Kosovo Environment 2020 Report on Environmental Indicators

Republika e Kosovës AGJENCIA PËR MBROJTJEN Republika Kosova-Republic of Kosovo E MJEDISIT TE KOSOVËS Qeveria - Vlada - Government KOSOVSKA AGENCIJA ZA ZAŠTITU SREDINE MINISTRIA E EKONOMISË DHE AMBIENTIT KOSOVO ENVIRONMENTAL MINISTARSTVO EKONOMIE I AMBIJENTA PROTECTION AGENCY MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT

KOSOVO ENVIRONMENT 2020 REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

Republika e Kosovës Republika Kosova-Republic of Kosovo Qeveria - Vlada - Government

MINISTRIA E EKONOMISË DHE AMBIENTIT MINISTARSTVO EKONOMIE I AMBIJENTA MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT

AGJENCIA PË� R KOSOVSKA AGENCIJA KOSOVO MBROJTJEN E MJEDISIT ZA ZAŠ�TITU SREDINE ENVIRONMENTAL TE KOSOVË� S PROTECTION AGENCY

Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Prishtina, 2020 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Contents

List of abbreviations 4 List of tables 5 List of figures 6 Preface 9 Acknowledgment 10

1. Introduction 11 1.1. Report drafting methodology 12 1.2. Purpose of the report 18 1.3. General characteristics of Kosovo. 18

2. Air Environmental Indicators 19 2.1. Air quality in urban areas 19 2.2. Emissions of acidifying substances 24 2.3. Emission of procursors of ozone 26 2.4. Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors 28

3. Environmental indicators of climate change 30 3.1. Annual air temperature 30 3.2. Annual percipitation 32 3.3. Use of ozone depleting substances 35 3.4. Greenhouse gas emission trend 37 3.5. Greenhouse gas emission projections 40

4. Environmental indicators of water 41 4.1. Nutrients in surface water 41 4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 43 4.3. Surface water quality index 46 4.4. Drinking water quality 47 4.5. Use of freshwater resources 49 4.6. Water losses 50 4.7. Access to public water supply 52 4.8. Access to public sewage system 53 4.9. Access to wastewater treatment plants 54

5. Environmental indicators of biodiversity 56 5.1. The diversity of species 56 5.2. State of selected species 60 5.3. Invasive species 63 5.4. Forest fires 65 5.5. Protected zones. 66

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6. Environmental indicators of waste 69 6.1. The amount of waste generated 69 6.2. The amount of industrial waste generated 71 6.3. The amount of hazardous waste generated 72 6.4. The total amount of municipal waste disposed 73 6.5. Total amount of recycled municipal waste 75

7. Environmental indicators of the soil 77 7.1. Land use changes 77 7.2. Erosion. 80

8. Environmental indicators of agriculture 82 8.1. Areas with organic farming 82 8.2. Use of mineral fertilizers 84 8.3. Use of plant protection substances 85

9. Environmental indicators of fisheries 87 9.1. Assessment of fishery fund biomass and permitted fishing quotas. 87

10. Environmental indicators of energy 88 10.1. Primary energy consumption by energy 88 10.2. Final energy consumption by sectors 90 10.3. Dependence on energy imports 93 10.4. Energy intensity 94 10.5. Consumption of primary energy from renewable energy sources 96

11. Environmental indicators of transport 98 11.1. Passenger traffic 98 11.2. Transport of goods 101 11.3. Average age of motor vehicles 102 11.4. Number of vehicles 104 11.5. Number of deaths in traffic 106

12. Environmental indicators of tourism 108 12.1. Tourist visits 108 12.2. Tourist overnight stays 111 12.3. Intensity of tourism 113 12.4. Number of tourists in National Parks. 115

13. References 117

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List of abbreviations

EEA European Environment Agency KEPA Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency KFA Kosovo Forest Agency WSSRA Water and Sewerage Services Regulatory Authority KAS Kosovo Agency of Statistics KVFA Kosovo Veterinary and Food Agency WB World Bank EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product CLC Corine Land Cover (CORINE methodology) CLRTAP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution) CORINE Coordination of information on the environment DPSIR D-Driving Forces. P-Pressures, S-State, I-Impacts, R-Responses (D-Driving Forces, P-Pressures, S-State, I-Impacts and R-Response EEMMN European Environmental Monitoring and Monitoring Network EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guide (EMEP / EEA air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook) GHG Greenhouse gases KHI Kosovo Hydro -meteorological Institute KINP Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection KNIPH Kosovo National Institute of Public Health IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature - International Union for Conservation of Nature KFW German Development Bank SLMC Sanitary Landfill Management Company UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate RWC Regional Waste Companies KRU Regional Water Company MAFRD Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development MI Ministry of Infrastructure MIA Ministry of Internal Affairs MED Ministry of Economic Development NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development EIS Environmental Information System AEI Average Exposure Indicator TSP Total Suspended Particles AAV Average Allowed Value

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List of tables

Table 1: Indicators by sector, type and their correlation with EEA indicators Table 2: Basic data for Kosovo Table 3: Urban population exposed to air pollution in Kosovo Table 4: Minimum and maximum annual temperature of air temperature (0Celsius) in Kosovo by measuring stations (2009-2019) Table 5: Import of Ozone depleting substances by type (ton) 2008-2016 Table 6: Total number of species by main categories and number of species participating in the IUCN red list Table 7: Distribution of species included in the Red Book of Fauna of the Republic of Kosovo by IUCN categories Table 8: Average population density for some species of wild mammals Table 9: Trend of qualitative and quantitative degradation of habitats of some selected species and factors that have influenced the degradation Table 10: Preliminary list of invasive species in Kosovo Table 11: Nature Protected Areas by categories (2020) Table 12: Land use (ha) by categories 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 Table 13: Types of erosion in Kosovo (%) Table 14: Areas with organic agriculture, their share in total agricultural lands, number of organic producers and comparison with some other countries Table 15: Energy imports (ktoe) and energy dependence on imports (%) Table 16: Gross energy consumption and energy intensity in the economy for 2018 Table 17: Number of vehicles registered by type and Euro standard (2018) Table 18: Number of vehicles by types 2011-2019 Table 19: Road traffic accidents in Kosovo and deaths 2010-2019 Table 20: Origin of foreign tourists visiting Kosovo Table 21: Tourist accommodation capacities in Kosovo by type of accommodation.

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List of figures

Figure 1: DPSIR analytical framework Figure 2: Number of days with PM10 exceedances in monitoring stations 2015-2017 Figure 3: Trend of the total number of days with PM exceedances 2015- 2019 Figure 4: Trend of PM10 concentrations (µg / m3) as annual average for the period 2012-2019 Figure 5. Average Exposure Index for urban areas 2017-2019 Figure 6: Emissions of acidic substances 2010-2018 Figure 7: Ozone precursor emissions 2010-2018

Figure 8: Methane (CH4) emissions 2010-2018 Figure 9: Particulate Emissions PM2.5, PM10 and TSP (kiloton) 2010- 2018 Figure 10: Air temperature 1900-201 Figure 11: Air temperature 2001-2019 Figure 12: Precipitation 1930-2019 Figure 13: Annual precipitation 2001-2019 Figure 14: Precipitation (mm) by measuring stations Figure 15: Total quantity (tons) of ozone depleting substances imported 2008-2016 Figure 16: Trend of total GHG emissions in Kosovo 2008-2018 (Gg CO2 eq Figure 17: GHG emissions in Kosovo by categories (%) Figure 18: CO2 emissions (ton eq.) per capita in Kosovo compared to some countries in the region, Europe, and EU Figure 19: CO2 emissions (kg /1000 $/GDP) in Kosovo compared to some countries in the region, Europe, EU and some countries of the world. Figure 20: Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/l) in surface water (2008-2019) Figure 21: Phosphorus of Orthophosphates (mg / l) in surface waters (2008-2019) Figure 22: Biochemical Oxygen Demand SHBO5 (mg / l) in surface waters 2008-2019 Figure 23: Drinking water quality trend 2008-2018 Figure 24: Amount of water consumed million m3 / year by sectors 2009- 2019 Figure 25: Water losses (m / year) 2008-2019

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Figure 26: Water service coverage (%) 2002-2019 Figure 27: Sewerage service coverage (%) 2002-2019 Figure 28. Number of types of vascular plants by risk categories Figure 29. Number of fungal species by hazard status Figure 30: Number of fauna species with protected status in the territory of Kosovo by categories Figure 31: Forest fires areas ha / year 2008-2018 Figure 32: Number of nature protected areas 1950-2019 Figure 33: Surface of protected areas in Kosovo 1980-2018 Figure 34: Municipal waste generation per capita 2014-2018 Figure 35: Total amount of waste generated at Kosovo level 2014-2018 Figure 36: Industrial waste generation 2010-2016 Figure 37. Total amount of municipal waste deposited in sanitary landfills ton/year in Kosovo 2011-2019 Figure 38: Amount of waste disposal per capita/inhabitant/year in sanitary landfills in Kosovo 2011-2019 Figure 39: Amount of waste treated in Kosovo 2015-2018 Figure 40: Types of recycled waste Figure 41: Quantity (ton / year) of waste exported for recycling 2010-2016 Figure 42: Land use (ha) by categories 2002 and 2012 Figure 43: Distribution map of erosion types Figure 44. Fertilizer use trend 2004-2019 ton / year Figure 45: Pesticide treated agricultural land areas (ha) Figure 46: Overview of final energy consumption by sources 2019 Figure 47: Final energy consumption trend by sources 2012-2019 Figure 48: Overview of final energy consumption by sectors 2019 Figure 49: Final energy consumption trend by sectors 2012-2019 Figure 50: Energy intensity trend 2010-2019 Figure 51: Trend of participation of renewable energy sources in the final consumption of primary energy (ktoe / year) 2012-2019 Figure 52: Length of roads (km) by categories Figure 53: Passenger trend at rail transport Figure 54: Passenger trend at Adem Jashari International Airport Figure 55: Quantity of goods transported (thousand tons) by rail Figure 56: Total number of vehicles registered in Kosovo according to EURO standard Figure 57: Total number of vehicles registered in Kosovo 2008-2018

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Figure 58. Number of foreign and local visitors 2010 - 2019 Figure 59: Visitors by regions (%) Figure 60: Number of nights spent by foreign and local visitors 2010 - 2019 Figure 61: Tourist accommodation capacities in Kosovo by region and type Figure 62: Number of visitors to National Parks

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Preface

The assessment of the state of the environment should be continuous and based on relevant data. It is very important that the state of the environment to be monitored for a longer period of time in order to see the development trends in the environmental sector and the impacts coming from the development sectors. One of the most acceptable and efficient forms of assessing the state of the environment over a longer period of time is the use of environmental indicators. Such an assessment highlights the trends of the state of the environment, the pressures placed on the environment, the driving forces that bring the impacts on the environment but also the effectiveness of environmental policies in improving the state of the environment. So far, the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency has drafted annual reports on the state of the environment, and specific reports on environmental sectors such as air, water, waste, nature, etc., which have included time periods of 1 to 5 years. Also the data and indicators used in the context of the assessment of the situation in these reports and assessments have mainly included shorter periods of time. “State of the Environment 2020, Report of Environmental Indicators”, is the first publication of its kind to make an assessment of the state of the environment based on the national list of environmental indicators, which includes a longer period of time For the drafting of the report, are used the standard methodologies by European Union organizations such as the OECD, the European Environment Agency, EUROSTAT or other organizations have been used too. Indicators have also been used, the development and processing of which is based on methodologies that are defined by these organizations. The selection and development of indicators has been adapted to the general development situation in Kosovo and has been oriented to the accessible data available for the development of certain indicators. We hope that this publication will be a good basis that will serve policymakers in drafting more effective policies not only in improving the state of the environment, but also in preventing environmental impacts coming from development sectors.

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Acknowledgement

Dear readers,

In your hands you have an assessment of the state of the environment that is based on indicators that speak of the state of the environment, but also of environmental impacts. This report has been prepared by the Kosovo Agency for Environmental Protection, within the scope of duties and responsibilities for assessing and reporting on the state of environment.

The preparation of this Report has been supported as well as by other institutions that have responsibilities in the production of data necessary for the compilation of environmental indicators.

We believe that such a format of assessment and reporting of the state of the environment will be a very important tool not only for informing the public but also for orienting policies, strategies and priorities in the field of environmental protection but also in the prevention or mitigation of environmental impacts from other development sectors.

We are aware that in order to make advanced assessments of the state of the environment and to achieve more efficient results in environmental protection, we need the cooperation and commitment of other institutions that monitor the environment or produce relevant data. To this end, we will continue to engage in deepening cooperation with all relevant institutions, in order to establish common systems for the collection and processing of environmental data. Hope that our joint efforts and commitments will also increase the quality of reporting and assessment of the state of the environment.

On this occasion, KEPA expresses special thanks not only to the staff of KEPA, who has worked with dedication for the realization of this report, but also all governmental and non-governmental institutions that have made a contribution by providing the necessary data.

Mentor Sylmeta, Deputy Executive Director of KEPA

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1. Introduction

Drafting of the Report on the State of the Environment in Kosovo through environmental indicators is based on the Law on Environmental Protection. According to article 50 point 4 of this law: “Environmental monitoring is performed through systematic measurements, research and evaluation of indicators of state and environmental pollution which include monitoring of natural factors, respectively change of state and characteristics of environment, air, water, soil, forests, biological and landscape diversity, flora, fauna, climatological elements, ozone layer, noise, waste, etc.”

National list of environmental indicators is determined by the decision of the Minister of MESP no.90 dated 31.01.2018 for the approval of the national list of environmental indicators. According to this decision, the national list of environmental indicators serves to: “carry out reporting on the state of the environment and includes qualitative and quantitative indicators that indicate the state of the environment, environmental pressures, driving forces in the environment, environmental impacts and its components and responses to mitigate or minimize environmental impacts and pressures. The national list of indicators contains: name, code, type, description, methodology, data source and dynamics of data collection.”

According to the description of duties and responsibilities of environmental institutions, the institution responsible for drafting the report and assessing the state of the environment based on environmental indicators is the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency. According to Article 60 of the Law on Environmental Protection, KEPA has the duty to: “provide appropriate information to the administration, the Government and the Assembly of Kosovo for the implementation of environmental protection policies and to prepare reports on the general state of the environment in Kosovo, targets, and report on key sectors (air, soil, water, biodiversity, climate change)”.

Also according to Article 52 of the Law on Environment which describes the Environmental Information System, this activity that is performed within the duties and responsibilities of KEPA is specified that this system does: “collection, classification, maintenance, presentation and dissemination of numerical data, descriptive and spatial for the state of the environment ”.

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1.1. Report drafting methodology

Based on acceptable reporting models based on environmental indicators and existing environmental circumstances in Kosovo, KEPA has collected environmental data from monitoring institutions, companies, operators, various enterprises, publications, reports and other sources. To meet the requirements of the report, the data collected have been processed into qualitative environmental information that is now presented in this report in the form of environmental indicators.

