How to Use This Map-Guide

MARYLAND CIVIL WAR TRAILS How to Use this Map-Guide This guide depicts four scenic and historic driving tours that follow the routes taken by Union and Confederate armies during the June–July 1863 Gettysburg Campaign. Information contained here and along the Trail tells stories that have been hidden within the landscape for more than 140 years. Follow the bugle trailblazer signs to waysides that chronicle the day-to-day stories of soldiers who marched toward the Civil War’s most epic battles. And discover the stories of civilians who, for a second time in nine months, watched their countryside get trampled by the boots of the “Blue and Gray.” Destinations like Rockville, Westminster, Frederick, Hagerstown and Cumberland offer walking tours that can be enjoyed all-year long. Recreational activities such as hiking, biking and paddling add interest to the driving tour. Amenities along the Trail include dining, lodging, shopping, and attractions, which highlight Maryland’s important role in the Civil War. For more detailed travel information, stop by any Maryland Welcome Center, local Visitor Center or contact any of the organizations listed in this guide. For additional Civil War Trails information, visit www.civilwartrails.org. For more travel information, visit www.mdwelcome.org. Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com Tadder, Tim Biking through C&O Canal National Historical Park.

Follow these signs to more than 1,600 Civil War sites.

Detail of painting “Serious Work Ahead” by Civil War Artist Dale Gallon, www.gallon.com, (717) 334-0430. H THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN H

mboldened by his recent of Winchester. victories at Fredericksburg and The Confederates Chancellorsville in May 1863, splashed northward EConfederate Gen. Robert E. Lee across the Potomac launched a second invasion into Union River at Boteler’s territory. Lee first invaded the North Ford and at nine months earlier and retreated from Williamsport, Antietam. This time he intended to carry then marched the war across the Mason and Dixon Line through Western into Pennsylvania. Maryland towns What lay ahead was the fateful like Hagerstown Battle of Gettysburg, the farthest the and Smithsburg. Confederate army ventured into the The bulk of the North— its “high water mark.” The 75,000 Confederates Gettysburg Campaign took thirty-five had entered Gen. Robert E. Lee days, with most of the advance and retreat Pennsylvania by June 25. occurring in Maryland. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army searched The Shenandoah Valley in Virginia desperately for the Confederates. The and the Cumberland Valley in Maryland Blue Ridge Mountains effectively screened became Lee’s avenue of invasion. The Lee’s movements. The Federals marched first battle of the campaign occurred on northward along the east side of the June 9, 1863, at Brandy Station, Virginia, mountain range. The Confederates were on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. on its western side. Confederate Gen. J.E.B. Stuart held the Finally, on June 24, the Federals began high ground at the end of the day. crossing the Potomac at Edward’s Ferry to By June 15, Lee’s army had cleared concentrate at Frederick, Maryland. Then its path with a victory at the Second Battle they moved north toward Emmitsburg and east into Carroll County on The Confederate cavalry crossing the Potomac River, June 11, 1863. a dual mission to confront the invaders and protect Baltimore and Washington, D.C., along the “Pipe Creek Line.” Stuart had separated from Lee and led a cavalry raid to capture desperately needed resources. He moved east of the main Federal army and seized 125 wagons and 400 prisoners near Rockville. But his raid through central Maryland H THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN H

HARRISBURG Carlisle

PENNSYLVANIA Wrightsville Dover York Chambersburg

Cashtown GETTYSBURG Hanover Greencastle MASON AND DIXON LINE Waynesboro Emmitsburg BigPipe Creek Hagerstown Manchester Taneytown Williamsport Middleburg Westminster

Martinsburg Sharpsburg Frederick Bunker MARYLAND & O h Hill ( B a l t i m o r e i o R R )

