded, to be included and addressed within the finalised cultural heritage methodology for the project, and to be included within the ACHAR report.

Significance and Impact Assessment

An assessment of the significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage at a site generally considers two factors–archaeological (or scientific) values; and the Aboriginal cultural values and social significance of a site, as identified by the project RAPs. Consideration of these two values would allow an assessment of the significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the study area. An assessment of the Aboriginal cultural significance of any objects or places identified within the study area (if identified) will be sought from the RAPs prior to the finalisation of the ACHAR. Should any restrictions apply to the cultural knowledge supplied, these will be strictly adhered to by the proponent.

The archaeological significance of any Aboriginal objects or places identified within the study area will be assessed in accordance with the Australia International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS 1999). Any archaeological potential will be mapped and zoned as high, moderate or low, based on consideration of the archaeological predictive model for the study area and the assessed archaeological significance.

Archaeological Investigation (TBC)

Due to the presence of existing development across the study area, the potential for historical archaeology, and the potential depth of the Parramatta Sand Sheet within the study area (i.e. up to 2- 3m below the ground surface), Aboriginal archaeological test excavation in accordance with the OEH Code of Practice will not be able to be undertaken within the study area, prior to the approval of an AHIP.

Following the finalisation of the concept design for the Charles St Square Upgrade and associated ground impacts, the archaeological impact assessment will determine whether the works have potential to impact the Parramatta Sand Sheet (and thus potential Aboriginal archaeology), nor not. Should the development have the potential to impact Aboriginal archaeology, this would be mitigated through archaeological excavation in accordance with an approved AHIP, prior to development works commencing in the areas identified as having Aboriginal archaeological potential that may be impacted.

Should the impact assessment identify that the development has no potential to impact on Aboriginal archaeology, then an AHIP would not be required for the site, neither for any mitigative Aboriginal archaeology be required, with any potential Aboriginal archaeological resource remaining in situ at the site, conserved beneath the development for the future.

Regardless of whether Aboriginal archaeology will be impacted by the development or not, an ACHAR report will be prepared to address the cultural and particularly more intangible potential impacts of the development in its location, as well as in the context of the highly significant Parramatta River and surrounds.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 10 Curio Projects

Aboriginal Heritage Interpretation

An Interpretation Strategy will be prepared for the Charles St Square Upgrade, a component of which will be Aboriginal cultural heritage values and significance. The Interpretation Strategy will be prepared following Part 4 development approval and Part 5 impact assessment. It will include an assessment and analysis of existing heritage interpretation and artworks within the study area and surrounds, in the context of wider Aboriginal heritage interpretation along the Parramatta River, and where known, future planned opportunities, in order to make recommendations for a cohesive approach to heritage interpretation at the study area.

The development of the Heritage Interpretation Strategy will include ongoing and detailed consultation with project participant RAPs with regards to the Aboriginal cultural heritage values of the site, in its wider context location along the highly significant Parramatta River.

Review and Comment

This document providing project information and methodology has been provided to all RAPs for this project for their review and comment. Any input from the RAPs will be considered in the final methodology and presented in the ACHAR. In accordance with OEH guidelines, we would appreciate it you would be able to provide written and/or oral comment on this methodology to Sam Cooling by Tuesday 6 August, 2019 (i.e. within 28 days of this letter report).

Please send correspondence via email to: [email protected]

Or alternatively mail to:

Att: Sam Cooling Curio Projects Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street Redfern NSW 2016

If you have any questions about this project, or would prefer to provide verbal comment and feedback, please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 or (02) 8014 9800.

Yours sincerely,

Sam Cooling Senior Archaeologist Curio Projects Pty Ltd.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE—ABORGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE METHODOLOGY | FOR SMM | JULY 2019 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 11 BUTUCARBIN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION PO Box E18, Emerton NSW 2770 28 Pringle Road, Hebersham NSW 2770 Ph: 9832 7167 Fax: 9832 7263 [email protected] ABN: 83 535 742 276

18th June, 2019

To whom it may concern, Butucarbin is in full support of the Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta, Aboriginal Community Consultation, Project Background and Cultural Heritage Methodology.

Please see information in relation to Butucarbin’s cultural connection to the area.

In the event Butucarbin is selected for fieldwork, please consider our consultancy rates. For guidance, we follow similar standards as to those proposed by the Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologists Inc.

Ultimately, Butucarbin can negotiate fees however, our standard fee is $110 per hour. Longer-term projects, those lasting over two months, may be subject to a reduced fee.

Schedule of Rates Our rates are as follows:

Fieldwork - $110.00 per hour Perusal and comment of reports - $110.00 per hour Mileage Allowance Ð 0.75 cent per kilometre

Yours Sincerely,

Lowanna Gibson Project Manager for Butucarbin Cultural Heritage and Assessment B.A Archaeology/Anthropology USYD Juris Doctor Candidate UTS

sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Arika Jalomaki Sent: Wednesday, 10 July 2019 9:30 AM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Re: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Dear Sam

Yulay Cultural Services supports the methodology for this project.

Kind Regards Arika Jalomaki Business Owner Yulay Cultural Services 0411 048 794

I would like to acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the land that I live, work and meet and I would like to pay my respects to the elders past, present and future.

On Tue, Jul 9, 2019 at 1:21 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au wrote:

Dear Project RAPs,

Thank you for your registration of interest in the Charles Street Square Upgrade project, located at 38 Charles St, Parramatta. Please find attached a letter providing project information and background details, as well as the proposed cultural heritage assessment methodology in accordance with Stages 2 and 3 of the OEH Consultation Guidelines, for the project.

We will be looking to organise an on‐site meeting at some time in the near future to discuss the details of the project and provide the opportunity to visit the project site. I will be in contact soon to organise the site visit/meeting. In the meantime, we would very much appreciate your review and any feedback/comments on this document by the 6th of August 2019.

Please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 if you would prefer to provide verbal comment or feedback, or have any further questions or would like to discuss anything about the project.

Looking forward to working with you.

Kind Regards, Sam

1 Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Ryan Johnson Sent: Thursday, 11 July 2019 11:07 AM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: RE: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam, I have read the project information and methodology for the above project, I endorse the recommendations made. Thanks Ryan Johnson | Murra Bidgee Mullangari 0475565517

Aboriginal Corporation Cultural Heritage

A: PO Box 246, Seven Hills, NSW, 2147 E: [email protected] ICN: 8112

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, 9 July 2019 1:21 PM Subject: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta‐ Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

1 Dear Project RAPs,

Please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 if you would prefer to provide verbal comment or feedback, or have any further questions or would like to discuss anything about the project.

Looking forward to working with you.

Kind Regards, Sam

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Shaun Carroll Sent: Thursday, 11 July 2019 12:31 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: RE: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam I have read the proposed cultural heritage methodology for the above project, I endorse the recommendations made by Curio Projects. Kind regards Shaun Carroll 0498696317

Sent from Mail for Windows 10

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Tuesday, July 9, 2019 1:20:59 PM Subject: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta‐ Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Dear Project RAPs,

Please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 if you would prefer to provide verbal comment or feedback, or have any further questions or would like to discuss anything about the project.

Looking forward to working with you.

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

1 p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Muragadi Sent: Thursday, 11 July 2019 1:11 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: RE: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam, I have read the project information, background and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology for the above project, I agree with the recommendations made. Thanks Anthony 0418970389

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, 9 July 2019 1:24 PM Subject: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta‐ Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Dear Project RAPs,

Please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 if you would prefer to provide verbal comment or feedback, or have any further questions or would like to discuss anything about the project.

Looking forward to working with you.

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists p 0402 522 789 e [email protected]

1 a Suite 9/17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016 w www.curioprojects.com.au

2 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Thursday, 18 July 2019 6:43 PM To: Caza X Subject: RE: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Hi Caz,

Thanks very much for that, your response has been noted.

Kind Regards, Sam

From: Caza X Sent: Sunday, 14 July 2019 12:24 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Re: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta‐ Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Indigenous Services

Contact: Carolyn

M: 0411650057

E: [email protected]

A: 10 Marie Pitt Place, Glenmore Park, NSW 2745

ABN: 20 616 970 327

1 Hi, A1 supports the methodology. Thank you Carolyn Hickey

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Tuesday, 9 July 2019 1:20 PM Subject: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta‐ Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Dear Project RAPs,

Please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 if you would prefer to provide verbal comment or feedback, or have any further questions or would like to discuss anything about the project.

Looking forward to working with you.

DARUG CUSTODIAN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION

PO BOX 81 WINDSOR 2756 PHONE: 0245775181 FAX: 0245775098 MOBILE: 0414962766 Justine Coplin EMAIL: [email protected]

Attention: Curio Projects Pty Ltd. Date: 19/07/19

Subject: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta Methodology

Dear Sam

Our group is a non- profit organisation that has been active for over forty years in Western Sydney, we are a Darug community group with over three hundred members. The main aim in our constitution is the care of Darug sites, places, wildlife and to promote our culture and provide education on the Darug history.

Our group promotes Darug Culture and works on numerous projects that are culturally based as a proud and diverse group. It has been discussed by our group and with many consultants and researches that our history is generic and is usually from an early colonists perspective or solely based on archaeology and sites. These histories are adequate but they lack the people’s stories and parts of important events and connections of the Darug people and also other Aboriginal people that now call this area home and have done so for numerous generations.

This area is significant to the Darug people due to the evidence of continued occupation, within close proximity to this project site there is a complex of significant sites.

Knowledge of culture, lifestyle and lore have been part of Darug people’s lives for thousands of years, this was passed down to the next generations and this started with birth and continued for a lifetime. Darug people spent a lifetime learning and as people grew older they passed through stages of knowledge, elders became elders with the learning of stages of knowledge not by their age, being an elder is part of the kinship system this was a very complicated system based on respect.

Darug sites are all connected, our country has a complex of sites that hold our heritage and past history, evidence of the Darug lifestyle and occupation are all across our country, due to the rapid development of Sydney many of our sites have been destroyed, our sites are thousands of years old and within the short period of time that Australia has been developed pre contact our sites have disappeared.

The Aboriginal cultural heritage consultation requirements for proponents Section 4.1.8 refers to “Aboriginal organisations representing Aboriginal people who hold cultural knowledge”. Recent consultation meetings have revealed that many of these Aboriginal organisations and individuals do not hold cultural knowledge of the Western Sydney area. The increasing involvement of such parties in cultural heritage management means that genuine local Aboriginal organisations are unable to properly care for our cultural heritage.

Many Aboriginal organisations listed in the OEH response letter do not contribute to the Aboriginal community of Western Sydney. Individuals listed in the OEH response letter do not represent the community and while they may be consulted with, should not be employed for their own personal financial benefit.

Our organisation is committed to providing benefits back to our local Aboriginal community through such measures as funding the local Aboriginal juniors’ touch football team, painting classes for the local children and donating money to various charities. Employment in cultural heritage activities is source of income that organisations such as ours can use to contribute to beneficial activities and support within the community.

Darug custodian Aboriginal Corporation’s site officers have knowledge of Darug land, Darug Culture,Oral histories, landforms, sites, Darug history, wildlife, flora and legislative requirements. We have worked with consultants and developers for many years in Western Sydney (Darug Land) for conservation, site works, developments and interpretation/education strategie

Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation have received and reviewed the report for Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta.

We support the recommendations set out in this report.

Please contact us with all further enquiries on the above contacts.

Regards

Justine Coplin

sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: philip khan Sent: Tuesday, 23 July 2019 5:33 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Subject: Re: Charles St Square Upgrade, Parramatta- Project RAPs Background Information and Proposed Cultural Heritage Methodology

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Completed

Hi Sam,

Thank you for the update and background information in regards to Charles Street Square upgrade project, located at 38 Charles St, Parramatta. I have reviewed and agree to your Methodology, looking forward to receiving your next report and look forward to work alongside you with this upcoming project.

Kind regards

Phil

Dear Project RAPs,

Please feel free to contact me via phone on 0402 522 789 if you would prefer to provide verbal comment or feedback, or have any further questions or would like to discuss anything about the project.

Looking forward to working with you.

Kind Regards, Sam Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

1 sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au

From: Elizabeth Sandoval Sent: Friday, 20 September 2019 8:39 PM To: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Cc: Paul Graham; Adam Fowler; Bene Hernandez; Julia Gauci; Justine Topfer; Steven Ross; cd; natalie.vinton curioprojects.com.au; Jacky Dalton; a.nimmo; Michael Spackman ([email protected]); tc; Luke Walker Subject: Charles Street Square (419048) Concept Design - RAPs Consultation 20.09.19 - Onsite Visit Attachments: Charles Street Square (419048)_CD Montage and Site Plan_Sept19.pdf

Hi Sam

Thanks for facilitating the meeting with the RAPs today. My notes below.

CHARLES STREET SQUARE CONCEPT DESIGN – RAPs CONSULTATION 20.19.19 – ONSITE VISIT AND MEETING Project – Charles Street Square (419048) Program – City River Program of Works (119130) Stage – Concept Design Date – 20.09.19 Location – Charles Street Square, 38 Charles Street Parramatta Time – 11am‐12.30pm

ATTENDEES External Stakeholders Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) – 3 x RAP attendees (5 RAPs registered to attend), Curio Projects to confirm names Sam Cooling, Senior Archaeologist and Heritage Specialist, Curio Projects City of Parramatta Julia Gauci, Communication & Engagement Specialist – Critical Projects, City Engagement & Experience Paul Graham, Senior Project Manager – Cultural Strategy, City Strategy & Development Elizabeth Sandoval, Senior Design Manager City Transformation, City Strategy

APOLOGIES City of Parramatta Adam Fowler, Team Leader City Transformation, City Strategy Justine Topfer, Senior Officer – Cultural Projects & Public Art, City Engagement & Experience Steven Ross, Community Capacity Building Officer – First Peoples Engagement & Strategy Community Services – Social & Community Service

ONSITE VISIT AGENDA  Curio Projects (Sam Cooling): - Present project overview - Provide details of the proposed methodology for Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment - Record all attendees, comments and feedback

1 Note: Feedback will be captured in the final cultural heritage methodology and the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Report (ACHAR) report  City of Parramatta (Elizabeth Sandoval): - Present project information via photomontage, site plan and onsite walkthrough - Respond to project queries  Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs): - Consider, query and provide comments - Offer any insights or suggestions

NOTES Comments  Happy to see a development that rebuilds the landscape through tree planting and minimising excavation, instead of tearing it down to build houses.  Small event spaces are good.  Really like the amphitheatre.  Floral display is nice.