The indicators presented in this report provide data on the driving forces and pressures in the environment, describe the current state of environmental media and the impact of this state. They address to a certain extent the policies pursued for the protection and preservation of the environment as well as the commitment of governmental, non-governmental institutions and society in general to improve the situation. Such a form of reporting is known as the DPSIR Model, and presents concerns for all environmental problems in the country, and is considered as a very convenient way of assessing the state of the environment.

The DPSIR model was first used by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), then adopted by the European Environment Agency (EEA), which is also used by EUROSTAT to produce environmental statistics.

This analytical model enables the organization of information and the integration of socio-economic and environmental elements, addressing the relationship between the five categories of indicators: driving forces (such as: productive power, population growth, etc.), environmental pressures (such as: emissions in water, air and soil), which affect the state of the environment (e.g., the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, the rise in global average temperatures), which in turn affect living beings and human health by thus imposing a response or reaction of the relevant institutions to take appropriate measures (legislative measures, taxes, environmental programs, research, investment, etc.) (Figure 1).

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Fig. 1: Analytical framework DPSIR

The indicators presented in the report should be based on relevant data from relevant institutions. The presentation of each indicator is made in an easy and accessible way to be understood by all those who will be served with this report. The lack of data on many important issues is one of the problems that KEPA has faced during its drafting.

A detailed list of indicators used in this report by sectors, by type of indicator based on DPSIR and its correlation with indicators of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and other international organizations is presented in the table 1.

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Table 1: Indicators by sector, type and their correlation with EEA indicators Indicator Correlation Indica- Sector Indicator name type accord- with EEA tor code ing to DPSIR indicators Environmen- tal indicators A01 Air quality in urban areas State indicator CSI 004 of air CSI 001 APE 001, Pressure indi- A02 Emissions of acidifying gases APE 003, cator APE 004, APE 007 Emissions of precursors Pressure indi- CSI 002 A03 (pests) of ozone cator APE 008 Suspended primary particle CSI 003 A04 emissions and suspended sec- State indicator CSI 040 ondary particle precursors AIR 005 Environmen- tal indicators CSI 012 NK01 Annual air temperature State indicator of climate CLIM 001 change NK02 Annual rainfall State indicator CLIM 02

NK 03 Use of substances that dam- Pressure indi- CSI 006 age the ozone layer cator CSI 044 The trend of greenhouse gas Pressure indi- NK 04 CSI 010 emissions cator Projections of greenhouse gas Pressure indi- NK 05 CSI 011 emissions cator Environmen- tal indicators U01 Nutrients in surface waters State indicator CSI 020 of water Biochemical oxygen con- U02 State indicator EEA CSI 019 sumption Quality Index of surface U03 State indicator SEBI 022 water

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U04 Drinking water quality State indicator WEU 010 Pressure indi- U05 Use of freshwater resources CSI 018 cator Response U06 Water losses WQ 006 indicator Response WAT 001 U07 Access to public water supply indicator CSI 018 Response U08 Access to public sewerage WAT 005 indicator Access to wastewater treat- Response U09 WAT 005 ment plants indicator Environmen- tal indicators SEBI 003 B01 The diversity of species State indicator of biodiver- SEBI 002 sity Representation and condition CSI 007 B02 State indicator of selected species SEBI 002 Foreign species - allochthone B03 State indicator SEBI 010 and invasive Pressure indi- B04 Forest fires CLIM 035 cator Response CSI 008 B05 Protected zones indicator IRENA 004 Environmen- The amount of municipal Pressure indi- tal indicators M01 CSI 041 waste generated cator of waste The amount of industrial Pressure indi- INDP 004 M02 waste generated cator WST 004 The amount of hazardous Pressure indi- INDP 004 M03 waste generated cator WST 004 Total amount of municipal Response M04 WST 006 waste disposed indicator Total amount of recycled Response M05 CSI 052 municipal waste indicator Environmen- CSI 014 Changing land use destina- Pressure indi- tal indicators T01 LSI 001 tion cator of soil / earth IRENA 012

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T02 Erosion State indicator IRENA 023 Environmen- Response CSI 026 tal indicators BU01 Areas with organic farming indicator IRENA 007 of agriculture Pressure indi- BU02 Use of mineral fertilizers IRENA 008 cator Use of plant protection sub- Pressure indi- BU03 IRENA 009 stances cator Environmen- Assessment of fishery fund tal indicators PE01 biomass and permitted fish- State indicator CSI 034 of fisheries ing quotas Environmen- Primary energy consumption Indicator of CSI 029 tal energy E01 according to energy sources driving forces indicators ENER 026 Final energy consumption by Indicator of E02 CSI 027 sectors driving forces Dependence on energy Indicator of E03 - imports driving forces Response CSI 028 E04 Energy intensity indicator ENER 017 Consumption of primary en- Response E05 ergy from renewable energy ENER 028 indicator sources Environmen- Indicator of tal transport TR01 Passenger traffic TERM 039 driving forces indicators Indicator of TR02 Freight transport TERM 039 driving forces Pressure indi- TR03 Average age of motor vehicles TERM 032 cator Pressure indi- TR04 Number of vehicles TERM 032 cator Number of victims of road Pressure indi- TR05 - accidents cator Environmen- Indicator of tal indicators TU01 Tourist visits YIR01TO10 driving forces of tourism

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Indicator of TU02 Tourist overnight stays YIR01TO10 driving forces Tourism intensity (Number Indicator of TU03 of beds and utilization rate of YIR01TO10 driving forces this capacity) Number of tourists (visitors) Indicator of TU04 - in National Parks driving forces

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1.2. Aim of the report

The main purpose of this report is to assess the state of the environment, to assess the trends of the state of the environment and environmental pressures based on indicators, as well as to provide relevant and realistic information based on which the development of adequate environmental policies and responses will be promoted, to adverse environmental changes.

The report provides a good basis for orienting developments, planning and strategic investments in sectors that have an impact on the environment such as: industry, energy, transport, agriculture, etc., but also to take appropriate measures and design projects for improving the state of the environment and its components.

No less important is the purpose of informing on the environmental situation in Kosovo, the general public, donors, researchers and other stakeholders.

1.3. General data for the Republic of Kosovo

Table 2: The basic data for Kosovo The surface of the territory 10.908 km2 Total population 1.795.666 residents (Rating ASK 2017) Population density per km2 167 The average age About 25 years old Average life expectancy 76.7 years Declaration of independence February 17, 2008 Political Systems Parliamentary Democracies Status in the EU integration process Potential candidate country Official languages Albanian, Serbian The capital city Prishtina Number of municipalities 38 Number of settlements 1469 coins Euro GDP per capita 3 746 Euro Average monthly salary 170 Euro climate Medium continental Average annual temperature 11 0 Celsius Average annual rainfall 790 mm

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2. Environmental indicators of air

Air is a very important element for human health and in general for the environment around us. The air is constantly under the influence of pollution from many sources. Although air pollution comes mainly from human activities, it can also be affected by natural phenomena.

2.1. Air quality in urban areas

Indicator name Air quality in urban areas Indicator code A01 Indicator type ac- State indicator cording to DPSIR Description of the With this indicator is introduced: indicator • Number of days with exceeding of Limit Values

(LV) during the year for SO2, NO2, PM10 and Ozone in urban areas; • % of population exposed to LV according to air quality areas and • Number of exceedances for pollutants at monitoring stations. Methodology for The indicator is calculated based on the results of determining the the annual air quality monitoring program - aver- indicator age values for one hour and 24-hours for SO2; NO2 and PM10 as well as maximum ozone concentrations for 8 hours. Units • Part of the urban population, which is exposed to pollutants, expressed in%; • Concentrations of pollutants are expressed in µg /m3. Data source Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency - Kosovo Hydro meteorological Institute Dynamics of data On an annual basis until March 31 of the following collection year, for the previous year.

The concentration of SO2, NO2 and Ozone in any monitoring station is not exceeded by the Allowed Values (VL), therefore this indicator for the mentioned parameters will not be taken into account within this methodology. PM10 had

19 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Limit Values exceedances during 2015-2019 (VL = 40 µg / m3 and 35 days allowed with exceedances) (figure 2). The figure shows the large number of days when PM10 is above Limit Values. Especially the years 2015 and 2018 are characterized by a larger number of days with exceedances. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report The number of days with PM10 exceedances 2015-2019 The number of days with PM10 exceedances 2015-2019 180 160180 140160 120140 2015 100 120 20162015 10080 6080 20172016 40 60 2017 2040 2018 0 20 20192018 0 2019

Fig 2:Fig Number 2: Number of of days days with PM10 PM10 exceedances exceedances at monitoring at monitoring stations stations 2015-2017 2015- Fig 2: Number of days with PM10 exceedances2017 at monitoring stations 2015-2017 Figure 3, presents the trend of the total number of days with exceedances of PM10 for Figureall metering 3, 3, presents presents stations the thefor trend thetrend of period the of total 2015the number total-2019. number ofAs days can with beof seen days exceedances from with the exceedances figureof PM10 2015 for ofalland meteringPM10 2018, forhave stations all the metering largest for the total periodstations number 2015 for -of 2019.the days period As with can exceedances, 2015-2019.be seen from 511As the can respectively figure be 2015seen fromand847 .2018, the havefigure the 2015largest and total 2018, number have of thedays largest with exceedances, total number 511 ofrespectively days with exceedances,847 . 511 respectively 847. 900 847 800900 847 700800 600700 535 500600 511 535 400500 511 349 300400 266 349 300 200 266 100200 1000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Fig. 3: The trend of the total number of days with exceedances of PM10, 2015-2019 Fig. Fig.3: The 3: The trend trend of the totaltotal number number of daysof days with exceedanceswith exceedances of PM10, of 2015 PM10,-2019 2015- The trend of PM10 concentrations as an2019 annual average for the period 2012-2019 is Thepresented trend ofin PM10Figure concentrations 4. As can be seen as an from annual the averagefigure throughout for the period the period2012-2019 2013 is- presented2019 there in were Figure increased 4. As can annual be seen values from of thethe average figure throughout concentration the ofperiod PM10 2013 in all- 2019stations,20 there with were a concentration increased annual most values pronounced of the averageaverage concentrationin 2015 and 2018. of PM10 in all stations,This indicator with a is concentration an indicator thatmost guides pronounced decision average makers in 2015at central and 2018.and local level Thisthat measuresindicator shouldis an indicator be taken that to reduce guides pollution decision frommakers various at central sources. and. local level that measures should be taken to reduce pollution from various sources.. 16 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 16 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

The trend of PM10 concentrations as an annual average for the period 2012- 2019 is presented in Figure 4. As can be seen from the figure throughout the period 2013-2019 there were increased annual values of the average concentration of PM10 in all stations, with a concentration most pronounced average in 2015 and 2018. This indicator is an indicator that guides decision makers at central and local level that measuresKosovo should Environment be taken 2020 to- Environmental reduce pollution Indicators Reportfrom various sources.. This means means identifying identifying sources sources of air of pollution air pollution and drafting and drafting Environmental Environmental Action ActionPlans to Plansreduce to air reduce pollution. air .pollution..

Average annual concentration of PM10 (µg/m3) 2013-2019 80 70 60

3 50 40

µg/m 30 20 10 0

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Fig.Fig. 4:4: TrendTrend of of PM10 PM10 concentrations concentrations (µg / m3)(µg as/ m3) annual as average annual for average the period for 2012 the -period2019 2012-2019 Percentage (%) of urban population exposed to VL by air quality areas based on data fromPercentage the 2011 (%) census of urban is presented population in the exposed table 3. to VL by air quality areas based on data from the 2011 census is presented in the table 3. Table 3: Urban population exposed to air pollution in Kosovo 2011 The total number of The number of % of Table 3: Urban populationpopulation exposedpopulation to air pollution in urban in Kosovopopulation in areas urban areas The2011 total resident The1739825 total number 661,586The number of popu- 38% of pop- population of Kosovo of population lation in urban areas ulation in Agglomeration Prishtina urban areas ThePrishtina total resident 1739825198,897 164,296661,586 82.638 populationObiliqi of Kosovo 21,549 6,864 31.9 Fushë Kosova 34,827Agglomeration 18,515Prishtina 53.2 PrishtinaTotal of Agglomeration 198,897255,273 189,675164,296 74.382.6 Agglomeration: The rest parts of Kosovo Obiliqi (urban 21,549areas where air quality monitoring6,864 is performed) 31.9 FushëDrenasi Kosova 34,82758,531 6,14318,515 10.553.2 TotalGjilani of Agglomer- 255,27390,178 54,239189,675 60.174.3 ationMitrovica 84235 58,458 69.4 Peja 96,450 48,962 50.8 Prizreni 1 77,781 94,517 53.2 Hani i Elezit 9 ,403 2 ,533 26.9 21 Total of Agglomeration 516,578 264,852 51.3

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Agglomeration: The rest parts of Kosovo (urban areas where air quality monitoring is performed) Drenasi 58,531 6,143 10.5 Gjilani 90,178 54,239 60.1 Mitrovica 84235 58,458 69.4 Peja 96,450 48,962 50.8 Prizreni 1 77,781 94,517 53.2 Hani i Elezit 9 ,403 2 ,533 26.9 Total of Agglomer- 516,578 264,852 51.3 ation

According to Administrative Instruction 02/2011 on Air Quality Norms (Annex X, Point 1) is provided the Average Exposure Index (AEI) for PM2.5, which is expressed in µg / m3 and represents the average value of PM2.5 for 3 years ago. This report takes into account the values of PM2.5 for the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. This indicator serves to examine the intended fulfillment of exposure reduction at the national level for all monitoring points where there have been systematic measurements for the mentioned years. The indicator includes average exposure in urban areas for both monitoring areas and agglomerations.

The Limit of Maximal Values for PM2.5 is 20 µg / m3, as a mandatory concentration standard for the Average Exposure Index for the previous 3 years and, which entered into force in January 2015 (Directive 2008/50 EC). This standard sets the target of reducing the national exposure 0-20%, which must be met by 2020. Figure 5 shows that in 2017 and 2018 for the monitored urban part was exceeded the standard of 20 µg / m3 of AEI, while in 2019 this standard was significantly exceeded. As a result, the AEI at the national level is higher than the standard as a target of 20 /g /m3.

22 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report According to Administrative Instruction 02/2011 on Air Quality Norms (Annex X, Point 1) is provided the Average Exposure Index (AEI) for PM2.5, which is expressed in µg / m3 and represents the average value of PM2.5 for 3 years ago. This report takes into account the values of PM2.5 for the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. This indicator serves to examine the intended fulfillment of exposure reduction at the national level for all monitoring points where there have been systematic measurements for the mentioned years. The indicator includes average exposure in urban areas for both monitoring areas and agglomerations.

