GIS support for the MSF Ebola response in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone
2nd edition September 2015 Operational Center Geneva
Logistics Department Case Study
GIS support for the MSF Ebola response in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Case Study
MSF Section MSF-OCG
Title GIS support for the MSF Ebola response in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone
Owner & GIS Unit Commissioner Logistics Department Médecins Sans Frontières Operational Center Geneva
Author Timo Lüge, MSF-CH GIS Unit
Purpose This case study aims to examine whether the GIS officers’ missions, as part of the 2014–2015 Ebola response, have succeeded in supporting the emergency response and furthering the strategic goals defined in the strategic paper “Development of the GIS in MSF-CH”.
Version 2nd edition Language English
Reviewers Sylvie de Laborderie Date 09/2015 Audrey Lessard-Fontaine GIS experts – MSF-CH’s GIS Unit Mathieu Soupart, GIS project sponsor, Logistics Director, MSF-CH
BibOp L040MAPM01E-P GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
2 Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 Background 9 1.2 MSF-CH GIS unit 10
2. GIS SUPPORT FOR THE EBOLA RESPONSE 13 2.1 Internal and external factors 13 2.1.1 What is GIS ? 13 2.1.2 GIS as part of the hierarchy 16 2.1.3 Impact of ICT infrastructure 16 2.2 GIS products 18 2.2.1 Global understanding of the situation 18 2.2.2 Epidemiology 26 2.2.3 Reporting communication and advocacy 29 2.2.4 Population count and movement 32 2.2.5 Activity planning 32
3. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 41
4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 45
5. RECOMMENDATIONS 49
ANNEX I Mobilisation of local people and technology in mapping for the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic response 53
ANNEX II List of interviewees 57
3 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
ABBREVIATIONS
ETC Ebola treatment centre
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GPS Global Positioning System
HOT Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team
MSF Médecins Sans Frontières
MSF-CH Médecins Sans Frontières Switzerland
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
OCA Operational Centre Amsterdam
OCB Operational Centre Brussels
OCBA Operational Centre Barcelona
OCG Operational Centre Geneva
OCP Operational Centre Paris
OSM OpenStreetMap
VHF Ebola viral haemorrhagic fever
4 Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As part of the 2014–2015 Ebola response operation in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, Médecins Sans Frontières Switzerland (MSF-CH) started to systematically deploy dedicated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) officers to the field.
Primarily mandated to work in close collaboration with the epidemiologists, the GIS officers were charged with producing general overview maps, as well as topical maps that supported different aspects of the operation.
Both field and headquarters staff interviewed for this case study stressed that having dedicated GIS officers in the field was a major asset that had a significant positive impact on the operation. GIS support helped programme staff perform their tasks faster and target their activities more precisely and with fewer resources.
In total, the GIS officers produced more than 800 maps and related information products during 16 missions that took place between March 2014 and May 2015.
The following outputs were frequently mentioned as being the most useful: • Base maps Significant parts of the affected countries were very poorly mapped or had previously not been mapped at all. GIS officers, with the support of local staff and the virtual OpenStreetMap community, quickly produced maps that showed roads, buildings and other infrastructure. These base maps were not only useful for MSF, but were also helpful in building relationships with other humanitarian actors and representatives of the local governments.
• Identification of village, community and street names GIS officers produced databases and maps with both the official and the colloquial names of villages, communities and streets in the areas of intervention. This helped staff to clarify quickly where patients had come from, which thereby enabled MSF to reach people in these locations more quickly.
5 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
• Visualizations Weekly updated maps of confirmed and suspected Ebola cases helped translate the progression of the epidemic from technical data into an easy-to-grasp map. As a result, staff at all levels had a better understanding of the emergency.
The interviews also highlighted the fact that most MSF staff knew very little about GIS prior to their deployment. Working alongside the GIS officers gradually changed that, and programme staff who have worked with GIS officers are now more likely to actively request GIS support. All interviewees emphasized that having the GIS officers in the field was essential for this learning process to occur.
Given the universally positive feedback on the role of the GIS officers, it is recommended that headquarters make GIS officers available to field offices on a more regular basis, particularly during epidemics.
6 Executive Summary Macenta ZorZor Gueckedou Voinjima Foya Guinea Kolahun Gueckedou Liberia Monrovia Buedu Kailahun Koindu Kenema Kailahun Kenema Bo Bo Sierra Leone Conakry August, 2014 - MSF-CH GIS-UNIT st Borders: GDAM / Background: ESRI Oceans Basemap / Background: GDAM Borders: 05 100 50 km MEDECINS FRONTIERES SANS Other MSF presence Case Management Centers N Premier cercle d’epidemie Ebola au 04 Aout 2014 d’epidemie cercle Premier 0
Figure 1: Situation Map of MSF activities for Communication purpose, August 2014.
7 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Martin Zinggl 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
1.1 BACKGROUND
In March 2014, Ebola viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) broke out in southern Guinea. In the following months, the disease spread through parts of Guinea and most of Liberia and Sierra Leone. Médecins Sans Frontières
(MSF) quickly deployed teams to assist with the response. In total, MSF Strategic Objectives 3. employed more than 4,000 national staff from the affected countries and 1,300 international staff.
As part of this response, MSF Switzerland (MSF-CH) deployed nine dedicated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) officers for a total of 16 missions to the three countries. As the response progressed, this GIS capacity, which was provided by and initially supported the Operational Centre Geneva (OCG), turned into an intersectional resource that was also Conclusion and Discussion 4. used by the Operational Centre Amsterdam (OCA) and the Operational Centre Brussels (OCB), as well as, to a lesser degree, by the Operational Centre Barcelona (OCBA) and the Operational Centre Paris (OCP).
While MSF staff have been using maps and GIS technology for many years, the use of dedicated GIS staff in the field was still very uncommon until late 2014. Recommendations 5.
The decision to send dedicated GIS officers to the affected countries was informed by a study on the use of GIS within MSF1, which had identified epidemiology as “the domain where GIS can bring the most positive evolution”2. It was, furthermore, based on the GIS Strategy for MSF-CH3 (see also 3. Strategic Objectives). Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I This case study aims to examine whether the GIS officers’ missions to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone have succeeded in supporting the emergency response and furthering the strategic goals defined in the GIS Strategy. The findings of this case study are based on oral and written interviews with 20 MSF team members and two external partners who were either deployed as part of the Ebola response themselves or at headquarters; it is also based on the end-of-mission reports of five GIS officers. List of interviewees ANNEX II 1 “State of art and opportunities using Geographic Information Systems in MSF” (2013) – referred to as “GIS Study” in this document 2 GIS Study, p.34 3 “Development of the Geographic Information System in MSF-CH” (2014) – referred to as “GIS Strategy” in this document 9 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
This case study is an update of the first case study, written in July4 2014 . Where the first study looked only at the first deployment of a GIS officer to the field in Guéckédou, Guinea, this document summarizes the experiences and lessons learnt from all deployments that were part of the Ebola response, including the first mission.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) The term GIS in this case study encompasses any use of geographical information, or maps, ranging from the basic use of maps in the field to the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS), remote sensing (satellite imagery), and all kinds of geo-referenced information (locations of patients, particular infrastructures, etc). (See “3. Typology of GIS Applications”, GIS Study)
1.2 MSF-CH GIS UNIT
Analysing GIS data and producing detailed, topical maps is a technical skill that was not readily available within MSF until 2014. To explore the use of GIS and to build capacity within the organization, MSF-CH signed a framework agreement with the French NGO CartONG in late 2013. In addition to building and maintaining technical infrastructure for MSF-CH, this agreement includes remote mapping support, as well as the provision of staff embedded in MSF field missions.
As such, the members of the MSF GIS unit wear two hats: on the one hand they are part of the internal MSF-CH structure and, on the other hand, they are employees of an external service provider5. While at the beginning of the response this dual identity seems to have caused some uncertainty regarding the GIS officers’ status within the team, interviewees indicated that, as time progressed, GIS officers were seen as fully integrated MSF team members. They also indicated they had no reservations about sharing sensitive data with the GIS officers where this was necessary for their work.
4 "GIS Support for the MSF Ebola response in Guinea in 2014", OCG, July 2014. Available at http://reliefweb.int/report/world/gis-support-msf-ebola-response-guinea-2014-case-study 5 Note: This is about to change. As of 2016 GIS officers will become regular MSF staff. 10 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Introduction Côte d'Ivoire Mali Guinée Kindia Libéria km 1 cm 1.65 = km Forécariah 3 Sierra Leone Coyah 2 response forGIS support the Ebola 2. Sénégal 1 - 5 6 - 20 21 - 50 51 - 100 1 - 4 5 - 10 - 20 11 Dubréka Base MSFBase 1 J ¯ J ¯ J ¯ J ¯ Guinée-Bissau Chef-lieu de préfecture de Chef-lieu sous-préfecture de Chef-lieu district de Chef-lieu Village Frontière internationale Frontière de sous-préfecture Limite Limite de district nationale Route principale Route secondaire Route tertiaire Route d'eau Cours Marécage dans sensibilisé Village la dernière semaine Conakry Boffa Activités d'alertes Outreach * Activités de sensibilisation HP Gambie 1:165,000 LEGENDE ECHELLE SOURCES Données HP: MSF OpenStreetMap d'eau: et cours Transport INS : villages et administratives Frontières MSF Districts: de Limites PROPRIETES : Document du Nom GIN_HP_FARMORIAH_BENTY_D_A3_W31_2015_08_06 8/6/2015 : création de Date : par Réalisé MSF GIS Unit - [email protected] Paysage A3 d'impression: Format 0 Secteur sensibilisé dans dernièrela semaine ± Robat Kania Maron Kamba Masimra * Makaiba Samaia 14 Mile Momoya Rogbanthy Kagberay I Kagberay Dinde Mabureh - Lol Karene Kagberay II Kagberay Krima-Bana Fadugu Sory Mile 13 Mile Bassia Feinya Rolal-Kamathma Maforay-Kapail Salam Mebouya Kayimbo Benna Anliya Bokaria Kabaya Making Layah Rokamu Dinde Laya Kayakor Siseriya Boubouyah Mamudia Dougoufou Dabalaya Makoba Ganya Singanday Fonsiga Madenu Rothintha Fossekhoure Bendougou Safari Rogbuhun Tassen M'Bendiagbe Sanaya Maseri Konkoyadi Conteya Kanku Bramaia Gberekhoure Lalwesseh Makoi Konkoyagbe Nmatasandia Gbokou Moussa Sumbuya Fofor Fangamaya Fodeya MOUSSAYAH Bambayadi 12°50'0"W Anlya Tonokhoure Fori Foumban Kondeyire Tonekhoure Kafou Guadiadi Tanene Rogbalan Kanku Bramaia Wanindara Madina Boukariah Morifodeyah Barmoi - Lol Kalekhoure (B) Kalefodeyah Kawula (A) Goreh * Kawula Doto Souleymania Moussa Kairowany Kolayire Falye Fangamaya Kafou Laminaia I Laminaia Yema Moussa Fangamaya Moussa Kafou Centre Kafou Centre * Mayainkain Farayah Farayah LEONE Madineh Sansanyi SIERRA Foformere Boundoukayah Donkhodonkhouya Kamalo * Kankanday Kalekhoure Gbomsuriburaya Kaamba (A) Mekhemekhen Sansangie Wanindara Fonia (Woreh) Khoboto Yemouna Yemouna Modia Moussayah Yayah Khoboto Strategic Objectives 3. Fentenkhoure Garankekhoure Saymaya Safari Mansomya Matham Seduya Kayockneh Wondyma Makasa Manonpu * Tinakhoure Wondyma Kapairon Modiakru Senki Kaledy Melimassa Dansaya Yilikoui Maliguia Petifu Fossekhoure Guemedoula Romalal Romaneh Senthair Kimalo Banguraia Sendugu Babuya Kabaya Malal Garafiri Maliguia Dar Es Salam Kasasi Magbema Tinakhoure Samaya Malifou Rogbom Sengbe Masumbala Melimassa Yilikoui Dansaya Mathureneh Barmoi Lumour Kelfaya Guemedoula Tintiyan Pailap Bouramaya Malifou Four Mola Road Konta Dansaya Kambia I Kambia Centre Petifu Petifu Ta na Makani Limri Konkodoula Kamaranka Wondikhanbira Yaguiba Mola Futa Dee Kamalo Bangro Rotifunk Setyin Kania Kourakhoure Matainha Masimbo Rogbomkali Kolagbely Kombonya Kombonya Magbain Dare - Salam Gbomasaia Kamba Souleymania Rogberay I Rogberay Maforay Maton To w n Maseri Yaguiba Magbere Roponka Wula Yomboron Bendu Fataya Dansaia Salatoke Heramakonondi Kalangba To w n Mabar Fodaya Kolakhoure Magbere Sandenya Sanya Gbaiti Heramakonongbe Royail Konkokhoure Tagiray Gbonkofol Foyeilie Kebeya Magbeti Cette carteest exclusivement àbut informatif et n'a aucune signification politique. Les frontières et noms de lieux représentés sur cette carte n'impliquentpas l'approbation officielle de MSF. Bambakhoure Gbalamuya