Insights/ Suggestions  Consider songlines to share stories/ information of the river from Circular Quay to Parramatta Quay.  Floral display could include bush tucker native to the area.  Amphitheatre could be used for Burramatta NAIDOC celebrations.  Amphitheatre could include storyboards so people sitting in that area could look at them.  Suggest an accessible link from the eastern part of the river corridor to Parramatta Quay to connect east to west.  Consider ways to quickly clean the river following flooding events.  Years ago, the area was just a hill full of landscape and weeds. One RAP commented that he would visit the site as a boy with his girlfriend (instead of going to school).

Queries  RAP Query: Is a ramp proposed from the escarpment boardwalk to Stewart Street or Queens Avenue? Response (Elizabeth Sandoval): It’s not proposed as part of this project.  RAP Query: Can buskers use the Square? Response (City of Parramatta, Elizabeth Sandoval): Yes, it’s part of city life. The small event spaces will be set up with power to assist with small performances.  City of Parramatta Query, Elizabeth Sandoval: We’ve been talking with Transport for NSW and Harbour City Ferries/ Transdev on the new wharf construction and the Charles Street Square project. The new ferry wharf will be opening in mid October 2019. Transdev was interested in setting up an opening ceremony for the wharf, as some of their staff have suggested this take place as a mark of respect and allow for smooth operations on boats named after people who have passed. RAP Response: Yes, welcome any inclusive ceremonies.

PHOTOS Charles Street Square RAPs Consultation 7 attendees (3 x RAPs, 1 x Facilitator/ Consultant, 3 x City of Parramatta Staff)

Project Site Large expanse of hard surfaces (concrete, brick)

Parramatta River

3 Accumulation of rubbish and debris at weir

ATTACHMENTS  Charles Street Square, Concept Design photomontage and site plan, September 2019

Regards

Elizabeth Sandoval Senior Design Manager | City Transformation 02 9806 5055 | 0422 375 926 City of Parramatta 126 Church Street, Parramatta NSW 2150 PO Box 32, Parramatta, NSW 2124 cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au

I acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land I work on, the Darug Peoples, and pay my respects to their Elders past and present.

4 3/17/2020 Mail - sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au - Outlook

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RE: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

philip khan  PK Mon 2/03/2020 12:17 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Hi Sam,

Thank you for your report, we agree and support all your recommendaons regarding Charles Street Square Parramaa.

Kind Regards Phil Khan

Sent from Mail for Windows 10

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Tuesday, February 11, 2020 2:00:06 PM Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramaa, Dra ACHAR for RAP Review

Dear Project RAPs,

On behalf of the City of Parramatta Council (the proponent), please find attached the draft Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) for the Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta project.

This draft ACHAR is to support the development works proposed for the Charles Street Square Upgrade site and proposes mitigation measures and management strategies to address potential impacts to Aboriginal cultural heritage values within the site, including an application for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) for test excavation.

We would greatly appreciate any comment, feedback, questions or input you may have in response to this draft document. Following your input and feedback, the ACHAR will be revised to reflect any comments, and will then be submitted to the Biodiversity Conservation Division (BCD), formerly the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, with an application for an AHIP.

We would appreciate any comments on this report provided to us by 5.00pm, COB, Tuesday 10 March 2020 (i.e. 28 days from this email). https://outlook.ofﬁce.com/mail/deeplink?version=2020030902.16&popoutv2=1&leanbootstrap=1 1/1 3/17/2020 Mail - sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au - Outlook

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RE: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

 The message sender has requested a read receipt. To send a receipt, click here.

Muragadi      M Tue 3/03/2020 5:55 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Hi Sam, I have read the project informaon and Dra ACHAR for the above project, I agree with the recommendaons made. Kind regards Jesse Johnson

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, 11 February 2020 2:00 PM Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramaa, Dra ACHAR for RAP Review

Dear Project RAPs,

On behalf of the City of Parramaa Council (the proponent), please find aached the dra Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) for the Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramaa project. This dra ACHAR is to support the development works proposed for the Charles Street Square Upgrade site and proposes migaon measures and management strategies to address potenal impacts to Aboriginal cultural heritage values within the site, including an applicaon for an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) for test excavaon. We would greatly appreciate any comment, feedback, quesons or input you may have in response to this dra document. Following your input and feedback, the ACHAR will be revised to reflect any comments, and will then be submied to the Biodiversity Conservaon Division (BCD), formerly the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, with an applicaon for an AHIP. We would appreciate any comments on this report provided to us by 5.00pm, COB, Tuesday 10 March 2020 (i.e. 28 days from this email). Comments can be submied via email to [email protected] or via verbal or wrien comment if preferred to Sam Richards on (02) 8014 9800 or to: A: Sam Richards Curio Projects Suite 9/17 Thurlow St Redfern NSW 2016 If you have any further quesons about the project or the report, please feel free to forward them via return email to [email protected]. Your acknowledgement of receipt of this email (and confirmaon that you are able to open the aached PDF) via return email would be much appreciated. Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling https://outlook.ofﬁce.com/mail/deeplink?version=2020030902.16&popoutv2=1&leanbootstrap=1 1/1 3/17/2020 Mail - sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au - Outlook

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Re: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

Goobah  G Mon 9/03/2020 5:59 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Please keep us informed of any further developments and we support the draft ACHAR for Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR

On Wed, Feb 12, 2020 at 10:04 AM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au wrote: Good Morning All,

Apologies for the resend if you have received this email already, however it was pointed out to me that I accidentally aached two copies of the same ACHAR report to my email yesterday, which may have caused the email to get caught behind some ﬁrewalls due to large ﬁle size.

Hopefully this email will have more success geng through to everyone.

Thanks for your understanding.

Details are sll as per the email below.

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suit 9, 17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Tuesday, 11 February 2020 2:00 PM Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramaa, Dra ACHAR for RAP Review

Dear Project RAPs,

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Re: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

Murramarang      M Mon 9/03/2020 7:48 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Please keep me informed on any further developments

On Wed, Feb 12, 2020 at 10:04 AM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au wrote: Good Morning All,

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Thanks for your understanding.

Details are sll as per the email below.

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suit 9, 17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Tuesday, 11 February 2020 2:00 PM Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramaa, Dra ACHAR for RAP Review

Dear Project RAPs,

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Read: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

Steve Randall      SR Tue 11/02/2020 2:38 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Your message

To: Steve Randall Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review Sent: Tuesday, 11 February 2020 2:00:06 PM (UTC+10:00) Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney

was read on Tuesday, 11 February 2020 2:38:38 PM (UTC+10:00) Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney.

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Re: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

Caza X  CX Tue 18/02/2020 2:44 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Contact: Carolyn M: 0411650057 E: [email protected] A: 10 Marie Pi Place, Glenmore Park, NSW 2745 ABN: 20 616 970 327

Hi Sam, I have reviewed the document and support the ACHAR. Regards Carolyn Hickey

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Wednesday, 12 February 2020 10:04 AM Subject: Re: Charles Street Square, Parramaa, Dra ACHAR for RAP Review

Good Morning All,

Hopefully this email will have more success geng through to everyone.

Thanks for your understanding.

Details are sll as per the email below.

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suit 9, 17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016

https://outlook.ofﬁce.com/mail/deeplink?version=2020030902.16&popoutv2=1&leanbootstrap=1 1/1 3/17/2020 Mail - sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au - Outlook

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Re: Charles Street Square, Parramatta, Draft ACHAR for RAP Review

Ryan Johnson Tue 25/02/2020 4:40 PM sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au 

Hi Sam I have read the draft ACHAR for the above project, I endorse the recommendations made Thanks Ryan johnson

On 12 Feb 2020, at 10:04 am, sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au wrote:

Good Morning All,

Hopefully this email will have more success geng through to everyone.

Thanks for your understanding.

Details are sll as per the email below.

Kind Regards, Sam

Sam Cooling Curio Projects Pty Ltd. | SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST / HERITAGE SPECIALIST Archaeology Built Heritage & Interpretation Specialists

p 0402 522 789 e [email protected] a Suit 9, 17 Thurlow St, Redfern NSW 2016

From: sam.cooling curioprojects.com.au Sent: Tuesday, 11 February 2020 2:00 PM Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramaa, Dra ACHAR for RAP Review

Dear Project RAPs,

On behalf of the City of Parramaa Council (the proponent), please ﬁnd aached the dra Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) for https://outlook.ofﬁce.com/mail/deeplink?version=2020030902.16&popoutv2=1&leanbootstrap=1 1/1

DARUG CUSTODIAN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION

PO BOX 81 WINDSOR 2756 PHONE: 0245775181 FAX: 0245775098 MOBILE: 0414962766 Justine Coplin EMAIL: [email protected]

Attention: Curio Projects Pty Ltd. Date: 27022020

Subject: Charles Street Square, Parramatta

Dear Sam

This area is significant to the Darug people due to the evidence of continued occupation, within close proximity to this project site there is a complex of significant sites.

Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation have received and reviewed the report for Charles Street Square, Parramatta.

We support the recommendations set out in this report.

Please contact us with all further enquiries on the above contacts.

Regards

Justine Coplin

We acknowledge and pay respect to the Darug people,the traditional Aboriginal custodians of this land.

APPENDIX C—Archaeological Technical Report

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 59

Aboriginal Archaeological Technical Report CHARLES STREET SQUARE UPGRADE, 38 CHARLES ST, PARRAMATTA

MAY 2020 Prepared for Spackman Mossop Michaels & City of Parramatta Council by Curio Projects

[email protected] | P (02) 8014 9800 |Suite 9, 17 Thurlow Street, Redfern NSW 2016 | ABN 79139184035 Curio noun cu·rio \kyur-ē-ˌō\: any unusual article, object of art, etc., valued as a curiosity

Document Information

Citation Curio Projects 2020, Charles Street Square Upgrade, Parramatta—Archaeological Technical Report, prepared for SMM/City of Parramatta Council.

Local Government Area City of Parramatta Council

Cover Image Charles Street Square Concept Design Site Plan (City of Parramatta)

ISSUE ISSUE DATE VERSION NOTES/COMMENTS AUTHOR REVIEWED No. 1 30.10.2019 Draft Report For client review Sam Cooling Adam Fowler, Bene Fernandez 2 February 2020 Draft Report For RAP Review Sam Cooling Natalie Vinton 3 15 May 2020 Final Report For AHIP Issue Sam Cooling Kim Bazeley

Unless otherwise specified or agreed, copyright in intellectual property of this report vests jointly in Curio Projects Pty Ltd.

Curio Projects Pty Ltd Suite 9/17 Thurlow Street Redfern NSW 2016 Australia

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 2

Contents

Document Information ...... 2

Executive Summary ...... 5

1. Introduction ...... 7

1.1. Purpose of this Report ...... 7

1.2. Project Area ...... 7

1.3. Relevant Statutory Context ...... 8

1.3.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 ...... 8

1.3.2. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 ...... 9

1.3.3. Native Title Act 1993 ...... 10

1.3.4. OEH Guidelines ...... 10

1.4. Objectives of ATR ...... 10

1.5. Investigators, Contributors and Acknowledgements ...... 11

2. Environmental and Archaeological Context ...... 12

2.1. Environmental Context ...... 12

2.1.1. Soils and Geology ...... 12

2.1.2. Hydrology ...... 15

2.1.3. Landscape and Landforms ...... 16

2.1.4. Vegetation ...... 17

2.1.5. Raw Material Resources ...... 17

2.1.6. Geotechnical Investigation ...... 17

2.1.7. Modern Land Use and Disturbance ...... 20

2.1.8. Summary of Environmental Context ...... 20

2.2. Archaeological Context ...... 20

2.2.1. AHIMS Search ...... 20

2.2.2. Previous Archaeological Investigations and Assessment ...... 23

2.2.3. Discussion of Archaeology within Parramatta Sand Body ...... 28

2.2.4. Summary of Previous Archaeological Investigation ...... 30

2.3. Regional Character and Archaeological Predictive Model ...... 31

3. Site Analysis ...... 34

3.1. Due Diligence Visual Inspection ...... 34

3.2. Site Inspection and Consultation Meeting ...... 38

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 3

4. Archaeological Impact Assessment ...... 39

4.1. Proposed Activity ...... 39

4.1.1. Activities with Potential to Impact Aboriginal Sites ...... 40

4.2. Potential Impacts ...... 44

4.2.1. Aboriginal Sites and Archaeology ...... 44

4.3. Proposed Conservation (Avoidance) ...... 44

4.4. Harm to Aboriginal Sites and Archaeological Potential ...... 45

5. Archaeological Management, Mitigation and Recommendations ...... 46

5.1. Avoidance and Protection ...... 46

5.2. Aboriginal Archaeological Investigation ...... 46

5.2.1. Aims ...... 47

5.2.2. Methodology Rationale ...... 47

5.2.3. Locations of Test Trenches ...... 49

5.2.4. Archaeological Sampling Strategy ...... 52

5.2.5. Excavation Methodology ...... 55

5.2.6. Research Design ...... 57

5.3. Recommendations ...... 58

6. References ...... 60

APPENDIX A—Extensive AHIMS Search Results ...... 62

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 4

Executive Summary Curio Projects Pty Ltd was commissioned by Spackman Mossop Michaels (SMM) to prepare an Aboriginal Archaeological Technical Report (ATR) for the Charles St Square Development, located across six (6) parcels of community land zoned RE1, including a section of Charles Street (a public road zoned B4), at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets, Parramatta (the study area).

The purpose of this ATR is to be a standalone technical document, providing evidence of material traces of Aboriginal land use within the study area, and will feed into and support the conclusions and recommendations of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR), to which this ATR serves as an appendix.

The following recommendations are made regarding Aboriginal archaeological context and potential in relation to the Charles Street Square Upgrade study area:

§ The study area has been assessed to have moderate to high potential for a Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD), associated with the Parramatta Sand Body in this area of the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River.

§ The extent of the Aboriginal PAD within the study area relates to the demonstrated archaeological landscape in the immediate vicinity of the study area- i.e. it is considered to be a potential extension of the archaeological landscape of AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and Site 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1).

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 5

o The AHIP Application should allow for potential impact to the Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) associated within AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1).

§ Aboriginal archaeological investigation at the site should be undertaken in accordance with the methodology and research design developed and presented in Section 5.2 of this ATR.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 6

1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose of this Report

Curio Projects Pty Ltd was commissioned by Spackman Mossop Michaels (SMM) on behalf of the City of Parramatta Council (Council) to prepare an Aboriginal Archaeological Technical Report (ATR) for the Charles St Square Development, located across six (6) parcels of community land zoned RE1, including a section of Charles Street (a public road zoned B4), at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets, Parramatta (the study area).