The Limit of Maximal Values for PM2.5 is 20 µg / m3, as a mandatory concentration standard for the Average Exposure Index for the previous 3 years and, which entered into force in January 2015 (Directive 2008/50 EC). This standard sets the target of reducing the national exposure 0-20%, which must be met by 2020. Figure 5 shows that in 2017 and 2018 for the monitored urban part was exceeded the standard of 20 µg / m3 of AEI, while in 2019 this standard was significantly exceeded. As a result, the AEI at the nationalKosovo level Environment is higher 2020 than Report the standard of environmental as a target indicators of 20 /g /m3.

Average Exposure Indicator-TEM (µg/m3 ) at the national level

20 3 15 µg/m 10

0 2017 2018 2019 TEM

TEM ne nivel nacional VK, µg/m3

Fig. 5. Average Exposure Index for urban areas 2017-2019 Fig. 5. Average Exposure Index for urban areas 2017-2019

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23 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

2.2. Emissions of acidifying substances

Indicator name Emissions of acidifying substances Indicator code A02 Indicator type according Pressure indicator to DPSIR Description of the indi- This indicator presents the trend of anthropo- cator genic emissions as emissions of acidifying substances such as NOx, and sulfur oxides (SOx expressed as SO2) from 1990 by the sectors that are included in the Inventory of pollutant emissions.

Methodology for deter- The emitted quantities of acidifying gases are mining the indicator calculated by multiplying the values of the emitted quantities for each pollutant by the corresponding potential of the acidifying factor: E = Ei * ki, where:: • E-total amount of acidifying gas emitted. • i-pollutants (NOx and SO2). • Ei-amount of pollutants emitted. • ki-factor of acidification potential. Units • The amount of acidifying gases emitted is expressed in kilotons (1000 tons or kt) • the amount of acidifying gases emitted is expressed through the index based on 1990 (1990 = 100) • the contribution of each sector is expressed in%, • The total and annual emission change for each acidifying gas is expressed as a percentage (%) Data source Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Dynamics of data col- On an annual basis lection

24 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

The data for the production of this indicator are used from the reporting made by the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency in the framework of participation in the work program of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Network for Environmental Monitoring and Observation (EIONET). The reported data include the assessment of air emissions for NOx and SOx parameters, within the Report on the Convention on Long- Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and are based on emission calculations based on the guide. of the European Environment Agency (EMEP / EEA air pollutant emission inventory Guidebook) based on data from the Energy Balance. As can be seen from Figure 6, emissions of acidifying substances are in a continuous trend that is not manifested by significant increases or decreases in emissions. The average annual SOx emissions are between 90-110 kilotons, while the average annual NOx emissions are around 20 kilotons. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Emissions of acidic substances (kilotons) in Kosovo 2010-2018 140

120

100

kiloton 60

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Nox (si NO2) SOx (si SO2)

Fig.6:Fig. 6:Emissions Emissions ofof acidic acidic substances substances 2010 2010-2018-2018

2.3. Emissions of precursors of ozone

Indicator name Emissions of precursors of ozone Indicator code A03 Indicator type according to Pressure indicator DPSIR Description of the This indicator presents the trend of anthropogenic indicator emissions of terrestrial ozone precursors: NOx, CO, Methane-CH4 and volatile organic non-methane compounds (NMVOC) from 1990 (or national reference year) according to the sectors included in the Pollutants Inventory. Gaseous emissions are expressed through the estimated potential values for ground-level ozone generation through NMVOC equivalent emissions.

Methodology for The total quantity for each emitted precursor is determining the indicator calculated by multiplying the emitted values of the quantity of each gas by the corresponding potential25 factor: E = Ei * ki, where: • E-total amount of acidifying gas emitted. • i-pollutants (NOx and SO2). • Ei-amount of pollutants emitted. • ki-factor of acidification potential.

Units Tons or kt (1000 tons). Data source Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Dynamics of data On an annual basis . collection

20 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

2.3. Emissions of precursors of ozone

Indicator name Emissions of precursors of ozone Indicator code A03 Indicator type accord- Pressure indicator ing to DPSIR Description of the This indicator presents the trend of anthropo- indicator genic emissions of terrestrial ozone precursors: NOx, CO, Methane-CH4 and volatile organic non-methane compounds (NMVOC) from 1990 (or national reference year) according to the sectors included in the Pollutants Inventory. Gaseous emissions are expressed through the estimated potential values for ground-level ozone generation through NMVOC equivalent emissions. Methodology for deter- The total quantity for each emitted precursor is mining the indicator calculated by multiplying the emitted values of the quantity of each gas by the corresponding potential factor: E = Ei * ki, where: • E-total amount of acidifying gas emitted. • i-pollutants (NOx and SO2). • Ei-amount of pollutants emitted. • ki-factor of acidification potential. Units Tons or kt (1000 tons). Data source Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Dynamics of data col- On an annual basis . lection

Also, the data for the production of this indicator have been used from the reporting carried out by KEPA in the framework of participation in the work program of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Network for Environmental Monitoring and Observation (EIONET). The reported data include the assessment of air emissions for the parameters NOx, NMVOC, CO in the framework of the Report on the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and are based on emission calculations based on the guide of the European Environment Agency (EMEP / EEA air pollutant emission inventory Guidebook) based on data from the Energy Balance. Emissions of ozone depleting substances are

26 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Also, the data for the production of this indicator have been used from the reporting carried out by KEPA in the framework of participation in the work program of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Network for Environmental Monitoring and Observation (EIONET). The reported data include the assessment of air emissions for the parameters NOx, NMVOC, CO in the framework of the Report on the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and are based on emission calculations based on the guide of the European Environment Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators (EMEP / EEA air pollutant emission inventory Guidebook) based on data from the Energy Balance. Emissions of ozone depleting substances are in a continuous trend in termsin a continuous of NOx and trend NMVOC in (Nonterms-Methane of NOx Volatile and NMVOC Organic (Non-MethaneCompound), while Volatile in an upwardOrganic trend Compound), for CO. The while minimum in an annualupward NMVOC trend foremissions CO. The are aboutminimum 5 kilotons, annual whileNMVOC the maximum emissions annual are about emissions 5 kilotons, are about while 9 thekilotons. maximum As for annualCO, the emissionsminimum annualare about emissions 9 kilotons. are about As for 46 CO, kilotons, the minimumwhile the maximum annual emissions emissions are about 64 46 kilotonskilotons,. while the maximum emissions are about 64 kilotons.

Emissions of ozone precursors in Kosovo 2010-2018 70

30 Kiloton

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

NOx (si NO2) NMVOC CO

Fig.Fig. 7: Ozone7: Ozone precursor precursor emissions emissions 2010 2010-2018-2018

Methane (CH4) (CH4) emissions emissions also also show show a trend a trend with increasingwith increasing trends trendsespecially especially during theduring last thethree last years. three The years. minimum The minimum of annual ofemissions annual emissions of CH4 is ofabout CH4 0.46 is about Gg (Gigagram),0.46 Gg (Gigagram), while the maximum while the of annualmaximum emissions of annual is about emissions 0.64 Gg. (figureis about 8). 0.64 Gg. (figure 8). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

CH4 emissions (Gg) 0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40 Gg 0.30 21 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 0.20

0.10

0.00 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Fig.F ig.8: 8:Methane Methane emissions emissions (CH(CH4) 2010) 2010-2018-2018 4 2.4. Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors

Indicator name Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate27 matter precursors Indicator code A04 Indicator type according State indicator to DPSIR Description of the This indicator shows:: indicator • Trend of separate emissions of suspended primary particles smaller than 2.5 (m (PM2.5) and those less than 10 (m (PM10) from 1990 (or national reference

year).

• The total emissions for each parameter that are expressed by estimating the values of the suspended particle formation potential. Methodology for The total amount of suspended primary particle emissions determining the indicator is calculated by multiplying the emission values for each gas by the corresponding potential factor: E = Ei * ki, where: • E-total amount of suspended particles emitted • i-pollutants (PM 2.5, PM10). • Ei-total amount of pollutants emitted • ki -factor of potential Units • The emitted amount of primary particles suspended in the air is expressed in kilotons (1000 tons or kt). • The contribution of each sector is expressed in%. • The total and annual change of emissions for each parameter is expressed as a percentage (%). Data source Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Dynamics of data On an annual basis . collection 22 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

2.4. Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors

Indicator name Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors Indicator code A04 Indicator type accord- State indicator ing to DPSIR Description of the This indicator shows:: indicator • Trend of separate emissions of suspended primary particles smaller than 2.5 (m (PM2.5) and those less than 10 (m (PM10) from 1990 (or national reference year). • The total emissions for each parameter that are expressed by estimating the values of the suspended particle formation potential. Methodology for de- The total amount of suspended primary particle termining the indica- emissions is calculated by multiplying the emis- tor sion values for each gas by the corresponding potential factor: E = Ei * ki, where: • E-total amount of suspended particles emitted • i-pollutants (PM 2.5, PM10). • Ei-total amount of pollutants emitted • ki -factor of potential Units • The emitted amount of primary particles suspended in the air is expressed in kilotons (1000 tons or kt). • The contribution of each sector is expressed in%. • The total and annual change of emissions for each parameter is expressed as a percentage (%). Data source Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Dynamics of data col- On an annual basis . lection

28 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Also, the data for this indicator are derived from the data within the Report Also, the data for this indicator are derived from the data within the Report on the on the Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and are based Conventionon emission on calculations Transboundary based Air on Pollution the guideline (CLRTAP) of the and European are based Environment on emission calculationsAgency (EMEP based / EEA)on the taking guideline into of account the European database Environment from the EnergyAgency Balance.(EMEP / EEA)Reported taking data into accountinclude databaseair emission from the estimation Energy Balance. for PM10 Reported Dust data Particles include airparameters, emission estimation PM2.5 Dust for PM10 Particles Dust Particlesand TPS parameters, (Total Suspended PM2.5 Dust Particles). Particles and As TPSseen (Total from SuspendedFigure 9 SuspendedParticles). As primary seen from particle Figure emissions9 Suspended into primary the air particle show emissionsupward trend. into the The air showminimum upward annual trend. emissions The minimum of PM10 annual are emissionsabout 8.8 ofkilotons, PM10 arewhile about the 8.8 maximum kilotons, whileannual the emissions maximum areannual about emissions 12.6 kilotons. are about As 12.6 for kilotons. PM2.5, Asthe for minimum PM2.5, the of annualminimum emissions of annual is emissionsabout 8.3 iskilotons, about 8.3 while kilotons, the maximum while the maximumof annual of emissions annual emissions is about is about12 kilotons. 12 kilotons. The The total total emitted emitted particles rangerange between 9.49.4 and and 13.5 13.5 kilotons kilotons per per year year..

Particle emission trend PM2.5, PM10 dhe TSP 2010-2018 16 14 12 10 8 kiloton 6 4 2 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Fig. 9:Fig Emissions. 9: Emissions of PM2.5,of PM2.5, PM10 PM10 and and TSP TSP (kiloton) (kiloton) 2010 2010-2018-2018

23 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 29 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

3. Environmental indicators of climate change

Climate change today undoubtedly poses one of humanity’s major global challenges in protecting the environment. In order to mitigate and adapt to these changes, action has been taken at the global level and agreements have been reached. Following these are the Rio Declaration (1992) with obligations to implement the concept of sustainable development and the Convention on Climate Change with obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol is also a very important step in limiting the emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs - hydrofluorocarbons and SF6 - sulfur hexafluoride. The latest international climate agreement is the Paris agreement reached in 2017.

3.1. Annual air temperature

Indicator name Annual air temperature Indicator code NK 01 Indicator type accord- State indicator ing to DPSIR Description of the This indicator presents the trend of average an- indicator nual temperature as well as minimum and maximum annual air temperatures.

Methodology for This indicator is determined based on the ob- determining the indi- tained data of temperature measurements in rep- cator resentative measuring points for a long period of time (20-30 years).

Units All temperature values are expressed in 0C. Sources of informa- Kosovo Hydro- meteorological Institute . tion Dynamics of data On an annual basis . collection

Data on air temperature in Kosovo that come from the Kosovo Hydro- meteorological Institute and international institutions, show that in Kosovo since 1900 until today there has been movements of average annual temperatures with an increasing trend. Thus the average annual temperature

30 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators for the period 1930-1990 was 8.6 degrees Celsius, for the period 1990-2002 it was 9 degrees Celsius, while for the period 2003-2019, over 10 degrees Celsius (figure 10 and 11). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report 12 12

10 10

8 8

6 Celsius

0 6 Celsius 0 4 4 2 2 0 0 1900-1930 1930-1960 1960-1990 1990-2002 2003-2019 1900-1930 1930-1960 1960-1990 1990-2002 2003-2019 Figure 10: Air temperature 1900-20191 1 FigureFigure 10: 10: Air Air temperaturetemperature 1900 1900-2019-20191 12.5 12.5 12 12 11.5 11.5 11 11 Celsius

0 10.5 Celsius

0 10.5 10 10 9.5 9.5 9 9

2 Figure 11: Air temperature 2001-2019 Figure 11: Air temperature 2001-20192 2 Table 4 presents the dataFigure on minimum11: Air temperature and maximum 2001-2019 temperatures in Kosovo for 3 monitoringTable 4 presents stations the as data well on as minimum the average and maximum maximum and temperatures minimum temperaturein Kosovo for at 3 theTablemonitoring national 4 presents stationslevel forthe asthe data well period on as minimumthe 2009 average-2019. and maximumAs maximumcan be seenand temperaturesminimumfrom the table temperature, in Kosovo at thereforthe national3 aremonitoring small level regional for stations the changesperiod as 2009 wellin air- 2019.as temperature the As average can be and seen maximum there from is thealso andtable a tendency minimum, in Kosovo to changetemperaturethere are the small temperature at regional the national fromchanges year level in to air yearfor temperature thewith period an increasing and 2009-2019. there tendency is also As. a can tendency be seen to change the temperature from year to year with an increasing tendency. 1 Temperature data 1900-2000 from the World Bank (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo). Data for 2001-2019 from HMIK 2 Temperature data 2001-2019 nga IHMK (http://ihmk-rks.net/uplds/docs/Meteorologji_Vler- at_mesatare_mujore_2001-2019_(1).pdf)

1 Temperature data 1900-2000 from the World Bank (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo).Data for 31 12001Temperature-2019 from data HMIK 1900-2000 from the World Bank (www.worldbank.org/country/kosovo).Data for 2 2001Temperature-2019 from data HMIK 2001-2019 nga IHMK (http://ihmk- rks.net/uplds/docs/Meteorologji_Vlerat_mesatare_mujore_20012 Temperature data 2001-2019 nga IHMK (http://ihmk- -2019_(1).pdf) rks.net/uplds/docs/Meteorologji_Vlerat_mesatare_mujore_2001-2019_(1).pdf) 25 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 25 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators from the table, in Kosovo there are small regional changes in air temperature and there is also a tendency to change the temperature from year to year with an increasing tendency.

