CURRICULUM Vitae Nitin MADNANI
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Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation
Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation Joseph Olive · Caitlin Christianson · John McCary Editors Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation DARPA Global Autonomous Language Exploitation 123 Editors Joseph Olive Caitlin Christianson Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency IPTO Reston Virginia, USA N Fairfax Drive 3701 [email protected] Arlington, VA 22203, USA [email protected] John McCary Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Bethesda Maryland, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7712-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7713-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7713-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011920954 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank the community for all of its hard work in making GALE a success. -
Part 5: Machine Translation Evaluation Editor: Bonnie Dorr
Part 5: Machine Translation Evaluation Editor: Bonnie Dorr Chapter 5.1 Introduction Authors: Bonnie Dorr, Matt Snover, Nitin Madnani The evaluation of machine translation (MT) systems is a vital field of research, both for determining the effectiveness of existing MT systems and for optimizing the performance of MT systems. This part describes a range of different evaluation approaches used in the GALE community and introduces evaluation protocols and methodologies used in the program. We discuss the development and use of automatic, human, task-based and semi-automatic (human-in-the-loop) methods of evaluating machine translation, focusing on the use of a human-mediated translation error rate HTER as the evaluation standard used in GALE. We discuss the workflow associated with the use of this measure, including post editing, quality control, and scoring. We document the evaluation tasks, data, protocols, and results of recent GALE MT Evaluations. In addition, we present a range of different approaches for optimizing MT systems on the basis of different measures. We outline the requirements and specific problems when using different optimization approaches and describe how the characteristics of different MT metrics affect the optimization. Finally, we describe novel recent and ongoing work on the development of fully automatic MT evaluation metrics that can have the potential to substantially improve the effectiveness of evaluation and optimization of MT systems. Progress in the field of machine translation relies on assessing the quality of a new system through systematic evaluation, such that the new system can be shown to perform better than pre-existing systems. The difficulty arises in the definition of a better system. -
Joshua 2.0: a Toolkit for Parsing-Based Machine Translation with Syntax, Semirings, Discriminative Training and Other Goodies
Joshua 2.0: A Toolkit for Parsing-Based Machine Translation with Syntax, Semirings, Discriminative Training and Other Goodies Zhifei Li, Chris Callison-Burch, Chris Dyer,y Juri Ganitkevitch, Ann Irvine, Lane Schwartz,? Wren N. G. Thornton, Ziyuan Wang, Jonathan Weese and Omar F. Zaidan Center for Language and Speech Processing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD y Computational Linguistics and Information Processing Lab, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ? Natural Language Processing Lab, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Abstract authors and several other groups in their daily re- search, and has been substantially refined since the We describe the progress we have made in first release. The most important new functions in the past year on Joshua (Li et al., 2009a), the toolkit are: an open source toolkit for parsing based • Support for any style of synchronous context machine translation. The new functional- free grammar (SCFG) including syntax aug- ity includes: support for translation gram- ment machine translation (SAMT) grammars mars with a rich set of syntactic nonter- (Zollmann and Venugopal, 2006) minals, the ability for external modules to posit constraints on how spans in the in- • Support for external modules to posit transla- put sentence should be translated, lattice tions for spans in the input sentence that con- parsing for dealing with input uncertainty, strain decoding (Irvine et al., 2010) a semiring framework that provides a uni- fied way of doing various dynamic pro- • Lattice parsing for dealing with -
TER-Plus: Paraphrase, Semantic, and Alignment Enhancements to Translation Edit Rate
Mach Translat DOI 10.1007/s10590-009-9062-9 TER-Plus: paraphrase, semantic, and alignment enhancements to Translation Edit Rate Matthew G. Snover · Nitin Madnani · Bonnie Dorr · Richard Schwartz Received: 15 May 2009 / Accepted: 16 November 2009 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract This paper describes a new evaluation metric, TER-Plus (TERp) for auto- matic evaluation of machine translation (MT). TERp is an extension of Translation Edit Rate (TER). It builds on the success of TER as an evaluation metric and alignment tool and addresses several of its weaknesses through the use of paraphrases, stemming, synonyms, as well as edit costs that can be automatically optimized to correlate better with various types of human judgments. We present a correlation study comparing TERptoBLEU,METEOR and TER, and illustrate that TERp can better evaluate translation adequacy. Keywords Machine translation evaluation · Paraphrasing · Alignment M. G. Snover (B) · N. Madnani · B. Dorr Laboratory for Computational Linguistics and Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA e-mail: [email protected] N. Madnani e-mail: [email protected] B. Dorr e-mail: [email protected] R. Schwartz BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA e-mail: [email protected] 123 M. G. Snover et al. 1 Introduction TER-Plus, or TERp1 (Snover et al. 2009), is an automatic evaluation metric for machine translation (MT) that scores a translation (the hypothesis) of a foreign lan- guage text (the source) against a translation of the source text that was created by a human translator, which we refer to as a reference translation. -
The History and Promise of Machine Translation
The History and Promise of Machine Translation Lane Schwartz Department of Linguistics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL, USA [email protected] Abstract This work examines the history of machine translation (MT), from its intellectual roots in the 17th century search for universal language through its practical realization in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. We survey the major MT paradigms, including transfer-based, interlingua, and statistical approaches. We examine the current state of human-machine partnership in translation, and consider the substantial, yet largely unfulfilled, promise that MT technology has for human translation professionals. 1 1 Introduction With the possible exception of the calculation of artillery trajectory tables (Goldstine and Goldstine 1946), machine translation has a strong claim to be the oldest established research discipline within computer science. Machine translation is a modern discipline, one whose success and very existence is predicated on the existence of modern computing hardware. Yet certain core ideas which would eventually serve as the foundations for this new discipline have roots which predate the development of electronic digital computers. This work examines the history of machine translation (MT), from its intellectual roots in the 17th century search for universal language through its practical realization in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Beginning with the development of the first general-purpose electronic digital computers in the late 1940s, substantial