The purpose of this ATR is to be a standalone technical document, providing evidence of material traces of Aboriginal land use within the study area, and will feed into and support the conclusions and recommendations of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) for the study area, to which this ATR serves as an appendix.

1.2. Project Area

Project Site

Square 38 Charles Street - Lot 2, DP 869186 38 Charles Street - Lot 1, DP 869820

Road Charles Street

Park 340A Church Street - Lot 1, DP 1172250 21 Charles Street - Lot 2, DP 532539 182C George Street - Lot 1, DP 506760 (CBD Foreshore Reserve)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 7

Figure 1.1: Lot 2 DP 869816 (Study Area) (Source: Curio 2019) 1.3. Relevant Statutory Context

Aboriginal cultural heritage is governed in NSW by two principal pieces of legislation:

§ National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW) (NPW Act); and

§ Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) (EP&A Act);

1.3.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974

The NPW Act, administered by the Aboriginal Heritage Planning Section of the Environment, Energy and Science (EES) division, of the NSW Department of Planning, Industry and

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 8

Environment (DPIE) (formerly known as the Office of Environment and Heritage [OEH]), is the primary legislation that provides statutory protection for all ‘Aboriginal objects’ (Part 6, Section 90) and ‘Aboriginal places’ (Part 6, Section 84) within NSW.

An Aboriginal object is defined through the NPW Act as:

The NPW Act provides the definition of ‘harm’ to Aboriginal objects and places as:

“...any act or omission that:

(a) destroys, defaces or damages the object or place, or

(b) in relation to an object-moves the object from the land on which it had been situated, or

(d) causes or permits the object or place to be harmed in a manner referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c), (NPW Act 1974).

1.3.2. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

The Charles St Square project will not meet the criteria for SSDA, and therefore will be subject as normal to the provisions of the NPW Act.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 9

1.3.3. Native Title Act 1993

There are currently no native title claims or determinations in place for the Charles St Square Development study area.

1.3.4. OEH Guidelines

§ DECCW 2010a, Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in NSW. (the Due Diligence Code of Practice)

§ OEH 2011a, Guide to Investigating, assessing and reporting on Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in NSW. (the Guide to Investigating)

§ DECCW 2010b, Code of Practice for the Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales. (the Code of Practice)

§ DECCW 2010c, Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Consultation Requirements for Proponents 2010. (the Consultation Guidelines)

§ OEH 2011b, Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permits, a Guide for Applicants.

1.4. Objectives of ATR

The objectives of the assessment process presented in this Aboriginal Archaeological Technical report were to:

§ Conduct and present background research (environmental and archaeological) in order to identify any Aboriginal site location and distribution trends and potential influence of landscape and environment features on potential sites;

§ Search statutory registers to identify registered Aboriginal sites within the study area and surrounds;

§ Present an archaeological predictive model for the study area, based on background research and assessment;

§ Identify the Aboriginal archaeological potential of the study area;

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 10

§ Develop a methodology for Aboriginal archaeological test excavation within the study area in order to locate and investigate potential Aboriginal archaeological deposits, their location, nature, and frequency- in relation to the proposed development impacts;

§ Identify impacts the proposed activity may have to identified Aboriginal sites, values and significance;

§ Identify opportunities for conservation management (i.e. avoidance of sites) where possible; and

§ Recommend strategies for management of potential Aboriginal archaeological deposits that may be present within the study area, and to feed these archaeological-focused strategies into the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report, along with cultural assessment, to manage and mitigate impact to Aboriginal cultural heritage within the study area.

1.5. Investigators, Contributors and Acknowledgements

Table 1.1: Investigators and Contributors

PERSON (QUALIFICATION) AFFILIATION ROLE Sam Cooling, Senior Curio Projects Project Manager, Report Author Archaeologist (BA, M Archaeological Science) Natalie Vinton, Director Curio Projects Report Reviewer (BA (Hons) Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology) Andre Fleury, Archaeologist Curio Projects GIS and Mapping (B. Hist, M Archaeological Science)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 11

2. Environmental and Archaeological Context

2.1. Environmental Context

2.1.1. Soils and Geology

The geology and soils of a locale can provide information for the prediction and modelling of the nature and positioning of potential Aboriginal sites. For example, soil types capable of supporting vegetation/flora resources of importance to Aboriginal people (and the corresponding faunal resources that would utilise the vegetation), may provide clues to indicate Aboriginal use and occupation across a landscape.

Parramatta falls within the Cumberland Basin, which is a low-lying plain located in the west of the greater Sydney Basin. The land along the Parramatta River is mostly made up of Bringelly Shale of the Wianamatta Group, which is primarily made up of shale with inclusions of carbonaceous claystone, laminite, lithic sandstone, and rare coal. This shale formation is generally overlaid by alluvial materials derived from Bringelly Shale and other flood event deposits (Chapman & Murphy 1989).

Chapman & Murphy map the study area as being located on disturbed terrain, across the Birrong soil landscape (a landscape characterised by fluvial deposits marked by high clay content), near the boundary with the Blacktown soil landscape (Figure 2.1). The profile of the Birrong soil landscape generally presents as: 10-40cm of dark brown silty clay loam; 35cm of hard setting clay loam; over 100cm of orange mottled silty clay and brown mottled clay. The Blacktown soil landscape is generally defined by undulating depths, however commonly presents as 30cm of topsoil overlying a hard setting B-horizon clay subsoil (Extent 2017: 34).

However, local soil mapping across the Parramatta CBD, undertaken by geomorphologist Peter Mitchell (Mitchell 2008), has identified that soils across the region have generally been subjected to lower levels of disturbance than predicted by Chapman & Murphy. The study area is situated across the interface/approximate boundary between the Holocene (modern) floodplain of the Parramatta River, and the Parramatta Sand Body (PSB- see following section for further details on this geomorphological feature).

Located directly along the Parramatta River, the study area would have experienced high levels of soil erosion, especially prior to the development of flood mitigation strategies in the 1970s. The area is known to be greatly fluvial, as seen by the soil profiles outlined above.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 12

Figure 2.1: Soil Landscapes (Source: Curio 2019) Parramatta Sand Body (PSB) The Parramatta Sand Body (PSB) is a Pleistocene era deposit that holds significant archaeological, environmental and geological importance to understanding the Cumberland Basin pre-European settlement. As the name suggests, it is a fluvial sand profile that has been demonstrated to contain stratified Aboriginal archaeological materials (dating to the Pleistocene period, i.e. >10,000 years BP) 1. The extent of the PSB is thought to be between George Street to the north, Harris Street to the west, ‘Ellangowan’ to the east, and Robin Thomas Reserve to the south. This means that the study area falls within the potential zone for finding this soil formation (Mitchell 2008), although indicative mapping developed for the extent of the Sheet suggests that the study area may be on the northern edge of the sand (Figure 2.3).

1 See Section 2.5 below for further archaeological context.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 13

The PSB has been typically described through previous archaeological investigations as presenting as:

§ c. 25-30cm of brown to brownish grey loamy sand A1 topsoil (this soil unit was often found to be missing/truncated through historical activities);

§ A bleached A2-horizon of greyish yellow brown to light grey fine sand extending to a depth of c.50-60cm; and

§ Compact reddish brown to dull orange fine sand B-horizon with well-developed porous earthy fabric to c.120cm.

Relatively little concrete information is actually known about the PSB except that it was formed through fluvial process and was later reworked by both aeolian and colluvial processes (Steele 2017: 33). It is thought that the lower terraces of the PSB- those close to the river- were deposited over the last 10,000 years. Older deposits would then be located at higher elevations and would be the most disturbed from development throughout Parramatta CBD (Steele 2017: 34). Due to the aggrading nature of this deposit, it is thought that it was formed through multiple large events interspersed with smaller processes, however more research is required to better understand the extent and formation process of the PSB. Previous archaeological investigations on the PSB have demonstrated that Aboriginal artefacts may occur within the sand body at depths of up to 2m.

Archaeological excavations undertaken on the PSB in recent years have consistently demonstrated that the uppermost levels have been mostly removed by historical land use activities, truncating the PSB in most locations. This is discussed further in Section 2.2.2 below, with reference to the results of relevant archaeological investigations previously undertaken in Parramatta.

Figure 2.2: Sketch Section of interpreted pre-European geomorphology, sediments and vegetation along the Parramatta River. PSB terrace area indicated (Source: JMcDCHM 2005: 12)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 14

Figure 2.3: Indicative area of Parramatta Sand Body over Study Area (Source: Curio 2019, after Mitchell 2007) 2.1.2. Hydrology

The hydrology of an area plays an important role in identifying not only areas of occupational, environmental, and archaeological potential, but also in understanding how deposits are formed on sites. The effects of hydrology range from the availability of water to flooding, which impacts both occupation and deposition.

The study area, like the majority of the Parramatta River foreshore, is susceptible to major flood events. After the 1970s, flooding was mitigated through the development of strategies and upgrades to the foreshore. Despite this, flooding still occurs during bouts of heavy rainfall (Extent 2017: 35). As the study area is positioned directly along the Parramatta River it is

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 15 important to note that the site would have been directly impacted by flooding in the past, which is vital in understanding how archaeological materials may have been deposited.

As can be seen in the hydrology map below (Figure 2.4) the closest water source in the Parramatta River, a 3rd order stream, formed by the confluence of the Lane Cove and Duck Rivers. Clay Cliff Creek, a 1st order stream, is located to the south-east of the study area and Vineyard Creek, also a 1st order stream, is located to the north-west. Due to their distance from the study area and relative size to the Parramatta River, it is assessed that Parramatta River is far more impactful in understanding the hydrology and nature of the study area than these 1st order streams.

Figure 2.4: Hydrology Map (Source: NSW Dept of Industry, Lands and Water, with Curio Additions 2019) 2.1.3. Landscape and Landforms

Understanding the past landscape and landforms of the study area is important for the identification of zones of high archaeological potential. Based on the initial descriptions of the Parramatta River by Governor Phillip and Surgeon John White, during early years of European colonial expansion, an impression of the landscape can be established. A short distance down the river, at what is currently Lennox Bridge, there is description of the environment, stating:

‘the banks of it were now pleasant, the trees immensely large, and at a considerable distance from each other; and the land around us flat and rather low, but well covered with the grass just mentioned.’ (Benson & Howell 1990: 68)

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From this it can be gathered that the study area was most likely a slight bank with open grassland containing large trees that were a considerable distance from each other. The open nature of the area would have enabled Aboriginal people to camp on the river bank with easy access to the Parramatta River. There is also potential that the lack of underbrush described may have meant that burning along the banks may have been occurring in the area (Extent 2017: 34).

2.1.4. Vegetation

Knowing the original vegetation for the area and subsequent change is important for understanding site formation process and also how sites may have been used over time. As has been stated previously, the environment surrounding area consisted of open grassland and large dispersed trees. It has been suggested that this vegetation would have been grey box and forest red gum. Other vegetation that may have been present would have been mangroves, paperbark and swamp oak along with common reed (Extent 2017: 35). It is known that native vegetation along the Parramatta River foreshore has been extensively disturbed during the development of Parramatta CBD.

Past fauna is also important for understanding potential food sources for the local Aboriginal peoples. Parramatta would have provided Aboriginal people with access to rich freshwater and saltwater resources such as fish, shellfish, molluscs, eels, ducks, mullet, crayfish and turtles. Faunal resources would have included mammals such as possums, flying foxes, goannas, wallabies and kangaroos.

2.1.5. Raw Material Resources

No known sources for stone tool materials are located within the bounds of Parramatta City. Therefore, it is assumed that raw materials used by local people for manufacture of stone tools would have been imported from the surrounding area or possibly from St Marys, Marsden Park, or other areas of Western Sydney, across the Cumberland Plain, where silcrete is known to be sourced (Artefact 2018: 9; MDCA 2003: 36). Other, less certain, sources of stone tools, basalt and other volcanic materials may have been sourced from the Toongabbie area (MDCA 2003: 37).

2.1.6. Geotechnical Investigation

Geotechnical investigation was undertaken in May 2019 by Alliance Geotechnical (Alliance Geotechnical 2019) in the form of five boreholes across the site (Figure 2.6). Of these boreholes, two indicated the presence of an alluvial soil profile potentially indicative of the presence of the PSB (Boreholes 1 and 4- see table below).

While limited in scope (consisting of only five boreholes), this subsurface soil profile information can be used to inform the archaeological predictive modelling for the site.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 17

Table 2.1: Borehole Soil Profile Descriptions (Source: Alliance Geotechnical, Table 1, p.5)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 18

Figure 2.5: Geotechnical Boreholes over PSB Mapping (Source: Curio 2019)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 19

2.1.7. Modern Land Use and Disturbance

The Parramatta foreshore and surrounding areas have been heavily disturbed by both modern development and from historical flood events. These flood events would have caused major erosion and scouring with the mitigation strategies also causing ground disturbances through the implementation of sea walls and land reclamation. There are specific signs that the foreshore has been affected by these processes through the historical paintings and writings about Parramatta (Extent 2017: 35).

Modern development in the study area includes construction of the Parramatta ferry wharf, adjacent access ways, surrounding building development and infrastructure. This would have impacted directly on the study area at least superficially with potential for deeper deposits to remain intact, dependent on discrete levels of below ground impact across the area.

2.1.8. Summary of Environmental Context

The environmental context of an area is an important asset when it comes to understanding formation processes and archaeological potential. The key points for the Charles Street Square study area are summarised as:

§ The site falls within the Cumberland Plain, located within the Sydney Basin.

§ The site sits on the Birrong soil landscape and is directly adjacent to the Blacktown soil landscape.

§ There is potential for remains of the Parramatta Sand Body (PSB) to be present within the study area.

§ The study area is directly adjacent to the Parramatta River subjecting it to numerous flood events.

§ In the past the study area was most likely open grassland with large spaced out trees.

o This area could have been subject to burning by past Aboriginal peoples.

§ The original vegetation communities would have be dominated by grey box and forest red gum with potential for mangroves and paperbark trees.

§ Native fauna that would have been used as food resources by the original Aboriginal inhabitants of the area would have included fresh and saltwater marine life, as well as native mammals such as kangaroos.

§ This study area had undergone major disturbance through both flooding and modern development.

o This would heavily impact on the intact deposits within the study area.