Table 4: Minimum and maximum annual temperature of air temperature (0Celsius s) in Kosovo according to measuring stations (2009-2019)3 Locations Prishtinë Pejë Ferizaj Kosovë Max. Mini. Max. Mini. Max. Mini. Max. Mini. 2009 17 6 16 7.5 16.5 5.8 16.5 6.5 2010 17.4 6.9 17.2 6.4 16.3 5.7 16.9 6.3 2011 16.9 5 15.1 5 16.2 4.5 16 4.8 2012 17.6 5.7 17.4 6.8 18.6 6 17.9 6.2 2013 17.6 6.3 17.2 8.6 16.7 5.7 17.2 6.9 2014 17.5 6.9 17.3 6.9 16.7 6.3 17.2 6.7 2015 17.9 6.5 16.6 7.6 16.9 5.4 17.1 6.6 2016 17.3 6.2 16.9 6.3 16.9 5.3 17.1 5.9 2017 18.2 5.7 17.1 8.1 16.6 5.2 17.3 6.3 2018 18.4 6.4 17.4 7.8 17.1 6.0 17.6 6.7 2019 18.8 6.3 17.5 6.8 17.8 5.6 18 6.2

3.2. Annual percipitation

Indicator name Annual percipitation Indicator code NK 02 Indicator type accord- State indicator ing to DPSIR Description of the This indicator shows the amount of precipita- indicator tion in the representative stations, but which does not include the total amount of precipitation in the country.

Methodology for de- This indicator is determined on the basis of data termining the indica- obtained from precipitation measurements at tor representative stations .

3 Data from KHMI based on measurements of meteorological stations in Prishtina, Ferizaj and Peja

32 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Units Annual rainfall expressed in mm (l/m2). Sources of information Kosovo Hydro-meteorological Institute . Dynamics of data On an annual basis . collection

Climate change can affect in the intensity and frequency of rainfall. For this purpose the Annual rainfall of a country is an important monitoring indicator. Data on the annual rainfall in Kosovo are obtained from the Kosovo Hydro- meteorological Institute and international institutions. These data show that in Kosovo from 1930 until today there has been a change in the amount of rainfall with a tendency to reduce the amount of rainfall. Thus the average annual rainfall temperature for the period 1930-1990 was 820 mm, while for the period 2001-2019,Kosovo Environmentit was 674 2020 mm - Environmental (figure 12 Indicators and 13). Report

900 800 700 600 500 400

Reshjet mm Reshjet 300 200 100 0 1930-1960 1960-1990 1990-2000 2001-2019

4 Figure 12: Percipitation 1930-2019 4 Figure 12: Percipitation 1930-2019 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 Reshjet mm Reshjet 300 200 100 4 Precipitation data 1930-2000 from the World Bank (www.worldbank.org). Data 2001-2019 from KHMI 0

33 Figure 13: Annual percipitation 2001-2019

Figure 14 presents data on the annual rainfalls in Kosovo for 3 representative monitoring stations and the average annual rainfalls at the national level for the period 2002-2019. As can be seen from the table in Kosovo there are small regional variations of annual rainfalls and there are also oscillations in the total amount of rainfall from year to year.

4 Precipitation data 1930-2000 from the World Bank (www.worldbank.org). Data 2001-2019 from KHMI 27 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

900 800 700 600 500 400

Reshjet mm Reshjet 300 200 100 0 Kosovo Environment1930-1960 2020 Report of environmental1960-1990 indicators1990-2000 2001-2019

Figure 12: Percipitation 1930-20194

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 Reshjet mm Reshjet 300 200 100 0

Figure 13: Annual percipitation 2001-2019 Figure 13: Annual percipitation 2001-2019 Figure 14 presents data on the annual rainfalls in Kosovo for 3 representative monitoringFigure 14 presents stations dataand theon theaverage annual annual rainfalls rainfall ins Kosovo at the national for 3 representative level for the periodmonitoring 2002- 2019.stations As canand be the seen average from theannual table rainfalls in Kosovo at there the nationalare small levelregional for variationsthe period of 2002-2019. annual rainfall As cans and be there seen arefrom also the oscillations table in Kosovo in the totalthere amount are small of rainfallregional from variations year to yearof annual. rainfalls and there are also oscillations in the total amount of rainfall from year to year. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Amount of precipitation (mm) according to measuring stations 2002-2019 3000

2500

4 Precipitation2000 data 1930-2000 from the World Bank (www.worldbank.org). Data 2001-2019 from KHMI 27 1500 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency

Reshjet mm 1000

500

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Prishtine Peje Ferizaj

Figure 14: Precipitation (mm) according to measuring stations Figure 14: Precipitation (mm) according to measuring stations

3.3. Use of depleting ozone substances

Indicator name Use of depleting ozone leyer substances

Indicator code NK03 Indicator type according Pressure indicator to DPSIR Description34 of the This indicator shows the total amount of substances indicator consumed based on chlorine, fluorine and bromine, which damage the ozone layer.

Methodology for This indicator is determined on the basis of national data determining the indicator on substances that deplete the ozone layer, ie. differences between imports and exports of quantities of these substances. Consumption of some types of substances is multiplied by the corresponding ozone depletion factor (ODP). Units This indicator is expressed in metric tons of the trichlorofluoromethane equivalent - CFC-11 (mT eq CFC 11). Data sources Data on the export and import of products that damage the ozone layer by Kosovo Customs. Calculations by the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency - Greenhouse gas inventory. Dynamics of data On an annual basis . collection

It has been found that ozone layer (O3) damage is an environmental problem that arises due to human activities that release pollutants into the atmosphere that damage and alter this coverage. In the first place here is thought about the use of substances that damage the ozone layer. 28 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

3.3. Use of depleting ozone substances

Indicator name Use of depleting ozone leyer substances

Indicator code NK03 Indicator type according to Pressure indicator DPSIR Description of the indicator This indicator shows the total amount of substances consumed based on chlorine, fluorine and bromine, which damage the ozone layer. Methodology for determining This indicator is determined on the basis the indicator of national data on substances that deplete the ozone layer, ie. differences between imports and exports of quantities of these substances. Consumption of some types of substances is multiplied by the corresponding ozone depletion factor (ODP). Units This indicator is expressed in metric tons of the trichlorofluoromethane equivalent - CFC-11 (mT eq CFC 11). Data sources Data on the export and import of products that damage the ozone layer by Kosovo Customs. Calculations by the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency - Greenhouse gas inventory. Dynamics of data collection On an annual basis .

In the absence of direct data on the use (consumption) of substances that impair ozone depletion, annual data on the import of ozone depleting substances in Kosovo have been used. Taking into account the fact that in Kosovo there are

35 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

InKosovo the absence Environment of direct 2020 Report data onof environmental the use (consumption) indicators of substances that impair ozone depletion, annual data on the import of ozone depleting substances in Kosovo have been used. Taking into account the fact that in Kosovo there are no producers of theseno producers substances of and these estimating substances that and the estimatingimported quantity that the represents imported thequantity annual amountrepresents of use the of annualthese substances, amount of these use ofdata these are usedsubstances, as indicators these todata see are the used trend ofas use indicators of these substances.to see the trend As presented of use of in these Table substances. 5 and Figure As 15, presented the total amountin Table of ozone depleting substances imported during the period 2008-2016, has differences from5 and year Figure to year, 15, with the 2008 total with amount the largest of ozone amount depleting of imported substances substances imported and in 2012during with the the periodamount 2008-2016, smallest of imported has differences substances. from In terms year ofto quantity year, with imported 2008 bywith type, the the largest largest amount quantity of belongs imported to ozone substances depleting and substances in 2012 with such the as lubricantsamount andsmallest paraffin of. imported substances. In terms of quantity imported by type, the largest quantity belongs to ozone depleting substances such as lubricants and paraffin.Table 5: Import of ozone depleting substances by type (ton) 2008-20165 Type of 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total imported ozone Table 5: Import of ozone depleting substances by type (ton) 2008-20165 depleting Type of imported 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total substanceozone depleting 4397.9 2079.1 1625.3 769.4 720.8 1546. 1591.8 1608 1816 Lubrifikantsubstance 1615 3 5 Lubrifikant 4397.9 2079.1 1625.3 769.4 720.8 1546.3 1591.8 1608 1816 16155 Paraffin 272.1 419 213.4 451.2 172.3 142.8 158.7 167.8 179.1 2177 SolventParaffin 101.9272.1 139419 101.9213.4 146451.2 172.3126.1 142.8176.5 158.7160 167.8180 179.1190 2177 1321 Air conditioningSolvent 21.97101.9 23.5139 25.2101.9 26.8146 126.128.59 176.522.8 16023.4 180 23.8190 24.6 1321 221 coolersAir conditioning 21.97 23.5 25.2 26.8 28.59 22.8 23.4 23.8 24.6 221 Aerosolcoolers HFC- 6.5 7 7.3 8.5 8.8 9 9.2 8.5 6.5 71 152a Aerosol HFC- 6.5 7 7.3 8.5 8.8 9 9.2 8.5 6.5 71 (CH3CHF2)152a (CH3CHF2) Use ofUse N2O of N2Oin in 7.11157.1115 10.31310.313 12.0912.09 12.6 13.913.9 15.415.4 15 15 15.215.215.5 15.5 117 117 medicinemedicine TotalTotal 48074807 26782678 19851985 1415 1071 19131913 19581958 200320032232 2232

6000

5000

4000

3000 ton

2000

1000

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

FigureFigure 15: 15: Total Total quantity quantity (tons) (tons) of of imported imported ozone ozone depleting depleting substances substances 2008-2016 2008-

2016

5 Kosovo Customs 29 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 5 Kosovo Customs

36 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

3.4. The trend of greenhouse gas emissions

Indicator name The trend of greenhouse gas emissions Indicator code NK 04 Indicator type accord- Pressure indicator ing to DPSIR Description of the This indicator presents the general anthropogenic indicator emissions and the trend of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases included in the Montreal Protocol and substances that deplete the ozone layer are not included in this indicator. Methodology for deter- The indicator is determined based on the green- mining the indicator house gas inventory by calculating: • Intensity of production of CO2 emissions (eq) per number of inhabitants; • Production intensity of CO2 emissions (eq) per unit of GDP. • The intensity of CO2 production (eq) per capita is calculated by dividing the total quantities of CO2 (eq) by the number of inhabitants for the year under review. • The production intensity of CO2 emissions (eq) per unit of GDP is calculated by dividing the total emissions by GDP. Units • Emissions are expressed in millions of tons of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2-eq) each year. • Global Warming Potential (GWP) expresses the impact of each gas as CO2 equivalent (GWP CO2 = 1). • Production intensity of emissions per capita expressed in tons per capita for the year under review. • Production intensity of emissions per unit of GDP expressed in kg / 1000 EUR. • GDP expressed in permanent prices, in millions of EUR. Sources of information Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Dynamics of data col- Annually, until March 31 of the following year, lection for the previous year

37 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

The increase of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, produces an effect on climateKosovo Environment change, respectively 2020 - Environmental on its Indicators heating. Report It is estimated that globally from 1990 until today, the effect of total heating from greenhouse Emissionsgases emanating depend largely from anthropogenicon energy demand activities and thehas activitiesincreased ofto theabout energy 40%. sector,In whichKosovo, is the totalmain greenhouse emissions sector gas emissions at the national vary between level (figures 9489 Gg 16 CO2 and eq. 17 ).(2008) and 10164 Gg CO2Kosovo eq Environment (2016). Emissions2020 - Environmental depend Indicators largely Report on energy demand andEmissions the activities depend oflargelyTotal the emissions energy on energy sector, of demandGHG which (Gg andCO2 is theeq.) activitiesmain 2008 -emissions2018 of the energy sector sector, at the nationalwhich is the level main (figures emissions 16 andsector 17). at the national level (figures 16 and 17). 10500

Total emissions of GHG (Gg CO2 eq.) 2008-2018 1000010500 Gg 10000 9500 Gg

9500 9000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

9000 Gg CO2 eq 6 Figure 16:2008 Trend2009 of total2010 GHG2011 emissions2012 in2013 Kosovo2014 20082015-20182016 ( 2017 2018.)

6 Figure 16: Trend of total GHG emissions in Kosovo 2008-2018 ( Gg CO2 eq.) 6 Figure 16: Trend of total GHG emissions in Kosovo 2008-2018 ( Gg CO2 eq.)

GHG emissions by categories (%) GHG emissions by categories (%)

6% 5% 6% 5% 2%2%

87%87%

Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste Figure 17: GHG emissions in Kosovo by categories (%) FigureFigure 17: 17: GHG GHG emissions inin Kosovo Kosovo by by categories categories (%) (%) Compared to other countries in Europe, Kosovo has lower emissions (5 tons of CO2 Comparedequivalent) to other per capita, countries than inthe Europe, European Kosovo Union hasaverage, lower but emissions has higher (5 emissions tons of CO2 Comparedthan some of to the other countries countries in the in region. Europe, As forKosovo CO2 emissions has lower per emissions unit of GDP (5 tons (Gross of equivalent) per capita, than the European Union average, but has higher emissions CO2Domestic equivalent) Product), per Kosovo capita, with than 0.5 the kg European of CO2 Unionhas higher average, emissions but has than higher the than6European some of GHG theUnion broadcast countries average inventory, andin the higher KEPA region. than As other for countriesCO2 emissions in the region per unit except of GDP Bosnia (Gross Domesticand Herzegovina Product), (figure Kosovo 18 andwith 19). 0.5 kg of CO2 has higher emissions than the European38 Union average and higher than other countries in the region except Bosnia and 6Herzegovina GHG broadcast (figureinventory, 18 KEPA and 19). 31 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 6 GHG broadcast inventory, KEPA 31 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators emissions than some of the countries in the region. As for CO2 emissions per unit of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), Kosovo with 0.5 kg of CO2 has higher emissions than the European Union average and higher than other countries in the region exceptKosovo Bosnia Environment and Herzegovina2020 - Environmental (figure Indicators 18 Reportand 19).

Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report CO2 emissions per tonne / capita 18 CO2 emissions per tonne / capita 16 18 14 15.5 15.5 15.1 16 12 14 15.5 15.5 15.1 10 12 8 10 8.8 6 8 7.2 8.8 6.5 6.4 6.52 4 5.8 5.9 6 7.2 4.6 5 4.7 4.4 6.5 6.4 6.52 2 5.8 3.2 3.4 5.9 4 5 2.18 1.96 4.6 4.4 1.57 4.7 02 3.2 3.4 2.18 1.96 1.57 0

FigureFigure 18: 18: CO2 CO2 emissions emissions (tonne (tonne eq.) Per eq.) capita Per in capita Kosovo incompared Kosovo to compared some countries to some in the Figure 18: CO2 emissionsregion, (ton Europe,ne eq.) EU Per and capita countries in Kosovo around compared the world to 7some countries in the 7 7 countries in theregion, region, Europe, Europe, EU and EU countries and countries around the around world the world

CO2 emissions (kg / 1000 $ / GDP) CO2 emissions (kg / 1000 $ / GDP) 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.51 0.51 0.50.5 0.50.5 0.40.4 0.40.4 0.370.37 0.380.38 0.380.38 0.30.3 0.30.3 0.290.29 0.20.2 0.21 0.21 0.20.2 0.20.2 0.20.2 0.20.2 0.170.17 0.1 0.150.15 0.1 0.130.13 0.110.11 0.110.11 0 0

Figure 19: CO2 emissions (kg / 1000 $ / GDP) in Kosovo compared to some countries FigureFigure 19: CO2 19: CO2 emissionsin emissionsthe region, (kg (kg Europe, / / 1000 1000 EU $ and// GDP)GDP) some in inKosovocountries Kosovo compared of comparedthe world to some 8 to countries some 8 countries in thein the region, region, Europe, Europe, EU and and some some countries countries of the of world the world 8 7 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 7 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 8 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD 78 SSourceource:: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PChttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD 8 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD 32 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 39 32 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

3.5. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions

Indicator name Projections of greenhouse gas emissions

Indicator code NK 05 Indicator type accord- Pressure indicator ing to DPSIR Description of the This indicator presents the projection trends of indicator direct and indirect anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Gases, which are included in the Montreal Protocol and represent substances that damage the ozone layer, are not treated in this indicator.

Methodology for de- Greenhouse gas emission scenarios are deter- termining the indica- mined based on approved international meth- tor odologies such as CORINAIR and IPPC, or any other approved international methodology.

Units Greenhouse gas emissions are expressed in million tons of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2-eq) on an annual basis. Sources of information Institution responsible for drafting policies for greenhouse gas emission projections and their reduction. Dynamics of data col- On an annual basis. lection

Kosovo has not yet developed scenarios and projections for greenhouse gas emissions for several reasons: as it is not yet a signatory to the UNFCC Convention and the Montreal Protocol and has not yet set a reference year for greenhouse gas emissions. Also so far there has been no assessment of Greenhouse Gas projections and setting targets (goals) at the national level for their reduction..

40 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

4. Environmental indicators of water

Industrial development, urbanization, and intensive agriculture are just some of the factors influencing water pollution. Despite the ongoing commitment, uncontrolled use of water resources and damage to river beds, it still remains one of the forms of degradation of our water resources. Water pressures are mainly due to the increase in the volume of discharged water without adequate physical, chemical and biological treatment. All this affects the increase of values of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters in water bodies. Other pressures from rainfall are the runoff of agricultural lands and other polluting surfaces, which leads to the growth of suspended matter, inorganic matter (fertilizers-N, P, K, NH4 +, etc.) and organic matter (PCB, Herbicide etc.). Among the greatest pressures on water bodies are the industrial discharges of various activities.

4.1. Nutrients in surface water

Indicator name Nutrients in surface water

Indicator code U01

Indicator type ac- State indicator cording to DPSIR model

Description of the This indicator shows the concentration of ortho- indicator phosphates and nitrates in rivers, total phosphorus and nitrates in lakes and nitrates in groundwater to enable penetration to the degree of eutrophication which causes the rapid increase of algae and higher plants and the formation of changes in undesirable ecosystem balancing as well as water quality itself.

Methodology for This indicator is determined on the basis of annual determining the monitoring data by calculating the average annual indicator value for each measuring point so that regular levels are obtained, and we determine the average for the value of the concentration of nitrates (NO3), total phosphorus and orthophosphate (PO4- P).

41 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit Concentration expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/l). Data source Kosovo Hydro-meteorological Institute Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

Nutrinets are an important indicator of surface water quality because inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus control the growth of aquatic plants. Inorganic nitrogen, which is water soluble, reaches surface waters during the process Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report of runoff from agricultural lands treated with fertilizer, or indirectly through Nutrinetsgroundwater. are anPhosphorus important isindicator also used of insurface the form water of quality fertilizer because that isinorganic dumped nitrogen and phosphorus control the growth of aquatic plants. Inorganic nitrogen, whichon agricultural is water soluble, lands andreaches reaches surface surface waters waters during as thea result process of erosion.of runoff Thesefrom agriculturalnutrients reach lands surface treated waters with as fertilizer, well as from or indirectlysewage discharges through orgroundwater. wastewater Phosphorustreatment plants.. is also used in the form of fertilizer that is dumped on agricultural lands and reaches surface waters as a result of erosion. These nutrients reach surface watersFigure as20 well presents as from the sewage trend discharges of Nitrate or wastewaterNitrogen concentrationtreatment plants. (mg. / l) in

Figuresurface 20 waters presents (rivers) the tren ford theof Nitrate period Nitrogen 2008-2019. concentration The figure (mg / showsl) in surface that the watersnitrogen (rivers) concentration for the period of Nitrates 2008 -during2019. The this figure time showsperiod thatis between the nitrogen 0.658 concentrationmg / l, as the oflowest Nitrates value during recorded this time in 2009,period and is between 1,181 mg 0.658 / l asmg the / l, highestas the lowestvalue recorded value recorded in 2018. in 2009, Year and 2019, 1,181 marks mg / lan as theincrease highest in value concentration recorded in (1,1002018. Yearmg / l),2019, compared marks anto theincrease previous in concentration year 2018 (0.814 (1,100 mg mg / l). / Inl), general,compared the to trend the previous year 2018 (0.814 mg / l). In general, the trend of this indicator for the period 2008of this-2019, indicator is presented for the to period us as linear2008-2019, with some is presented small changes to us with as linearincreasing with trendsome forsmall the changesyears 2008, with 2013 increasing and 2019 trend. for the years 2008, 2013 and 2019.

Nitrogen Nitrates (mg/l)

1.400 1.181 1.162 1.200 1.100

1.000 0.918 0.825 0.803 0.814 0.814 0.708 0.800 0.658 0.673 0.696

mg/l 0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

9 Figure 20: Nitrate nitrogen (mg / l) in surface water (2008-2019) 9 Figure 20: Nitrate nitrogen (mg / l) in surface water (2008-2019) Figure 21 presents the trend of phosphorus orthophosphate concentration (mg / l) in9 surface Data waters source: (rivers) Monitoring for of surfacethe period waters 2008(rivers)-2019. by KHMI The 2008-2019 figure shows that the Phosphorus orthophosphate concentration during this time period is between 0.118 mg / l, as the lowest value recorded in 2013, and 0.265 mg / l as the highest value 42 recorded in 2019. Year 2019, marks an increase in concentration, compared to the previous year 2018 (0.126 mg / l). In general, the trend of this indicator for the period 2008-2019 is presented with oscillations (ups and downs) and there is no linear flow..

9 Data source: Monitoring of surface waters (rivers) by KHMI 2008-2019 35 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Figure 21 presents the trend of phosphorus orthophosphate concentration (mg / l) in surface waters (rivers) for the period 2008-2019. The figure shows that the Phosphorus orthophosphate concentration during this time period is between 0.118 mg / l, as the lowest value recorded in 2013, and 0.265 mg / l as the highest value recorded in 2019. Year 2019, marks an increase in concentration, compared to the previous year 2018 (0.126 mg / l). In general, the trend of this indicator for the period 2008-2019 is presented with oscillations (ups and downs) and there is no linear flow.. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Phosphorus of orthophosphate (mg/l) 0.300 0.265 0.250 0.233 0.234 0.206 0.212 0.184 0.200 0.174 0.175 0.154 0.142 0.150 0.126 mg/l 0.118

0.100

0.050

0.000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

10 Figure 21: Phosphorus of orthophosphate (mg/l) in surface water (2008-2019) 10 Figure 21: Phosphorus of orthophosphate (mg/l) in surface water (2008-2019)

4.2. BiochemicalBiochemical Oxygen Oxygen Demand

Indicator name name BiochemicalBiochemical oxygen oxygen consumption consumption Indicator code U02 Indicator type code StateU02 indicator Indicatoraccording to type DPSIR accord - State indicator model ingDescription to DPSIR of the model This indicator shows the consumption of oxygen in rivers, Descriptionindicator of the whichThis indicatorshows the showssituation the andconsumption the trend inof termsoxygen of in concentration of organic matter (pollution) in the form of indicator biologicalrivers, which oxygen shows consumption the situation and andtotal the ammoniatrend in concentration,terms of concentration where the concentration of organic matter of ammonium (pollution) ion (NH4in the +) form indicates of biological the possibility. oxygen of consumption the activity of and waste to - bacteriatal ammonia which throughconcentration, the sewage where or washing the concentration system reach theof ammonium surface of the ionwater (NH4. +) indicates the possibility. of Methodology for Thisthe activityindicator of is wasteset based bacteria on the which annual through monitori theng datasew - determining the calculated with the average annual value for each measuring indicator pointage or so washing that regular system levels reach are obtained the surface and determines of the water. the average (median) for the values of biological oxygen 10 Data source: Monitoringconsumption, of surface waters chemical (rivers) by KHMIoxygen 2008-2019 consumption and concentration of ammonium ion (NH4+).

Measuring Unit Biological and chemical consumption of oxygen expressed in43 mg / l, while the concentration of ammonium ion is expressed in mg / l. Data source Institution responsible for surface water monitoring (Kosovo Hydro -meteorological Institute) Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

10 Data source: Monitoring of surface waters (rivers) by KHMI 2008-2019 36 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Methodology for This indicator is set based on the annual monitor- determining the ing data calculated with the average annual value for indicator each measuring point so that regular levels are obtained and determines the average (median) for the values of biological oxygen consumption, chemical oxygen consumption and concentration of ammonium ion (NH4+). Measuring Unit Biological and chemical consumption of oxygen expressed in mg / l, while the concentration of ammonium ion is expressed in mg / l. Data source Institution responsible for surface water monitoring (Kosovo Hydro -meteorological Institute) Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

The biological breakdown of organic matter by micro-organisms requires oxygen from water. Based on this indicator SHBO5 is an assessment of biodegradable matter in water. Bacteria use organic matter in water as a food source. During this process the organic material is oxidized to stable and final products such as CO2 and H2O. The amount of O2 needed in this process is called the biochemical expenditure of oxygen and is considered the mass of organic compounds as pollutants.

The trend of concentration for the indicator Biochemical oxygen consumption SHBO5 (mg- / l) in surface waters (rivers) for the period 2008-2019 is presented in Figure 22. From the presented data it can be seen that the concentration of SHBO5 during this time period has been almost a progressive increase over the years 2008-2017, with a significant decline in the last two years. The average concentration values recorded were between 3,934 mg / l, as the lowest value recorded in 2011, and 17,590 mg / l as the highest value recorded in 2017. Year 2019 (14,740 mg / l), marks an increase in concentration, compared to the previous year 2018 (12.425 mg/l).

44 Mjedisi i Kosovës 2020 - Raport i treguesve mjedisorë

Shpërbërja biologjike e materieve organike nga mikro gjallesat kërkon oksigjen nga uji. Nisur nga kjo treguesi SHBO5 është vlerësim i materies biologjikisht të shpërbëshme në ujë. Bakteret e përdorin materialin organik në ujë si burim ushqimi. Gjatë këtij procesi materiali organik oksidohet deri në produkte të qëndrueshme dhe përfundimtare si CO2 dhe H2O. Sasia e O2 të nevojshëm në këtë proces quhet shpenzim biokimik i oksigjenit dhe konsiderohet si masë e përbërësve organikë si ndotës.

Trendi i koncentrimit për treguesin Shpenzimi Biokimik i Oksigjenit SHBO5 (mg-/l) në ujërat sipërfaqësore (lumenj) për periudhën kohore 2008-2019 është prezantuar në figurën 22. Nga të dhënat e prezantuara vërehet se koncentrimi i SHBO5 gjatë kësaj periudhe kohore ka pasur pothuajse një rritje progresive përgjatë viteve 2008-2017, me një rënie të ndjeshme në dy vitet e fundit. Vlerat e koncentrimit mesatar të regjistruara kanë qenë ndërmjet 3.934 mg/l, si vlera më e ulët e regjistruar në vitin 2011, dhe 17.590 mg/l si vlera më e lartë e regjistruar në vitin 2017. Viti 2019 (14.740 mg/l), shënon një ngritje të koncentrimit,Kosovo Environment krahasuar 2020 me Report vitin of paraprak environmental 2018 indicators (12.425 mg/l).

Shpenzimi Biokimik i Oksigjenit SHBO5 (mg/l)

20.000 17.590 18.000 16.000 15.120 14.740 14.000 12.770 12.425 12.000 10.000 mg/l 8.000 7.229 5.693 6.000 4.948 4.351 4.168 3.934 4.469 4.000 2.000 0.000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figura 22: Shpenzimi Biokimik i Oksigjenit SHBO5 (mg/l) në ujërat sipërfaqësore 2008-2019 Figure 22: BOD5 (mg/l) in surface waters 2008-2019

37 Agjencia për Mbrojtjen e Mjedisit të Kosovës

45 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

4.3. Quality Index of surface water

Indicator name Quality Index of surface water Indicator code U03 Indicator type State indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator is based on the calculated method of indicator water quality index according to which ten physic-chemical parameters and microbiological quality are aggregated in the summary of surface water indicators. Methodology for Water quality index (WQI) method of ten selected determining the parameters (oxygen saturation, SHBO5, ammonium indicator ion, pH value, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, suspended solids, temperature, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria ) with its quality (qi) represents the properties of surface water by reducing it to an index number. The share of each of the ten parameters in the total water quality do not have the same relative signifi- cance, so that each of them gains its own weight index (wi) and the number of points according to the division and risk of quality. By summing the output (qi x wi) the index 100 is obtained as the ideal sum of the quality division of all parameters. In case the quality data for any parameter is missing then the value of the WQI arithmetic measurement is corrected by multiplying the index by the value 1 / x, where x is the arithmetic sum of the measured index of the weight of the available parameters.

46 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit The indicators are expressed as follows, based on the calculation of water quality WQI: • WQI=0-38 very poor quality; • WQI=39-71 poor quality; • WQI=72-83 good quality; • WQI=84-89 very good quality; • WQI=90-100 excellent quality. Data source Kosovo Hydro-meteorological Institute , data from annual surface water monitoring. Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

The Quality Index of surface water was not developed in the absence of official data on biological monitoring of surface water, which is not currently performed in the framework of regular monitoring by the Kosovo Hydro- meteorological Institute, or any other relevant institution..

4.4. Drinking water quality

Indicator name Drinking water quality Indicator code U04 Indicator type State indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the quality of drinking water indicator from the water supply system by following the samples of drinking water which do not meet the described quality criteria. Methodology for This indicator is determined based on the num- determining the ber of irregular samples and the total number of indicator samples where physic-chemical and microbiological indicators are tested. Indicators are presented together or separately for certain spending groups. Measuring Unit Percentage (%) of irregular (unsuitable) samples on an annual basis.