Harpers Ferry BALTIMORE

Stephenson Depot R Stuart’s E V I Route Berryville R Winchester H A O Leesburg D N A N E Rockville H Upperville S P Aldie Dranesville O T O Middleburg M A C R I Front Royal V E Fairfax R WASHINGTON, D.C. Salem Court House (Marshall) Fairfax Station Centreville r i a R R ) A l e x a n d e & a n g Manassas Junction (O r Warrenton MEADE (Hooker) Sperryville

Brandy R A Station P P Stafford A H Court House Kelly’s A Culpeper N N O C Court House Ford K Aquia Landing R I V V E R E R I R LEE N Chancellorsville A FREDERICKSBURG D P I R A

Orange VIRGINIA Court House THE GETTYSBURG WHO’S IN COMMAND CAMPAIGN

deprived Lee of his army’s “eyes and ears” during much of the campaign. The advancing Confederate Army of Northern Virginia met and clashed with the Union’s Army of the Potomac at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, just above the Pennsylvania line, on July 1. Gen. Robert E. Lee’s troops Gen. Joseph Hooker Gen. George Meade were unprepared for the ferocity and strength of the Union forces under en. Joseph Hooker, the newly named Potomac Army commander of the Army of commander, Gen. George G. Meade. the Potomac, was furious. He By the third day of fighting, Lee Gdemanded that Washington ordered an attack by fewer than 15,000 authorize him to abandon Maryland troops on the Federal Army’s center at Heights and relocate the 10,000 men, Cemetery Ridge. The assault, known as who were guarding the mountain “Pickett’s Charge,” managed to pierce fortress at Harpers Ferry, to join the the Union lines but eventually failed. main army in Frederick, Md. After the Suffering thousands of War Department refused, Hooker offered Confederate casualties, Lee was forced his resignation on June 27, 1863. to withdraw his battered army on It was a bad time to pick a fight July 4 and retreat toward Virginia. with the Lincoln administration, A flooded Potomac River prevented since Gen. Robert E. Lee had invaded immediate escape, and for nearly the North after thrashing Hooker at one week, pursuing Federals trapped Chancellorsville, Va. Lincoln accepted the Confederates at Williamsport Hooker’s resignation and replaced him and Falling Waters. The Gettysburg with Gen. George G. Meade. A courier Campaign ended on July 14 when Lee delivered the order to Meade at 3 a.m. finally crossed the river. on Sunday, June 28, near Frederick. Meade had not campaigned for the job but had earned the position on merit. “Cannons on the Square” by Ron Lesser. “I am moving at once against Lee,” he wrote to his wife. “[A] battle will decide the fate for our country and our cause.” When the Union and Confederate armies collided unexpectedly at Gettysburg, just four days later, Meade delivered Lincoln the fateful victory he so desired. WHERE’S STUART H SIGNALING H

s the Army of Northern ommunications are extremely Virginia invaded Northern important in wartime, both soil in June 1863, for locating and predicting A Confederate Gen. James Cthe movements of the enemy Ewell Brown “J.E.B” Stuart and his and for keeping track of friendly forces. cavalry corps served as Gen. Robert Many advances were made in military E. Lee’s “eyes and ears.” Lee directed communications during the Civil War, him to protect his right flank, avoid the first war in which the telegraph protracted engagements with the was used extensively. The U.S. Signal Federals, Corps, established in 1860, was the first and capture corps of officers and men whose sole provisions mission was communication. Maj. Albert while gathering J. Myer, who had developed a flag- information. signaling system called “wigwagging,” Stuart commanded the corps. At night, torches disrupted Union were used instead of flags. Either communication method could only be used when the and supply visibility was good. Wigwag signal lines, alarming stations were placed on high ground Washington with unobstructed views and moved and Baltimore. when the army moved. He also lost A student of Myer’s, Edwin Porter contact with Alexander, went south and founded the Lee, rendering Confederate Signal Corps. Both sides Gen. J.E.B. Stuart him blind and used Myer’s system during battles as deaf to the whereabouts of the Federals well as during campaigns. Capt. Lemuel and frustrating him as the military Norton was U.S. Chief Signal Officer situation changed. during the Gettysburg campaign, Lee’s infantry stumbled into and Col. William Norris headed the Union Gen. George G. Meade’s Army Confederate Signal Corps. of the Potomac at Gettysburg early on Civil War signal station. July 1, 1863, where Stuart’s absence further limited Lee’s options. Delayed by a captured Union wagon train and various engagements, Stuart did not reach Gettysburg until late on July 2. Union Gen. David McM. Gregg’s cavalry thwarted his attack the next day. Criticism of Stuart’s performance began after the battle and has continued ever since. HHHINVADED AGAIN HHH