2.2. Archaeological Context

2.2.1. AHIMS Search

The NSW statutory guidelines for Aboriginal cultural heritage management and assessment require a current extensive search of the Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 20

(AHIMS) database (i.e. current within the last 12 months). The AHIMS search was undertaken on 4 April 2019, centred on the study area with a buffer of 1km, and returned 87 results. The extensive AHIMS search is attached as Appendix B to this report. While the search returned no results directly within the study area, the closest registered site is located only c.40m to the south, and consists of an artefact site (#45-6-2648, Charles/George 1).

AHIMS search results always require a certain amount of scrutiny in order to acknowledge and accommodate for things such as inconsistencies in the coordinates (differing datums between years of recording), the existence of, and impact to, registered sites (impact to a registered site technically requires the submission of an Aboriginal Site Impact Recording form, however these forms are not always submitted), and other database related difficulties. It should also be noted that AHIMS database is a record of archaeological work that has been undertaken, and registered with OEH in the region. The AHIMS database is therefore a reflection of recorded archaeological work, the need for which has likely been predominantly triggered by development, and not a representation of the actual archaeological potential of the search area. AHIMS searches should be used as a starting point for further research and not as a definitive, final set of data.

Therefore, the above AHIMS search result has been synthesized as best possible within the scope of this current report to determine the most likely nature and location of previously registered sites in proximity to the current study area.

Summary descriptions of Aboriginal site features as identified by OEH, and as relevant to this report are presented in Table 2.2. The 87 results from the current AHIMS search included 4 different main site types, some in combination with each other. These sites are summarised in

Table 2.3. The locations of these sites can be seen in Figure 2.6 below. The most common site types in the area are artefact sites (n=37), followed by Potential Archaeological Deposits (PADs) (n=32), and Potential Archaeological Deposits (PADs) in relation to a number of other site types (n=14). While two modified trees and one grinding groove were located by this AHIMS search, neither of these sites are in close proximity to the current study area.

The AHIMS sites 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1) are registered as being located c.50m and c.150m south and southeast respectively of the current study area. While these two sites are registered individually, archaeological excavations at both sites (JMcDCHM 2005a; 2005b) has shown that these sites are components of the same archaeological feature, both in relation to the PSB terrace in this location.

Table 2.2: Aboriginal site features referred to in this report

SITE FEATURE DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION BY OEH (2012)

Artefact Site (Open Artefact sites consist of objects such as stone tools, and associated flaked Camp Sites/artefact material, spears, manuports, grindstones, discarded stone flakes, modified glass scatters/isolated or shell demonstrating physical evidence of use of the area by Aboriginal people. finds)

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SITE FEATURE DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION BY OEH (2012)

Registered artefact sites can range from isolated finds, to large extensive open camp sites and artefact scatters. Artefacts can be located either on the ground surface or in a subsurface archaeological context.

Grinding grooves are a groove in a rock surface resulting from manufacture of Grinding Groove stone tools such as ground edge hatchets and spears, may also include rounded depressions resulting from grinding of seeds and grains.

Trees which show the marks of modification as a result of cutting of bark from the trunk for use in the production of shields, canoes, boomerangs, burials shrouds, for medicinal purposes, foot holds etc, or alternately intentional Modified Tree carving of the heartwood of the tree to form a permanent marker to indicate ceremonial use/significance of a nearby area, again these carvings may also act as territorial or burial markers.

An area where Aboriginal cultural material such as stone artefacts, hearths, middens etc, may be present in a subsurface capacity. Potential Archaeological Evidence for Aboriginal cultural material may not be present on the ground Deposit (PAD) surface, but still may be present at a location.

Table 2.3: AHIMS Sites in the Vicinity of the Study Area

SITE TYPE NUMBER OF SITES % OF SITES Artefact 37 42.5 Artefact and Modified Tree 1 1.1 Artefact and Hearth 1 1.1 Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) 32 36.8 Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) and Artefact 14 16.1 Modified Tree 1 1.1 Grinding Groove 1 1.1 TOTAL 87 100

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Figure 2.6: AHIMS Sites. Study Area in Red (Source: Curio 2019) 2.2.2. Previous Archaeological Investigations and Assessment

Aboriginal archaeological excavations have often been undertaken in conjunction with historical archaeological excavations across Parramatta. Numerous Aboriginal archaeological excavations have successfully demonstrated that regardless of level of supposed development and ground impact at a site within Parramatta, there often remains the potential for Aboriginal archaeological deposits and stone artefact assemblages to remain intact within remnant natural soil profiles, as well as in a post-contact context.

The following section presents a brief summary of relevant Aboriginal archaeological studies and investigations that have been undertaken in the vicinity of the study area to provide

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 23 archaeological context- with particular focus on investigations undertaken on the south bank of the Parramatta River. The location of sites discussed below are presented in Figure 2.8.

Parramatta Aboriginal Heritage Study and Review (MDCA, 2003; 2014 Review) Mary Dallas Consulting Archaeologists (MDCA) was commissioned by Parramatta City Council to prepare the Parramatta Aboriginal Heritage Study, ‘in order to inform future land planning and development control processes and to ensure ongoing protection and management of Aboriginal heritage places’. This study focused on the entire Parramatta LGA and developed an Aboriginal cultural heritage planning and management strategy. Notably, this study included the compilation of a database of known Aboriginal sites within the Parramatta LGA, which along with the mapping of areas of Aboriginal archaeology and cultural heritage sensitivity, which was the basis for the Aboriginal Sensitivity Map, which now functions as Appendix 11 of the Parramatta DCP.

The Aboriginal Sensitivity Map essentially predicts potential areas within the LGA that may contain unrecorded and unregistered Aboriginal sites. It is not a rating of potential significance, but rather an indication of the potential for Aboriginal sites to be present. Aboriginal sensitivity was zoned across the Parramatta LGA as:

§ High Sensitivity= known sites (within 50m radius +)/high archaeological potential/undisturbed natural landscape.

§ Medium Sensitivity= some archaeological potential/partially disturbed landscape.

§ Low Sensitivity= largely disturbed landscape.

§ No Sensitivity= totally disturbed landscape/reclaimed land.

§ Areas of Social/Historical Association= areas identified as having some degree of significant to present day Aboriginal people through current social or historical connections.

The current study area is included within an area of ‘High Sensitivity’ on the Parramatta Aboriginal Sensitivity map.

Parramatta CBD Foreshore Strategic Archaeological Management Strategy (Extent 2017) An Archaeological Management Strategy (AMS) has been prepared for the Parramatta River CBD Foreshore, a study area defined as extending from the Queens Wharf Reserve to Rings Bridge, in order to consider the overall archaeological and cultural heritage impacts of the Parramatta City River Strategy (City of Parramatta 2015).

The AMS divides the river foreshore into 20 different precincts, of which, Charles Street Square is addressed as Precinct 14. The AMS assesses Charles Street Square to have an overall Moderate Archaeological Potential, more specifically as having Moderate Aboriginal and Historical Archaeological Potential, and Low Maritime Archaeological Potential. Part of the Charles Street Square precinct was assessed to have High Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity, due to the moderate distribution of Parramatta Sand Body within the precinct; low disturbance; location within 200m of a watercourse; and primarily situated on modern floodplain.

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The AMS assessed the Charles Street Square to have the following constraints with respect to archaeology:

§ Development resulting in ground disturbance may require monitoring or formal salvage excavation.

§ Modifications to structural elements and ground disturbance may require development approval and/or OEH approval.

§ The depth of the artefact bearing deposits within the sandsheet in this precinct is unknown. However, based on other studies in the region, these deposits typically represent the upper 1.5-2m below the existing land surface. (Extent 2017, Vol. 2: 91)

The AMS identified the following opportunities for the Charles Street Square:

§ Implementation of a coordinated interpretation scheme across the corridor

§ Interpretation should consider all aspects of the previous uses, including the Chinese market garden, and the relationship to Parramatta River.

§ To determine the extent of the Parramatta Terrace Sand Sheet. (Extent 2017, Vol. 2: 91)

The AMS recommended that any works within the Precinct that will impact potential Aboriginal heritage would require an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment, which would be likely to be complex and require sub-surface investigation.

The Conservation Recommendations for the Charles Street Square Precinct 14 state:

1. The extent of the Parramatta Terrace Sand Sheet should be investigated and mapped throughout the precinct.

2. Further research is required in relation to the previous uses, and the extent of remains within precinct.

3. A major development application for the precinct should be accompanied by a Heritage Interpretation Plan with details on implementation. The interpretation plan should include, but not restricted to the following themes:

- Harrisford, agricultural properties and contribution to the survival of the colony.

- Parramatta River

- Aboriginal Local History

4. Works within this precinct will require the preparation of the following:

- Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment (Extent 2017, Vol. 2: 92)

1 Smith Street (Site SSP1) (Jo McDonald CHM, 2004) Aboriginal archaeological excavation was undertaken across 1 Smith Street (Sydney Water Site) in conjunction with Casey & Lowe’s historical excavation. Test excavation of the area recovered a total of 198 artefacts from 79m2. Two of these squares demonstrated a moderate density of artefacts (>25 artefacts/m2) and were consequently expanded for a total of 169 artefacts from the expanded area, believed to have intercepted a location in which Aboriginal people manufactured stone tools from quartz.

While the excavation concluded that the presence of the Aboriginal archaeological deposit in this location was a result of relatively sparse occupation related to peripheral or transitory activity, it

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 25 was demonstrated that a significant amount of the site presented with an intact natural soil profile (c. 40%), regardless of the level of historical development and use that the site had undergone since 1788. Most of the contemporary and historic construction at the site had been built on top of the natural ground surface, effectively protecting the archaeological integrity of the deposit.

Cnr Charles and George Streets (Site CG1) (Jo McDonald CHM 2005a) Archaeological excavations in Parramatta in 2004, identified the presence of a deep sand body, now known as the Parramatta Sand Body (PSB) (State Heritage Register #1862), which consists of a fluvial sand body deposited along the Parramatta River during periods of flooding, with the main body of sand forming a levee along the south bank of the river. Geomorphological analysis, as well as archaeological excavation and scientific dating has determined this sand sheet to be likely of late Pleistocene age.

Aboriginal archaeological excavation of CG1 was located on the PSB, and represented multiple periods of Aboriginal occupation of the area, from those of considerable antiquity, to more recent deposits. Excavation encountered several occupation/living floors at the site, containing both artefacts as well as hearth arrangements. Over 6,500 artefacts were recovered from CG1, with relative dating suggesting that the older assemblage could date to between 10,000 and 20,000 years BP.

Due to the general depth and antiquity of the PSB, Aboriginal archaeological excavations on the sand body have the potential to provide significant new information about timing and patterns of Aboriginal occupation of the Parramatta area.

109–113 George Street (Site RTA-G1) (Jo McDonald CHM, 2005b) Archaeological salvage excavation at RTA-G1 recovered >4,500 Aboriginal stone artefacts from within the PSB, a site identified to be a continuation of the archaeological landscape investigated at the nearby site of CG1. Radiocarbon dating of the site recovered some of the earliest dates recovered from the greater Sydney region for Aboriginal archaeological sites, indicating repeated occupation of the PSB in this location from c.30,000 years BP. At the time this date was recovered, this more than doubled the previously accepted scientifically dated timeframe for Aboriginal occupation of the Sydney region.

101-110A George Street (‘CG3’) (Jo McDonald CHM 2006) Archaeological test and salvage excavation of 101-110A George Street in 2005 encountered further evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the PSB, identified as being a continuation of the archaeological landscape identified at CG-1 and RTA-G1. Archaeological excavation at CG3 recovered <1,000 artefacts, dominated by silcrete and silicified tuff, along with clear evidence for change in preferential use of raw material types and stone tool production technologies over time.

184-188 George St- ‘GSP 2013’ Site (Dominic Steele Consulting, 2013, 2017) An archaeological and cultural heritage assessment of the 184-188 George St site found it was likely to preserve at least some PSB soil profile deposits, even though the upper levels would be most likely missing or dispersed from past demolitions and site levelling. Aboriginal archaeology

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 26 had already been salvaged during redevelopment of blocks surrounding the site. Across about three-quarters of the site, multiple building and demolition phases had removed and truncated the upper archaeological levels, but ‘natural’ soil profiles with potential to contain Aboriginal objects existed below the disturbance.

A drainage ‘gully’ that emptied into the river was found through the centre of the ‘GSP 2013’ site. This contained about 2.0m+ of post 1890s fill covering original PSB ground surfaces and associated archaeological filling and ‘yard’ deposits. These yard deposits represent the earliest attempts by the colonists to modify the landscape for their use.

This ‘gully’ created greater preservation of the PSB stratigraphic sequence, which appeared in some respects to differ from that seen in previous studies. This sequence extended from around the time of the stabilization of sea-levels, the mid Holocene, through to the colonial settlement. Palynological evidence from the gully indicated the presence of freshwater lagoons or ponds on the lower river terraces bordering the town, and that the surrounding vegetation was shrub- fernland dominated by rainbow fern. Furthermore, there was evidence for previously unrecorded vegetation, and confirmation of the presence of she-oaks and/or river oaks on the lower terraces.

Aboriginal excavations recovered 114 stone artefacts sourced primarily from silicified tuff and silcrete. The objects are likely to reflect that the site was consistently a river landscape on the periphery of more favourable terrace positions. Here, the low numbers of stone artefacts were likely to represent limited in situ knapping activities and the possibly that the use of non-durable tools was favoured. Aboriginal objects were also identified which could be dated to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, firmly supporting historical records for the continued Aboriginal occupation of Parramatta.

330 Church Street, Parramatta (AHMS 2011, 2014) Archaeological test excavation at 330 Church Street, Parramatta in 2011 on the Pleistocene PSB, recovered 43 Aboriginal objects, and an additional 32 non-diagnostic fragments of stone suitable for working. Natural soils encountered during excavation were predominantly sand, with varying clay and silt components, with basal deposits (120 cm below ground surface) dated to the terminal Pleistocene (~20-10,000 years BP). The investigation found that historical excavation across the site had previously truncated the majority of the natural soil profile across the site, with Aboriginal objects only recovered from areas where historical disturbance had been minimal. The high levels of disturbance and the low number of Aboriginal objects recovered from the excavation meant that test excavation was considered sufficient to understand the nature of the archaeology at the site, and no further archaeological work was necessary.

Riverbank Square Redevelopment, 30b-46 Phillip Street, 338 Church Street and 46/47 Smith Street, Parramatta (AHMS 2015) Assessment of the Riverbank Square Redevelopment site identified the potential for archaeological material to be present in portions of the sites where prior disturbance had not extended more than 2m below the ground surface. Similar to the Charles Street Square study area, the Riverbank Square Redevelopment site was located across the interface of the Holocene

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Flood Plain and the PSB Pleistocene terrace. The site was registered as a PAD with AHIMS (#45- 6-3193).