47 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report 4.4. Drinking water quality

Indicator name Drinking water quality Indicator code U04 Indicator type according State indicator to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the quality of drinking water from the indicator water supply system by following the samples of drinking water which do not meet the described quality criteria. Methodology for This indicator is determined based on the number of irregular determining the samples and the total number of samples where physic- indicatorKosovo Environment 2020 Reportchemical of environmental and microbiological indicators indicators are tested. Indicators are presented together or separately for certain spending groups. Measuring Unit Percentage (%) of irregular (unsuitable) samples on an annual Data source basis.Kosovo National Institute of Public Health DataDynamic source time of KosovoOn an Nationalannual Institutebasis . of Public Health Dynamicdata collection time of data On an annual basis . collection

This indicator indicator is importantis important because because the quality the quality of drinking of drinking water is directlywater is related directly to publicrelated health. to public The health. quality Theof drinking quality water of drinking provided water by public provided water bycompanies public water has increasedcompanies during has increased the period during 2008 the-2018. period While 2008-2018. in 2008, While94.9% inof 2008,the samples 94.9% analyzedof the samples for physic analyzed-chemical for andphysic-chemical microbiological and quality microbiological were suitable quality according were to drinkingsuitable accordingwater standards, to drinking in 2017, water this standards,suitability reached in 2017, 99.8%, this suitability with a progress reached of 3.9%.99.8%, The with year a progress 2018 marked of 3.9%. a significantThe year decrease2018 marked in suitability a significant according decrease to drinkingin suitability water according standards, to with drinking a decrease water of standards,0.4%, compared with ato decrease the previous of 0.4%, year (figurecompared 23). to the previous year (figure 23).

The trend of drinking water quality 2008-2018 100.00% 99.00% 98.00% 97.00% 96.00% 95.00% 94.00% 93.00% 92.00% 91.00% 90.00% 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Mikrobiologjike Fiziko-kimike Mesatarja e pergjithshme

Figure Figure23: The 23: The trend trend of of drinking water water quality quality 2008- 20182008-201811 11

11 Source of information: ARRU, Performance reports 2008-2018 39 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency

11 Source of information: ARRU, Performance reports 2008-2018

48 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

4.5. Use of freshwater resources

Indicator name Use of freshwater resources Indicator code U05 Indicator type Pressure indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the total amount of water indicator extracted from freshwater sources, where it is used for the use of water supplier, in agriculture, industrial production and for the use of refrigeration in the energy industry as well as obtaining the amount of water for use by each sector mentioned. Methodology for Total freshwater use is calculated on the basis of determining the data on the amount of extracted water for use in wa- indicator ter supply, agriculture, the processing industry and the energy industry. The trend of the total amount of extracted water and the trend by sectors is expressed over the years for the data that are available. Measuring Unit The total amount of water extracted and the amount of water extracted by sectors, express in million cubic meters per year (106 m3 / year). Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics Water Services Regulatory Authority. Regional Water Companies Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

One of the forms of direct impact on the environment is the use of water resources. The data show that most of the water is used by public water companies for drinking water supply, for households and for the needs of other customers of public water companies. Agriculture is the second development sector of water use, mainly for irrigation of agricultural lands. In the energy sector water is used for cooling while in industry for production and cooling

49 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators equipment. The general trend of water use is increasing and the annual amount of use ranges between 200-270 million m3 of water per year (figure 24). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Drinking water Irrigation Energy (Colling) Industry

300

250

200 /year 3

m 150

milion 100

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

3 12 FigureFigure 24. The 24. The amount amount of of water useuse millionmillion m /3m /year year by by sectors sectors 2009 2009-2019-2019 12

4.6. Water losses 4.6. Water losses Indicator name Water losses Indicator name Water losses Indicator code U06

Indicator type code according U06Respons indicator to DPSIR model IndicatorDescription type of the ResponsThis indicator indicator shows the water loss which occurs / is accordingindicator to DPSIR generated by leakage or evaporation during distribution model between the water extracted and the delivery site to indicate the efficiency of the water supply regulation. DescriptionMethodology forof the ThisWater indicator losses are estimatedshows the based water on the loss absolute which and occurs relative / indicatordetermining the isdifference generated between by leakage the amount or evaporation of water extracted during distriand the- indicator butionamount between sent to customers. the water extracted and the delivery Measuring Unit Water losses are expressed in million cubic meters per year site(106 to m3 indicate / year), thepresented efficiency as a percentage of the (%)water of supplythe amount regulation.of water extracted. Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics-KAS, Methodology for WaterWater lossesand Sewerage are estimated Regulatory based Authority on the - WSRA absolute and determiningDynamic time ofthe data relativeOn an annual difference basis . between the amount of water ex- indicatorcollection tracted and the amount sent to customers.

Based on estimates by the Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Water losses in 3 201912 were Data about on water 90 usemillion from publicm of water water. supply Compared are obtained to fromthe WRAprevious performance year, reports,the losses markdata on a irrigation significant from decrease,the Kosovo Agencywhile ofcompared Statistics, toand 2012 data on mark water anuse inincrease Energy andof Industryabout 9 millionfrom annual m3 reports of water of operators: (figure KEK,25). SharCem and NewCoFeronikel.

12 Data50 on water use from public water supply are obtained from WRA performance reports, data on irrigation from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, and data on water use in Energy and Industry from annual reports of operators: KEK, SharCem and NewCoFeronikel. 41 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit Water losses are expressed in million cubic meters per year (106 m3 / year), presented as a percentage (%) of the amount of water extracted. Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics-KAS, Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority - WSRA Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

Based on estimates by the Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Water losses in 2019 were about 90 million m3 of water. Compared to the previous year, the losses mark a significant decrease, while compared to 2012 mark an increase of about Kosovo9 million Environment m3 of 2020 water - Environmental (figure Indicators25). Report

Water losses (m3) 100000000 90000000 80000000 70000000 60000000

3 50000000 m 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

3 FigureFigure 25: 25: Water Water losses losses (( m m/3year/year)) 2008 2008-2019-2019

4.7. Access to public water supply

Indicator name Access to public water supply

Indicator code U07

Indicator type according Respons indicator to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator shows the percentage of the population with indicator access to the public water supply system. Methodology for This indicator represents the inclusion of the total determining the population with access to the water supply system. indicator Measuring Unit The indicator is presented in percentage (%). Data source Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . 51 collection

According to the performance reports of the Water and Sewerage Companies, in the service area of these companies the coverage with the water service in 2018 was 97%, which marks an increase of 3% more than in the previous year and by 29% compared to year 2002 (figure 26). The increase of access to the public water service has been influenced by the investments that have been made in this sector from the budget of the Republic of Kosovo and from various donors. In 2019, WRA has changed the methodology of calculating this indicator, including in the assessment the new water supply systems in rural areas and the population of those areas, therefore there is a change in% of coverage with water service in the service area of RWC.

42 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

4.7. Access to public water supply

Indicator name Access to public water supply Indicator code U07 Indicator type Respons indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator shows the percentage of the popula- indicator tion with access to the public water supply system. Methodology for This indicator represents the inclusion of the total determining the population with access to the water supply system. indicator Measuring Unit The indicator is presented in percentage (%). Data source Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

52 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Acces to public water supply system % 120

100 97 91 94 80 87 82 84 78 75 71 71 72 73 74 % 60 68 68 69 70 70

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

13 Figure 26: Acces to public water supply system (%), 2002-2019 13 Figure 26: Acces to public water supply system (%), 2002-2019 4.8. Access to public sewage system 4.8. Access to public sewage system Indicator name Access to public sewage system IndicatorIndicator code name AccessU08 to public sewage system IndicatorIndicator type code according U08Respons indicator to DPSIR model IndicatorDescription type of the ResponsThis indicator indicator shows the percentage of the population with accordingindicator to DPSIR access to the public sewerage system. modelMethodology for This indicator represents the inclusion of the total determining the population with access to the sewerage system. Descriptionindicator of the This indicator shows the percentage of the popula- indicatorMeasuring Unit tionThe indicator with access is presented to the publicin percentage sewerage (%). system. Data source Water supply and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Kosovo Methodology for ThisAgency indicator of Statistics represents the inclusion of the total determiningDynamic time ofthe data populationOn an annual withbasis .access to the sewerage system. indicatorcollection

AccordingMeasuring to Unitthe performance The reportindicator of Wateris presented and Sewerage in percentage Companies, (%). in the serviceData source area of these companiesWater the supply coverage and withSewerage wastewater Regulatory services Authority, (sewerage) in 2018 was 77% which marksKosovo an increase Agency of of 3% Statistics more than in the previous year and 34% more than in 2002, (figure 27). The increase of access to the public sewerage serviceDynamic has timebeen influencedof On by anthe annual investments basis .that have been made in this sector fromdata the collection budget of the Republic of Kosovo and from various donors. In 2019, WRA has changed the methodology of calculating this indicator including in the assessment Accordingthe new systems to the from performance rural areas reportand the of population Water and of thoseSewerage areas, Companies, therefore there in is a change in the% of coverage with wastewater service in the service area of RWC. the service area of these companies the coverage with wastewater services (sewerage) in 2018 was 77% which marks an increase of 3% more than in the previous year and 34% more than in 2002, (figure 27). The increase of access to the public sewerage service has been influenced by the investments that have 13 13 Source of Source information: of information: WRA, Performance WRA, Performance reports reports 2002 -2002-20182018 43 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 53 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators been made in this sector from the budget of the Republic of Kosovo and from various donors. In 2019, WRA has changed the methodology of calculating this indicator including in the assessment the new systems from rural areas and the population of those areas, therefore there is a change in the% of coverage with wastewater service in the service area of RWC. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Acces to public sewage system % 90 80 77 70 74 69 60 65 65 60 62 50 56 % 49 51 40 46 46 47 43 43 44 45 45 30 20 10 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

14 FigureFigure 27: 27: Acces Acces to to public public sesewagewage system system(%)(%) 2002 2002-2019-2019 14

4.9. Access to wastewater treatment plants

4.9.Indicator Access name to wastewater Access treatment to wastewater plants treatment plants Indicator code U09

IndicatorIndicator type name according Response Access toindicator wastewater treatment plants Indicatorto DPSIR model code U09 Description of the This indicator presents the percentage of residents who have Indicatorindicator type accessResponse to indicatorwastewater treatment plants with primary, secondary and / or tertiary treatment, in relation to the total according to DPSIR number of residents, cumulative and according to the degree model of wastewater treatment ( including settlements with the Description of the equivalentThis indicator population presents number the (p.e .percentage) greater than of2000). residents Methodology for This indicator is determined by calculating the share of the indicatordetermining the populationwho have with access access to to wastewater wastewater treatmenttreatment plants, plants in indicator additionwith primary, to the secondarytotal number and of /inhabitants, or tertiary sotreatment, that the numberin relation of inhabitants to the total with number access ofto residents,the public seweragecumula- system, with access to the water treatment plant waste, is dividedtive and by according the total number to the of degree inhabitants of wastewater and multiplied treat by- 100.ment This ( includingindicator can settlements also be calculated with forthe each equivalent separate levelpopulation of wastewater number treatment (p.e.) greater (primary, than secondary 2000). and tertiary). Measuring Unit Indicator expressed in percentage (%). Data source Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Kosovo Agency of Statistics 14Dynamic Source time of ofdata information: On an annual WRA, basis Performance . reports 2002-2018 collection

This54 indicator has not been developed yet as Kosovo is in the construction phase of wastewater treatment plants.

14 Source of information: WRA, Performance reports 2002-2018 44 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Methodology for This indicator is determined by calculating the determining the share of the population with access to wastewater indicator treatment plants, in addition to the total number of inhabitants, so that the number of inhabitants with access to the public sewerage system, with access to the water treatment plant waste, is divided by the total number of inhabitants and multiplied by 100. This indicator can also be calculated for each separate level of wastewater treatment (primary, secondary and tertiary). Measuring Unit Indicator expressed in percentage (%). Data source Water and Sewerage Regulatory Authority, Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

This indicator has not been developed yet as Kosovo is in the construction phase of wastewater treatment plants. The wastewater treatment plant for the Prizren region is under construction, while feasibility studies have been conducted for the Gjakova, Peja, Gjilan, Prishtina, Ferizaj and Mitrovica regions. The feasibility study and project for Prizren, Gjakova and Peja is funded by KFW (German Development Bank) and the Government of Kosovo, while the feasibility study for urban water treatment for Gjilan, Ferizaj and Mitrovica is funded by the European Union. Currently functional plants for wastewater treatment are the wastewater treatment plant in Skenderaj with an annual capacity of about 734,421 m3, managed by RWC “Mitrovica”, and 2 plants for wastewater treatment (Harilaq and Badovc) with small capacity (104,750 m3 / year) and managed by RWC “Prishtina”. Expressed in the percentage of the total number of inhabitants who have access to wastewater treatment plants with treatment these capacities are negligible and represent less than 1% of the population.

55 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

5 Environmental indicators of biodiversity

5.1. The diversity of species

Indicator name The diversity of species Indicator code B01 Indicator type State indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents an overview of the diversi- indicator ty of flora and fauna species in Kosovo. Methodology for The indicator is determined based on the number determining the of species as well as those protected flora and fauna indicator according to the taxonomic group. Measuring Unit Number of species of flora and fauna Data source Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection Dynamic time of data collection On a ten-year basis

There are no detailed data on the total number of species by category of living world, since the entire territory of Kosovo is not covered by research and the fact that new research constantly discovers new species of plants and animals. An approximate overview of the species by category and the number of respective species included in the IUCN Red List is presented in the table 6.

Table 6: Total number of species by main categories and number of species participating in the IUCN Red List The group of species Number of species Number of species on the IUCN Red List Algae > 400 There is no rating Fungi > 380 40 Vascular plants > 2000 237 Insects > 130 140 Fish > 30 15 Amphibians > 20 13 Reptile > 25 20 Birds > 200 24 Mammals > 100 39

56 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Figure 28 presentsNo. the of number vascular of flora species species of Kosovo by risk Vascular categories Flora, according to IUCN risk categories. The figure shows that the largest number of species belong toLeast the Concerncategory (LC) “endangered” (EN) and that critically endangered” (CR). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Near Threatened (NT) No. of vascular flora species by risk categories Vulnerable (VU) Least Concern (LC)

EndangeredNear Threatened (EN) (NT)

Critically EndangeredVulnerable (CR) (VU)

Endangered (EN) Extinct In The Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Extinct (EX) Extinct In The Wild (EW)

Extinct (EX)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Figure 28. Number of vascular flora species by risk categories 15 15 Figure 29 showsFigure theFigure 28. number 28.Number Number of offungal of vascular vascular species floraflora speciesby species hazard by riskby status. riskcategories categories According 15 to the data availableFigure in 29 Kosovo shows the (Sharr number Mountain) of fungal species there by hazardis also status. a rare According extreme to the species data of Figureavailable 29 in shows Kosovo the (Sharrnumber Mountain) of fungal there species is byalso hazard a rare status. extreme According species toof mushroommushroom (Zeus (Zeus Olympius Olympius) that) that in in addition addition toto Kosovo, Kosovo, has has spread spread also also in the in Mount the Mount OlympustheOlympus datain Greece inavailable Greece and and inMount MountKosovo Prin Prin (Sharr in in Bulgaria Bulgaria Mountain). . there is also a rare extreme species of mushroom (Zeus Olympius) that in addition to Kosovo, has spread

also in the Mount Olympus in Greece and Mount Prin in Bulgaria.