Kobotu Tiborpor I Tiborpor Kekoutayah Kekoutayah Tiborpor II Tiborpor Bokariah Tambaya Nafaya Baribombon Malesa Nafaya Tengbeh Tambayah Fofokhoure Robis Kobeleta Walibana Leheyah Masherie Tambayadi Romankeneh Nantakhouregbe Nantakhouregbe Petit Loly * Pamelap Centre Pamelap Pamelap Tambayadi Herico Bamodia Bissao Sandenya Kabaya Mania To w n Kaba Moussayah Makomray Yeima Kentikan Kaba Fungay Saraya Modia Nantakhouredi Leheyah Moussayah Sakonna Dounkhouba Lamouhoure Tambayah Saourou Mange Funkudeh 1 Tabouna Bokaria Conclusion and Discussion 4. Tomolon Worreh Sandenya Linsan Bouraya Kabayah Katonko Woula Madina Basiyadi Talansan Forod Kebeyah Sidikia Lambanyi KALLIA Kuntai Condeyire Tanene Masorie Wanifili Kolagbely Sefari Makilon Kankannara Maferinyady Khowourou Centre Saliyah 13°0'0"W Kolia Tagani Siramodia Centre Siramodia Yalaya Royel Birun Malikiya Talik o Farmoriah Kabayah Siramodia Soria Condeyire Lamouhoure Sefari Koto Seydouya Nene Maforay Sangbalama Farmoriah Centre Forod Fansiga Centre Farmoriah Centre Foroumbia Mawdia Lambanyi Kabayah Mansonya Lokoya Yema Labay Toumanya Khowourou Mamoudouya Kalema Tanene Kolayire Minhoure Saraya Taïgbé Kolakhoure Kabayah Fory Magbengbe Gberayiray Anliya Daara Khouregbe Taîgbé Centre Kabaya Mangue Woula Kolakhoure Dembaya Fossikhoure Fory Lambanyi Khouregbe Rolaia Kalia Kounssouta Centre Kounssouta Malguia Waani Bouboudet Daara Daboya Kabaya Mangue Tambaya Touguiboun Kabaia Fodeya Wossy Kolayire Karawance Karawance Mangaya Kondeyire Sigakhoure Kalia Centre Kalia Wondefodeya Satandembayah Khambaya Centre Makalisor Tamagaly Allassoyah Meregbe Filitagui Sefary Hermakono Bouramayah Nboro Tambaya Kabaya Kounssouta Kalako Kondeyire Tokekhoure Nyinka Centre Herico Lassoyah Nborodi Yemkelia Maliguiagbe Sefary Diabya Fougue Barabara Koumbaly Wondekhoure Fanye Sanayah Ansoumanea Bouboudet Kounssoula Nboro Centre Moribaya Soriya Kalekhoure Lemoudouyah Barabara Tanene Fatoumalaya Tanene Tokekhoure * Misilaia ALASSOYA Manfourou Sekaya Fandiekhoure Soriya Recommendations 5. Kouria Kalako Nborodi * Fodeya Beleya Madina Kouria Lamikhoure Forodougou Carrefour Bemdougou Fendefodeya Beleya M Bemdiah M Bgokoya Wondekhoure Sanayah Koumbaly Labe FORÉCARIAH-CENTRE Laya Thayeray Kagbo FARMORIAH Morikania Centre Laya Boukariah Tanene Madina Botokholi Maliguiagbe Keinkerin Noumoukhoure Kalemodiadi Lusenia Waliya Dakhagbe Botokholi Sabouya Kolayire Saraboly Fandiekhoure Rofema Daloya Centre Fandje Yenguissa Deguendou Ntoumo Filitagui Ta n a Fodeyadi Morikania Forodougou Maboya Kindouyah Sandeya Kalemodia Yenguissa Dar Salam Katabe Alassoya BENTY * Taadi Kirakhouri Mahera Sabakhoure Bankilon Malimba Malimba Maboya Gore Conta Kalemodia Conta Melibounyi Kabeleya Meliboun Meyenkhoure Tantouya Kolayire Rogbane Filitagui Bankilon Dara Gberika 13°10'0"W Kondeya Bompe Laminaya Filitagui Bassimiya Rogbane Compayah Bissawa Kayenkesa Rogbane Yede Yomboyeli Pamalap ALASSOYA Yibaya Beta Bompe Hérico Palatougou Bapobaya Bapobaya Yede Gbongbor Dembayah Kigbaly * Kigbaly Tanah Benty Palatougou Centre Centre Lakhanfiyaya Katou Woyen Woyen Gore Sakia NCompan Kiterin Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I Dakaria Arabompa Gberika Sogbana * Gbéreiré Fernandepo Nassaya Kaleyire Wala Tayire Suribulomia Tonkoya Rokoni Benty Centre Benty Tonkoyah Centre Tonkoyah Kabendo Saraya Karankone Senka Samoundi Balayadi Campement Kalekou Tawa Sinkinet Kigbaly Koutoumori Anliya Ntalagbo Talayen (Kalla) Dimbaia Kiteren Dibi Ngbale Tonkoyah Magbankourane Mangue Koria Balayadi Guemekhori Ngboutou Kakoutoulaye Kakoutoulaye 2 Kakoutoulaye Solomaya Yaligbere Kakoutoulaye Katrouma Tonkonyah Camayenne Kaleyire Yereya Makare Gbaran Bariki Sengbeya Massaki Barifanya Missira Mapotolon (A) Kakonki Romankinet Yomitiya Katrouma Rocka Makarefori Kinoma Ncontegue Camarayah Tron Kenedaf Kouriah Mpolon Centre Kipolon Kaleyire Bonko Mabala GUINÉE - Forécariah - Benty et Farmoriah - Activités de sensibilisation (jusqu'à HP la semaine 31-2015) Kiragba Yindi Centre Maliguia Kakoutoulaye Barena Bouramaya Bouramaya Bilingny Kagbo Bounkouboun Yeligbon MAFÉRINYA Salatougou Souri Nene Fofiyah Laya Mabala Madinagbé Kakofa Famoriah Sip Kobi Sip Yindi Centre Layahounyi Gabon Soguebounyi
Sengulen Guemeta KABACK KALLIA
*
9°10'0"N 9°20'0"N List of interviewees ANNEX II
Figure 2: Map of Health Promotion activities done by MSF team in Benty and Farmoriah District in Guinea, August 2015. It supports MSF operations to monitor and foresee activities.
11 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Jean-Guy Audéoud 12 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
2. GIS SUPPORT FOR THE EBOLA RESPONSE response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
As part of the MSF Ebola response, 16 GIS officers were deployed between the middle of March 2014 and the end of May 2015. At the height of the epidemic, five GIS officers worked in parallel in the three affected countries. During that time, the GIS officers produced more than 800 maps and related GIS products. Strategic Objectives 3. Conclusion and Discussion 4. Recommendations 5.
Figure 3: Timeline of deployments by country. At the height of the epidemic,
up to five GIS officers were deployed at the same time. GIS 1-9 refers to Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I the different GIS officers, some of whom were deployed multiple times.
2.1 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS
2.1.1 What is GIS? List of interviewees ANNEX II All GIS officers and programme staff interviewed for this study concurred that there was very little awareness within MSF regarding how GIS officers can support programmes.
13 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
As a result, all GIS officers indicated that the majority of maps were produced based on their own initiative, while only a small number of maps were requested by the technical departments themselves. All interviewees ascribed this to the fact that MSF programme staff were unfamiliar with what a GIS officer could do and were, therefore, unable to request specific products.
However, all interviewees indicated that this changed as the mission progressed and as programme staff became more familiar with the GIS products. Over time, programme staff were submitting more and more concrete requests to the GIS officers, who were better able to anticipate the needs of the different departments.
The GIS officers felt that the overall knowledge of GIS improved during the Ebola response across sections. However, the high turnover of staff also meant that GIS officers were constantly required to educate new staff members about GIS. Many interviewees commented that being proactive and being able to explain GIS to staff who have very little time and who are very busy is one of the key soft skills of a GIS officer.
While some interviewees indicated that it would have been helpful to have been briefed on GIS before their deployment, most felt this would have been of limited use. The majority of interviewees felt that seeing GIS products in the field, and seeing how these products could address their concrete problems on a day-to-day basis, was what helped them understand the benefits.
All programme staff indicated that, for this learning process to occur, it was essential that the GIS officers were deployed to the field. Having remote GIS support was only seen as feasible in the later stages of a response, once the systems and products were well established and understood.
A senior MSF staff member based at headquarters added that some programme staff who had worked with GIS officers as part of the Ebola response were also requesting field-based GIS support for their next missions.
All the interviewees emphasized that the GIS officers were universally responsive to their needs. However, some indicated that physical proximity to distinct teams or sections had an impact in terms of the proactive production of maps, meaning that departments and/or sections where the GIS officer sat were getting a slightly enhanced or faster service.
14 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
Before response forGIS support the Ebola 2. Strategic Objectives 3. Conclusion and Discussion 4.
After Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
Figure 4: Maps of Guéckédou prefecture in Guinea before and at the end of the first GIS officer’s mission 15 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
2.1.2 GIS as part of the hierarchy
During the first Ebola-related GIS mission to Guinea, the GIS officer was part of the epidemiological team. This decision was mainly based on the outcomes of an MSF study, which had identified epidemiology as “the domain where GIS can bring the most positive evolution”6. While epidemiology was one of the main users of GIS products throughout the response, the position in the hierarchy itself evolved over the course of the 16 missions. In July 2015, many interviewees felt the cross-cutting and interdepartmental nature of the GIS officers’ work made it more appropriate for them to directly support coordination and field coordination, rather than being attached to a specific technical department. One interviewee suggested that GIS should be seen as a flexible support function that changes position depending on where the services are most needed.
It is worth noting that where staff voiced a preference for a specific department, it tended to be their own – with coordination being mentioned as the second preference. The fact that programme staff want GIS as close as possible to their own programmes can be seen as an endorsement of the utility of the function. However, the only coordinator interviewed for this case study felt that GIS should remain within a technical department.
2.1.3 Impact of ICT infrastructure
All GIS officers identified internet bandwidth as one of the limiting factors of their work.
While all GIS officers went to the field with the base maps that were available at the time of their deployment, downloading additional files was painfully slow at best. In one case, the GIS unit even resorted to giving a USB stick to an OCG staff member who was about to fly to the field, since this was the best way to transfer the data.
One interviewee indicated that MSF’s new web-based e-mail system caused additional frustrations because the client would frequently time out during an upload, requiring the GIS officer to start the process again. This was the case in a very remote location, where MSF shared the internet connection of another NGO. Under these circumstances, being able to send and receive e-mails via an offline e-mail client could be helpful.
Another interviewee pointed out that it is essential for GIS officers to have all the necessary permissions and software to maintain their own machines, including for system recovery. Since GIS officers’ computers and software requirements are different from the standardized MSF computers,
6 “State of art and opportunities using Geographic Information Systems in MSF” (2013) – referred to as “GIS Study” in this document, p.34 16 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response in-country IT staff can only be of limited assistance in the case of severe problems that require a complete system wipe. • Distribution of products The ICT infrastructure also impacted how maps could be shared within the field teams, with the capital and with headquarters. While response forGIS support the Ebola 2. OCG launched an online map centre in July 2014, programme staff interviewed for this case study did not take advantage of this facility in the field. Even interviewees who were aware of the map centre and were comfortable using web-based platforms mentioned that they were not using the map centre. Browsing the web site and finding and downloading maps was considered too time-consuming, and staff felt it was easier to ask the GIS officer directly for a map. It is unclear Strategic Objectives 3. whether a better internet connection would have changed this.
Instead of the map centre, GIS officers relied on a mix of channels to distribute maps. These were: individual and team e-mails, individual printouts, folders and atlases of map collections, as well as wall- mounted maps. By putting maps on a wall at a central location, or
sharing them with the whole team by e-mail, GIS officers were also Conclusion and Discussion 4. able to increase knowledge about the type of products they were able to produce.
On the other hand, staff at headquarters, other operational centres as well as some external partners relied on the map centre as a central repository for maps. Therefore, uploading maps to the map centre remains important in order to ensure the dissemination of the maps. Recommendations 5.
The maps shown in this document, as well as many other maps, can be accessed through the online map centre: http://mapcentre.msf.org/en/
• Mobile data collection Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I GPS coordinates were mainly recorded with the help of dedicated GPS devices. Android phones were used in some cases. However, this happened spontaneously rather than systematically. It is worth noting that these initiatives were not limited to members of the GIS unit. In one case, an epidemiologist received a donation of 40 smartphones and used these to collect data. In another case, a member of the OCA Manson Unit installed open-source software on the private phones of local staff to collect data7. Interviewees indicated that List of interviewees ANNEX II their experience with Android phones for mobile data collection was positive and suggested that MSF should explore this option further.
7 Gayton, Lochlainn, Theocharopoulos, Bockarie and Caleo: “Mobilisation of local people and technology in mapping for the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic response”. See Annex I. 17 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
2.2 GIS PRODUCTS
2.2.1 Global understanding of the situation
The 2014–2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak occurred in an area of the world that had been very poorly mapped.