Parramatta River Foreshore, Charles and Macarthur Streets, Parramatta- Proposed regional cycleway (Stedinger Associates Pty Ltd 2008, 2009) Geotechnical testing and archaeological assessment for a proposed regional cycleway between Charles and Macarthur Streets, Parramatta (southern bank of the river, coinciding with a portion of the Charles Street Square current study area, as well as extending to adjacent lots further to the east) was undertaken in 2008, including a strategy for the investigation of the nature of the PSB in this location (Stedinger 2008). Historical archaeological excavation of the site was subsequently undertaken (Stedinger 2009), in the form of an archaeological monitoring program through four targeted archaeological trenches during the construction of the cycleway. However, the archaeological works for the cycleway were concentrated further to the east (and almost wholly along the River foreshore) than the current Charles Street Square study area, in addition, it is unclear to what extent these archaeological works included Aboriginal archaeological excavation, with only the historical archaeological post excavation report available (Stedinger 2009, which provides little information with respect to the process of results of any Aboriginal archaeological investigation undertaken at the site).

The Aboriginal Archaeological Assessment (Stedinger 2008) assessed the western side of the Cycleway study area to have low Aboriginal archaeological potential due to disturbance and fill associated with the construction of the Parramatta Ferry terminal. However, the 2008 assessment focused on the cycleway impact zone, mainly adjacent to the River and further to the east, and did not appropriately capture the main area of proposed development works for the current Charles Street Square project.

Geotechnical testing undertaken for the cycleway project on the corner of Charles and Macarthur Streets (further to the east from the current Charles Street Square project study area) identified a soil profile of c.65cm of fill overlying the PSB (in the east of the site). The PSB in this location was identified as having potential for Aboriginal archaeological material to be present in areas where previous disturbance was limited.

The Aboriginal archaeological research design for the cycleway (Stedinger 2008) proposed the excavation of two trenches alongside the path of the cycleway in less disturbed locations, to ‘allow retrieval of scientific information’, i.e. to explore the potential extent of the PSB within the project area. Results of this proposed excavation have not been able to be readily located through a search of available reports.

2.2.3. Discussion of Archaeology within Parramatta Sand Body

The concentration, nature, and extent of Aboriginal archaeological deposits encountered within the PSB, particularly on the southern bank of the Parramatta River, is of particular relevance to the archaeological predictive modelling for the Charles Street Square study area. Therefore, a base level analysis of the nature of the deposits encountered on the PSB on the southern bank, including artefact counts, general vertical and horizontal distribution, and levels of disturbance has been undertaken. This provides additional data to inform predictive modelling of the

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 28 current study area, and to help develop the most appropriate methodology for future archaeological investigation of the study area where necessary.

The seven sites included in this analysis are: the three Jo McDonald PSB George St sites (CG1, CG3 & RTA-G1); 95-101 George St; ‘GSP 2013’ (184-188 George St); 142-154 Macquarie Street; 140 Macquarie Street; and Harris Street Road Reserve (Robin Thomas Reserve) (see table below).

As can be seen in the following table and figure that accompanies it, the concentration of highest artefact densities in the immediate vicinity of the current study area seem to be focused around CG1 and RTA-G1 (i.e. around the corner of Charles and George Streets), with average densities dropping off rather steeply on each side of those sites.

Table 2.4: P SB Sites on south bank of Parramatta River

OVERALL AVERAGE ARTEFACT DENSITY SITE (TESTING & SALVAGE COMBINED) (M2) CG1 (Cnr George & Charles St) (JMcDCHM 2005) 24 CG3 (101A-105 George St) (JMcDCHM 2006) 6 RTA-G1 (109-113 George St) (JMcDCHM 2004) 38.2 95-101 George St (Austral 2007) 8-9 142-154 Macquarie Street (Comber 2010) 3.5 140 Macquarie Street (Comber 2010) 3.5 184-188 George St (‘GSP 2013’) (Steele 2017) Not calculated by author. ~3-5 Harris St Road Reserve (adj. Robin Thomas 6.5 Reserve) (Comber 2013)

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Figure 2.7: Location of PSB South Bank Sites and artefact densities. N.B. Figure oriented to north (Curio 2020) 2.2.4. Summary of Previous Archaeological Investigation

Previous Aboriginal archaeological excavations along the Parramatta River—particularly the southern bank—have consistently identified the presence of multiple phases of occupation and use of the PSB by Aboriginal people in the region- dating from the Pleistocene (c.30,000 BP) through until the mid to late Holocene (c.2,500 BP). These investigations have been sufficient to allow categorisation of the archaeological evidence recovered from the PSB along the southern side of the Parramatta River as part of the same archaeological landscape, particularly sites in proximity to the study area: e.g. CG1; RTA-G1; CG3; GSP 2013.

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Figure 2.8: Location of Sites referenced Above (Source: Curio 2019) 2.3. Regional Character and Archaeological Predictive Model

Aboriginal Predictive Modelling plays an important role in understanding the potential within a study area and thus provides insight into management recommendations. An archaeological predictive model utilises the environmental context, previous historical context and AHIMS to assess the potential for remaining archaeological materials to be present. In the case of this study area generally it can be described as having moderate to high potential for the presence of Aboriginal archaeological objects. The reasoning for this assessment will be detailed below.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 31 geotechnical investigation indicated the presence of an alluvial soil profile within the study area, which is potentially indicative of the PSB.

Historically the study area has been underdeveloped, with only minor disturbance occurring prior to construction of the wharf, such as the site of a Chinese market garden and potentially part of the Rosehill settlement during convict and colonial periods. Historical activities would most likely have disturbed upper deposits of Aboriginal significance. However, modern development is likely to have left deeper Aboriginal deposits intact. The extent of erosion and modern disturbance from the wharf within the study area is currently unknown.

Previous studies in close proximity to the study area have shown that the PSB is present in the vicinity and has the potential to contain Aboriginal artefactual material and sites. However, a number of previous archaeological excavations undertaken in the Parramatta area have indicated that while the PSB was commonly subject to ephemeral occupation by Aboriginal people over the past 20-30,000 years, only very localised areas appear to have been used more intensively, with the majority of excavated sites reflecting a low intensity use of the landscape. This would suggest that similar findings may be present within the study area.

It has also been found that Aboriginal objects can be found within disturbed contexts, and the exact nature of how they came to be deposited still holds scientific value and research potential. It can be assumed that more intact deposits would be located a small distance from the river, being free from constant erosion. This means that upslope from the wharf would hold the highest potential for intact archaeological deposits, with the deposits being more affected by re- deposition from the river. This does not lessen the probability that material would survive but would make it less useful from a research perspective.

Therefore, it is recommended that rather than registering an additional site with AHIMS for the PAD associated with the study area, that the site card for AHIMS Site 45-6-2648, Charles/George 1 (CG1) be revised to include the study area within its extent, reflecting the association and

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 32 distribution of this connected archaeological landscape, and avoiding unnecessary duplication of sites.

While tangible evidence is important (and the focus of this ATR as a technical report) it is acknowledged that there is also potential for Aboriginal intangible values to be associated with the study area and its landscape context. For example, the riverbank of the Parramatta River has been identified through previous investigations as being of high significance to Aboriginal people. Intangible values of the study area (i.e. social, spiritual and cultural values of significance to the local Aboriginal community) has been further investigated and presented within the ACHAR (to which this ATR functions as an appendix).

Aboriginal archaeological potential for the study area is generally consistent with the mapping of the PSB, and is depicted in Figure 2.9.

Low- No Potential

Moderate to High Potential

Figure 2.9: Potential for Parramatta Sand Body across study area, with potential to retain Aboriginal archaeological deposit (Source: Curio 2019)

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3. Site Analysis

3.1. Due Diligence Visual Inspection

A site inspection was undertaken by Curio Projects in March 2019 in order to gain a better understanding of physical and landform context of the study area proposed for the development, i.e. the redevelopment of the wharf and surrounding landscape. The site inspection revealed high levels of modern construction and landscaping, mixed with open reserves with moderate landscaping. The extent of development may have had some impact on the subsurface remains, but is also likely to have largely protected the alluvial deposits below.

The study area is located along the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River, to the north of the Parramatta CBD. The majority of the site is located on Lot 2 DP869816. The site is bounded to the north by the Parramatta River, with the Charles St Weir at its very northern extent. The western corner of the study area is located at the intersection of Phillip and Charles Streets, while the southwestern edge bounds a reserve along the southern foreshore.

The study area is approximately 160m in length, running northwest to southeast. At the time of the site inspection, the central area of the site was characterised by tiered concrete areas connected by stairs, with concrete pathways and access areas (Figure 3.1). There were some areas of vegetation in landscaping, and the existing wharf extends out into the river (Figure 3.2).

The original moderate slope from the present-day road level to the river bank has been formalised in a series of paved and concreted terraces, with concrete retaining walls and connecting stairs and ramps. None of the natural soil profile is evident in this area of the modern site. This is in contrast to the opposing northern bank, where large areas of eroded shale bedrock can be seen, clearly demonstrating the high level of erosion that has occurred to the deposits above the bedrock (Figure 3.3).

Between the terraced area above the immediate foreshore and the paved foreshore area are a number of garden beds. While the majority of the vegetation is introduced, a few specimens, such as the red gums seen in Figure 3.4, may be naturally occurring. The entire area of the immediate foreshore is paved, and the riverbank itself has been solidified. While this may have cut back and impacted some of the natural soil profile, it will have protected the encased deposits from further erosion (Figure 3.5).

The north-western edge contains a gentle grassed slope showing typical top soil deposits. This may represent remnant historical landforms, but is more likely a modified and landscaped area, with residual natural soils at depth. There is evidence of services, such as storm water, sewerage and high voltage power lines (Figure 3.6), which would have likely also impacted the integrity of the natural soil profiles in this location.

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The site inspection demonstrated that the study area is a developed urban site with 0% ground visibility.

Figure 3.1: View of the Site showing the terracing, garden beds and wharf structure (Source: Curio 2019)

Figure 3.2: View of the Site showing the terracing leading to the wharf (Source: Curio 2019)

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Figure 3.3: View of the opposing bank showing the exposed shale and minimal overlying deposits (Source: Curio 2019)

Figure 3.4: View of the Site showing a garden bed showing both introduced vegetation and possible natural redgum (Source: Curio 2019)

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Figure 3.5: View of the Site showing the reinforced riverbank (Source: Curio 2019)

Figure 3.6: View of the Site showing the northwestern grassed slope, with stormwater services evident throughout (Source: Curio 2019)

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3.2. Site Inspection and Consultation Meeting

Due to the nature of the study area (i.e. developed and covered in hard surfaces) it was not possible to undertake an archaeological survey of the Charles Street Square development study area, as no artefacts or areas of potential archaeological deposit were visible on the surface. Therefore, in lieu of an archaeological survey a site inspection and on-site Aboriginal consultation meeting was held. This inspection and meeting was held in the Square, to familiarise project RAPs with the study area, current conditions, levels of disturbance and topography, and to present to them the concept plan for the redevelopment of Charles Street Square. All project RAPs were invited to attend.

The site inspection and on-site consultation meeting was held on 20 September 2019, attended by Sam Cooling (Curio Projects), Steve Randall (DLALC), Jamie Eastwood (DACHA), Lana Wedgwood (DCAC), and representatives from the City of Parramatta Council; Elizabeth Sandoval, Paul Graham and Julia Gauci. During the site visit and meeting, Curio Projects presented an overview of the proposed project and results of the due diligence assessment, including a summary of the proposed cultural heritage assessment methodology, after which Elizabeth Sandoval presented more detail about the proposed development via presentation of photomontages and an on-site walkthrough.

Topics presented and discussed at the meeting included the archaeological potential of the site, likely development impacts and proposed methodology for the project. This consultation informed the development of the archaeological research design (Section 5.2.6 of this ATR), as well as informing the understanding of the social and cultural value and significance of the site to project RAPs. All feedback and discussion undertaken at this meeting was recorded, and is summarised in the ACHAR (to which this ATR functions as an appendix). Community consultation is discussed in more detail in the ACHAR report.

At the time of the site inspection, the proposed development impacts were understood to be minor in nature, and therefore it had been assessed that there would be no potential for development works to impact natural soil profiles (as below ground works were minimal- with the majority being located in close proximity to the River- i.e. in areas of disturbance/foreshore modification). Therefore at the time of the site inspection, Aboriginal archaeological investigation and mitigation was not proposed for the study area. However, further development of the project design in late September 2019 made apparent required impacts, indicating that archaeological test excavation would be appropriate for the site. Therefore, a test excavation methodology has been developed, presented in the following section.

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4. Archaeological Impact Assessment As noted by the OEH, it is important that an impact assessment directly addresses the potential harm that an activity may pose, specific to an Aboriginal place, objects, site or archaeological deposit (OEH 2011: 12).

4.1. Proposed Activity

The key components of the project design as per the preferred concept design will include:

§ Circulation system of ramps and walkways that provides universal access between the street and the riverfront

§ Generous seating terraces and steps that integrate with the ramps and walkways to create more direct access to the riverfront, and also to create a space that can be inhabited for events as well as everyday activities (rest, viewing the river, waiting for the ferry etc)

§ Landscaping including removal of some existing trees and addition of new trees

§ New shade structure integrated with seating terraces

§ Preservation of existing means of access to adjacent land uses (driveway to 94 Phillip St, right of carriageway to 36 Charles St)

Development activities associated with the construction of the Upgrade will include:

§ Demolition of existing terraces and replacement with new walkways and ramps, installation of new seating terraces and seating around existing trees;

§ Relocation of existing automated toilets (Exeloo ‘Orbit’);

§ Construction of several new structures (i.e. new shade structure, new ferry shed);

§ Cutting and filling to achieve required levels;

§ Installation of new traffic bollards at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets;

§ Excavations for new and revised service routes, stormwater lines and pits; and

§ Retention of existing trees, planting of new trees and general landscaping.

The detail of the design is currently under refinement, and may be subject to minor revisions, such as the final detailed design of the terraces, ramps and walkways. However, this has been

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 39 allowed for within this impact assessment, with below ground impacts assessed for their potential to impact archaeology more generally.

Figure 4.1 presents the general arrangement plan for the development, while Figure 4.2 summarises the indicative locations and extent of below ground impacts/excavation required for the development.

