Determination of Reservoir Rock Wettability by Thin Layer Wicking Approach
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR ROCK WETTABILITY BY THIN LAYER WICKING APPROACH MSc. Thesis by Fatma Bahar ÖZTORUN, B.S. Department: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING Programme: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING JUNE 2006 İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR ROCK WETTABILITY BY THIN LAYER WICKING APPROACH MSc. Thesis by Fatma Bahar ÖZTORUN, B.S. Department: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING Programme: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING Supervisor : Assistant Prof. Dr. H. Özgür YILDIZ Co-advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Ali SİRKECİ Member of jury : Prof. Dr. Mustafa ONUR Member of jury : Assistant Prof. Dr. Şenol YAMANLAR Member of jury : Prof. Dr. Mehmet Sabri ÇELİK JUNE 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep thanks to my supervisor Assistant Prof. Dr. H. Özgür Yıldız, for his advice, encouragement, kindness, patience, and thoughtfulness throughout the research and also in my academic life. I am profoundly indebted to my co-advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan A. Sirkeci for his steady support and motivation in writing this thesis. I am also thankful to my committee member Prof. Dr. Mehmet Sabri Çelik for his valuable advices and his warm support in this work. Special thanks are also due to my other committee members, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Onur and Assistant Prof. Dr. Şenol Yamanlar for their advice, suggestions, and valuable comments. Thanks to my office-mate Melih Gökmen and Rüstem Tajibaev who contributed greatly in accomplishing the experimental part of this project. Especially, I would like to express my gratitude to Mustafa Çınar, for his support during the experiments, and to Fatih Can for his motivating discussion on the subject. I would like to thank all the faculty members and my colleagues in the Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering at Istanbul Technical University for their assistances in every possible way. My heartfelt thanks to my family who have been of constant support, courage, and love all through my life. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my parents and my beloved fiancé Can K. Hoşgör. June 2006 Fatma Bahar Öztorun ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS x ÖZET xii SUMMARY xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1. Interfacial Tension 6 2.2. Contact Angle 6 2.2.1. Contact angle measurement in liquids 9 2.2.2. Contact angle on heterogeneous surfaces- Cassie’s equation 10 2.2.3. Limitations of contact angle measurements 10 2.2.3.1. Hysteresis 10 2.2.3.2. Spreading pressure 11 2.3. Theory of wetting 12 2.3.1. Types of wetting 16 2.3.1.1. Adhesive wetting-the Young- Dupré equation 16 2.3.1.2. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium work of adhesion- work of 56 spreading 17 2.3.1.3. Immersion 18 2.4. Capillary pressure 19 2.4.1. Capillary rise and Washburn equation 20 2.4.2. Thin Layer Wicking 22 2.5. Surface Free Energy 23 2.5.1. Zisman method (Critical surface tension) 25 2.5.2. Fowkes method (Geometric mean) 25 2.5.3. Wu method (Harmonic mean) 26 2.5.4. Van Oss (Acid Base) method 26 2.2.3.1. Oss-Chaudary-Good equation 26 iii 3. EXPERIMENTAL 29 3.1. Materials 29 3.1.1. Solid samples 29 3.1.2. Liquids 30 3.2. Pre-studies 32 3.2.1. Preparation of powdered samples 32 3.2.2. Surface tension measurements 32 2.3.3. Liquid viscosity measurements 34 3.3. Equipment 36 3.3.1. Glass slide 36 3.3.2. Wicking apparatus 36 3.3.3. Stopwatch 37 3.3.4. Goniometer 38 3.4. Procedure 38 3.4.1. Contact angle measurements on powdered surface 38 3.4.1.1. Preparation of coated sample 38 3.4.1.2. Wicking experiment 39 3.4.1.3. Determination of effective pore radius 40 3.4.1.4. Contact angle measurement 41 3.4.2. Contact angle measurements on flat surface 41 3.4.2.1. Goniometric measurements 41 3.4.3. Determination of the surface energy components 42 3.5. The procedure for calculation 43 3.5.1. Contact angle calculations 43 3.5.1.1. Vapor-liquid-solid interface 43 3.5.1.2. Liquid-liquid-solid interface 47 3.5.1.3. Alternative determination of r* and its effect on contact angle measurements 48 3.5.2. Surface free energy calculations 49 4. EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 52 4.1. The results of Thin Layer Wicking experiments 52 4.1.1. The results for quartz 52 4.1.2. The results for glass 54 2.2.3. The results for Berea sandstone 56 2.3.1. The results for Bentheim sandstone 58 iv 2.4.1. The results for calcite 60 2.4.2. The results for carbonate rock sample 536 62 2.5.1. The results for carbonate rock sample 703 64 4.2. The comporison of the standard liquids 66 4.3. The results of the surface free energy components 67 5. CONCLUSIONS 68 6. RECOMMENDATIONS 69 REFERENCES 70 APPENDIX 74 CIRRICULUM VITAE 77 v LIST OF TABLES Page Number Table 3.1. Physical properties of distilled water and 2%NaCl solution ………… 30 Table 3.2. The properties of hydrocarbons ……………………………………… 30 Table 3.3. Properties of chemicals used in the experiments …………………….. 