In rural areas, this meant that many villages and roads didn’t exist on any maps. In urban areas, including the capital cities, large parts of the cities were blank spots, with no available information about roads, street names, the number of houses, or the names of formal or informal subdivisions.
However, in an epidemic it is essential to be able to pinpoint where a patient comes from as quickly and as accurately as possible in order to identify the people they have been in contact with and to provide people living in that area with targeted health information.
Filling in these gaps and providing this information was one of the first tasks that GIS officers undertook in all locations across all three countries.
Base maps are maps showing a basic layer of information. Additional layers of information can then be added. Common examples of base maps include topographical maps, relief maps and road maps.
© Nick McWilliam
Figure 5: Identifying the names and locations of villages and communities was one of the first tasks that GIS officers undertook in all locations. 18 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
• Rural areas: village names One of the biggest challenges facing the team in all three countries was that both the name and the location of many villages were unknown. In addition, many villages had similar or identical names. For example, there are 14 villages called Bendou within the Guéckédou response forGIS support the Ebola 2. prefecture in Guinea. This was hugely problematic as the team had to rely heavily on patient interviews to decide where to intervene. Errors in identifying a location can lead to delays and wasted resources, and, in an environment where MSF vehicles are not welcome everywhere, unnecessary trips to the wrong location can expose staff to additional risks. Strategic Objectives 3. The base maps produced by the GIS officers provided a solution to these issues. With the help of the maps and a database of all identified village names, the GIS officers were quickly able to identify the exact location of a village and whether the name existed more than once.
Identifying village names was relatively resource-intensive since it
had to be done on the ground. In many cases, local staff had to visit Conclusion and Discussion 4. villages to confirm names and take GPS coordinates. Where possible, staff visiting an area for other reasons were asked to verify names, but, frequently, local staff had to be sent out in cars or on motorbikes to specifically carry out this task. The involvement of GIS officers at an early stage of the response is useful, since they can help define what data should be collected. Recommendations 5. All interviewees mentioned that being confident that they were sending their teams to the right location significantly improved their ability to target their activities effectively.
One respondent also noted that, in other emergencies, programme staff had to try and identify the names and locations of villages themselves, for example, with the help of Google Earth. This frequently had to be done at night, after a long day carrying out regular duties. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I Having a dedicated GIS officer in the field had a threefold benefit: it increased the accuracy of the results, resulted in more user-friendly maps and saved time for programme staff. List of interviewees ANNEX II
19 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Sarah Saint-Arnaud
Figure 6: Local staff members were essential during all stages of the response.
• Urban areas: local community and street names Urban areas posed similar problems to rural areas, in that large parts were unmapped, and many location names were colloquial and used inconsistently.
• In Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, for example, the smallest official administrative division is a ‘ward’. However, when admitted to an Ebola treatment centre (ETC), many patients referred to the ‘sector’ they were living in because this was how they commonly described their place of residence. Sectors are informal names for areas of the city that can be bigger or smaller than wards, and often follow different boundaries. Unfortunately, the health of many patients deteriorated so quickly that it was not always possible to elicit additional information from them. • In the Liberian capital, Monrovia, the smallest official administrative unit is the ‘community’, but people commonly refer to their ‘sub- community’ when describing their place of residence. These sub- communities are frequently named after prominent local figures, such as Ali’s Compound or Morris’ Farm, and might change their name over time. • Street names are also frequently colloquial rather than official and, while Market Street or Rue de l’Ecole are often sufficiently accurate in villages, multiple streets with common names like these exist in many urban areas.
20 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response ± Kaba Guinea Mambah Guinea Careysburg 2 000 Liberia Liberia response forGIS support the Ebola 2. Greater Commonwealth1 1 000 Meters recognition by MSF. by recognition Monrovia District border Community border Other Secondary Primary Railway Waterways Mangroves authorization LIS-GIS of River St. PaulSt. purposes and do not imply official community level used with the Administrative boundaries up to 0 at edition date and under all reserves. all under and date edition at Leone Sierra Sources: Borders, Administrative divisions: MSF, Places: / LIZ-GIS GDAL, Geonames, HOT-OSM / Roads, Natural: HOT-OSM/ Other data: MSF Map Information Document: LBR_BM_Monrovia_Communities_A3 26/09/2014 Date: MSF-CH by FieldRealized GIS Officer format:Print ISO A3 Leone Sierra Legend Roads Spatial information is displayed as known as displayed is information Spatial Mapping material provided for information for provided material Mapping Liberia and Montserrado County Districts of Montserrado County Montserrado of Districts Z300 Hope Z300 Community Z1600 Central Caldwell NEW Road Z300 River View Georgia GEORGE Z1600 New Z1600 Z600 Tow n Jallah Z600 Maternity Community Z1600 Caldwell Spot Z200 Vicky Clara Town I Community Z300 Central Z300 Z600 Warwein CALDWELL Paity Z300 Tow n Hill Valley Spring Z600 NEW Z200 Little Community Z600 Bassa Capitol Z600 Rock White Chapel White TOWN GEORGE CLARA Z200 Tow n Z600 Gbandi Z600 Bishop Brooks Hill Z600 Slipway Z200 Z600 Tow n B Bernard Crown Z200 Z600 Buzzi Quarters Quarters Central Z300 Vai Z300 Hole Crab TOWN Z100 Logan Town Zinc Camp CENTRAL LOGAN Z600 MONROVIA B MONROVIA Careysburg Careysburg Soniwein Z300 Vai Z300 Tow n A Fish Z400 Tow n BTC Area Z200 Z600 Tow n Mombo Z200 King Blamo Z100 Bong Z100 Mines Bridge Peter Town Town-East Z100 Duala Z100 Z500 Sports Z500 Commission Area Z500 Z200 Tow n Zondo Centennial Z100 Farm Tweh Streets / Lynch/ Z400 West Point Kaba Z500 Randall Z500 Strategic Objectives 3. Kaba WEST POINT Z100 Monboe Z100 WestTown Streets / Center/ Z400 Power Plant Z500 Lynch Z100 Tow n TOWN Mambah Nyuan Mambah Four Z100 Point Market Streets NEW KRU Z400 Newport Z200 Crusher Z100 Duala Z100 Central Free Port East Z500 Rock Z100 Z500 RandalL/ Lagoon Development West Point West CENTRAL Hill Beach A Beach MONROVIA A MONROVIA Beach B Beach Z100 Popo Z100 Z500 Snapper Z100 Popo Z100 Tow n New Kru New Z100 Central Z100 Z500 Point Mamba Z100 West Lagoon Z100 Fundaye Zoom1 Zoom2 Careysburg Careysburg Z1100 Kende-jah Z1100 Kemah Town/Omega Tow n Z1100 Rehab/Borbor Road East N. Z1100 DuportZ1100 Commonwealth1 Commonwealth1 Conclusion and Discussion 4. Farm Z1100 Barnard Soul Clinic Z1100 Road South Z1100 DuportZ1100 Farm Z1100 Morris Wood Camp Z1100 Red Light Z1100 Z1100 Duport Tow n Z1100 Z1100 Kpelle Joe BarJoe Road North Paynesville Z1100 Pipeline B Z1100 Pipe Z1100 LineA Tow n Z1100 Bassa Gray-Elwa PAYNESVILLE Z1100 King Z1100 Z1100 Town Hall Town Z1100 Rockville GSA Road City View Z1100 Greater Greater Z1100 Neezoe Monrovia Monrovia Academy Z1100 Police Z1100 Z1100 A.B Z1100 Tolbert Road Tolbert Hill Copper Z1100 S.D Z1100 Z1600 Cassava Hill Rock Factory Z1100 Community Z1100 72ndZ1100 Z1100 Zinc Z1100 Z1000 Swankamore Z1100 Jacob Town Z1400 Tow n Town OldTown Rd Island Z1000 Congo Z1600 Z1000 Pagos Kaba Town Samukai Z1200 TOWN Factory CONGO Recommendations 5. Chicken Soup Z1100 Bridge Double Estate Tolbert Z1400 Z1400 Road A Road B Tow n Z1200 Stephen Z1000 Congo Johnsonville Johnsonville BARDNESVILLE Island Z1000 Peace CALDWELL View Z1200 LRiver Break MTA Factory Z1200 Tow n Z1400 Dabwe Z1200 Day Mouth Open Mouth Caldwell Z1200 Shoe Z1600 Upper Z1600 Dixville Water SideWater Community Tow n Road Z1000 Z1200 Z1400 Behwein Barchue Z1200 Kesselly Barnersville Z1400 Estate Z1600 Congo Town Booulevard Z1400 Z1000 Oldest South Z1400 Dixville B Dixville Barnersville Old Field Old Duan Town Z900 Tow n Z900 Yekpee GARDNERSVILLE Gaye Town Community Marshall Island Z1200 Z1200 J.E Mangrove JJY / Z1200 Z900 Field Grass Snow Hill Snow Z1200 Chugbor Z900 Tar r Tow n Z1600 Z900 Road Field Gulf Sign Boar Dixville A Dixville Smythe Z1300 Old LARKPAZEE TOWN LOGAN NEW GEORGE NEW KRU TOWN PAYNESVILLE SINKOR SINKOR OLD ROAD POINT WEST Georgia Z1300 City_B Z900 Camp Z1300 New Chocolate SINKOR Z800 Z1600 Market Central Caldwell Z900 Divine-Togba Lakpazee Estate OLD ROAD OLD Catholic Hospital Georgia Z900 Key & Death Hole Z1300 City_A Z1300 New Transit Chocolate Z1300 SOS Tow n Bassa Z1300 Factory NEW Field Z800 Caldwell Matadi Z1300 Iron Z800 Old Z800 Tow n Raymond Z1600 Upper Wroto GEORGE Z800 Tow n Z1600 Central Caldwell LARKPAZEE MesuradoMesurado RiverRiver Gbangaye Greater Monrovia, Liberia - Administrative Boundaries Overview Boundaries - Administrative Monrovia, Liberia Greater Z1300 Z700 Fish Market East Flahn Town Z800 Road Fiama Matadi Georgia Z800 New Z1600 New Z700 Fiama Topoe Z1300 Village People Spot Z200 Vicky Z1600 Caldwell Community Z700 Pyne ICA Z1300 Battery Z700 Factory Camp Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I Z200 Little Z100 White Chapel Z200 Tow n Crab Hole Crab Gbandi Z700 Clinic Zinc Z200 Cooper Z200 Camp Z200 Central Creek Stockton Logan Town SINKOR BARDNESVILLE CALDWELL CENTRAL MONROVIA A CENTRAL MONROVIA B CLARA TOWN TOWN CONGO GARDNERSVILLE Mines Z200 Tow n Z200 King Bridge Peter Town Blamo Z300 Cow Factory Z100 Farm Tweh Z200 Tow n Z100 Bong Z700 View Z700 Zondo Ocean Plumkor Z200 Road Town West Town Jamaica Z100 Monboe Z100 Tow n Nyuan Four Greater MonroviaGreater Zones Divisions Z100 Point Z300 Hope Community Z700 Saye Tow n Port TOWN CLARA TOWN LOGAN Z200 Free East Z100 View Development Z300 River Z100 Popo Beach A Development Lagoon Z300 Free Port Z600 TOWN Beach B Z600 Tow n Jallah Maternity Z100 Popo Community Z100 Central Town Kru New NEW KRU Z600 Z100 West Warwein Z300 Paity Tow n Lagoon Va ll ey Zoom1 Z100 Spring Hill Z600 Fundaye Capitol Z600 Bassa Community Clara Town Clara Town I Z300 Central Clara Town Clara Town II Z300 Central River Z600 Rock River Z600 Hill Slipway Z600 Bernard Quarters Z600 Crown Quarters Z600 Buzzi Town B Town St. Paul Z300 Vai Z600 St. Paul BTC Area Z600 Soniwein ONROVIA Area Zones Z500 IVISIONS D M Z500 Sports Commission Centennial Z400 Grandcess Ya rd Streets WEST Communities POINT / Newport/ Streets / Center/ Z500 Randall Z500 Lynch IBERIA Z400 Power Plant Crusher L Z500 Rock OF Z500 Randall / Lynch Streets Z400 Point CENTRAL Central Zoom2 West Point Z500 Mamba MONROVIA A MONROVIA DMINISTRATIVE Clans Ocean Ocean LIBERIA A Districts Counties Atlantic Atlantic Communities List of interviewees ANNEX II Figure 7: Many urban areas are only known by colloquial names that are subject to change. GIS officers mapped both the official and the unofficial names with the help of local staff. This helped to significantly reduce the time spent identifying the area a patient had originated from.
21 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
Most of these local and unofficial areas had previously never been mapped, which made identifying the exact location of a patient’s home very challenging. In addition, some of these names had changed over the years and people living in a different part of the city might refer to the same location by a different name.
To address these issues, GIS officers produced base maps with the help of local staff that included both the official and the unofficial names. In all three countries, they were supported by the national statistics institute.