uring the Civil War, Marylanders struggled to maintain normalcy despite the suspension of some Dcivil rights by the Federal government and repeated military invasions by the Confederates, which created havoc for local residents. While families and neighbors were often divided by loyalties, many Marylanders were united by compassion. At the start of the war, U.S. troops

were immediately deployed to occupy areas Courtesy of the Historical Society Frederick County sympathetic to the South. Some places The only known photographs of Confederate troops marching were under martial law, leading to arrests under arms were taken at the intersection of Patrick and Market Streets in Frederick in September 1862. for many reasons, including “disloyalty.” Meanwhile, Confederates under Gen. Union and Confederate forces J.E.B. Stuart arrested Union supporters. occupied communities to secure strategic Mollie Dawson’s father, who lived roads and lines of communication. Soldiers in Rockville, was one example. A Union disrupted everyday life, sometimes getting supporter, he was arrested to prevent him into altercations with civilians and stealing from transmitting crucial information. livestock. Virginia Moore of Bethesda Taunted in school for her family’s recalled an intoxicated soldier stealing her allegiance, Mollie and her siblings worried chicken: “Had we reported him our lives that their father would continue to face would not have been safe.” Confederate arrest. Members of her family In this climate of confusion and fought on both sides, creating division and mistrust, some families provided meals to confusion, even among her family. Union officers camped nearby to protect their livestock and crops from marauding soldiers. Families also prepared and sold meals to supplement their incomes. Marylanders did not suffer the

shortages and privations of the South, but e

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e l r Local citizens faced curfews, carried passes e

, y a to cross Union picket lines, and endured r G n o s unreliable newspaper accounts and rumors. w a D ry a Men 18-45 years old were subject to the M sy te ur Co draft. When faced with arrest from either Mollie Dawson Lt. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. government, however, political opponents often stepped forward to defend neighbors. H LONG MARCHES H LINCOLN SPEAKS AT GETTYSBURG

s you drive this tour in your climate-controlled vehicle, consider the plight of the hen President Abraham A Civil War infantryman who Lincoln learned of Union trudged the same route, putting one sore victories at Vicksburg and foot in front of the other in all types of W Gettysburg in July 1863, weather, while wearing ill-fitting army he told a crowd it was providential that shoes and toting 60 pounds of equipment. they had occurred around the nation’s The typical marching day would birthday. “Gentlemen,” he added, “this last from dawn into the afternoon at a is a glorious rate of two and a half miles per hour. theme, and the A division of the Army of the Potomac occasion for a numbered between 3,000 and 5,000 men, speech, but I am included wagons carrying food and not prepared to ammunition, and could stretch out along make one worthy four miles of road. of the occasion.” During the Gettysburg Campaign, He found his however, soldiers sometimes marched occasion that fall more than 30 miles at a time. After a at the dedication miserable hike of 35 miles on June 24, of the cemetery 1863, Pvt. Alex Haley of the 17th Maine at Gettysburg. By Infantry complained, “Ye gods! … I the time Lincoln could stand no more of this.” But the Abraham Lincoln left Washington, next day he got up and hoofed it for six D.C. by train more miles, testifying to the amazing on November 18, he had substantially resilience of the American soldier. completed his speech, adding the final touches in Gettysburg. Union troops marching through Middletown At the ceremony on November 19, on the National Road. Lincoln followed a widely praised two- hour oration by Edward Everett, the principal speaker. Lincoln delivered his 272-word speech in a few minutes and sat down, his brevity surprising the crowd, and scattered applause leaving him uncertain whether it had been “worthy of the occasion” after all. His supporters called it “thrilling” and his enemies thought it “silly.” Subsequent generations, however, have proclaimed the speech—the Gettysburg Address—immortal. Cashtown nn ittletown Hanover PA Fairfield Gettysurg Mason and Clear Dion ine eitersurg mmitsurg Union 1 pring hielding 2 3 Mills the rmy mithsurg Taneytown Thurmont Manchester HAGERSTOWN Middleurg Williamsport Funstown Uniontown Catoctin ld attle of Wagoners Furnace Frederic Meades H oad Union WTMT Jones ridge attle of Crossroads ewistown ew Falling Waters attle of ichfield Windsor oonsoro 7 iertytown ose Hill Manor