4.1.1. Activities with Potential to Impact Aboriginal Sites

§ Cutting and filling to achieve required levels;

§ Installation of new traffic bollards at the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets;

§ Local trenching for new and amended services (e.g. electrical conduits, stormwater lines and pits);

§ Other minor excavation for site features such as light pole footings, bike hoops, signage etc; and

§ Planting of new trees and general landscaping.

Figure 4.3 presents a sketch of the below ground development impacts with reference to the mapped extent of the PSB within the study area (i.e. the area of potential Aboriginal archaeology).

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Figure 4.1: General Arrangement Plan (SMM, April 2020)

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Figure 4.2: Indicative Extent of Excavation, Preferred Concept Design (SMM + Lahznimmo, 19.3.2020)

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Figure 4.3: Indicative Extent of Excavation with Aboriginal Archaeology (Source: SMM with Curio Additions 2019)

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4.2. Potential Impacts

4.2.1. Aboriginal Sites and Archaeology

Therefore, below ground impacts for the Charles Street Square Development are considered to have potential to impact on the extent of the PAD associated with AHIMS site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1).

Table 4.1: Type and Degree of Impact and Harm that Development Activities may cause to Aboriginal sites

TYPE OF DEGREE OF CONSEQUENCE OF HARM ACTIVITY HARM HARM

Partial loss of value (dependent on Cutting to achieve required site Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the levels study area) Partial loss of value (dependent on Installation of new traffic bollards Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the study area) Partial loss of value (dependent on Excavation for new Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the services/stormwater lines and pits study area) Partial loss of value (dependent on Excavation of new tree pit Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the study area) Partial loss of value (dependent on Other general landscaping and Direct Partial nature of PAD present within the minor works study area)

4.3. Proposed Conservation (Avoidance)

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 44 foreshore with low to no potential to contain Aboriginal archaeological deposits), with the concept design making a concerted effort to reduce impacts within the mapped extent of the PSB.

4.4. Harm to Aboriginal Sites and Archaeological Potential

Table 4.2 presents a summary of the Aboriginal sites that have the potential to be harmed through the proposed development works, and summarises the type and degree of physical harm the proposed development may present. N.B. The potential harm proposed to this site is dependent on the results of Aboriginal archaeological investigation to confirm whether the PAD associated with the study area actually contains an intact Aboriginal archaeological deposit, or not.

Table 4.2: Physical Harm to Aboriginal Sites

SITE TYPE OF HARM DEGREE OF HARM CONSEQUENCE OF HARM

Partial loss of value (TBC Charles/George 1 following test excavation to Direct Partial AHIMS #45-6-2648 confirm nature of PAD in this location)

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5. Archaeological Management, Mitigation and Recommendations This section presents the proposed strategies for the management and mitigation of identified impacts to the potential Aboriginal archaeological resource within the study area. The strategies presented here relate to archaeological impacts only (i.e. Aboriginal objects and tangible sites), and have been incorporated into the wider management recommendations for Aboriginal cultural heritage management for the Charles Street Square development area, as presented in full within the ACHAR (to which this ATR functions as an appendix).

This ATR has identified several options for the management of potential impacts of the proposed development to the potential Aboriginal archaeology within the study area. Options for archaeological management include:

§ Avoidance and Protection; and

§ Archaeological Investigation.

5.1. Avoidance and Protection

Therefore, development impacts to the potential area of the PSB have been reduced as much as possible, affording some conservation of potential natural soil profiles and the archaeology that may be contained within them.

The remaining areas of the study area with the potential to contain the PSB that will require impact will require further archaeological management, described in the following section.

5.2. Aboriginal Archaeological Investigation

Based on the results of the archaeological predictive modelling for the study area, an archaeological excavation methodology and research design has been developed to investigate the nature and extent of any subsurface Aboriginal archaeological potential within the impact zones of the proposed development.

Aboriginal archaeological test excavation under the OEH Code of Practice is not possible at the Charles St Square study area for the following reasons:

§ The study area is in a highly developed urban environment, covered by a layer of historical fill

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Therefore, the following test excavation methodology and research design has been developed to investigate the nature of the potential natural soil profiles within the study area- to be undertaken under an approved AHIP.

5.2.1. Aims

The aims of archaeological test excavation within the Charles Street Square study area are to:

§ Identify the boundary, extent and intactness of the PSB within the main impact zones of the study area.

§ Determine the nature, depth, extent, and significance of any potential Aboriginal archaeological deposits within the study area.

§ Salvage a reasonable sample of any Aboriginal archaeological deposits that may be present within the footprint of the development impacts, prior to commencement of development works.

§ Provide data for the overall archaeological record to help refine future archaeological predictive modelling across the Parramatta region (if possible).

5.2.2. Methodology Rationale

An important consideration in the development of an archaeological methodology is the ability for comparison of excavation data with other regional archaeological sites, to enable examination of wider regional archaeological patterns. As summarised in Section 2 of this ATR, numerous Aboriginal archaeological sites have been (and continue to be) excavated within the Parramatta CBD area, with respective methodologies requiring consideration to maximise data comparison between sites. One key factor for deliberation relates to trigger points for further investigation and expansion between testing and salvage excavations- a brief discussion of which follows, particularly in relation to artefact density in test excavations, and what can be extrapolated about the wider distribution in the vicinity of a single test unit.

Artefact density recovered from an archaeological excavation will unavoidably vary depending on the type of excavation being undertaken: i.e. testing vs salvage. As one of the base level aims

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 47 of archaeological test excavation is investigating presence/absence of a resource, archaeologists will generally aim for maximum coverage of the investigation area in question, with test pits placed on a regularly established grid with the aim of recovering the most information from a wider area, balanced with minimum physical intervention.

Conversely, salvage excavation targets a known archaeological deposit and therefore aims to recover the maximum extent of the identified deposit as a mitigation to impact/harm to this deposit required through development works (or whatever activity is acting as a predicate to the development).

While test excavation is guided by predictive modelling (developed by knowledge of previous archaeological works, geotechnical information, environmental context etc), this process is still usually the first step of physical investigation of a site, attempting to find evidence of a deposit if present, and if so, to attempt to get an idea of the extent of the deposit via regularly spaced pits.

Numerous excavations have proven that artefact density at a site can change significantly from metre to metre across a site (albeit influenced by many contributing factors). Simply put, it is not accurate to infer potential artefact density of a site based on the overall (testing + salvage) artefact density from a neighbouring site, particularly in relation to the PSB, where artefact density varies significantly depending on the local geomorphological conditions.

For example, the figures below depict artefact densities from two open areas at CG1 (Corner of Charles and George St). While the higher artefact densities from this salvage excavation are quite large (90-100 artefacts/m2), the excavation squares towards the edges of the salvaged deposits have much lower numbers (2-10 artefacts/m2)- with the artefact density ranging from 6 to 96 artefacts/m2 across an area of only around 7m wide in the first plan, and a range of 2 to 128 artefacts in the second. Of further import is the top of the second plan where two artefacts were found in 1m2 immediately adjacent to 1m2 that recovered 34 artefacts.

Figure 5.1: Artefact Densities by m2 from CG1. Left: Open Area B, Right: Open Area C (Source: JMcDCHM 2004) That is to say, for a test excavation sampling strategy with test units at 10-20m spacing, a 1m2 test area that recovers only 2 artefacts, could possibly represent an isolated low density artefact scatter, or could possibly have encountered the very edge of a localised/concentrated

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 48 deposit/density of artefacts, which might not even still be present within the next spaced test pit 10m away.

This has significance for the development of artefact ‘trigger numbers’ in a methodology, to help dictate when a location warrants further investigation. It obviously follows that the higher that ‘trigger numbers’ are stated before requiring test unit expansion, the higher chance there is of missing or ignoring a concentrated deposit that the initial test pit might not have hit the centre of, but could still be present right next to it.

Therefore, the average density of artefacts/m2 on the Parramatta Sand Body (as found by previous archaeological excavations) is not directly comparable between what has been found in salvage excavations in Parramatta, and what should be proposed as trigger points for test excavations.

Considering the above complexities, the methodology developed for the test excavation of the Charles Street Square study area has been developed on the basis of selection of a ‘trigger number’ of artefacts/m2 loosely based on the average density of previous sites located at similar landscape positioning as the Charles St Square study area, to be assessed in combination with additional contributing parameters of other factors that would affect decisions to expand or further investigate a test unit, including factors such as:

§ presence of Parramatta Sand Body encountered § presence of formal stone tool types identified § indication of possible/likely presence of other sub-surface features such as hearths, heat treatment pits etc

The archaeological sites discussed in Section 2.2.3, on the southern bank of the Parramatta River, on the PSB, in immediate proximity to the current study area, have been used as a proxy for potential artefact densities at Charles St Square study area (should the local conditions allow for the survival of an intact Aboriginal archaeological deposit).

Therefore, this methodology proposes a ‘trigger number’ artefact density for further investigation/pit expansion of somewhere in the vicinity of 3-5 artefacts/m2 (in combination with other factors- discussed further in the relevant section below), based on the average densities of the nearby sites with lower densities, located on potentially more similar landforms to CSS than that of the sites on the corner of Charles & George.

5.2.3. Locations of Test Trenches

In the interest of best practice principles for archaeological investigation (i.e. the concept of archaeology as a finite resource which should be retained without disturbance where possible), the proposed locations of archaeological test trenches are focused only in areas with potential for development activities to encounter (and therefore impact) the PSB and the potential Aboriginal archaeology contained within it, and has avoided areas where below ground development impact is not required.

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While the opportunity presented by these sub-surface investigations to further our understanding of the nature and location of the PSB in this location is acknowledged (and therefore addressed within the sampling strategy and excavation methodology proposed here), it is inappropriate and unnecessary to disturb soil profiles more than necessary, solely in the interest of archaeological research. It is believed that the archaeological investigation of development impact areas (i.e. focused mainly in the northwest of the study area) will be sufficient both to understand the nature of the potential impact of the development, as well as to further the archaeological record and understanding for the locality, without additional impact.

Further, the Aboriginal archaeological investigation will be coordinated with a program of historical archaeological test excavation (see following section), the locations of which are also predicated on development impact locations in comparison with potential historical archaeology. Therefore, unnecessary Aboriginal archaeological excavation in areas not proposed to be subject to development impact, would potentially cause impact to historical archaeological resources- which otherwise would be able to be retained without disturbance.

The proposed test trench grid for the Phase 1 Aboriginal archaeological investigation within the Charles Street Square Upgrade study area has been focused on the northwest of the study area, primarily responding to the location of the new stormwater drain required in this location.

Consideration of Historical Archaeology The study area also has potential for historical archaeological deposits to be present (Curio Projects 2019a), as depicted in Figure 5.2. A Historical Archaeological Research Design (HARD) has been developed for the Charles Street Square study area, in relation to the proposed development impacts. As both historical and Aboriginal archaeological potential occurs in combination within the study area- particularly in the southwest of the site, in proximity to the corner of Charles and Phillip Streets (see Figure 5.5)- any Aboriginal archaeological investigation within the study area will be undertaken in tandem and/or coordinated with the historical archaeological investigation.

Should historical archaeological excavation as guided by the HARD (in preparation, and subject to an approved Section 140 Excavation Permit from the NSW Heritage Division) encounter any displaced Aboriginal objects within historical archaeological deposits, the Aboriginal archaeology Excavation Director, and project RAPs would be informed. Any displaced Aboriginal objects within historical contexts would be recorded in their location, and removed, to be catalogued and analysed in accordance with the Aboriginal archaeological methodology outlined below.

The key location within the study area that is likely to require historical archaeological investigation/mitigation, is the path of a proposed stormwater line in the southwest, which intersects early potential archaeology relating to the position of the Barber house/structure (1823-1844) (Figure 5.3).

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Figure 5.2: Historical Archaeological Potential (Source Curio Projects 2019)

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Figure 5.3: Area of Excavation with overlay of historical structures. Note stormwater line and pits indicated by blue arrows, and large tree planting (red circle) that intersect with early Barber structure, likely requiring historical archaeological investigation 5.2.4. Archaeological Sampling Strategy

The Aboriginal archaeological sampling strategy for the Charles Street Square study area has been developed, where possible, to be in accordance with the OEH Code of Practice, as well as relatively consistent or at least comparable with sampling strategies for previous excavations in the vicinity, in order to facilitate comparative analysis of results.

Aboriginal archaeological investigation of the Charles Street Square study area is proposed to be undertaken in two phases:

1. Initial testing of the Aboriginal archaeological potential of the main impact zones of the study area (Phase 1) with an aim to identify the presence or absence of intact subsurface profiles of the PSB and any associated Aboriginal archaeological deposit that may be present; and

2. Guided by the results of the initial testing (Phase 1), Phase 2 (salvage excavation) is proposed to be undertaken within development impact zones in order to recover the entirety of any Aboriginal archaeological deposit within the study area that requires impact through the proposed development works.

Phase 1 investigation would be undertaken via excavation of a series of test pits, directly located in the field to target development excavation locations, and historical archaeological excavation

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 52 trenches. Figure 5.4 indicates the target zone of Phase 1 Aboriginal archaeological excavation test pits, with the exact location of test pits to be laid out in the field.

Phase 1 test excavation would proceed as the excavation of a series of 1m x 1m test pits, to be positioned along a linear transect within the zone of impact at 10m intervals, or, where development impacts do not require a transect, as individual test pits, spaced and located to correspond with development impacts. The exact locations of the test pits will be determined in the field, in consideration of the physical parameters of the study area and impact works. Phase 1 test excavation would focus on investigating the nature and extent of the PSB within the impact zone of the study area, including investigation of the mapped boundary between the PSB and Holocene soils where location of development impact allows for such investigation.

However, due to the potential for instability and considerable depths of the natural sand profiles within the study area (i.e. the PSB- where present), it is acknowledged that excavation of 1m2 test trenches may prove impractical due to WHS conditions. Therefore, it is also proposed that an allowance for contiguous test pits be made as necessary, to ensure that deeper deposits (if encountered) could be logistically and safely investigated in areas where the Pleistocene sand sheet is encountered (e.g. establishment of a 2m x 2m test trench would allow for safe excavation to depth of 1.2m below the ground surface). Additional 1m2 test trenches may be added to the Phase 1 excavation program in locations nominated by the Excavation Director if determined to be warranted based upon the results of the excavation noted during the program.

The exact trench locations and number of test trenches would be finalised in the field, subject to some flexibility at the time of excavation as necessary in order to respond to local landscape features (i.e. stability of the soil profiles encountered, presence of previous disturbance within the study area such as existing services, location in combination with historical archaeological investigations etc).