Data supplied in the end-of-mission report by one GIS officer suggests that clarifying the names of sub-communities and mapping them reduced the number of unknown addresses in the patient database by half.
• Mapping villages, roads and buildings In order to quickly get detailed maps of cities and major roads in the region, the GIS unit decided at the beginning of the response to crowdsource significant parts of this task.
Thanks to the volunteers of the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT), satellite images were quickly turned into digital maps hosted on OpenStreetMap (OSM). The source of these images varied: in spring 2014, MSF-CH bought a first set of satellite images for their areas of operation and made these available to HOT. Later, other humanitarian organizations, the private sector and state actors contributed satellite imagery.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) – www.openstreetmap.org OpenStreetMap is often referred to as the “Wikipedia of maps”, as anybody can make changes to the maps online. OSM data is maintained by volunteers and released under an open-source licence. In many developing countries, OSM maps are more detailed than Google maps because Google has no commercial incentive to improve its maps in these countries.
Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) – hotosm.org HOT is a group of OSM volunteers that acts as an interface between humanitarian organizations and the OSM volunteer network as a whole. Humanitarian organizations can send mapping requests to HOT, which then manages the volunteers responding to the request. This reduces the workload for the requesting organization. HOT also functions as first-level support for all technical questions, while the requesting organization has to be able to answer questions about the project itself.
22 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
As a result of the collaboration between the GIS unit and HOT, the first three priority cities were mapped in less than three days. Within five days, 244 volunteers had mapped more than 90,000 buildings.
In total, 3,300 volunteers added or edited 16 million objects, such as response forGIS support the Ebola 2. buildings, roads or land features, in support of the Ebola response over the course of a year (see Figures 8 and 9 for examples).
However, the data also shows that most of the contributions came from a very small number of dedicated editors: 10 million of the 16 million objects were contributed by 101 users. Strategic Objectives 3. In addition to the remote support provided by HOT, MSF staff collected GPS points and uploaded these to OSM. It was this combination of local and remote support that resulted in the rapid increase in the number of detailed maps; while the virtual volunteers were able to quickly trace roads and buildings on satellite images, local MSF staff added meaning to these outlines by identifying the function of traced structures (for example, school, hospital, market), or by adding the names of villages. In one field office, MSF Conclusion and Discussion 4. staff collected additional information (such as the name and phone number of the village chief), which was used internally but not uploaded to OSM. With a few exceptions, the GIS unit in Geneva functioned as an intermediary between the GIS officers in the field and HOT. This was considered appropriate by most interviewees. However, the HOT coordinator interviewed for this study indicated they would have preferred to have been more directly involved in the communication with the field so as to get more qualitative feedback about how the maps were actually being used Recommendations 5. in the field.
Many interviewees commented that they were “amazed” by the speed at which the area was mapped with the help of OSM volunteers. On their own, the GIS officers would not have been able to produce these base maps during their mission. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I The base maps that the OSM volunteers helped to create also served as the foundation for many other maps, many of which could not have been produced without these base maps.
It is important to note that these base maps contained no sensitive or patient information. MSF teams could share them – digitally or on paper – with other humanitarian organizations and local authorities. This was greatly appreciated and many interviewees commented that being able to bring List of interviewees ANNEX II maps to a meeting helped build relationships and made it easier for MSF to obtain data from other actors.
23 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
Before
After
Figure 8: Before and after the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team activation - Guéckédou (Guinea). 24 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
Before response forGIS support the Ebola 2. Strategic Objectives 3. Conclusion and Discussion 4.
After Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
Figure 9:Before and after the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team activation - Freetown (Sierra Leone). 25 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
• Collaboration with national statistics institutes The GIS officers in all three countries sought to work closely with the national statistics institutes, which had information about administrative boundaries and village names on file. The interviewees described the collaboration as largely positive, but sometimes frustrating since the data was frequently incomplete, improperly formatted or badly maintained. In addition, in the case of Guinea, MSF was not allowed to share some of the data with other partners, such as OpenStreetMap, due to licensing issues. This limited the usefulness of the maps for the GIS officers.
Collaboration with these national institutes also included ad hoc training and capacity building, which was universally appreciated. It also helped build relationships, which, in turn, made it easier for the MSF teams to request information or data.
2.2.2 Epidemiology
GIS officers worked closely with the epidemiologists in all deployments, and epidemiology was one of the departments that benefited the most from the added capacity. One interviewee emphasized that for this relationship to work smoothly, a clear separation of responsibilities was important. While the GIS officers assisted with defining what data should be collected and were responsible for producing GIS products, such as maps and other visualizations, the analysis and interpretation of these products was the responsibility of the epidemiologists. • Epidemiological overview maps In all three countries, the GIS officer produced weekly updates of Ebola hotspots that showed both the number of new cases in the previous week, as well as the total number of cases since the beginning of the epidemic. A similar map showed new cases within the last seven and the last 21 days – the incubation period for VHF.
These weekly, visual overviews were appreciated by all field and headquarters staff since they made data that was otherwise often displayed in tables more easily understandable. As one respondent put it: “That map translated the scientific into the operational.”
As with the base maps, interviewees commented that having these maps and being able to share them with other actors helped them build relationships and obtain data from other actors. One interviewee also felt these maps gave MSF more credibility in meetings because the information looked more official when visualized on a professional- looking map. 26 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response ± response forGIS support the Ebola 2. 2 Nombre de de cas Nombre recognition by MSF. Dixinn Kaloum Matam Matoto Ratoma 1 Kilometers purposes and do not imply official Sources: Information Map Legende quartiers Conakry Commune at edition date and under all reserves. Spatial information is displayed as known Mapping material provided for information Frontières, Administratif : GDAM Limites quartiers : ONRG Autres données : MSF-CH Document: GIN_GKD_tot_case quatiers_27_42 27/10/2014 Date: Officer GIS Field MSF-CH by Realized Print format:A3 ISO 0 Coyah Coyah Beyla-Centre Forécariah Strategic Objectives 3. Kindia-Centre Dalaba-Centre Pita-Centre Forécariah-Centre 76 Kérouané-Centre Banankoro Télimélé-Centre Macenta-Centre Coyah-Centre 96 Guéckédou-Centre Dubréka-Centre 74 75 Conarky 95 73 Boké-Centre 91 Conclusion and Discussion 4. Boffa-Centre 97 71 92 72 94 67 68 51 70 66 69 65 63 90 64 93 62 53 52 61 59 60 85 84 89 58 54 57 56 49 Recommendations 5. 87 83 55 50 26 48 29 88 47 27 78 86 25 28 46 24 77 82 79 41 42 23 40 44 81 22 45 80 17 43 38 35 39 16 15 36 34 18 12 32 33 12 14 11 1 Commune total KaloumKaloumKaloum 1 1 1 MatamMatam 5 Matam 1 Dixinn 1 Dixinn 3 DixinnDixinn 3 Dixinn 1 1 3 MatotoMatoto 1 Matoto 4 1 RatomaRatoma 2 2 RatomaRatomaRatoma 1 Ratoma 7 10 3 31 10 1 1 12 1 11 11 Guinea GKD- Confirmed - Total Ebola Cases quartiers- - EpiWeek 27-42 30 Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I 1 9 1 211 7 4 1 3 1 22 1 6 5111 1 8 4 3 8 16 1 2 1 121 1 1 5 1 Commune totalDixinn ID Quartier Dixinn 3DixinnDixinn 8 Coronthie 3Dixinn 3Kaloum 19 1 Madina EcoleKaloum 21 Madina MosquéeKaloum 22 1 Madina Marché 1Matam Matam 1 Matam 25 Matam 27 1 Bonfi Marché Matam 28 Carrière 5 31 1 2 Camayenne 1 Matam Matam 37 Dixinn Gare MatamMatoto 1 1 5 44 1 Hafia 1 46 Hafia Minière 51 Gbessia Port 2MatotoMatoto Dixinn Matoto 1 4 2 4 70 Matoto CentreRatoma 75 Tombolia RatomaRatoma Matoto 10Ratoma 2 85Ratoma Koloma 1 2 3 Ratoma 88 7 Centre Kaporo 90 Simbaya Gare 92 1 Wanindara 3 Ratoma 94 Kobaya Ratoma 97 Yattayah 9 20 5 3 1 1 1 1 5 3 00101263 2 53295 90000100310236 33 Sous-préfecture total S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 8 Coronthie 5 Almamya 9 Tombo 43 Marché Vue Belle 31 Camayenne 39 Dixinn Centre 1 Dixinn35 Dixinn Centre 237 Dixinn Gare 44 Hafia 1 Dixinn42 1 Hafia 2 Dixinn46 Hafia Minière40 Kénien 5 Almamya 1 4 Dixinn 9 Tombo 1727 Madina Centre Bonfi Marché28 Carrière 17 Madina Centre 219 Madina Ecole Matam Matam22 Madina Marché 24 Lido Matam 21 Madina Mosquée Matam25 Matam 1 Matam24 Matam Matam Lido 1 Matam76 Dabompa 153 35 Gbessia Centre Dixinn Centre 259 Gbessia Cité 2 2 1 3960 5 Dixinn Centre 1 Gbessia Cité de l'Air52 Gbessia 40 Port 1 Matoto 42 Dixinn Kénien Hafia 2 4351 Matoto Belle Gbessia Vue 2 Marché Port Matoto70 Dixinn Matoto Centre69 Simbaya 1 Dixinn Matoto 4 175 Tombolia 1 Matoto67 1 Yimbaya Tannerie 1 Matoto 5283 Gbessia Port 1 Salam Es Dar 59 Gbessia Cité 2 1 79 1 53 Hamdallaye Mosquée Gbessia Centre Matoto 488 Kaporo Centre Ratoma 3 6094 Gbessia Kobaya Cité de l'Air Matoto 6785 Ratoma Matoto Yimbaya Tannerie Koloma 1 16 Matoto 6984 Matoto Simbaya 1 Koloma 2 1 Ratoma93 Lambandji Matoto 1 76 Dabompa 90 1 Simbaya Gare 1 1 83 Salam Es Dar 1 92 Wanindara 16 997 79 Yattayah Hamdallaye Mosquée Ratoma Ratoma 84 Koloma 2 Ratoma 1 20 1 93 Lambandji ID Quartier total Guéckédou-CentreKérouané-Centre 1 Pita-Centre 2 Banankoro Beyla-Centre Boffa-Centre Coyah-Centre Forécariah-CentreKindia-Centre 9 Boké-Centre Dalaba-Centre Dubréka-Centre 25 Macenta-Centre L'ID représenteL'ID numéroréférence le du quartiers faitcarte. au quartiersla et sur List of interviewees ANNEX II Conarky Figure 10: Regularly updated maps like these helped staff and external partners at all levels understand the situation better.
27 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
• Line lists The basis of many epidemiological maps produced by the GIS officers were ‘line lists’, which contained basic patient information, such as their place of residence. Matching this information with the list/database of known locations was the first step in visualizing new cases on maps.
The fact that these line lists did not follow a common format between different MSF sections and offices – and that, in at least one location, their format changed over time – made the process of visualizing the data more laborious. In addition, other humanitarian actors used their own version of these lists. As a result, in at least one location, the line lists were so incompatible with each other that their data could not be merged, meaning that no comprehensive picture of the epidemic could be visualized.
The early involvement of GIS officers in this process can help increase consistency and avoid duplication of work, since they can advise epidemiologists on what data should be collected and how it should be structured to facilitate the creation of GIS products.
• Do-it-yourself maps In one case, an epidemiologist asked the GIS officer for an Excel sheet with a custom macro that enabled programme staff to enter data and produce simple maps at district level themselves, without having to go through the GIS officer. While these maps were much more basic than those produced by the GIS officer, the epidemiologist felt this was sufficient to quickly gain an overview and that this was helpful in situations where a quick regional overview can inform the analysis.
• Palm tree density At the beginning of the emergency, the GIS unit requested a map that showed palm tree density close to the suspected point of the outbreak’s origin. This helped the epidemiologists test their hypothesis that bats living in certain types of palm might have been the source, rather than bats living in caves. This map was created by Copernicus8, an emergency mapping service provided by the European Commission with particularly strong analytical capacity. As an associated user, MSF was able to send a request to Copernicus, which completed the analysis within 24 hours based on existing satellite images.
8 See http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/ems/what-copernicus 28 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
• Geographic randomization Two epidemiologists mentioned that the GIS officers helped them improve the scientific rigour of their epidemiological surveys by randomly selecting households on satellite images. response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
2.2.3 Reporting communication and advocacy
All interviewees commented positively on the way that maps can be used to translate data that exists in spreadsheets into something visual that can be understood more easily. This applies to both the geographic as well as the temporal dimensions of maps, when multiple maps can show changes Strategic Objectives 3. over time.