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oint of tephenson ocs Depot 4 VA 5 arnesville 6 rooeville WCHT oolesville Darnestown Gaithersurg UG ar dwards Ferry Goose Cree ridge C owsers Upperville ldie Ford Mill Middleurg Guilford ignal tation 45 WHGT Front oyal D.C. 66 5 Manassas Junction H CONFEDERATE ADVANCE H H Lewistown – Saw Union troops on June 28, 1863, en route to Gettysburg and on July 7, 1863, pursuing the Confederates. H Aldie Mill – On June 17, 1863 the first of several days of fighting H Catoctin Furnace – Ironworks continued to operate even as broke out here as Union forces pushed west looking for the main Union and Confederates marched by throughout the campaign. Confederate army. H Thurmont – Union infantry passed by here on June 29, 1863, H Middleburg – Confederate cavalry delayed the Union push here on the way to Gettysburg and pursued Confederate cavalry after again on June 19, 1863. the battle. H Goose Creek Bridge – Fighting here on June 21, 1863 centered H Old Frederick Road (Loy’s Station) – A Union corps marched around the historic bridge. through here pursuing the Confederate army both before and after H Upperville – A ‘Swirling’ cavalry fight here on June 21, 1863 the battle. further delayed the Union attempts to find the main H Middleburg – Site of Union army’s left flank on Pipe Creek Confederate army. between June 28 and July 1, 1863. H Stephenson Depot – Fighting here on June 14, 1863 cleared the H Uniontown – A New York soldier described the town as “patri- way for the Confederate advance into Pennsylvania. otic, but paralyzed just now by the nearness of the rebel army.” H Williamsport – Confederate Army’s invasion began here on June H New Windsor – Union soldiers who marched through here com- 15, 1863, and its “Wagon Train of Misery” retreated through here mented on the beauty of this town and surrounding countryside. after Gettysburg. H Union Bridge – Thousands of wounded Federals passed through H Shielding the Army – South Mountain, to the east, shielded the the town after the Battle of Gettysburg. Confederates from observation by the Union Army. H Libertytown – On June 29, 1863, Union troops marched through H Crossing the Mason and Dixon Line – Soldiers from both the town while being serenaded by the division’s glee club. armies passed by this historic intersection multiple times H New Market – A wing of the Union army marched through here throughout the war. on June 29–30, 1863. H Gaithersburg (Summit Hill Farm) – Confederate cavalry H Mount Airy (Pine Grove Chapel) – On June 29, 1863 Union arrived here on June 28th, 1863 intent on arresting Union cavalry and infantry march through town chasing after the Con- supporters. federate army. H Darnestown Park – Confederate cavalry enter town on H Manchester – Site of Union army’s right flank on Pipe Creek June 27, 1863. between June 28 and July 1, 1863. H Cashtown Inn – Stand in the footsteps of Confederate soldiers H Union Mills – Confederate cavalry camped here the night of as they marched to Gettysburg. June 29, 1863, followed closely by Union infantry. H Wrightsville – A fierce battle took place here on June 28, 1863 H Taneytown – Location of Meade’s headquarters in the days before the Battle of Gettysburg. before the battle. H Emmitsburg – A union supply depot and home of the Catholic J.E.B. STUART’S CAVALRY TOUR Daughters of Charity, who helped tend to wounded soldiers. H Rowser’s Ford (Seneca) – On the night of June 27–28, 1863, H Gettysburg – The battle that occurred here on July 1–3, 1863, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s 5,000 cavalrymen crossed into Maryland here. cost approximately 50,000 men killed, wounded or