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Figure 5.4: Location of Target area Phase 1 Testing Zones. Test Pits to be laid out in field at 10m spacing, corresponding with development impact locations and historical archaeological trenches.

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Figure 5.5: Example where potential historical archaeological features occur in combination with Aboriginal archaeological potential (indicated). PSB mapped in pink along the southern of the study area. (Source: Curio 2019) 5.2.5. Excavation Methodology

All Aboriginal archaeological works would be undertaken by a suitably qualified and experienced archaeologist as Excavation Director, to be assisted in the field by archaeologists and representatives from the project RAPs.

Phase 1 archaeological investigation would be undertaken as per the following methodology:

§ Careful removal of any imported materials (e.g. gravel road base, concrete slab) or historical fill on top of the natural soil/sand deposits from the area of the excavation pit without disturbing the surface of the underlying natural deposits prior to the start of the excavation works. Removal of historical fill could be undertaken with the assistance of a small mechanical excavator, to be supervised by a suitably qualified archaeologist to avoid mechanical impact below the layer of historical fill.

§ Following the removal of imported materials/fill, archaeological excavation of natural soil profiles within the parameters of each identified test trench would proceed using hand excavation techniques (hand tools only).

2 § Excavation of 1m test trenches would proceed in 0.5m x 0.5m quadrants in 100mm spits, unless a shallower depth is defined by natural soil profiles or other stratigraphy/features identified.

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§ Where necessary to meet WHS conditions, excavation of contiguous test trenches would be undertaken, with maximum continuous surface area to be no greater than 3m2.

§ Undertake shoring of pits as necessary to support trench walls and ensure safe conditions for archaeological team.

§ Excavation of each test trench would continue until it is determined that the soil profile in the location is archaeologically sterile.

Should Phase 1 excavation encounter a significant Aboriginal archaeological deposit in any location that requires impact through the proposed development works, archaeological works would progress to Phase 2 salvage excavation within the development impact footprint. A significant Aboriginal archaeological deposit is defined for these purposes as:

§ Higher relative number of Aboriginal artefacts (densities in the vicinity of ³3-5 artefacts/m2);

§ Evidence of the Parramatta Sand Body;

§ Potential hearths or heat treatment pits;

§ Presence of significant, rare or unusual artefact types (e.g. backed blades, axe heads);

§ Material potentially appropriate for scientific dating; or

§ Any other unusual or unique archaeological, cultural, and/or geomorphological features, as identified by the Excavation Director.

Phase 2 archaeological works would include the expansion of the Phase 1 test trench via the excavation of one adjoining 1m x 1m excavation pit in order to investigate and salvage the full extent of the feature encountered, to the extent of the footprint of the development impact zone.

All archaeological deposits recovered from either phase of the Aboriginal archaeological investigation would be subject to the following procedures:

§ All deposits excavated will be individually sieved through a 5mm aperture wire-mesh sieve, and any archaeological material recovered, retained by provenance.

§ The location of each test trench (or salvage area) will be recorded by GPS, and recorded in detail including stratigraphic/soil profile description and drawings, description of any relevant features, artefacts etc, and photographed using a DSLR camera and appropriate photoscale.

§ If carbon or other features suitable for scientific dating are identified, these would be sampled for possible further analysis (e.g. C-14 dating or OSL dating).

§ Sampling of representative soil horizons from each archaeological excavation location.

§ Stone artefact analysis will be undertaken in accordance with OEH Code of Practice requirements, and current accepted academic texts for stone artefact analysis and recording in southeast Australia, i.e. Holdaway and Stern 2004.

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§ A post-excavation report detailing the results of the Aboriginal archaeological investigation works within the study area would be prepared and submitted to OEH, consistent with best practice for preparation of post-excavation reporting, as per the requirements of the OEH Code of Practice and any relevant conditions of the approved AHIP. The report would be provided to all project RAPs for their information.

§ Following completion of Aboriginal archaeological excavation within the Charles St Square study area, should an Aboriginal archaeological deposit be identified, an Aboriginal Site Impact Recording Form with the results of the excavation would be completed and submitted to the AHIMS Registrar for AHIMS Site 45-6-2648, Charles/George 1 (CG1).

Aboriginal Artefact Analysis Any Aboriginal artefactual material recovered from the excavation works would be subject to a descriptive and functional recording and analysis by appropriately qualified and experienced specialists (lithic and/or shell specialist, depending on the nature of any archaeological deposit encountered). Recorded attributes and features of all archaeological material would consider analysis methodologies from previous archaeological investigations on the PSB to allow comparative analysis of deposits (as much as possible).

Geomorphology A suitably qualified geomorphologist and/or geo-archaeologist may be engaged as a specialist if necessary in order to examine and analyse the nature of the PSB soils (if encountered) and to report on site formation processes and any implications for potential age and integrity of archaeological deposits encountered.

5.2.6. Research Design

Several research questions have been developed in order to inform the primary aims of the Aboriginal archaeological investigation within the Charles Street Square study area: namely to 1) investigate the presence of the PSB within the study area (and the boundary, extent and intactness if found to be present); 2) to identify any locations with Aboriginal stone objects (or other sites) within the study area; 3) to salvage a reasonable sample of any Aboriginal archaeological deposits that may be present within the footprint of the development impacts, prior to commencement of development works; and 4) to contribute to the archaeological record for Aboriginal occupation of the Parramatta Sand Body.

Key research questions for the proposed archaeological investigation of the study area include:

§ What is the nature, extent, integrity and intactness of the PSB across the study area (if present)?

§ Does the Charles Street Square study area represent an intact stratified Aboriginal archaeological deposit within the alluvial sand profiles of the PSB along the southern bank of the Parramatta River?

o If so, to what nature and extent is this deposit present? What is the condition and integrity of this deposit? Can this deposit be dated? How does it compare with

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other deposits recovered from previous nearby archaeological excavations (i.e. RTA-G1/CG1)?

o Is there any evidence for long term occupation of the PSB by Aboriginal people in this location (i.e. Pleistocene deposits)?

§ Can the natural soil profiles inform a geomorphological context of the study area? If so, how?

§ How can the Aboriginal archaeological deposit (if recovered) be interpreted in a local and regional context?

§ Is the archaeological deposit (if encountered) culturally and/or publicly significant? To what extent?

5.3. Recommendations

The following recommendations are made with respect to archaeological management and mitigation of development impacts within the Charles Street Square study area. These recommendations should be incorporated within the ACHAR to which this ATR functions as a technical appendix.

§ The extent of the Aboriginal PAD within the study area relates to the demonstrated archaeological landscape in the immediate vicinity of the study area- i.e. it is considered to be a potential extension of the archaeological landscape of AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1) and Site 45-6-2673 (RTA-G1).

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o The AHIP Application should allow for potential impact to the Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) associated within AHIMS Site 45-6-2648 (Charles/George 1).

§ Aboriginal archaeological investigation at the site should be undertaken in accordance with the methodology and research design developed and presented in Section 5.2 of this ATR.

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6. References Alliance Geotechnical 2019, Geotechnical Investigation Report- Charles Street Square Upgrade, 27th June 2019

Archaeological & Heritage Management Solutions (AHMS) 2015, Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment: Riverbank Square, Phillip Street, Parramatta LGA. Prepared for Parramatta City Council.

AHMS 2011, Aboriginal and Historical Preliminary Archaeological Impact Assessment, 330 Church Street, Parramatta. Prepared for Meriton Apartments Pty Ltd.

Attenbrow, V. 2010, Sydney’s Aboriginal Past: Investigating the archaeological and historical records, 2nd ed. University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Sydney.

Artefact Heritage 2018, North West Growth Centre: Marsden Park North Precinct: Aboriginal Heritage Assessment. Prepared for Marsden Park North Release Group.

Austral Archaeology 2007, 95-101 George Street, Parramatta: Archaeological Salvage Excavations (Section 90 Consent 2176). Unpublished report to Meriton.

Benson, DH & Howell, J 1990, Taken for Granted: the bushland of Sydney and its suburbs, Kangaroo Press, Sydney.

Comber 2010a, Aboriginal Archaeological Interim Excavation Report s87 Permit 1099230: 15 Macquarie Street, Parramatta. Unpublished report to Endeavour Energy.

Comber J 2010b, Excavation Report AHIP: 1117090 – Cumberland Newspaper Site – 142-154 Macquarie Street, Parramatta. Unpublished report to EGO Group on behalf of News Limited.

CRM 2017, Report of Aboriginal and Historic Period Archaeology and GPR Survey, Robin Thomas Reserve, Parramatta. Report to City of Parramatta.

Curio Projects 2019a, Archaeological Assessment for Charles Street Square Development, prepared for Spackman Mossop Michaels

Curio Projects 2017, Archaeological Study for St John’s Anglican Cathedral, and Surrounding Land, Parramatta. Prepared for St John’s Anglican Church.

Dominic Steele Consulting Archaeology (DSCA) 2017, Aboriginal Archaeological Test & Salvage Excavation Report: 184-188 George Street, Parramatta, NSW. Prepared for Wizcorp Pty Ltd.

DSCA 2013, Aboriginal Archaeological Heritage Assessment & AHIP Application, AHIMS Site #45-5- 3068, 184-188 George Street, Parramatta, NSW. Prepared for Wizcorp Pty Ltd.

Extent Heritage 2017a, Parramatta River CBD Foreshore Archaeological Management Strategy: Volume I. Prepared for City of Parramatta.

Extent Heritage 2017b, Parramatta River CBD Foreshore Archaeological Management Strategy: Volume II. Prepared for City of Parramatta.

Extent Heritage 2017c, Aboriginal Archaeological Report- 330 Church Street, Parramatta. Prepared for Meriton Apartments.

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GML Heritage 2015, 143–169 Macquarie Street, Parramatta, Aboriginal Archaeological Two-staged Salvage Post Excavation Report. Report prepared for Leighton Properties.

Jo McDonald CHM (JMcDCHM) 2004a, Archaeological Test Excavation at 1 Smith Street (Site SSP1), Parramatta, NSW. Report prepared for Casey & Lowe on behalf of Sydney Water.

Jo McDonald CHM 2004b, Archaeological Test Excavation for Indigenous Sites Civic Place, Parramatta: Final Report, prepared for Parramatta City Council.

Jo McDonald CHM 2005a, Archaeological Salvage Excavation of Site RTA-G1, 109-113 George Street, Parramatta, NSW. Report prepared for Landcom.

Jo McDonald CHM 2005b, Archaeological Salvage Excavation of Site CG1 (NPWS 45-5-2648) at the corner of Charles & George Streets, Parramatta. Report prepared for Meriton Apartments.

Jo McDonald CHM 2006, Archaeological Salvage Excavation Of Site CG3, 101A-105 George Street, Parramatta, NSW, Prepared for Rahi Development Pty Ltd.

Kayandel Archaeological Services 2015, Parramatta River Darug Cultural Value Mapping Parramatta. Prepared for Parramatta City Council

Mary Dallas Consulting Archaeologists (MDCA) 2003, Parramatta City Council Aboriginal Heritage Study, prepared for Parramatta City Council

MDCA 2014, Parramatta Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Study Review, prepared for Parramatta City Council.

Mitchell, P 2008, ‘Nature and distribution of Parramatta Terrace Sand’, Parramatta City Council.

Stedinger Associates Pty Ltd 2008, Proposed Regional Cycleway along the Parramatta River Foreshore. An Aboriginal Archaeological Site Assessment and S87/90 Excavation Permit Application. Prepared for Parramatta City Council.

Stedinger Associates 2009, Excavations along the Foreshore of the Parramatta River- Archaeological monitoring of the construction of a Regional Cycleway- Charles Street to Macarthur Street. Prepared for Parramatta City Council.

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APPENDIX A—Extensive AHIMS Search Results

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 62 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports 45-5-2465 Parramatta Regional Park (IF3) GDA 56 314524 6256879 Open site Partially Artefact : - Isolated Find 102142,10219 Destroyed 6 Contact Recorders Ms.Jillian Comber,J Steel Permits 3822 45-5-2463 Parramatta Regional Park (IF1) GDA 56 314462 6257627 Open site Valid Artefact : - Isolated Find 102142,10219 6 Contact Recorders J Steel Permits 3994 45-5-2464 Parramatta Regional Park (IF2) GDA 56 314400 6257619 Open site Valid Artefact : - Isolated Find 102196 Contact Recorders J Steel Permits 45-6-1523 George St Parramatta;Family Law Courts; AGD 56 314950 6256450 Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site 1809,102196,1 03782 Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow,Doctor.Edward Higginbotham Permits 45-5-1065 Parra Park 3;PP 3; AGD 56 314620 6257620 Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site 102142,10219 6 Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 45-6-2554 Elizabeth Farmhouse AGD 56 316420 6255700 Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site 102196,10378 2 Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 2928 45-6-2559 Sydney Turf Club Carpark;STC Carpark; AGD 56 316900 6256020 Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site 102142,10219 6 Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 45-6-2578 Collett Park; AGD 56 316680 6257140 Open site Valid Artefact : - Open Camp Site 102196 Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 45-5-1110 Redbank;Northmead; AGD 56 314020 6258060 Open site Valid Grinding Groove : - Axe Grinding 102196 Groove Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 45-5-0864 Governors Bathhouse; AGD 56 314340 6256750 Open site Partially Artefact : - Open Camp Site 102142,10219 Destroyed 6 Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 3822 45-5-0277 Cumberland Oval;Parramatta; AGD 56 314588 6257260 Open site Destroyed Modified Tree Scarred Tree 223,260,1018,1 (Carved or Scarred) : 02142,102196 - Contact Recorders Cook Permits 45-5-0762 Parramatta Park AGD 56 314320 6256950 Open site Partially Artefact : -, Modified Open Camp 102142,10219 Destroyed Tree (Carved or Site,Scarred Tree 6 Scarred) : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3822 45-6-2627 HP-1 AGD 56 315850 6255210 Open site Valid Artefact : - 102196 Contact Recorders Mick Leon Permits 45-6-2648 Charles/George 1 AGD 56 315690 6256470 Open site Valid Artefact : - 99538,102196