3% 3%

40%

40% 57%

57%

Rare Very rare Extremly rare

Figure 29. Types of fungis according to risk status 16

Figure 30 presents the speciesRare that Veryhave rare protectedExtremly status rare in the territory of Kosovo according to current legislation, while Table 7 presents data on the distribution of species included in Figurethe Red 29. Book TypesTypes of ofFaunaof fungifungis ofs according theaccording Republic to to risk ofrisk Kosovo status status 16according 16 to

15 Red Book of Vascular Flora of the Republic of Kosovo, KEPA / MESP 2015 Figure15 Red30 Bookpresents of Vascular the Flora species of the Republicthat have of Kosovo, protected KEPA / MESP status 2015 in the territory of Kosovo 16 Macedonian Macedonian Mycological Mycological Society Society https://macfungi.webs.com https://macfungi.webs.com according to current legislation, while Table 7 presents data on the distribution47 of Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency species included in the Red Book of Fauna of the Republic of Kosovo according57 to

15 Red Book of Vascular Flora of the Republic of Kosovo, KEPA / MESP 2015 16 Macedonian Mycological Society https://macfungi.webs.com 47 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Figure 30 presents the species that have protected status in the territory of Kosovo according to current legislation, while Table 7 presents data on the distribution of species included in the Red Book of Fauna of the Republic of Kosovo accordingKosovo toEnvironment IUCN 2020categories. - Environmental The Indicators presented Report data show that the IUCNlargest categories. number The of presentedspecies included data show in that the the categories largest number of endangered of species included species inbelong the categories to the group of endangered of insects species (140 species), belong to fish the group are represented of insects (140 by species),15 species fishwhile are in represented vertebrates, by mammals 15 species (39 while species), in vertebrates, reptiles (20 mammals species) (39, amphibians species), reptiles(13 species) (20 species) and birds , amphibians (24 species). (13 species) and birds (24 species).

No. of species with protected status in Kosovo

Spongia Nematoda Crustace Insecta Diplopoda Malostraca Athropoda Anelida Amfibia Reptilia Birds Mamalia

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

FigureFigure 30: Number 30: Number of speciesof species of of fauna, fauna, with with protected protected status status in the in territory the territory of Kosovo of 17 Kosovo byby categories categories 17

Table 7. Distribution of species included in the Red Book of Fauna of the Republic of Kosovo according to IUCN categories 18

CR Total Endangered EN I vulnerable VU Less Concern LC

Groups / Insufficient Data DD Almost Threatened NT Categories Extremely Endangered Gastropoda 10 10 20 Bivalvia 1 1 Oligochaeta 1 2 2 7 12 Hirudinea 2 2 Arachnida 1 8 9 17 Administrative Instruction no. 18/2012 on the Proclamation of Protected and Strictly Protect- Araneae 1 7 8 ed Species, Prishtina: MESP, 2012.

17 Administrative58 Instruction no. 18/2012 on the Proclamation of Protected and Strictly Protected Species, Prishtina: MESP, 2012. 18 Kosovo Red Fauna Book, KEPA / MESP 2019 48 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Table 7. Distribution of species included in the Red Book of Fauna of the Republic of Kosovo according to IUCN categories 18

CR Total Endangered EN Endangered I vulnerable VU Less Concern LC

Groups / Cate- DD Data Insufficient Extremely Endangered Endangered Extremely Almost Threatened NT Threatened Almost gories Gastropoda 10 10 20 Bivalvia 1 1 Oligochaeta 1 2 2 7 12 Hirudinea 2 2 Arachnida 1 8 9 Araneae 1 7 8 Mesostigmata 1 1 Malacostraca 1 1 2 Diplopoda 3 6 9 Insecta 20 11 19 42 13 35 140 Ephemeroptera 4 4 2 2 12 Plecoptera 5 1 6 Odonata 4 1 7 12 Coleoptera 3 2 4 17 26 Mecoptera 1 1 Diptera 2 2 Trichoptera 15 1 7 20 1 2 46 Lepidoptera 5 9 12 5 4 35 Cyclostomata 1 1 Actinopterygii 1 1 1 4 2 5 14 Amphibia 2 1 3 7 13 Reptilia 1 8 8 3 20 Aves 3 6 4 4 7 24 Mammalia 1 2 1 9 17 9 39 Total 25 24 41 80 46 90 306 18 Kosovo Red Fauna Book, KEPA / MESP 2019

59 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

5.2. Representation and condition of selected species

Indicator name Representation and condition of selected species Indicator code B02 Indicator type State indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator shows the number of ordinary pop- indicator ulation, special species and / or indicator species, especially in settlements under strong pressure. Methodology for The indicator is determined based on the trend of determining the population change and estimation of the distribu- indicator tion and population density of the selected species. Data are obtained by counting and estimating the approximate number of individuals, estimating the distribution and density of the population in a given area, typical or otherwise important to the population of certain species on the basis of which is drawn the conclusion on the population dynamics of selected species. Measuring Unit Population density expressed in the number of individuals per unit area (m2) or descriptive. Data source Institution responsible for monitoring the condition of selected species (Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection) Dynamic time of On a five-year basis. data collection

There is no specific activity for the realization of this indicator, although some species of fauna such as the Balkan Lynx (Lynx lynx balcanicus), special monitoring programs are being implemented with support from international wildlife organizations. There are also some activities for monitoring bird fauna through monitoring of some migratory species or through conducting annual bird censuses, which are conducted on an annual basis by the Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection and bird associations. Also within the territory of the National Parks, the qualitative monitoring of the species of wild fauna is done through the trap cameras that are placed and controlled by the Institute for

60 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Nature Protection and the respective Directorates of the parks. Monitoring results show stable number of populations of species of wild mammals.

A more specific assessment of the condition and density of populations of wild mammal species in the forest ecosystems of Kosovo, through the methodology of trap cameras was made within the project: Development of a method for measuring the national distribution and density of wild mammals by Using Trap Cameras: A Case Study of Kosovo.

Table 8 presents data on the average density of some wild mammal populations in Kosovo, based on the results of measurements from 10 monitoring points of the abovementioned project.

Table 8: Average population density for some species of wild mammals 19 Types The density / Size of forest populations density

(Individual / km) Average Extent Average Verse

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 1.03 0.58-1.55 4935 2778-7433

Gray wolf (Canis lupus) 0.08 0.04-0.12 374 202-584

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) 1.34 0.78-1.97 6469 3754-9460

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 3.19 1.90-5.00 15334 9126-24059

Badger (Meles meles) 0.08 0.03-0.14 364 146-656

Wild rabbit (Lepus europeus) 1.81 0.94-2.82 8728 4524-13572

Sqarthi (Martes foina) 0.36 0.16-0.59 1720 789-2831

Wild cat (Felis sylvestris) 0.08 0.03-0.13 381 152-648

Brown bear (Ursus arctos) 0.25 0.12-0.41 1190 596-1966

Regarding the types of vascular flora of special importance for the country are

19 Developing methods for measuring national distributions and densities of wild mammals using camera traps: A Kosovo study; Sarah E. Beatham et al, 2020.

61 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators the species with endemic character. Kosovo has over 100 species of vascular flora with endemic character, some of which (16 species) are also sub -endemic (local endemic). An assessment of the condition of these species and their endangered status was made in the framework of the Red Book of Vascular Flora of Kosovo, but also in the framework of specific research by the Faculty of Natural Sciences of UP.

Table 9: Trend of qualitative and quantitative degradation of habitats of some selected species and factors that have influenced the degradation 20 tion Types Types - quan of trend The current degradation habitat titative Quantitative habitat change - (%) com 15 years the past for trend the current to pared the for degradation of Type indicator quantitative quali - of trend The current degradation habitat tative affecti ng factors main The degrada and loss habitat

Achillea alexandri-re- Decre- 1% de- Not Decre- Succession and gis ss cress biotic , ss fires Biotic Aristolochia merx- Decre- 2% de- Not Decre- Human activities muelleri ss cress biotic , ss Biotic Cerastium neoscar- Decre- 3% de- Not Decre- Succession, fire dicum ss cress biotic , ss Biotic Crepis bertiscea Decre- 1% de- Not Decre- Climate change ss cress biotic , ss and successive Biotic processes Crepis macedonica Decre- 3% de- Not Decre- Human activities ss cress biotic , ss Biotic Fritillaria macedonica Decre- 3% de- Biotic Decre- Succession ss cress ss

20 Evaluation of conservation of endemic plants in Kosovo, Millaku et al., Hacquetia 2017 (Con- servation assessment of the endemic plants from Kosovo)

62 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Gentiana pneu- Decre- 3% de- Not Decre- Water regime monanthe subsp. ss cress biotic ss change nopcsae Linum elegans Decre- 1% de- Biotic Decre- Human activities ss cress ss Senecio scopolii Decre- 1% de- Biotic Stabile Human activities ss cress Sideritisscardica Decre- 3% de- Not Decre- Human activities ss cress biotic , ss Biotic Silene pusilla subsp. Decre- 1% de- Not biotic Decre- Human activities candavica ss cress , Biotic ss Silene retzorffiana Decress 1% decress Not biotic Decress Human activities subsp. nicolicii , Biotic Solenanthus krasniqii Decress 10% de- Not biotic Decress Human activities cress , Biotic , invasion of alien species, fires Stachys serbica Decress 30% de- Not biotic Decress Human activities cress , Biotic Tulipa gesneriana Decress 3% decress Not biotic Decress Human activities , Biotic (Syn.:Tulipa scardica) Tulipa serbica Stabile 0.5% decress Biotic Stabile Human activities

5.3. Invasive species

Indicator name Invasive species Indicator code B03 Indicator type accord- State indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator presents the trend of introduction of indicator foreign species in nature - allochthone respectively invasive foreign species in the territory of Kosovo, which shows the increasing risk of biodiversity loss. Methodology for The indicator is determined based on the analysis of determining the the presence of foreign and invasive species individ- indicator ually for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as through taxonomic groups. Their number should also be taken into account.

63 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit List and description of species Data source Studies and information from scientific research institutions (FMNS - Department of Biology) and the Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection.

Dynamic time of On a ten-year basis . data collection

In Kosovo, no complete study or inventory of allochthon and invasive foreign species has been conducted yet and there has been no analysis regarding the trend of introduction of allochthon and invasive species in the territory of Kosovo and their impact on natural biodiversity loss. Some partial and preliminary research has been done on the presence of invasive species in natural ecosystems for some plant species and some species of fish which indicate the presence of some invasive species in terrestrial and water ecosystems (Table 10).

Table 10. Preliminary list of invasive species in Kosovo 21 Types Family Types of plants Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Asteraceae Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Robinia pseudoacacia L Fabaceae Amorpha fruticosa Fabaceae Fallopia japonica Polygonaceae Helianthus tuberosus Asteraceae Types of fish Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum,1792) Salmonidae Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) Cyprinidae Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Cyprinidae Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) Cyprinidae Lepomis gibossus (Linnaeus, 1758) Centrarchidae

21 State of Nature Report 2010-2014, KEPA / KINP 2015

64 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

5.4. Forest fires

Indicator name Forest fires Indicator code B04 Indicator type Pressure indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator shows the number of fires and the indicator size of the affected zone in order to assess the negative consequences on the environment. Methodology for The indicator is determined based on estimates of determining the the number of fires and affected areas on the basis indicator of field inspections and data on fires in private and state forests, in all municipalities in the territory of Kosovo.. Measuring Unit • number of fires. • the size of the affected zone expressed in hectares (ha). Data source Kosovo Forest Agency

Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

Fires are a factor that affects not only the damage of forests and biodiversity, but also the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. Usually forest fires, in addition to damaging the vitality of forests, are associated with the appearance of other forest diseases and also with economic losses. According to data from the Kosovo Forest Agency during the period 2008 to 2018 an area of 14,144 ha of private and public forests was burned. The largest number of burned forest areas occurred in 2012 with 5604 thousand ha. The general trend of forest fires in Kosovo is falling. In 2018, only 949 ha of burned forests were registered. The annual average of forest fire cases during the period 2015-2018 was 136 cases (2015 with 83 cases, 2016 with 238 cases, 2017 with 88 cases and 2018 with 134 cases).

65 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

6000

5000

4000

ha 3000

2000

1000

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Sipërfaqja e djegur ha/vit

22 FigureFigure 31: 31: Forest Forest firesfires ha/ ha/yearyear 2008 2008-2018-2018 22

5.5. Protected areas 5.5. Protected areas Indicator name Protected areas Indicator code name ProtectedB05 areas Indicator type code according B05Response indicator to DPSIR model Indicator type accord- Response indicator Description of the The indicator shows the change in the number of protected indicatoring to DPSIR model zones and their surface, for all protection categories. Description of the The indicator shows the change in the number of Methodologyindicator for protectedThe indicator zones is determined and their based surface, on the for number all protec of protected- determining the tionzones categories. according to the categories of protection, the indicator determination of their total surface and the calculation of the Methodology for Thepercentage indicator of theis determinedsurfaces of protectedbased on zonesthe number in the total of area determining the protectedof the national zones territory. according to the categories of protec- Measuringindicator Unit •tion,number the determination of protected zonesof their; total surface and the • surface of protected zones in hectares (ha) per year; calculation of the percentage of the surfaces of protect- • percentage of the surfaces of protected zones in relation to ed zonesthe surface in the of total the nationalarea of the territory national. territory. DataMeasuring source Unit • Kosovonumber Institute of protected for Nature zones;Protection Dynamic time of data • Onsurface an annual of basis protected . zones in hectares (ha) per collection year; • percentage of the surfaces of protected zones in In the chronology of the declarationrelation of nature to the protected surface of zones the national in Kosovo, territory. three time periodsData source can be distinguishedKosovo which Institute are related for Natureto the Protectiongeneral developments in Kosovo (figure 32). The period 1950 - 1970, represents the initial phase of nature protectionDynamic and time the of proclamation On an of annualnature protectedbasis . zones in Kosovo, which begins withdata the collection proclamation of the first zone in 1950, which was "Gazimestani". Until the

2222 Kosovo Forest Kosovo Agency Forest Agency 54 66 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

In the chronology of the declaration of nature protected zones in Kosovo, three time periods can be distinguished which are related to the general developments in Kosovo (figure 32). The period 1950 - 1970, represents the initial phase of nature protection and the proclamation of nature protected zones in Kosovo, which begins with the proclamation of the first zone in 1950, which was “Gazimestani”. Until the beginning of the ‘70s the number of protected zones reached 19. In this period under protection were placed: Gadime Cave and some other monuments of botanical importanceKosovo Environment such as: Rrapi 2020 - inEnvironmental Marash, TrungjetIndicators Report in Isniq, etc.. The period 1970 - 1988, represents a period which is characterized by the beginning of the ‘70s the number of protected zones reached 19. In this period under protectionproclamation were of placed:a considerable Gadime numberCave and of some nature other zones. monuments The reason of botanical for this importanceincrease is related such as: to Rrapi the establishment in Marash, Trungjet of the inKosovo Isniq, etc.Office. for Nature Protection Thein 1974, period by the1970 Assembly - 1988, of representsKosovo. During a period this period,which ais total characterized of 36 nature by zones the proclamationwere protected, of aof considerable which should number be mentioned: of nature zones the . reserveThe reason “Bifurcation for this increase of the isNerodime related to River”, the establishment the first National of the Kosovo Park “Sharr Office forMountain” Nature Protection (1986), the in source1974, by of the AssemblyWhite Drin of Kosovo.with the During Cave and this Waterfall period, a totalin Radavc of 36 nature(1983) zones as well were as some protected, other of which should be mentioned: the reserve "Bifurcation of the Nerodime River", the firstnatural National monuments. Park "Sharr Mountain" (1986), the source of the White Drin with the CaveDuring and the Waterfall period in 2000-2018, Radavc (1983) over as 100well natureas some zones other naturalwere taken monuments. under legal Duringprotection the andperiod many 2000 more-2018, were over proposed 100 nature for protection. zones were Among taken the under protected legal protectionzones should and be many singled more out: were National proposed Park for “Bjeshket protection. e Nemuna”Among the (2013), protected Wetland zones shouldof Henc be - Radeva,singled out: etc., National while the Park other "Bjeshket majority e Nemunaare natural" (2013), monuments Wetland of ofbotanic. Henc - Radeva, etc., while the other majority are natural monuments of botanic. During the the perio periodd 2015 2015-2019,-2019, a atotal total of of 72 72 new new nature nature protected protected zones zones were were added toadded the total to the number total number of protected of protected zones, of zones, which: of 18 which: strict 18reserves, strict reserves, 51 nature 51 monuments,nature monuments, 1 nature 1 park nature and park 2 protected and 2 protected landscapes. landscapes.