missing. H Rockville – Stuart occupied the town on June 28, 1863, H Hanover – Intense fighting took place in and around the streets and found both Confederate sympathizers and loyal Unionists. of town here on June 30, 1863. H Brookeville – On June 29, 1863, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart paroled H Fairfield – Located near the Mason and Dixon Line the town almost 400 prisoners here. was visited twice by the armies. H Cooksville – Union troops saved vitally important artillery during Confederate cavalry attack on June 19, 1863. H CONFEDERATE RETREAT H H Sykesville – On June 29, 1863, Confederate cavalry hatched & UNION PURSUIT a plan to capture Union Gen. Hooker near here. It failed. H Leitersburg – Union cavalry attacked retreating Confederates H Westminster – Stuart’s cavalry clashed with the Union’s 1st after a long, miserable march through the mud and rain. Delaware Cavalry here on June 29, 1863. H Hagerstown – After two sharp cavalry engagements with H Union Mills – Stuart breakfasted here at the William Shriver retreating Confederates, Union troops finally occupied the town house on June 30 with Union infantry on his heels. on July 12, 1863. H Jones’ Crossroads – The entrenched armies faced each other H UNION ADVANCE H here on July 12, 1863. H Guilford Signal Station – A vital link in the Union communica- H Meade’s HQ – Union Gen. Meade gathered his generals here tion chain between the Army of the Potomac and Washington, D.C. on July 12, 1863. H H Edward’s Ferry – Most of the Union army, pursuing Lee’s army, Smithburg – On July 5, 1863, Stuart’s retreating cavalry fought crossed the Potomac here June 24–25, 1863. an artillery duel with Union cavalry. H H Poolesville – From here Hooker wired Gen. Henry Halleck in Battle of Wagoners – On July 6, 1863, Imboden organized his drivers and wounded to protect the Confederate wagon train Washington, D.C. concerning supplies to be sent to Frederick. during an attack. H Barnesville – Three Union infantry corps marched through this H Clear Spring – On July 10, 1862 a large cavalry action took little town, June 26–28, 1863. place here. H Point of Rocks – This was a major crossing point between H Battle of Boonsboro – Site of July 8, 1863 cavalry battle. Confederate Virginia and Unionist Western Maryland. H Boteler’s Ford and Blackford’s Ford – This strategic ford H Jefferson – In late June 1863, many pro-Union residents across the Potomac River was used many times by both armies welcomed the Federals with cheers and flowers. during the War. H Middletown – The Union army marched through the town on its H Battle of Funkstown – On July 10, 1863 Stuart’s cavalry held way north, and Union cavalry passed through after the Battle at off Union forces, enabling the Confederates to protect their Gettysburg. avenue of retreat. H Prospect Hall – On June 28, 1863, Meade replaced Hooker H Battle of Falling Waters – Confederates fought here to protect as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. their retreat across the Potomac River on July 14, 1863. H Frederick – Troops from both sides occupied the town at H Brunswick – Union troops pursuing the Confederate army different times in 1862, 1863 and 1864. crossed the Potomac River here. H Rose Hill Manor – Home of Maryland’s first governor. The Union H Front Royal (Bel Air) – The Buck family entertained Lee at army’s large artillery reserve camped here in late June 1863. their home, Bel Air, July 22, 1863. H Richfield – On June 28, 1863, Meade promoted three young H Littlestown – After the Battle of Gettysburg hundreds of cavalry officers up four ranks to general. wounded were brought here. Map To Carlisle and Harrisburg