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 1 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Contact Recorders Doctor.Jo McDonald Permits 1433,1682,2176,2240,2353,3049,3509 45-5-2856 Parramatta Park Macquarie Entrance PAD AGD 56 314500 6256550 Open site Partially Potential 98738,103133 Destroyed Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Dominic Steele Archaeological Consulting Permits 1647,3822 45-6-2678 SSP1 (formerly Smith Street PAD) AGD 56 315330 6256150 Open site Valid Potential 99518,102196, Archaeological 103782 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Doctor.Jo McDonald Permits 1848,2561 45-6-2668 Argyle St AGD 56 315200 6256060 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Doctor.Jo McDonald Permits 1764,2155 45-6-2669 Kendall Street, Harris Park AGD 56 315525 6256150 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Jim Wheeler Permits 1767 45-6-2673 RTA-G1 GDA 56 315842 6256510 Open site Valid Artefact : - 100552,10219 6,103782 Contact Recorders Doctor.Jo McDonald Permits 1841,2176,3050,3509 45-6-2679 Parramatta Children's Court AGD 56 314900 6256600 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Ms.Laila Haglund Permits 1850,1973,2117,3847 45-6-2738 James Ruse Reserve Open Camp 1 AGD 56 316000 6256000 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Jim Wheeler Permits 2018,2187 45-6-2686 Civic Place PAD AGD 56 315130 6256450 Open site Partially Potential 99666,99791,1 Destroyed Archaeological 03115,103782 Deposit (PAD) : -, Artefact : - Contact Recorders Doctor.Jo McDonald Permits 1960,3749,3890,3897,3983,3988,4044,4146 45-6-2751 Marsden St Carpark AGD 56 314900 6256350 Open site Valid Artefact : -, Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Ms.Laila Haglund Permits 2243 45-6-2739 PADUNknown AGD 56 314950 6256700 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : -

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 2 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Contact Recorders Haglund and Associates Permits 45-6-2746 Old Hospital Site Parramatta Health Services Precinct AGD 56 314950 6256650 Open site Valid Potential 99798,100551, Archaeological 100558,10219 Deposit (PAD) : -, 6,103782 Artefact : - Contact Recorders Ms.Laila Haglund Permits 2160,2507 45-6-2741 Parramatta Transport Interchange PAD AGD 56 315450 6256250 Open site Valid Potential 99438,99497,1 Archaeological 02196,103782 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Doctor.Susan Mcintyre-Tamwoy Permits 2121 45-5-3186 Marsden Street GDA 56 314800 6256315 Open site Valid Artefact : 4 102196,10378 2 Contact T Russell Recorders Doctor.Edward Higginbotham Permits 45-6-2756 Parramatta Rehabilitation Centre (formerly O'Connell St PAD) AGD 56 314950 6256850 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Ms.Laila Haglund Permits 2317,2414,2511 45-6-2795 150 Marsden Street Parramatta PAD AGD 56 314955 6256480 Open site Valid Potential 102196,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact T Russell Recorders Austral Archaeology Pty Ltd Permits 2404 45-6-2863 Cumberland Press Site GDA 56 315913 6256448 Open site Valid Artefact : 89 103782 Contact Recorders Ms.Laila Haglund,Ms.Tory Stening Permits 2865,3307,3509,3816 45-6-2893 95-101 George St (GSP AD) GDA 56 315720 6256570 Open site Valid Potential 101078,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : -, Artefact : - Contact Recorders Megan Mebberson Permits 3509 45-6-2931 Lake Parra R3 GDA 56 315820 6258820 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Michael Guider Permits 45-6-2933 Belmore Park GDA 56 315500 6258293 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Michael Guider,Kelleher Nightingale Consulting Pty Ltd,Miss.Madeline Harding Permits 45-5-3630 Macquarie St PAD AGD 56 314800 6256500 Open site Destroyed Potential 103782 Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Comber Consultants Pty Limited Permits 3107,3302 45-6-2950 Macquarie St PAD 2 GDA 56 315835 6256410 Open site Destroyed Potential 102144,10378 Archaeological 2 Deposit (PAD) : -

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 3 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Contact Recorders Ms.Jillian Comber,Comber Consultants Pty Limited Permits 3238,3366 45-6-2976 George St PAD 1 GDA 56 315650 6256690 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Mr.David Nutley Permits 3509 45-6-2977 Macquarie St PAD 3 GDA 56 315090 6256650 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Mr.David Nutley Permits 3509 45-5-4097 O'Connell St PAD1 GDA 56 314900 6256695 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Mr.David Nutley Permits 3509 45-6-2978 41 Hunter Street PAD GDA 56 315030 6256450 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Mr.Alexander Beben Permits 3419 45-6-3108 42 Bridge Street Rydalmere PAD GDA 56 317670 6256778 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders GML Heritage Pty Ltd + Context - Surry Hills,Ms.Sally MacLennan Permits 45-6-3102 Phillip Street PAD 1 GDA 56 315581 6256801 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Mr.Dominic Steele Permits 3755 45-6-2988 7-9 Victoria Road Parramatta GDA 56 315502 6257233 Open site Valid Artefact : 9 Contact Recorders GML Heritage Pty Ltd + Context - Surry Hills,Ms.Anita Yousif Permits 3488 45-6-3068 GS PAD 1 184-188 George Street GDA 56 315899 6256375 Open site Destroyed Potential 103962 Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Mr.Dominic Steele Permits 3584 45-6-3065 PHILLIP ST PAD 1 GDA 56 315500 6256675 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Mr.Dominic Steele Permits 45-6-3124 330 Church St Artefact Scatter GDA 56 315330 6256965 Open site Valid Artefact : -, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Doctor.Julie Dibden Permits 45-6-3151 UWS Rydalmere OS 1 GDA 56 317400 6257004 Open site Valid Artefact : -

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 4 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Contact Recorders Mr.Benjamin Streat Permits 3800 45-6-3118 Clay Cliff Creek Levee GDA 56 315801 6256294 Open site Valid Artefact : 1, Potential 102992,10299 Archaeological 7,102998 Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Ms.Fenella Atkinson Permits 3788 45-6-3134 Lennox Bridge Car Park PAD GDA 56 315209 6256970 Open site Partially Potential Destroyed Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Miss.Felicity Barry Permits 3797,4094 45-6-3131 River Road West GDA 56 316650 6256450 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : -, Artefact : - Contact Recorders Ms.Fenella Atkinson Permits 3734 45-5-4630 Parramatta Leagues Club PAD GDA 56 314974 6257483 Open site Not a Site Potential 103589 Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders GML Heritage Pty Ltd + Context - Surry Hills,Doctor.Tim Owen,Doctor.Tim Owen Permits 3958 45-5-4530 Parramatta RSL PAD GDA 56 314776 6256698 Open site Partially Potential Destroyed Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : -, Artefact : - Contact Recorders GML Heritage Pty Ltd + Context - Surry Hills,Artefact - Cultural Heritage ManagementPermits ,Miss.Diana 3819,3853,3935,4364Cowie,Mr.Josh Symons,Mr.ryan taddeucci 45-6-3159 Catholic Diocese Parramatta PAD GDA 56 315120 6257259 Open site Valid Artefact : -, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Miss.Diana Cowie Permits 4300 45-5-4533 Paddocks Playground Parra Park GDA 56 314323 6257378 Open site Partially Artefact : - Destroyed Contact Recorders Ms.Tory Stening Permits 3822 45-5-4534 Parramatta Park - Location C GDA 56 314568 6257473 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Annie Bickford Permits 45-5-4535 Parramatta Park - Location E GDA 56 314539 6256846 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 45-5-4536 Parramatta Park - Location G GDA 56 314504 6256700 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 45-5-4537 Parramatta Park - Location H GDA 56 314199 6257357 Open site Partially Artefact : - Destroyed Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3822

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 5 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports 45-5-4538 Parramatta Park - Location J GDA 56 314351 6257676 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3994 45-5-4539 Parramatta Park - Location K GDA 56 314460 6257823 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3994 45-5-4540 Parramatta Park - Location I GDA 56 314260 6257448 Open site Partially Artefact : - Destroyed Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3822 45-5-4542 Parramatta Park - Location L GDA 56 314542 6257709 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3994 45-5-4543 Parramatta Park - Location N GDA 56 314693 6257737 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 45-5-4544 Parramatta Park - Location O GDA 56 314725 6257680 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 45-5-4545 Parramatta Park - Location S GDA 56 314170 6256851 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Mr.Dominic Steele Permits 45-5-4546 Parramatta Park - Location D GDA 56 314555 6256864 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 45-5-4547 Parramatta Park - Location F GDA 56 314304 6257230 Open site Partially Artefact : - Destroyed Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 3994 45-5-4541 Parramatta Park - Location M GDA 56 314608 6257586 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Val Attenbrow Permits 45-6-3158 Robin Thomas Reserve GDA 56 316100 6256300 Open site Valid Aboriginal Resource and Gathering : -, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Ms.Jillian Comber Permits 45-6-3157 Harris St Footpath GDA 56 316013 6256461 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Ms.Tory Stening Permits 45-6-3193 Riverbank Square PAD GDA 56 315405 6256895 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Ms.Ngaire Richards Permits 45-6-3195 Cumberland Hospital East GDA 56 315022 6258090 Open site Valid Potential 103863 Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : -

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 6 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports Contact Recorders Ms.Jillian Comber Permits 3932 45-6-3180 21 Hassall Street GDA 56 315761 6256247 Open site Partially Potential 103758 Destroyed Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Ms.Ngaire Richards Permits 3906,3975 45-5-4895 Old Kings Oval Artefact Scatter 1 GDA 56 314657 6257224 Open site Valid Artefact : -, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders AECOM Australia Pty Ltd (previously HLA-Envirosciences),Artefact - Cultural HeritagePermits Management4307 ,Mr.Luke Kirkwood,Mr.ryan taddeucci 45-6-3232 Test recording GDA 56 315051 6257106 Open site Deleted Artefact : - Contact Recorders OEH,Mr.Stewart Watters Permits 45-6-3312 PLR AFT 1 GDA 56 316105 6256465 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Kelleher Nightingale Consulting Pty Ltd,Ms.Cristany Milicich Permits 45-6-3313 PLR AFT 2 GDA 56 316305 6256340 Open site Valid Artefact : - Contact Recorders Kelleher Nightingale Consulting Pty Ltd,Ms.Cristany Milicich Permits 45-6-3222 Old Kings School AS1 GDA 56 315026 6257139 Open site Valid Artefact : -, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Extent Heritage Pty Ltd - Pyrmont,Ms.Ngaire Richards Permits 45-6-3214 Wigram & Hassall St AS GDA 56 315825 6256231 Open site Valid Artefact : 1, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Extent Heritage Pty Ltd - Pyrmont,Mr.Alistair Hobbs Permits 4043 45-6-3503 32 Smith Street GDA 56 315536 6256745 Open site Partially Potential 103963,10396 Destroyed Archaeological 4,103965 Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders AMAC Group P/L,Mr.Benjamin Streat Permits 4268,4347 45-6-3360 Parramatta Riverside PAD 1 GDA 56 315172 6256924 Open site Valid Artefact : -, Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Biosis Pty Ltd - Sydney,Biosis Pty Ltd - Wollongong,Mr.James Cole,Mrs.Samantha KeatsPermits 4250,4379 45-6-3630 Hassall St PAD GDA 56 315587 6256244 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Ms.Jillian Comber Permits 4412 45-5-4942 Parramatta RSL Artefact Scatter 1 (PRSL AS-01) GDA 56 314839 6256683 Open site Destroyed Artefact : -, Hearth : - Contact Recorders Artefact - Cultural Heritage Management ,Mr.ryan taddeucci Permits 4235

Report generated by AHIMS Web Service on 04/04/2019 for Sam Cooling for the following area at Lat, Long From : -33.8207, 150.9975 - Lat, Long To : -33.8052, 151.0221 with a Buffer of 1000 meters. Additional Info : Aboriginal DD. Number of Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal objects found is 87 This information is not guaranteed to be free from error omission. Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW) and its employees disclaim liability for any act done or omission made on the information and consequences of such acts or omission. Page 7 of 8 AHIMS Web Services (AWS) Your Ref/PO Number : Charles Square Extensive search - Site list report Client Service ID : 412576

SiteID SiteName Datum Zone Easting Northing Context Site Status SiteFeatures SiteTypes Reports 45-6-3679 Stage One PAD GDA 56 315454 6256795 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Niche Environment and Heritage,Ms.Clare Anderson Permits 45-6-3582 Macquarie Street PAD GDA 56 315257 6256595 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : - Contact Recorders Miss.Alandra Tasire,Comber Consultants Pty Limited Permits 45-5-5126 Cumberland West GDA 56 314493 6257901 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Ms.Jillian Comber Permits 4363 45-6-3495 116 Macquarie St Parramatta GDA 56 315700 6256475 Open site Valid Potential 103782 Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : 1 Contact Recorders Comber Consultants Pty Limited,Ms.Alandra Tasire Permits 45-5-5010 Parramatta Park PAD_1 GDA 56 314400 6256580 Open site Valid Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) : -, Artefact : - Contact Recorders Niche Environment and Heritage,Niche Environment and Heritage,Mr.Samuel Richards,Ms.IsabelPermits Tickle4256

APPENDIX D—Glossary of Technical Terms

TERM DEFINITION

“Any deposit, object or material evidence (not being a handicraft made for sale) relating to the Aboriginal habitation of the area that comprises NSW, Aboriginal being habitation before or concurrent with (or both) the occupation of that Object area by persons of non-Aboriginal extraction, and includes Aboriginal remains” (DECCW 2010:18).

“A place declared under s.84 of the NPW Act that, in the opinion of the Aboriginal Minister, is or was of special significance to Aboriginal culture” (DECCW Place 2010:18). Aboriginal places are gazetted by the minister.

A method of data collection for Aboriginal heritage assessment. It involves a survey team walking over the land in a systematic way, recording information about how and where the survey is conducted, recording information about the landscape and recording any archaeological sites or Archaeological materials that are visible on the land surface. The activities undertaken by a survey survey team do not involve invasive or destructive procedures, and are limited to note taking, photography and making other records of the landscape and archaeological sites (e.g. sketching maps or archaeological features). (From DECCW 2010: 37) Estimates area with a likelihood of revealing buried artefacts or deposits rather than just an observation of the amount of bare ground. The Exposure percentage of land for which erosion and exposure was sufficient to reveal archaeological evidence of the surface of the ground. (From DECCW 2010: 37)

In Situ Anything in its natural or original position or place is said to be in situ.

Knapping The process of manufacture of stone tools.

Potential Archaeological Deposit. Nature of potential site yet unknown, PAD environmental, archaeological and cultural modelling suggests the location has potential for a subsurface archaeological deposit to be present.

Test Unit Location identified for archaeological test excavation

Development/project area to which this report, the information, discussion Study Area and assessment presented within, directly refers to.

CHARLES ST SQUARE UPGRADE, PARRAMATTA—ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT—MAY 2020 Curio Projects Pty Ltd 60