Proceedings 4th International Workshop on BAMBOO IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

held at Chiangmai, Thailand, November 27-30,1991

International Development Research Centre Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations United Nations Development Programme 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents Foreword Dedication Session 1: Bamboo Resources

Bamboo resources in Thailand: how much do we know? I Soejatmi Dransfield Endemic bamboo from Sumatra 5 Elizabeth A. Widjaja Exploring bamboo germplasm in Sumatra 7 Elizabeth A. Widjaja Five genera of Bambusoideae (Gramineae) recently found in Yunnan, China 15 Chi Ju Hsueh (Xue Ji Ru) and De Zhu Li Ochlandra (bamboo reed) a vanishing asset of forests in Kerala, South India 18 S. Chandra Basha Studies on bamboo species growing in Indo-Nepal Terai region and the Bihar 27 state of India Jainendra Kumar and Ashok Kumar Sinha Notes on , distribution and conservation of bamboo for Banbladesh 32 Alam, M.K. The bamboo resource in Sri Lanka 37 Swarnamali, P.A. and Vivekanandan, K. Ochlandra stridula Moon ex Thw. - a profile 41 Neela de Zoysa The need for conservation of Arundinaria alpina K. Schum. in Kenya and its 48 ecological significance Sigu Gordon Onduru Remote sensing application in bamboo evaluation: a case study in Kerala 51 Menon, A.R.R. GIS on bamboo distribution in Kerala 55 P. Vijayakumaran Nair Availability, distribution of bamboo and its industrial status in Peninsular 60 Malaysia Abd. Latif Mohmod and Abd. Razak Othman Session 2: Growth, Physiology and Genetics

The flowering of bamboo: fallacies and facts 68 Sharma, M.L Nutrient cycling in bamboo stands: nutrient input and its loss through run off in 71 watersheds in pure Phyllostachys pubescens Stands. Fu Maoyi; Cao Qungen; Fang Mingyu and Xie Jingzhong Introduction and early performance of some Asian bamboo species in Kenya 79 Kigomo, B.N. Comparative performance of bamboo with the horticultural crops in Konkan 85 Wagh, R. and Rajput, J.C. Session 3: Management of Natural Stands

The sustainability of bamboo supply in Peninsular Malaysia 87 Ismarish Hj. Ahmed and Nor'zini Haron Growth of bamboo on degraded soil: a preliminary report 92 Abd. Rasak Othman Culm yield and biomass productivity of Laak (Sphaerobambos philippinensis) 95 Virtucio, F.D.; Manipula, B.M. and Schlegel, F.M. Culm production of Bambusa arundinacea in natural forests of Kamatka, India 100 Lakshmana, A.C. Thinning: a tool for higher productivity in Dendrocalamus strictus 104 Laksmana, A.C. Effect of thinning, cutting age and felling cycle on culm yield of Buho 106 (Schizostachyum lumampao) natural stands Virtucio F.D. and Tomboc, CC Session 4: Plantation Technology

Studies on seed germination, seedling growth and nursery management of 113 Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz. Banik, R.L Germination and fertilization of Gigantochloa ligulata seedlings 120 Azmy Hj. Mohamed Mass production of fieldplantin g stock of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii vegetatively 123 through macro-proliferation Adarsh Kumar; Mohinder Pal and Shiv Kumar Studies on the selection and breeding of shoot producing bamboo 128 Zhang Guang Chu and Chen Fu Qiu Bamboo farming: an economic alternative on marginal lands 133 Patil, V.G; Patil, S.V. and Hanumashetti, S.I. Bamboo has an important role' in agroforestry management models 136 Fu Maoyi; Fu Jinhe and Fang Mingu Native bamboo: situation, local management and'agroforestry/community 141 forestry perspectives at the Sub-Lanka forest village Permsak Makarabhirom Management of bamboo shoot stands in Linan County, China 149 Wan Anguo Session 5: Propagation

Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration from Mexican weeping bamboo, 153 acuminata aztecorum Woods, H.S.; Wood, J.E.; Phillips, G.C and Collins, G.D. Towards regeneration and mass propagation of bamboo through tissue culture 157 Saxena, S. and Bhoswani, Sant. S. Micropropagation of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Munro using single node 165 cuttings taken from elite seedling Sood, A.; Palni, LM.S.; Sharma, M. and Sharma, O.P. Integrated propagation of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Munro by using partially 169 r,-, juvenile culms c * Sharma, O.P. ,, Tissue culture alternatives in bamboo improvement 174 Session 6: Properties and Utilization