31 2 Table 3.4. Values of surface tension components (in mJ/m ) and the viscosities (in poise) of the liquids used in wicking experiments ………………. 31 Table 3.5. The viscosity ranges …………………………………………………. 35 Table 3.6. Results of goniometric measurements ………………………………… 42 Table 3.7. The surface free energy components of calcite and glass ……………. 43 Table 3.8. Composition of Berea sandstone at 400oC …………………………… 43 Table 3.9. Distance vs time recorded during the wicking experiment for dodecane 43 Table 3.10. Distance vs time recorded during the wicking experiment for water … 44 Table 3.11. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids …………………... 46 Table 3.12. Thin layer wicking results for apolar liquids …………………...….… 48 Table 3.13. The contact angle values with respect to apolar liquids and dodecane .. 49 Table 3.14. The surface tensions and cosθ values of liquids …………………….. 50 Table 4.1. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for quartz ……….. 54 Table 4.2. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for quartz …………………………………………………………….. 54 Table 4.3. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for glass ……..….. 56 Table 4.4. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for glass ……………………………………………………………… 56 Table 4.5. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for Berea ………... 58 Table 4.6. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for Berea …………………………………………………………….. 58 Table 4.7. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for Bentheim ……. 60 Table 4.8. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for Bentheim …………………………………………………………. 60 Table 4.9. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for calcite …...….. 62 vi Table 4.10. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for calcite ……………………………………………………………. 62 Table 4.11. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for carbonate rock 536 ……………………………………………………………… 64 Table 4.12. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for carbonate rock 536 ………………………………………………. 64 Table 4.13. The calculated contact angle values of test liquids for carbonate rock 703 ……………………………………………………………… 66 Table 4.14. The calculated contact angle values of liquid-liquid-solid interface for carbonate rock 703 ………………………………………………. 66 Table 4.15. The surface free energy components of calcite and glass ……………. 67 Table A.1 Wicking time versus l2 For Quartz sample …………………………. 76 Table A.2 Wicking time versus l2 For Glass sample …………………………. 76 Table A.3 Wicking time versus l2 For Berea sandstone sample ………………. 76 Table A.4 Wicking time versus l2 For Bentheim sandstone sample ………….. 76 Table A.5 Wicking time versus l2 For Calcite sample ………………………… 76 Table A.6 Wicking time versus l2 For Carbonate rock sample 536 ………….. 77 Table A.7 Wicking time versus l2 For Carbonate rock sample 703 ………….. 77 Table A.8 Wicking time versus l2 For Crude oil ……………………………… 77 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Number Figure 1.1 : Degrees of wettability .……..…………….……………….……….... 2 Figure 1.2 : Schematic diagram of water-wet and oil-wet rock ……..…….……... 3 Figure 2.1 : Solid-liquid-vapor interface .…..…...…………….………………….. 7 Figure 2.2 : Displacement of a triple line around its equilibrium position that allows derivation of the Young equation …...………………………. 8 Figure 2.3 : Illustrations of advancing and receeding contact angles ………….... 11 Figure 2.4 : Schematic representation of wetted rocks ………………………….. 13 Figure 2.5 : Capillary pressure vs. saturation curves …………………………... 15 Figure 2.6 : Adhesional wetting …………………………………………………. 16 Figure 2.7 : Spreading wetting …………………………………………………... 17 Figure 2.8 : Immersional wetting ………………………………..……….……… 18 Figure 2.9 : Contact angle of partially immersed solid …………………………. 19 Figure 2.10 : Capillary with the constant circular cross-section ………………….. 21 Figure 2.11 : Schematic representation of the contact angle formed between a liquid drop and solid surface …………………………………..…. 28 Figure 3.1 : KSV Sigma 701 tensiometer ……………………………………….. 33 Figure 3.2 : Du Nouy ring and its interaction with the liquid …………………… 34 Figure 3.3 : Surface tension measurement process with Du Nouy ring method …. 34 Figure 3.4 : Cannon Fenske viscosimeter ……………………………………….. 35 Figure 3.5 : Schematic wicking apparatus ……………………………………...... 37 Figure 3.6 : Basic elements of a goniometer …………………………………….. 38 Figure 3.7 : Preparation of coated slides ………………………………………… 39 Figure 3.8 : Schematic Representation of Thin Layer Wicking experiment …….. 40 Figure 3.9 : Wicking experiment of Berea sample with dodecane ……………… 44 Figure 3.10 : Wicking experiment of Berea sample with water …………………..