The most useful products from a reporting and advocacy point of view were the weekly snapshots of new and total Ebola cases (see 2.2.2, ‘Epidemiology’). Both field-based and headquarters-based staff remarked that having these maps helped them understand the situation better, and
headquarters, in particular, appreciated that they provided them with a Conclusion and Discussion 4. quick overview. • Quarantine advocacy map In Sierra Leone, GIS staff produced maps with the help of the health promotion teams that showed the number of quarantined households in Freetown, together with information on whether the basic needs of these households were being met. These maps were used to Recommendations 5. advocate for the better provision of services, as well as for an end to the quarantines. While the latter was not achieved, some interviewees felt these maps were useful for putting pressure on the organizations responsible for providing essential services, and to illustrate why people were leaving the quarantine zones. Other interviewees felt this form of advocacy was not within MSF’s remit, and that the resources used to produce these maps should have been used for other tasks. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
29 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department ± Liberia Liberia Guinea Guinea km 2 Met Unmet Leone Sierra Leone Sierra 1 1 cm = 0 km MSF Quarantine Cluster ID (needs to be harmonized with official IDs) More than 2 weeks ago 2 weeks than More ago 2 weeks to 1 less ago or week 1 038 displayed as known at edition date and under all reserves. all under and date edition at known as displayed 0 Sources Map Information Realized by: MSF-CH GIS Officer Field Realized Date: 02/03/2015 Printformat: ISO A3 Document: SLE_WA_QuarantineClustersNeeds_A3 Needs / Quarantines data: MSF Borders, Administrative boundariess: GDAL, Statistics SL / Places: MSF / Roads: HOT-OSM / Medical data: MoH SL / Drinking Water Wash Water Food Cooking Fuel Laterines Legend of Quarantine Start Mapping material provided for information purposes. The present document present The purposes. information for provided material Mapping does not imply any official recognition by the authors. Spatial information is 329 329 328 038 VHF Ebola Response March 2015 - Response Ebola VHF 347 (1 non-located)(1 348 038 346 036 021 021 030 014 035 004 351 026 025 49 quarantines surveyed 005 036 003 327 349 039 037 354 022 355 035 003 015 352 360 022 350 353 356 014 359 005 358 Week 08 (16th to 22nd February 2015) 024 361 024 004 357 362 363 016 001 016 015 025 026 037 039 001 365 364 367 031 326 031 366 368 369 370 033 371 028 372 028 029 023 374 002 373 375 002 029 376 034 384 377 334 378 385 379 034 023 033 386 380 027 017 388 382 381 044 048 046 027 394 017 018 049 387 045 047 333 383 044 045 046 047 048 049 389 390 042 018 013 393 332 012 391 041 041 040 043 012 042 040 010 006 020 043 331 007 013 392 011 SIERRA LEONE - Western Area Urban - QuarantineClusters Needs 019 010 009 011 Ocean Ocean 009 Atlantic Atlantic 008 008 006 007 019 020 --- TO BE DISCUSSED This map is not comprehensive of all quarantines
Figure 11: In Sierra Leone, GIS officers produced maps that showed unmet basic needs in quarantined areas.
30 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response m 1,000 ± response forGIS support the Ebola 2. 500 0 - 36 37 - 96 97 - 162 163 - 234 235 - 330 331 - 750 road Primary Secondary road roadOther Section 358 - Ward 1 cm = 250 meters 250 = cm 1 0 Boundaries Legend Density p/km2 Roads SSL borders: and names Neighboorhood Points of interest : OSM, Wikimapia Roads, landuse, buildings : OSM Nom du document : SLE_POP_WAU_Density_A3_24012015 : 24/01/2015 Date Officer GIS Field MSF-CH par Réalisé A1 ISO : l'impression pour Dimension This map is for information purposes significance. political no andhas only shown names and boundaries The and the designations used on this endorsement official imply not do map or acceptance by MSF Estimation of the Population Density: Population the of Estimation that:Given - Square: 1sqkm - 6 members per household/building (SSL) buildings 6 x = Density 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 329 J J 328 Pamuronko 347 Allen Town II Town 348 Strategic Objectives 3. I I Allen Old Warf Town I Town Village A Hastings 346 351 Oku Bottom Robis 327 Mayenkineh 349 354 Rokupa Congo Portee Water I 355 H H Congo Water II 353 Field Grass 360 352 Estate Industrial 356 350 Kuntolor Housing Lowcost 359 Jalloh Mess Mess Kissy Terrace 358 361 Shell Pass II Kissy Bye Charlotte G G 357 Conclusion and Discussion 4. Kissy Thunderhill Mental 362 363 Mamba Ridge II Pass I Kissy Bye Ridge I Mamba 364 365 Cline Town 367 Bathurst 326 F F Kissy Brook 366 Gloucester 368 Kissy Brook Bay Asho Farm/ Fourah Coconut 369 Quarry Hall Ginger 370 371 Town Leicester Kossoh Mount Aureol 372 Sorie Town Bombay 374 373 E E Town Magazine 375 Foulah 376 Regent Mountain Recommendations 5. Regent (Dwor Brook George s Bay 384 Susan' 377 Albert Academy Hamilton Hill Tower 378 334 385 379 Brook Hospital Sanders Connaught 386 New Kroo Town 380 D D Brookfields-Congo England-Hannes New 388 England-Hill C England-Hill 382 Town Kingtom Ascension Brookfields 381 Brookfields-Red Pu Malama/Kamayama Sierra Leone - Freetown - Western Area Urban - Population Density Population - Urban Area Western - Freetown - Leone Sierra Town Congo 387 Town 383 Tengbeh 394 Hill 333 Station C C 389 Wilberforce Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I Goderich-Adonkia/M 334 390 Lumley 332 Town Murray 393 Juba/Kaningo 391 /Colleg Gbendembu Pipeline/Wilkinson Cockle-Bay B B Cockerill-Aberdeen /Colleg Cockle-Bay 331 392 Aberdeen Goderich-Funkia A A List of interviewees ANNEX II 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 12: In Sierra Leone, GIS officers produced maps that showed unmet basic needs in quarantined areas.
31 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
2.2.4 Population count and movement Since Ebola is spread from human to human and because people in the affected region are highly mobile, GIS could not be relied on to help predict where new cases might occur.
Nevertheless, one interviewee commented that, during the later stages of the response, knowing whether new hotspots had flared up in surrounding districts was helpful in anticipating new influxes of patients.
In addition, population density maps were useful in helping identify which areas should be prioritized for outreach and health promotion activities.
Community-level population density maps (see Figure 5) were produced based on the field team’s knowledge of average family size and a count of buildings that had been mapped by the OSM volunteers. District-level population density maps were produced based on secondary data. One epidemiologist offered a different point of view regarding the utility of the population density maps at a later stage of the response. He pointed out that, as time passed, many homes were empty and that estimates regarding population density should be informed by on-the-ground population counts as well as by the number of buildings.
2.2.5 Activity planning
Interviewees from all technical departments stressed that the dedicated mapping support provided by the GIS officers helped them perform their tasks more quickly and/or to improve the quality of their work.
One epidemiologist put it like this: “GIS can drastically and radically improve how we operate, and [can] open [up] new possibilities for what we can achieve.”
Respondents were unanimous in their view that it was essential for the GIS officer to be in close proximity to the teams in the field in order to be able to provide support for concrete activities. • Logistics The logistics department benefited from the GIS officer’s activities through a wide range of products. The improved road maps, for example, kept the logisticians informed about who was working where, and allowed them to minimize the number of movements and cars required. In Guinea, this was also significant from a security point of view.
32 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
Some of the other maps that GIS officers produced for the logistics department included: • Atlases with detailed maps of the areas of operation. Many of these atlases included a grid system and an index of known location names, so that villages could be easily located response forGIS support the Ebola 2. • Distance maps, including road codes, estimated times and cost9 of travel • Infrastructure maps • Maps for helicopter landing areas • Ahead of the government-mandated lockdown in Sierra Leone, a GIS officer produced an internal map with addresses of staff to help plan Strategic Objectives 3. a shuttle service to get them to work
Most of the maps produced for the logistics department were also of use to other departments. Conclusion and Discussion 4. Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I
Figure 13: Atlas for Guinea.
• Health promotion outreach
The health promoters interviewed for this case study were among List of interviewees ANNEX II the most ardent supporters of having a GIS officer in the field. Interviewees referred to the role of the GIS officer as “crucial” and “essential” in the case of an epidemic, and as very important in other 9 Produced for Freetown, where local staff were using public transport. 33 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
emergencies. Health promoters stressed that the presence of a GIS officer enabled them to become significantly faster and more efficient in their work. The field teams benefited primarily from two products: • Up-to-date road maps that allowed team leaders to accurately plan travel times • Maps showing VHF hotspots and population density. This helped decide which areas to prioritize for outreach activities • Interviewees also indicated that health promotion teams felt very motivated by seeing their own work reflected on maps.
• Coordination The coordinators mainly benefited from maps that showed the locations of the different MSF activities. In strategy meetings, they also took advantage of the village localization in order to plan activities together with the heads of the technical departments. GIS officers were frequently present at the coordination and field coordination meetings to support the decision-making process.
• Security Following security incidents, GIS officers produced maps showing no-go areas as well as villages considered unsafe for MSF staff to enter. In one case, a GIS officer also created a confidential post- incident map to help analyse and report on the incident. In a number of locations, GIS officers also produced dedicated security maps that showed MSF assets and evacuation routes.
• Medical Of all the departments interviewed, the medical staff working in the Ebola Treatment Centres (ETCs) seemed to have benefited the least from the work of the GIS officer. Plans showing the location of buildings within the ETCs were normally created by the logistics department. Nevertheless, in two locations, a GIS officer also produced detailed interior floor plans of the isolation wards. Staff working in these locations found these plans helpful as it made it easier for them to plan trips into the isolation wards, where communication was very difficult because of the protective equipment. One interviewee also commented that having these floor plans helped ease the anxiety of new staff, since they could be shown more easily what to expect.