Effect of age on the physio-mechanical properties of some Philippine bamboo 180 Espiloy, Z.B. Effect of age and height position on Mult (Melocanna baccifera) and Borak 183 (Bambusa baloodajbamboo on their physical and mechanical properties Sattar, M.A.; Kabir, M.F. and Bhattacharjee, D.K. Physical and strength properties of Dendrocalamus strictus grown in Kerala, 188 India Gnanaharan, R. Anatomical characteristics of Taiwan giant bamboo and Moso bamboo 193 Shuen Chao Wu and Jung Sheng Hsieh The ultra (micro) structure of Taiwan giant bamboo and Moso bamboo 199 Jung Sheng Hsieh and Shuen Chao Wu Structure and functions of the nodes in bamboo 213 Liese, W. and Ding, Y. Fiber and chemical properties of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. 218 Jamaludin Kasim and Ashari Abd. Jalil Structural variability of vascular bundles of some exotic bamboo species 222 Yi Chung Wang; Jung Sheng Hsieh and Shuen Chao Wu Carbohydrates in commercial Malaysian bamboo 227 Abd. Latif Mohmod; Khoo, K.C. and Nor Azah Mohd. Ali Variation in physical properties of two Malaysian bamboo 232 Abd. Latif Mohmod; Wan Termeze Arfin and Hamdan Husain A hand operated bamboo slicing tool 237 Grewal, S.; Mohd. Rashid Samad and Abd. Latif Mohmod Field evaluation of preservative treated bamboo 243 Gnanaharan, R. The production of active carbon from bamboo and its application in keeping 247 food fresh Kenji Hoskawa and Takahisa Minamide Bamboo in Indian pulp industry 250 Adkoli, N.S. Urea particle board from Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. 255 Chew Lian Teck; Nurulhuda Mohd. Nasir and Jamaludin Kasim Utilization of bamboo in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal 258 Poudal, P.P. Development and utilization of bamboo resources in Yunnan Province, China 263 Yang Yuming and Wang Jian Hao Prospects for bamboo based products as replacement for wood in Yunnan 270 Yang Yuming and Zhang Hong Jian A glimpse of bamboo resource utilization in Yunnan Province, China 273 Xue Jiru; Yin Zhongwen and Yang Yuming Session 7: Bamboo as an Engineering Material

The future of bamboo 278 Janssen, J.J.A. An improved clay based building material: conclay 281 Gulson, G.A. Provisional specifications for clay house construction 283 Foch, C.R.; Conceicao, J.E.T.; Gonsalves, AJ.C. Connection of bamboo elements Arce, O. 287 An improved and economical process for manufacture of bamboo mat board 292 Zoolagud, S.S. and Rangaraju, T.S. Application of bamboo mat composites in construction and packaging 299 Damodaran, K. and Jagadeesh, H.N. Philippine bamboo furniture industry - prospects and problems 305 Rojo, J.P.; Foronda, S.U. and Aggangan, R.T. Mature bamboo in mass housing 309 Mishra, H.N. and Sanyal, S.N. Preservation of bamboo mat boards: glue line additive, a simple method to 315 preserve mat board Kamal, S.Z.M. and Padmanabhan, S. Upgraded bamboo as a housing material: the step from science to shelter 317 Dunham, D.C Session 8: Pests, Disease and Detioration

Diseases of bamboo: a world perspective 323 Boa, E.R. Characterization of bamboo mosaic virus isolation from infected green bamboo 327 (Bambusa oldhamii Munro) in Taiwan Na Sheng Lin and Yau Heiu Hsu Insect pests of bamboo shoot in Thailand 331 Surachal Choldumrongkul Session 9: Information and Technology Dissemination

Information for bamboo research: to establish a database complex: China 336 bamboo Zhu, S. and Zhang, X. Information for bamboo research: activities of the Bamboo Information Center, 339 India Pillai, K.S. and Ravindan, K. Bamboo research and development in the Philippines 341 Tomboc, C.C. and Virtucio, F.D. Session 10: Socio-Economics and Marketing

Bamboo in Malaysia: past, present and future research 349 Aminuddin Mohamad and Abd. Latif Mohmod Participants in the Fourth International Bamboo Workshop 360