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For more information on the Civil War, recre- ation, and traveling in Maryland, please visit:

Maryland Office of Tourism Council of Tourism Development Frederick County, Inc. 401 E. Pratt Street 151 S. East Street 14th Floor Frederick, MD 21701 Baltimore, MD 21202 800-999-3613 877-333-4455 www.visitfrederick.org www.visitmaryland.org Hagerstown/Washington Visit Montgomery County County Convention &

1801 Rockville Pike Visitors Bureau Courtesy of Visit Frederick Suite 320 16 Public Square Roddy Road Covered Bridge Rockville, MD 20852 Hagerstown, MD 21740 877-789-6904 301-791-3246 C&O Canal National Catoctin Mountain www.visitmontgomery.com www.marylandmemories.com Historical Park National Park Williamsport Visitor Center 6602 Foxville Road Allegany County Convention 205 West Potomac Street Thurmont, MD 21788 & Visitors Bureau Williamsport, MD 21795 301-663-9388 Western Maryland 301-582-0813 www.nps.gov/cato Railway Station www.nps.gov/choh 13 Canal Street Gettysburg National Cumberland, MD 21502 Cunningham Falls State Park Military Park 800-425-2067 14039 Catoctin Hollow Road 1195 Baltimore Pike www.mdmountainside.com Thurmont, MD 21788 Gettysburg, PA 17325 301-271-7574 717-334-1124 Gateway To Garrett County, www.dnr.maryland.gov/ www.nps.gov/gett Maryland publiclands Garrett County Visitors Center Fort Frederick State Park 15 Visitors Center Drive Re-enactors help bring Civil 11100 Fort Frederick Road McHenry, MD 21541 War history to life. Big Pool, MD 21711 NPS, Monocacy National Bat- 301-387-8746 301-842-2155 tlefield www.visitdeepcreek.com www.dnr.maryland.gov/ publiclands National Museum of Howard County Visitors Civil War Medicine Destination Gettysburg Information Center 48 East Patrick Street 1560 Fairfield Road Howard County Tourism Council Frederick, MD 21701 Gettysburg, PA 17325 8627 Main Street 800-564-1864 800-337-5015 Ellicott City, MD 21043 www.CivilWarMed.org www.destinationgettysburg.com 800-288-8747 www.visithowardcounty.com South Mountain Explore York State Battlefield Carroll County Office 1425 Eden Road of Tourism 6620 Zittlestown Road York, PA 17402 Middletown, MD 21769 888-858-9675 1838 Emerald Hill Lane 301-432-8065 www.yorkpa.org Westminster, MD 21157 www.dnr.maryland.gov/ 410-848-1560 publiclands

www.carrollcountytourism.org Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com B mile retreat to Virginia. to retreat mile fifty- the agonizing made the army as miles seventeen stretched Confederates wounded 10,000 carrying train wagon the Meanwhile, the wounded. aid and the battle after at Gettysburg arrive to the first among were Emmitsburg of of Charity Daughters The nurses. as served communities a dozen religious from sisters hundred six and hospitals, as served other buildings and Churches greatly. suffered soldiers of wounded Frederick. in Medicine War of Civil Museum the National visit system, the triage as such advances, medical about these displays To see disease. and infection from deaths many the and of infection theory of the germ ignorance despite strides great made science medical fact, In care. medical War about Civil myths of the many two H Despite the advances, thousands thousands advances, the Despite MEDICINE how to do anything else are but are else how do anything to didn’t know doctors because limbs amputating and surgery during on abullet iting H

Harpers Weekly Illustration Courtesy of Daughters of Charity Archives, Emmitsburg 1 on other Civil War trails, trails, War Civil other on For more information . @visitmaryland #civilwartrails 866 call toll free: free: toll call #mdinfocus #mdinfocus @TravelMD W ASHINGTON, D.C. www.visitmaryland.org Boyd Rutherford,Lt.Governor Larry Hogan,Governor . RICHMOND 639

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