• Building-level maps and stigma As mentioned previously, many base maps available through the OSM collaboration were available at building-level granularity in urban areas. However, most interviewees indicated that they did not
34 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response
require this level of detail for their work, and that this was probably the least relevant aspect of the maps for them. Similarly, one GIS officer commented that, for most of her work, the density of the road network was sufficient information. response forGIS support the Ebola 2. At one point early in the response, a GIS officer produced a set of building-level maps to see whether they could help the water and sanitation teams identify more quickly those homes that needed to be disinfected. On these maps, the houses to be sprayed were clearly marked. However, after considering the amount of stigma that is attached to Ebola, it was deemed too risky to use these maps after
this initial trial, due to concerns that they might get lost during field Strategic Objectives 3. trips and end up in unauthorized hands. Conclusion and Discussion 4. Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
35 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department ¯ Sierra Leone km 10 GUINEE telle que connue à ce jour et km doit être utilisée en toute réserve. toute en utilisée être doit 5 100 Frontières internationales Frontières Rivière préfecture de Chef-lieu Chef-lieu de sous-préfecture Ville/Village Hôpital Préfectoral de SantéCentre principaleRoute secondaireRoute locale Route Piste Carte fournie à titre informatif seulement et L'information géographique y est présentée 50 0 n'implique aucune reconnaissance officielle de MSF. de officielle reconnaissance aucune n'implique G I C 0 Structure de Santé Réseau routier Réseau G Laya Lungi Bassa Maforki Makinki Rogbin Kukuna Bilalia Fansiga Sanama Tafedy Ka-Sasi Manais Walia Tafegbe Musaia Bilalia (A) Kabayah Kafortori Malompri Yamgba Magbalan Kelede Ka-Wonso Wongkifor Dandayah Gbassodi Sineya Masinkoh Goreh Kongatalla Duramania Seduya Koko Maselleh Tetefa Kalikhuray K-matagita Balamalikaia Kilitewondi (A) Madina Magbolontor Laiadi Masillah Laia - Laia Gboray Maniadakha Kabaia Darakoneh Paitfu Kamaloo Merekoui Heremakono Sobaneh Mafodeyah Motombedi Ka-Konta Kounsia Dar_Es_Salam Bankhadi Rosint Kafera Mankneh Wondelayah Kanelaia Yelefou Heramakono Yakhamodiyah G Kafanye Kukunadi Yankanbor Kamapemdahun Kofiondi Masutu Yomboro (Duladi) Yomboro Kilimou Mabonkane Tandonya Fodemomoyah Siafou Gbessekhoure Lambanye Kasonya Madineh I Madineh Kamathorthor Mafafila Lambandi Mbendia Kayenkisa Tambenkhoure Sarakhoulenyah Sefari Damba Malkiya Katirie Waliya Lungi Lansanayah Matikia Koubi Degui_Degui_Centre Madina Lamban Mayola Katokato Rolabie Mayefeh Wariya Rosomp Rotain Bassiah Ka-Masoko Sabuya Teneba Bramaia Teneba Safari Ka-Konta Gboroko Bambayah Dianeah Tassa_Khoure Yiguite Robomp Dudumakhadi Masselleh Yeralande SecteurI_Layah Ka-Songha Bomboli Kagboria-Kamafera Kaledy Bambaia Madina Kourekhoun Basia Ro-Gbalamuya Fangue Benna Robat Masien Khourekhone Numeya Kintia G Tamakali Roko-Raka GBereire Banka-Makulor Tanene_Souguebonyi Sendugu Hamdallaye Konkoya Tawuya Kaledi Yembekhoure Bubuya Yembedara Heremakono Kawasaso Rokthenti Gouboun Yalague Kotoeke Heremakono Gbaneh Samatayah Kayoni Makhiyah Samayadi Soriya Mafof Kondekhourou Goreh Kankan Dakhanene Benneh Mafarma Suldeh Kalmata Gbolon Madina Gandalan Kasoria Bambesoria Safekhoure Lasiria Kolayire Fodaia Ka-Dalu Sansankhuray Gbaingfay Condokhoure Salakhoun Kaskundeh Sambanseydouya Pintikilie Matilba Tassen Salam Wula-Lol Kawende I Kawende Miliki Tambikhuray Sourima Ansumania M'baimbaia Kalokhoya Sogoroyah Bofion Balamayah Timbo Bayandi Matukbu Fikhe Saraya_Nene Tassen_Hoggo Kanisoriyah Bafodia Bounda Kagboto Fanfanya Fatmatalaia Samu Magbela Sanara Kiampudee Koten Ribie Senbenseri Teteh Sabuya Lakhayire Mabonkaya Kasiri-Matatoi Gbaya Nentenkhuray Laya Modia Matengha Rokupr-Wosie Dakhafori Bantomy Kindanfari Kobelata Kindanfari_Hoggo Rokantin Bilide Kamango Sansinyah Gbengbeyah Madina Gbelima Konkoyady Korogbaya Waterloo Matandingeh Foreyah Touguikhoure Herico Robeke Sefari Fassalyah Kakonki Yibama Yokhoboriya Kotengbe Kanfounyah Gayimbaya Kitaforo Togna Kachick Santikhoure Nonko Kabaia Sokokhoure Dounkougna Kondeta Moukhouragbe Bundu - Basia - Bundu Lambangbe Dafeyah Rosint Dounkounyan Kotenfori Dembayah Yehamodia Makuku Sella Woula Gberekhuray Nyintikhoure Kombonyah Sarayah Koneyah Khabousoriya Bilide Boteya Souleymania Wanindara Kon-Bis Kindonyah Kagberay II Kagberay Komboya Moukhourady Yeteya Banka Thalla Banka Krima-Bana Lungi-Lol Kamba Sansanyi Gbonko-Thalla Souguekounsou Masimra Kenende Furikaria Kouleborode Kagbungbor Kofion Shekaia Siliya Momoya Rogbanthy Foundenyah Allicoyah Ganyah Bassia Kania Mabureh Moladi Kolakhoure Sefari Dinde Kolotoyah Mile 13 Mile Yorobayah Feinya G Salam Alayiyah Mebouya Konkoyagbe Sourima Hafia Koneah Dafou Gombokhori_Centre Making M'Bendiagbe Kantin Siseriya Mamudia Tinekhoure Rokamu Laya Benna Kalébouya Safari Sansanyi Madenu Bendekhoure Singanday Baouya Anliya Makumaray Rogbuhun Fikhemah Morifodeyah Wonguelen Makaiba Mamoudou_Camara_Centre Binty_Soriya Bilide Khambiyah Guemeta Kabaya Kanku Bramaia Makoi Rothintha Sanaya Kayakor Dabalaya Darama Souleymania Goore Timbirin Bendougou Maseri Lalwesseh SIERRA LEONE SIERRA Konkoyadi Madina Maforay-Kapail Kanku Kawula (B) Bangaliyah Fikhemah Kalekhoure Campement Bramaia Wanindara Kourankoyah Rolal-Kamathma Goreh Barmoi Lol - Limbanyah Wanindara Simme_Sefari (A) Kalefodeyah Foulawa Conteya Komndekhoure Foumban Neriboun Roktolon Simme_Lambandji Gboguilo G Kawula Yema Moussa Foformere Fodeyah Laminaia I Laminaia Farayah Kamalo Gbomsuriburaya Kaamba (A) Sansangie Sokoukhoure Khoboto Rogbalan Sansanyi Fonia (Woreh) Fangamaya Moribayah Kondekhoure Anlya_Tonokhoure Simme_Samalaya Modia Garankekhoure Mayainkain Yayah Saymaya Mansomya Botto Patoyah Matham Kayockneh Boubouya Makasa Yembekhoure Yemouna Tinakhoure Manonpu Dansaya Moussayah Senki Kaledy Madineh Barekhoure Kapairon Senthair Samu Melimassa Petifu Fodesoriya Guemedoula Mekhemekhen Garafiri Yambourlayah Fossekhoure Sikhourou Yilikoui Moussayah Romaneh Banguraia Kankanday Dotto Kabaya Sendugu Filidonke Kimalo Romalal Modiakru Sandawoli Khabouya Malal Diaworia Kasasi Rogbom Malifou Samaya Magbema Sengbe Gbereboun Friguiyah Mathureneh Dar_es_salam Mola centre Barmoi Lumour Pailap G Kamalayah Khimbely Madina G Kambia I Kambia Khouregueli Belegueya Masumbala Konta Souleymania Tana Petifu Makani Petifu Limri Gbonko Gbaara Khalimale Bangro Rotifunk Gbomasaia Four Road Four Kolakhoure Tintiyan Yaguiba Fodesoriyah Korakhoure Maferinyadi Kolagbely Setyin Rogbomkali Maforay Kombonya Yimbonyah Kamalo Sandenya Lemoudouyah Dare - Salam Kamba Magbere Kania Kalangba Kamaranka Yomboron Wula Sanya Kabaya Dansaia Bouramaya Roponka Wondikhanbira Hermakonondi Bendu Kobele Fodaya Fofokhoure Fansiga Lambandji Kalangba To wn Kenende Fataya I Rogberay Magbain Maseri Dotody Mabar Salatoke Foyeilie Yafodeya Futa Dee Futa To wn Boubouya Fodia Kebeya Royail Kaposse Masimbo Maton Nafaya Gbalamuya Kobotu Tiborpor I Tiborpor Kouta Bassia Kekoutayah Matainha Tambaya Gbaiti Gbonkofol Meliboun Malesa Leheyah Tagiray Kobeleta Kanda Kentikan Herico Bilide Tambayadi Madina Tambayah Moungoutouniyah Filide Cissekeyah Khourekhori Dotogbe Bamodia Barebombon Magbeti Bouraya Bokariah Nantakhouredi Bambakhoure Robis Katonko Kaba Wossoudi Robolie (Kania) Robolie Gboya TABAN Yeima Fungay Yeima Mania To wn Sangan Ta yi ré Iyawoli Wossougbé Basiyadi Modia Carrefour CENTRE Kabaya moussayah Tambaya Modia Silia Heramakonongbe Lamouhoure Yongossamayah Dounkhouba Tabouna Tomolon Worreh Fodé M'Bembaya Kourankomodia Mabafet Tengbeh Funkudeh 1 Funkudeh Walibana Wondima Tiborpor II Tiborpor Saourou Woula Masherie Linsan Kombonyah Kouliyire Sandenya Kolagbely Sidikia lambanyi Sidikia Ta yi re Kolakhouré Dembacinea Petit Loly Petit Saraya Secteur1 Souleymania Condeyire Wanifili Mange Simitiya Kolagbeli Kebeyah Pamelap centre Pamelap Saliyah Kankannara Kabayah Tagani Bolébalé Talansan Madina Makomray Khowourou centre Kolia Fansiga Kolongaya Forod Centre Sakonna Siramodia centre Kuntai Maforay Royel Sefari Fossy Tanene DAARY CENTRE Mosque Toumanyah Masorie BASSIA CENTRE Mahera Mansonya Nene Lokoya Ta li k o Yalaya Sangbalama Soria Heramakono Kalema Yiraya Gberedabon Kabayah Tanene Malikiya Seydouya Fodeyah Taïgbé centre Alassoya Tanene Secteur1 Khoboto Mamoudouya Mawdia Koto Kolayire Saraya G Anliya Kabayah Fory Batcon Foroumbia Wondefodeya Darakhouli Kolakhoure Diforeya Lambanyi Dembaya Salifouyah Daara Gbomilo Gberayiray Kabaya Mangue Sori KOURIAH CENTRE centre Khouregbe Fossikhoure Woula Bambayah Dantiliya Yema Labay Waani Fodeya Bouboudet CENTRE Sansanyi Hamdalai Fayimbaya Farmoriah Daboya Tambaya Rolaia Magbengbe Gbéséken Tafori Yaya Kolayire Karawance Wossy Mangaya Kolibayah FEINDEMODIA Kalia Centre Kalia Khambaya Bofoudiyah KINDIA Tamouyah Tamagaly Touguiboun Kabaya Sigakhoure Makalisor Simitiya G Lamana Herico Filitagui Sefary Maliguiagbe centre Carréfour Sansanyi Carréfour Kabaia Moribaya Allassoyah Ansoumanea Kalako Centre Wondima Kondeyire Tokekhoure Sambalia G Nyinka Kouboukhouré Fory Daboya Nafaya Wondy Kaliady Memalayah Minhoure(Meyenkhoure) Garikhori Kolakhoure Sanoussiya BOURAMAYA CENTRE BOURAMAYA Satandembayah I C Barabara Lassoyah Nboro Centre Wondekhoure Noumoukhoure Yemkelia G Khimbély Malguia Amaraya G Fandie Soriya Bemdougou Tonokhoure Kalekhoure G Lamikhoure Soliakhouré Siraya Fandiekhoure Fougue Dakhanènè ALASSOYAH CENTRE Beleya Koumbaly Lemoudouyah Sekaya Laya Kouria Fodeya Koundoulan Wondeya Madina Sanayah Bouramayah Kenende Dakhagbe Kontonya Fendefodeya Boutouran Nborodi Kagbo Wonfonya Kondekhoure Fodeyah Misilaia Kenende Gnègnèya G Carrefour Dabaya Tanene Laya Thayeray Morikania centre Botokholi Lusenia Kalemodiadi Sabouya Manfourou Kolayire Koumbaly Labe Koumbaly Morifinyan Kimbely Waliya Ta yi re Forodougou Centre Fandje Salia G Cerrefour Samaya Dakhanènè fatoumalaya Tanene Souleymania Guemeta Bgokoya Boukariah Komokoyah Mahera Daloya Ntoumo Sabakhoure Bambayah Kouté Deguendou Soriwoula Carrefour Soriwoula Sirakhataya Kienfily Dambata SAFEYA CENTRE Fodeyadi Rofema Kaléma CENTRE M Bemdiah M Soneya Bayah Lamikounsou Tanene CENTRE Sandeya Kalemodiah Maboya Keinkerin LAMINAYAH Katabe Dar salam SORIWOULA Gore Forecariah Demakhori Koutayah Yimbemodia G Conta Madina Doundoukourou Sagoyah Kabeleya Taadi kirakhouri Filitagui Malimba Bankilon Yenguissa G Djiganlaya Mborna Benty Kabeleya Kontegue Wondi Tassendi Kindouyah Kadeya Tantouya CENTRE Rogbane Filitagui Momokale Bissawa G Koula Kondeya Fonkon Gberika G Bompe Compayah Kolayire Rotain HERICO CENTRE Sabakhoure Laminaya Khenkhenfili Meliboun Dara Kibanya Kolayire Khouredi Sambaya Rogbane Yede Yibaya Kayenkesa Bassimiya Koulete Yomboyeli FOSSIKHOURE Tambayagbe Tolomaya Pamalap Beta Tantouya Yokayire Dembayah Kalokhoya Mounkourou Bapobaya Modia Kigbaly Dakhakhori Layah Daoudayah Palatougou centre Saidouyah Sakia Tanene Lakhanfiyah Karankone Woyen Woyen Kiterin Katou CENTRE Dakaria Khenkhedakha Arabompa Dakariya DANDAYAH Wala Gbongbor Samoundi Kaleyire Yatia Yoroya Kebaya Sinkinet G TONKOYAH CENTRE Tonkoya Dakhadi Fernandepo Fossy Suribulomia Tambayadi Lebemere Melekhoure Boroya Kallia Ncompan Centre Ncompan Balandougou Woulamodia Saraya G Fafende GBEREIRE CENTRE Senka Kabendo Nassaya G GUINEE - Forécariah: Sous-Préfectures et Localités Te rr ai n Gbayakhori Kalekou Farmoriah FANDIE CENTRE FANDIE Kakoutoulaye G Warian G Kondekhoure Foulamagueya Gombnya Ta wa Koukouma Kenende Fanyedi Dougayah Dibi Rokoni Malassi Kankan Dimbaia Yoroya Koria Fewole Yaligbere Sangoya Salifouyah Nene Salifouyah Fori Gbaran Benty Centre Benty Condeya Bendougou Kelfalaia Kolata G Missira Kili Kigneya Kaporo Mambiyah1 Kinoma Kandrea Mangue Guemetaye Kakoutoulaye 2 Kakoutoulaye Massaki Tour de Tour (A) Mpolon Tentenyi Bondion Kiri Bondion Tron COYAH Layah Loumafori FORECARIAH Mapotolon Mambiyah2 MAFERINYAH CENTRE2 MAFERINYAH Moussaya Wourigbely G Bonko Maliguia Timbo G Rahisoya Bembenyi Makuma Magbankourane Makarefori Tanene Kipolon Koberato Sousokoli Maleah Fori Kagbo Yeligbon Kiragba Garayah Barena Romankinet Te rr ai n Kenedaf Tougande Filigbe Hafia Bilingny Kontaya G Tomboya Koniakhori Rolal Souri Nene Laya Fofiyah Gabon TAMBAYA CENTRE Salatougou Mabala N.4 Gbeteyah Boborosso " ) Soguebounyi Kakofa G Maférinyah Nakirigbe Sip Kobi Sip Fodeya Layahounyi Guemeta Bounkouboun MADINAGBE CENTRE G KENDOUMYA CENTRE G Soriyayah Khankha Dakoufourou Wouyaya Kakoulimaya G MORFINYAH CENTRE Kondebounyi YINDI Dembayah Kissimidia Sangoyah Doubaya Jean Saint Seriyah Fesse Kounkoude Katanta Famoriah CENTRE Mangasimbaya Khounyi Tentengbeli G G Gbinyira KOKET Te rm e Samayah Base Razel Khalema Gberebouyah Fanyeyire Kaletagui Kaback Sogue Seni Sogue Kalayah Fatoumata Hermakonon Dakha Yetele Lefoure Koronboya Boundaya Fokoufokou Gbedakha Kenende Dantema Youlayen_Centre G G G Goore Pomponi Pataya Coyah Sourikouye Bakia_Terre Sourima Bombeyah Fandiema Kassare M'Bembadiyah Kondeyire C I Moribayah_Secteur 1 Moribayah_Secteur Banboukhoun Pogolon Kiyete Fandabaya Siminde Wassiya Gberebounyi Touguiyire Babouya Yangoya Babaya G Kalia Yankaya G Fougoumi Faranya G Modia Kakende G Seydouya Kalima Madina Yetia Cetiny Layah Dabonkhore Siradiya Massaya Sounganyah Wossiya CENTRE Tafougue Dabonkakhi Matakan_Centre Kamalo Saanya Kaleyire Bouboude Gorodede G KOUYEYAH Heremakono Kameme Bakia_Mer Tolomalon Khareya Yeniyah Centre Menyire Yeliya Talabe G Kamassogossogo G Yonkin Bardabon Kansiyire Salam Gbengbeta Konimodia Yelibane_Centre Sambouyah Dabonkhore Kalema Dondoyah Kataly Wondifari Réseau de transport et cours d'eau: OpenStreetMap / Frontières: et ONRGOCHA / Localités: INS / Structures de Santé: UNMEER Document: GIN_BM_PREFECTURE_FORECARIAH_A3_2015_03_07 / Date: 03/07/2015 / Made by: MSF Field GIS Officer / Print A3size: ISO Khilifili Kankoulaya G Kaback Kounsi Labouyah Guemeyire Amaraya Tawouyah G Sourikhouli Maneah N.1 " ) G G N.3 " ) Yekhefourou CKY Secteur Cité Secteur Secteur III Sources: Métadonnées: G G Figure 14: Base map of the Forécariah sub-prefecture in Guinea.
36 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response Km 3 response forGIS support the Ebola 2. (Par secteur) (Par quartier)(Par 2 1 cm = 800 m = 800 cm 1 (Depuis la semaine 5-2015) 7 7 jours:derniers 21 jours: derniers 1 1 - 2 3 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 20 16 - 1 - 5 6 - 15 40 16 - 100 41 - 101 - 200 Secteur sensibilisé dans dernièrela semaine CTE Donka CTE CTS construction) (en Nongo CTE Limites de communes Limites de quartier secteur de Limites Guinée 0.5 * Æ Æ : ¨ 9 8 LEGENDE PROPRIETES ECHELLE STATISTIQUES - Équipe HP Donka HP Équipe - STATISTIQUES SOURCES Nbr. de cas des 7 et 21 derniers j. derniers 7 des 21 de et cas Nbr. sensibilisation de d'activité Nbr. Sensibilisations semaine 28: 6 125 6 28: semaine Sensibilisations 434 81 totales: Sensibilisations MSF épidémiologiques: Données OpenStreetMap : Routes et MSF INS Secteurs: et Quartiers : OCHA administratives Frontières MSF : Santé de Structures : Document du Nom GIN_HP_CONAKRY_EW15-28_A3_2015_07_23 Datede création 7/23/2015 : : par Réalisé MSF GIS Unit - [email protected] Paysage A3 d'impression: Format 1:80,000 0 37 Dixinn38 Gare Dixinn39 Gare Rail Dixinn40 Mosquée Dixinn41 Port Enta Marché42 Gbessia43 Centre Gbessia44 Cité 1 Gbessia45 Cité 2 Gbessia46 Cité 3 Gbessia47 Cité de l'Air Gbessia48 Cité Ecole Gbessia49 Port 1 Gbessia50 Port 2 Hafia51 1 Hafia52 2 Hafia53 3 Hafia54 Château d'Eau Hafia55 Minière 1 Hafia56 Minière 2 Hafia57 Minière Centre Hafia58 Mosquée Hamdallaye59 1 Hamdallaye60 2 Hamdallaye61 Mosquée Heramakonon Mosquée62 Heramokonon Permanence63 Kaporo Centre64 Kaporo Rails65 Kassa66 Kénien 67 Kipé 68 Kissosso 69 Kissosso70 Plateau Kobaya 71 Koloma 1 72 Koloma 2 73 Koloma Soloprimo74 Koulewondy 75 Lambanyi 76 Landréah 77 Lansanayah 78 Lanseboudji79 Madina80 Centre Madina81 Cité (Sig) Madina82 Ecole Madina83 Marché Madina84 Mosquée Mafanco85 Mafanco86 Centre Manquepas87 Matam88 Matam Centre89 Matam Lido90 Matoto91 Centre Matoto92 Khabitaya Matoto93 Marché Minière94 Cité Nasroullaye95 Nongo96 Nongo97 Taady Ratoma Centre98 Ratoma Dispensaire99 Sandervalia 100 Sangoyah Marché101 Sangoyah Mosquée102 Sans Fil103 Simbaya 1 104 Simbaya 2 105 Simbaya Ecole106 Simbaya Gare107 Sonfonia108 Centre 1 Sonfonia109 Centre 2 Sonfonia110 Gare 1 Sonfonia111 Gare 2 Soumabossiya 112 Tanene Marché113 Tanene Mosquée114 Taouyah 115 Temenetaye 116 Tombo 117 Tombolia118 Tombolia119 Plateau Touguiwondy120 Wanindara121 1 Wanindara122 2 Wanindara123 3 Wareya 124 Yattaya Centre125 Yattaya Fossidé126 Yembeya 127 Yimbaya Ecole128 Yimbaya Permanence129 Yimbaya Port 130 Yimbaya Tannerie # Quartier Quartier 27 * * * * * * * * 9 * * * * * 28 30 * * * * 10 Strategic Objectives 3. ** * * * * 29 34 * * * 11 * Matoto * * * * * 61 31 * * * * 87 * 1 Almamya2 1 Almamya3 2 1 Bantounka 4 2 Bantounka 5 Behanzin6 Belle7 Vue Ecole Belle8Vue Marché 1 Belle9Vue Marché 2 Bonfi 62 10 Bonfi Marché11 Bonfi Routière12 Boulbinet13 Boussoura14 Camayenne 15 Cameroun16 Camp Alpha17 Yaya Carrière18 Centre Carrière19 Cité Coléah20 Centre Coléah21 Cité Coléah22 Domino Coléah23 Imprimerie Coronthie24 1 Coronthie25 2 Dabompa 26 Dabompa Plateau27 Dabondy 1 28 Dabondy 2 29 Dabondy 3 30 Dabondy Ecole31 Dabondy Rails32 Dar33 Es Salam Dar34 Es Salam 1 Dar35 Es Salam 2 Dixinn36 Centre 1 Dixinn Centre 2 * * * * 55 58 18 * * * * * # Quartier Quartier * * 88 * * * 56 * * * 17 54 * * * 89 * * * * 52 * * * * * * * 59 ± * * 57 53 * * * * * * * * * 51 60 * * 119 * * * * 77 Matam * * * 50 * 25 * 66 13 * * * * 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * 93 * 81 * Cette carteest exclusivement àbut informatif et n'a aucune signification politique. Les frontières et noms de lieux représentés sur cette carte n'impliquentpas l'approbation officielle de MSF. * * 114 * * 37 * * 38 26 * * * * 7 82 * * * * 6 * * * * 36 83 79 * * * 110 Conclusion and Discussion 4. * * * * 117 * * * * * 84 * * 35 * 118 * 85 * * * 39 * * * * * 80 * * 108 * * * * 68 * * 22 * * * * * * 76 * 40 * * * * * Dixinn Ratoma 19 * * 20 * * * * * * 41 * 107 * * * 109 69 * 21 * * 100 * * * * * * 14 78 * 101 * Æ * * 121 124 * * * 125 * * * * Matoto * * 122 * 92 * * * * * * 120 * 91 * * * * * * * * * * 70 * * * * * * 90 104 * * * * * 111 127 * * * * 105 * * * Recommendations 5. * * * 123 * * * * * * * * Æ * CTS * * * * * 103 * 130 128 * * 113 106 * * * 16 129 * * * 75 94 * 4 * * * Ratoma 112 49 * * * * * 42 * * * 5 * 3 * * 126 72 * * * * * * * * * * 73 95 * 96 46 44 * * * * * * * 48 * 47 * * * * * * * : ¨ 9 * 8 * 43 * * * * 45 * * * * * * * 64 * CTE Nongo CTE 27 32 * * * * * (en construction) (en * 71 * * * * * * * 33 * 28 * * * 30 9 * 10 * * * 59 * * * * * 29 11 * 34 * 63 * * * 31 61 * * * * * 87 * 62 * * * 18 58 55 * * * * * 67 * 17 88 * * * * 97 89 * 56 * * * * 54 * * * * 52 98 * * * * 57 * * * * * * 53 119 Matam * * * * * * 51 * 60 * Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I * 13 8 66 * * 50 * * * * * * * * 114 * 7 93 81 * * 37 * * 6 * 82 83 * 38 * * 79 * * * * 6 Dixinn 84 36 * * 85 * 35 * * * 39 * * * 22 80 * * * * 76 19 * 40 * 20 * * 21 * 14 78 14 Æ * * * * * * * 15 * 116 CTE Donka CTE * 102 * 24 * * * 115 GUINÉE - Conakry - Sensibilisation dans les secteurs de Conakry (Sem. 5 à 28) et oigine des patients du CTE Semaine patients- 28 (2015)oigine desdu Donka et à 28)secteurs de Conakry (Sem. les 5 dans Sensibilisation Conakry - GUINÉE- * 23 * 74 2 99 * * * * 86 * * * List of interviewees ANNEX II 1 12 Kaloum
Figure 15: Map showing health promotion activities in Conakry, Guinea.
37 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
Figure 16: Map showing health facilities in Liberia.
38 Chapter 2 Introduction 1. GIS support for the Ebola response response forGIS support the Ebola 2. " ) Caution: This is a draft version. is version. a draft This Caution: km Monrovia Alpha Bravo Charly Delta Roads Other County Lofa the of Districts 100 correctness of the data cannot be guaranteed. be cannot data the of correctness 30 12 Approximate travel time (in minutes) by minutes) (in time travel Approximate car between 2 locations represented by Distance (in kilometers) (in Distance by represented locations 2 between Legend Road Code imply official endorsement or acceptance by MSF. or acceptance endorsement official imply This map is for information purposes and has only purposes information is map for This The information contained is not complete and the and complete not is contained information The no political significance. The boundaries and names and boundaries The significance. political no Sources: RoadsOpenStreetMap and River: contributors Places: OpenStreetMap contributors, OCHA, Geonames, MSF Administrative Borders: OCHA Metadata: Document: LBR_BM_LOFA_DISTANCE2_A3_2014_09_16 09/16/2014Date: Made by: MSF-CH GIS-Unit Print size: A3ISO shown and the designations used on this map do map used on this not and the designations shown 0 m km 10 Macenta " ) Strategic Objectives 3. 23 0 Guinea Zorzor Boundi Quardu Guinean border Bakedu " ) " ) 13 19 30 Conclusion and Discussion 4. Selega " ) 5 7
" ) Makuna River Makuna Voinjama 35 18 Voinjama Recommendations 5. Vezala " ) 30 13 Honyahun " ) 25 Kolahun " ) 13 Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I 10 4.5 Guéckédou " ) 12 Guinean border 4.5 20 30 Bolahun " ) " ) 8 Bolahun Junction 20 Kolahun 14 14 MSF Base 5 " ) " ) 11 2.5 Popalahun " ) 12 Foya Mendicorma
Foya Center Town " ) Sierra Leone Sierra Distances between the main places visited by MSF List of interviewees ANNEX II
Figure 17: Map showing distances and approximate travel times in Lofa County, Liberia.
39 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Martin Zinggl 40 Chapter 3 Introduction 1. Strategic Objectives
3. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
The decision to deploy dedicated GIS officers to the field was based on the GIS Strategy for MSF-CH, which defines four organization-wide strategic objectives.
• Promote the use of maps and other GIS products in the organization Prior to the Ebola response, most interviewees were unaware how a field-based GIS officer could effectively support them in the context Strategic Objectives 3. of an evolving emergency response, in particular, during the outbreak of an epidemic. While all interviewees appreciated the importance of maps in general, most did not realize how quickly a field-based GIS officer could produce detailed, customized and topical maps that directly supported their work.
MSF-CH should do more to educate staff about the range of GIS Conclusion and Discussion 4. products and the type of support that the GIS unit and field-based GIS officers can provide. However, it was also clear that most respondents felt that seeing GIS in action in the field was what convinced them, and that a presentation at headquarters would have had far less impact.
All field-based MSF staff emphasized that, in addition to his or her
technical skills, it was also the GIS officer’s personal communication Recommendations 5. skills and attitude that helped promote the use of GIS.
• Consolidate existing GIS capacity in MSF While the GIS unit is part of OCG, the GIS officers were deployed as an intersectional resource and worked closely with OCA, OCB, OCBA and OCP in the field, where relevant. In some cases, these sections
also hosted the GIS officers. In addition, the Missing Maps Project, Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I a joint project between MSF-UK, and the British and American Red Cross, contributed to the base maps through a mapathon, during which OSM volunteers traced satellite images.
• Ensure good capacity to share information within MSF-CH and potentially across the organization
MSF-CH launched a password-protected online map centre in List of interviewees ANNEX II July 2014. However, interviewees based in the field were not taking advantage of this facility since they felt it was too time-consuming. Instead, interviewees preferred to receive maps by e-mail or on paper directly from the GIS officers.
41 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
On the other hand, staff at headquarters and other operational centres relied on the map centre as a central repository. Therefore, uploading maps to the map centre remains important to ensure the dissemination of maps across the organization.
• Ensure participation and capacity building within the organization All GIS officers had to proactively identify areas where they could add the most value. These were largely based on conversations with other MSF staff in the field, as well as their own experience. As staff became more familiar with GIS, they started to request specific products more often and became more involved in the design of GIS products.
42 Chapter 3 Introduction 1. Strategic Objectives Field Field Grass Grass Congo Congo Water I Water I City Road OCBA Congo Congo response forGIS support the Ebola 2. Water II Water Water II Water Estate Estate Kuntolor Kuntolor Industrial Industrial
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Sections Aberdeen Road Aberdeen Goderich-Funkia Goderich-Funkia ± Lumley Beach Road m Aberdeen Aberdeen Aberdeen-Juba 2000 Cape Road SIERRA LEONE- Freetown - Estimation of Transportation prices Freetown over prices of Transportation - Estimation Freetown LEONE- SIERRA Beach line to Juba : Beach line to or taxi only bike by Ebola Management Center Office Goderich-Funkia Goderich-Funkia 5000 10000 5000 1 cm = 336 meters 336 cm = 1 0 500 1 000 Æ Legend Facilities MSF List of interviewees ANNEX II Figure 18: Estimation of transportation prices over Freetown. Such map helps finance and logisitic activities.
43 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Katy Athersuch 44 Chapter 4 Introduction 1. Conclusion and Discussion
4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
• All interviewees emphasized that the GIS officers were able to add significant value to the operation. • Most programme staff stressed that having a GIS officer in the field was a significant time-saver, which enabled them to dedicate more time to their core competencies, and to improve or increase
programme delivery. Strategic Objectives 3. • While GIS support can take place remotely, interviewees felt unanimously that having a GIS officer in the field, as part of the team, was essential to support concrete programme activities. • The departments that benefited most from the GIS officers’ presence were logistics, epidemiology and health promotion, as well as project and mission coordination. • At the beginning of the response, the base maps and the localization Conclusion and Discussion 4. of villages were universally regarded as the most useful outputs. As time progressed, epidemiological maps increased in importance. • Beyond the general notion that maps are useful, there was very little awareness within MSF about what a GIS officer can do and how quickly new and topical maps can be produced. This lack of knowledge leads to the assumption that map production is complicated, and most staff would not have thought of requesting custom maps. Seeing the GIS Recommendations 5. officer in the field changed this perception. Collaboration between programme staff and GIS officers improved in all deployments as programme staff became more familiar with the work of the GIS officers. • Some programme staff who have worked with GIS officers as part of the Ebola response have, in the meantime, started to request GIS capacity for other missions. This clearly shows that the value added Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I by the GIS officers is appreciated. • Considering that many MSF staff don’t know how a GIS officer can support their work, it is essential for them to be self-starters, particularly during the first phase of an emergency where staff have little time to include someone else in their work. Until GIS is more widely known about within the organization, GIS field staff should be
selected partly on their ability to make themselves useful, rather than List of interviewees ANNEX II expecting to be given tasks. This implies that mainly experienced GIS staff should be deployed during emergencies. • The early involvement of GIS officers can help increase consistency and reduce the duplication of efforts, particularly during an epidemic.
45 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
Epidemiological tools, such as line list, can benefit significantly from the input of GIS officers as they can help define the data that should be collected. • Good maps are valuable to all stakeholders in emergencies. By sharing high-quality maps, MSF teams were able to build relationships more quickly and more easily, and to generate goodwill with government officials and other humanitarian actors. In some cases, this also prompted other actors to be more open about their data. Similarly, capacity building and training, which the GIS officers provided to their national counterparts, were greatly appreciated and helped build relationships that facilitated the work of the GIS officers.
46 Chapter 4 Introduction 1. Conclusion and Discussion response forGIS support the Ebola 2. Strategic Objectives 3. Conclusion and Discussion 4. Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
47 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Sarah Saint-Arnaud 48 Chapter 5 Introduction 1. Recommendations
5. RECOMMENDATIONS response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
General • Headquarters should proactively deploy dedicated GIS staff to the field in contexts where direct contact with field operations adds significant value, such as where the close and timely monitoring of the spread of an epidemic is essential.
• Base maps of acceptable quality did not exist in the affected areas. Strategic Objectives 3. Given the usefulness of having good base maps, MSF should identify current areas of operation where the organization expects to continue to work and try to produce base maps for these areas. The GIS unit, acting as a specialized front office, should seek support from initiatives such as the Missing Maps Project. • Programme staff sometimes do not require the very high standard of
maps that GIS officers produce. The GIS unit should explore whether Conclusion and Discussion 4. Excel templates can be standardized so that programme staff can use them to produce their own geographic visualizations. • MSF should continue to take advantage of crowdsourcing to create base maps. To facilitate this process, the GIS unit should continue to engage in a dialogue with the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team to better define expectations from both sides. Issues to be covered
include the availability of GIS unit staff to answer questions and Recommendations 5. provide feedback, public communication and how to formally end the cooperation once the request has been fulfilled (deactivation).
Human resources • People skills and a self-starter mentality are at least as important as the technical skills for the acceptance of GIS officers as part of the team. Until GIS is better understood by programme staff, GIS officers Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I need to be advocates as much as service providers. Recruitment should take this into account.
Organizational • Physical proximity increases information exchange, formal and informal communication, and teamwork. Where possible, GIS officers
should share the space with the department that needs their services List of interviewees ANNEX II most. This can also mean that GIS officers rotate, depending on where they can add the most value during a given phase of the operation. This is independent of the question of line management. • The GIS unit should increase awareness of its services during training 49 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
for field staff, either prior to deployment or when field staff come to headquarters for training and discussions.
Infrastructure • MSF should explore further how Android phones can be used for mobile data collection, including the collection of GPS coordinates. The approach should consider two scenarios: one in which MSF provides smartphones, and the other where local staff already have smartphones. • While internet access is not essential for all aspects of the GIS officer’s work, many maps can only be produced with sufficient bandwidth. The lack of a good connection also means that remote support becomes difficult or even impossible. MSF should prioritize internet connectivity in locations where a GIS officer is being deployed. • GIS officers should download all available map data before deploying since the internet connection may be too slow for large file transfers. • Since GIS officers deploy with non-standard computers, they need to be equipped with recovery CDs that allow them to restore their systems, including specialized software and drivers. • GIS officers should deploy with a dedicated A3 colour printer (as a minimum size) as well as ink cartridges. Before deploying, the GIS unit should evaluate whether A2 and A1 maps can be produced elsewhere in the country.
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51 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Jean-Guy Audéoud 52 Annex I Introduction 1. Mobilisation of local people and technology in mapping for the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic response ANNEX I Mobilisation of response forGIS support the Ebola 2. local people and
technology in Strategic Objectives 3. mapping for the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic response Conclusion and Discussion 4. Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
53 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
Ivan Gayton1 ([email protected]) Grazia Caleo1 Laura Nic Lochlainn2,3 Georgios Theocharopoulos2,3 Stanley Bockarie4
Background During the West Africa Ebola outbreak, the Ebola Management Centre (EMC) operated by MSF in Magburaka, Tonkilili district, Sierra Leone, required reliable geographical information to enable the tracing of contacts of Ebola cases. GPS-enabled smartphones, specifically, inexpensive devices running the open-source Android platform, have penetrated rural African markets. This implies a potential new opportunity to conduct sophisticated mapping and census data gathering using local volunteers and what is now effectively local technology. We describe a project to map and collect census data for the Tonkilili district using local workers with smartphones.
Project A data collection team was recruited in Magburaka comprising 24 local workers, 12 of whom had motorbikes, and 12 others Android smartphones. After being provided with free, open-source survey software (OpenDataKit) to install on their phones and some basic training, they visited and recorded the GPS coordinates of villages. They interviewed each village leader or representative and recorded village name (and common variants), name/ phone number of village leader and local health-care worker (HCW), population, number of households, and location of closest health facility. The methodology involved some advanced setup, including a local web- based aggregation platform. Users mastered the survey software in a few hours, and most were trained by their own recently-trained colleagues rather than by the external supervisor. Devices using Android, rather than Symbian or other operating systems, were used due to a reasonably high market penetration of Android and the availability of high-quality Android- compatible open-source software.
Outcomes/lessons learned The speed of data collection was unprecedented: the team mapped 950 villages (the whole Tonkilili district, one of 13 in Sierra Leone) in 2 weeks. The data quality was reasonable; of those villages where data already existed, either from the 2010 census or prior OpenStreetMap contributions, less than 5% disagreed with the pre-existing names, suggesting that the data
1 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Manson Unit, London, UK 2 European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden 3 MSF, Amsterdam, Netherlands 4 MSF, Magburaka, Sierra Leone 54 Annex I Introduction 1. Mobilisation of local people and technology in mapping for the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic response collected were consistent. OpenStreetMap are using the validated data to update their maps. This comprehensive census exercise provided epidemiologists with the means of assigning Ebola cases to specific villages, determining at a sub-chiefdom level where the loci of transmission were occurring. The involvement of local community members using technology response forGIS support the Ebola 2. and devices they own and are familiar with allowed the implementation of a survey that would have required vastly greater resources using non-local devices.
Conclusions A very modest investment can produce large-scale geographic and population data, using locally-appropriate technology in genuine partnership Strategic Objectives 3. with local people. Conclusion and Discussion 4. Recommendations 5. Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I List of interviewees ANNEX II
55 GIS support for the MSF Ebola response MSF-OCG in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone Logistics Department
© Mathieu Soupart 56 Annex II Introduction 1. List of interviewees ANNEX II List of interviewees response forGIS support the Ebola 2.
Interviewed for Name Title case study in 2014 2015 Strategic Objectives 3. Annaud, Louise Communications Officer, MSF-CH X Audeoud, Jean- Field GIS Officer, GIS Unit X X Guy Bannick, Robert GIS Expert, ACAPS X Beland, Pierre Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Coordinator X Caleo, Grazia Research Development Advisor, Manson Unit X Conclusion and Discussion 4. Program Officer, Luxembourg Operational Decroo, Tom X Research Unit Greig, Jane Epidemiologist, OCA/MSF-UK X De Laborderie, HQ and Field GIS Officer, GIS Unit X X Sylvie Lachat, Sarah Communications Manager, MSF-CH X Recommendations 5. Lugli, Mariano Deputy Director of Operations, OCG X MacWilliam, Nick Field GIS Officer, GIS Unit X Martine, Leo HQ GIS Officer, GIS Unit X Master, Pete Missing Maps Project Coordinator, MSF-UK X Piguet, Pascal Logistics Team Leader, OCG X
Pringle, John Epidemiologist, OCBA X Leone epidemic response Ebola in mapping for the Sierratechnology Mobilisation and people of local ANNEX I Sayah, Monia Medical Team Leader/ Outreach, OCG X Soupart, Mathieu Logistics Director, OCG X X St Arnaud, Sarah Field GIS Officer, GIS Unit X Sterk, Esther Tropical Medicine Referent, OCG X Tiffany, Amanda Epidemiologist, Epicentre X X Van Herp, Michel Epidemiologist, OCB X List of interviewees ANNEX II Vernier, Pierre Field GIS Officer, GIS Unit X Watson-Stryker, Health Promoter, OCG X Ella
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