250

209 193 200 183

150 137

100 83

50 25 25 25 25 16 8 8 9 0 3 3 0

23 Figure 32: The number of protected areas 1950-2019 23 Figure 32: The number of protected areas 1950-2019 Figure23 33 Institute shows theof Nature trend Protection of increasing the surface of protected zones for the period 1980-2018, which shows a constant increase in the surfaces of protected zones with a significant increase in 2012. While in table 9, is presented a summary of the number of protected zones67 by categories and their surfaces.

23 Institute of Nature Protection 55 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Figure 33 shows the trend of increasing the surface of protected zones for the period 1980-2018, which shows a constant increase in the surfaces of protected zones with a significant increase in 2012. While in table 9, is presented a summary of the number of protected zones by categories and their surfaces. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

The surface of protected areas (ha) and total participation in the Kosovo surface (%) 140000 14.00%

120000 12.00%

100000 10.00%

80000 8.00% ha 60000 6.00%

40000 4.00%

20000 2.00%

0 0.00% 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 2000 2001 2005 2006 2009 2012 2015 2017 2018

Sip. e zonave te mbrojtura (ha) Pjesemarrja e zonave te mbrojtura ne totalin e sip. (%)

FigureFigure 33: 33Surface: Surface of of protected protected areasareas in in Kosovo Kosovo 1980 1980-2018-2018

Table 11. Protected areas by categories ( 2020) IUCN Table N11.omination Protected areas byNo categories. Surface (/ha 2020) Participation categoryIUCN ofParticipa PZ in% - categoI - Strict Nature Reserves Nomination 19No. 10,885.82Surface/ha 0.99tion of PZ ryII National Parks 2 115,957 10.6 in% I 19 10,885.82 0.99 Natural Monuments 182 6,039 0.56 IIIII 2 115,957 10.6 Strict Nature Reserves IIIV Nature Park 1182 5,9346,039 0.50.56 National Parks V 1 5,934 0.5 V NaturalProtected MonumentsLandscape 5 2.152 0.2 V 5 2.152 0.2 V NatureSpecial Protected Park Zones of Birds 1 109.5 0.01 V Protected Landscape 1 109.5 0.01 Total 210 125814.124 11.53 % Special Protected Zones of 210 125814.124 11.53 % Birds Total

24 Clarification: this surface of protected zones does not include protected zones located within the National Parks “Sharri” and “Bjeshkët e Nemuna”.

24 Clarification: this surface of protected zones does not include protected zones located within the National Parks "Sharri" and “Bjeshkët e Nemuna”. 56 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

6. Environmental indicators of waste

Wastes are substances that are created during daily activities. The development of technology has resulted in the creation of different types of packaged and wrapped goods and with different materials where after their use, packaging or wrapping goes to waste. Municipal waste generation per capita in Kosovo is increasing. The amount of waste disposed of in sanitary landfills in Kosovo is increasing every year. In Kosovo there is still hazardous waste inherited from industrial and technological activities.

6.1. The amount of waste generation

Indicator name The amount of municipal waste generation Indicator code M01 Indicator type accord- Pressure indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the amount of municipal indicator waste generated (produced) per capita at the national level. Methodology for Indicator is calculated / determined based on the determining the indi- data on the amount of municipal waste collected cator (in tons) by the municipality or the relevant company and data on the number of inhabitants per municipality or the relevant area. Measuring Unit Amount of municipal waste generated expressed in kilograms per inhabitant for one year (kg / inhabitant / year) Data source Body responsible for waste statistics (Kosovo Agency of Statistics) Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

Total waste generation as well as waste generation per capita in Kosovo is increasing. From 2014 to 2018 there is a constant increase in waste generation per capita, from 140 kg / inhabitant (2014) to 284 kg / inhabitant (2018). While the total waste at the national level has increased from 247 thousand tons (2014) to 284 thousand tons (2018) (figure 34 and 35).

69 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Municipal waste collected kg / capita / year Municipal waste collected kg / capita / year 300.00 300.00 250.00 250.00 200.00 200.00

kg 150.00

kg 150.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Figure 34: Municipal waste generation per capita 2014-201825 25 FigureFigure 34: 34 Municipal: Municipal waste generation generation per per capita capita 2014 2014-2018-201825

Total amount of municipal waste generated ton / year Total amount of municipal waste generated ton / year 450,000.00 450,000.00 400,000.00 400,000.00 350,000.00 350,000.00 300,000.00 300,000.00 250,000.00 250,000.00 ton 200,000.00 ton 200,000.00 150,000.00 150,000.00 100,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 0.00 0.00 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Figure 35: Total amount of waste generated in Kosovo 2014-201826 Figure 35: Total amount of waste generated in Kosovo 2014-201826 26 Figure 35: Total amount of waste generated in Kosovo 2014-2018

6.2. The amount of industrial waste generation 6.2. The amount of industrial waste generation Indicator name The amount of industrial waste generation Indicator name The amount of industrial waste generation Indicator code M02 Indicator code M02 Indicator type according Pressure indicator Indicator type according Pressure indicator to DPSIR model to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the total amount of industrial Description of the The indicator represents the total amount of industrial indicator waste generated (produced) at the national level and the waste generated (produced) at the national level and the indicator intensity of production / generation of industrial waste per intensity of production / generation of industrial waste per unit of GDP. unit of GDP.

25 KAS-Municipal Waste Survey 2004-2018 25 KAS -Municipal KAS-Municipal Waste Survey Waste 2004 Survey-2018 2004-2018 26 KAS - Municipal Waste Survey 2004-2018 26 KAS - Municipal Waste Survey 2004-2018 KAS - Municipal Waste Survey 2004-2018 58 58 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 70 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

6.2. The amount of industrial waste generation

Indicator name The amount of industrial waste generation Indicator code M02 Indicator type ac- Pressure indicator cording to DPSIR model Description of the in- The indicator represents the total amount of indicator dustrial waste generated (produced) at the national level and the intensity of production / generation of industrial waste per unit of GDP. Methodology for de- The indicator is calculated / determined based termining the indi- on annual data on the amount of industrial waste cator produced / generated. To calculate / determine the intensity of industrial waste generation / production, the total amount of industrial waste production / generation must be divided by the unit of GDP. Measuring Unit • Total amount of industrial waste produced / generated, expressed in tons. • Gross Domestic Product (GDP), expressed in million Euros of permanent price / value • Intensity of production / generation of industrial waste expressed in kg / Euro. Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

According to surveys conducted by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, the amount of industrial waste generated in Kosovo in 2010 and 2011 was almost the same, while from 2012 to 2015 the generation was falling, while in 2016, 2017 and 2018 marks an increase in industrial waste generation. While in 2010 in Kosovo were generated 580,154.00 tons of industrial waste, in 2018 the amount of industrial waste generated was 2,554,308.00 tons (figure 36). While the intensity of industrial waste generation for 2018 was 0.38 kg / Euro 2018.

71 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Methodology for The indicator is calculated / determined based on annual determining the data on the amount of industrial waste produced / indicator generated. To calculate / determine the intensity of industrial waste generation / production, the total amount of industrial waste production / generation must be divided by the unit of GDP. Measuring Unit • Total amount of industrial waste produced / generated, expressed in tons. • Gross Domestic Product (GDP), expressed in million Euros of permanent price / value • Intensity of production / generation of industrial waste expressed in kg / Euro. Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

According to surveys conducted by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, the amount of industrial waste generated in Kosovo in 2010 and 2011 was almost the same, while from 2012 to 2015 the generation was falling, while in 2016, 2017 and 2018 marks an increase in industrial waste generation. While in 2010 in Kosovo were generated 580,154.00 tons of industrial waste, in 2018 the amount of industrial waste generated wasKosovo 2,554,308.0 Environment0 tons2020 (figureReport of36). environmental While the intensityindicators of industrial waste generation for 2018 was 0.38 kg / Euro 2018.

Industrial waste generated ton / year 3,000,000.00

2,500,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,500,000.00 ton

1,000,000.00

500,000.00

0.00 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

FigureFigure 36: 36 Industrial: Industrial waste waste generated 2010 2010-2016-201627 27

6.3. The amount of hazardous waste generation

Indicator name Generated amount of hazardous waste Indicator code M03 27 ASK, Industrial Waste Survey 2010-2016 Indicator type accord- Pressure indicator 59 ing to DPSIR model Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Description of the The indicator represents the total amount of haz- indicator ardous waste (produced) at national level and the intensity of hazardous waste production/generation per unit of GDP per capita. Methodology for The indicator is calculated/determined based on determining the the annual data on the amount of hazardous waste indicator produced/generated. To calculate/determine the intensity of production/ generation, the total amount of hazardous waste production/generation with the GDP unit should be subdivided. Measuring Unit • The total amount of hazardous waste produced/ generated is expressed in tons • The intensity of hazardous waste production/ generation is expressed in kg/Euro.

27 ASK, Industrial Waste Survey 2010-2016

72 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of On an annual basis. data collection

During industrial activities from the general generation of industrial waste, a quantity of them turn out to be hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is also generated by other productive activities. There is no specific data on hazardous waste, but considering that most industrial waste is hazardous then the data presented in the industrial waste indicator are somewhat relevant to this indicator (figure 36).

6.4. Total amount of the municipal waste disposed

Name of the indicator Total amount of municipal waste disposed Indicator Code M04

Type of indicator Response indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the total amount of mu- indicator nicipal waste disposed at the national level and the amount of waste disposed per capita. Methodology for de- The indicator is calculated/determined based on termining the indica- the data on the amount of municipal waste dis- tor posed in sanitary landfills (in tons) by the respective municipalities/companies and the data on the number of inhabitants per municipality respectively the respective zone. Measuring unit The quantity of municipal waste disposed is expressed in tons per one year (ton/year). The quantity of municipal waste disposed per capita is expressed in inhabitant/kg/year. Source of data Company for the Management of Sanitary Land- fills and Regional Waste Companies Dynamics of data col- On annual basis lection

73 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Measuring unit The quantity of municipal waste disposed is expressed in tons per one year (ton/year). The quantity of municipal waste disposed per capita is expressed in inhabitant/kg/year. Source of data Company for the Management of Sanitary Landfills and Kosovo Environment 2020 ReportRegional of environmental Waste Companies indicators Dynamics of data On annual basis collection If we compare the amount of municipal waste disposed in sanitary landfills28 from

If2009 we compare to 2019, the there amount is a constantof municipal increase waste disposedover the inyears. sanitary Exceptions landfills 28are from the 2009 years to 2019,2012 thereand 2014 is a constant when the increase amount over of thewaste years. disposed Exceptions in sanitary are the yearslandfills 2012 in and Kosovo 2014 whenby waste the amountcollection of wastecompanies disposed has indecreased sanitary fromlandfills the in previous Kosovo byyear. waste Thus, collection while companiesin 2009 there has decreased were disposed from the 24720665 previous year.tonnes Thus, of whilewaste, in in200 20199 there the were amount disposed of 24720665 tonnes of waste, in 2019 the amount of waste disposed was 44988181 tonnes, or almostwaste doubledisposed that was of 2009 44988181 (figure tonnes, 37). or almost double that of 2009 (figure 37).

50000000 45000000 40000000 35000000 30000000 25000000 ton 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 37. Total amount of municipal waste disposed in sanitary landfills ton/year in Kosovo Figure 37. Total amount of municipal2011 -waste201929 disposed in sanitary landfills ton/ year in Kosovo 2011-201929 The amount of waste disposed per capita / year also has an increasing trend. Thus, while in 2011 155.6 kg / b / year of waste were deposited, in 2019 252.4 kg / b / year were deposited (figureThe amount38). of waste disposed per capita / year also has an increasing trend. Thus, while in 2011 155.6 kg / b / year of waste were deposited, in 2019 252.4 kg / b / year were deposited (figure 38). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Amount of waste deposited kg/inhabitant/year 300.00

250.00

200.00

kg 150.00 28 No data were reported on waste disposed in the northern municipalities of Kosovo 29 KLMC100.00 and Regional Waste Companies 61 50.00 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency

0.00 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 38. Amount of waste disposal per capita/inhabitant/year in sanitary landfills in Figure 38. Amount of waste Kosovodisposal 2011 per-2019 capita/inhabitant/year30 in sanitary 30 landfills in Kosovo 2011-2019 6.5. Total amount of municipal waste recycled 28 No data were reported on waste disposed in the northern municipalities of Kosovo

29 KLMC and Regional Waste Companies Indicator name Total amount of municipal waste recycled 30 KLMC and Regional Waste Companies Indicator code M05 Response indicator Indicator74 type according to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the total amount of recycled indicator municipal waste per capita at the national level. Methodology for The indicator is calculated/determined based on the data determining the indicator on the amount of the recycled municipal waste (in tonnes) and the data on the number of inhabitants per municipality respectively the respective zone.

Measuring Unit The amount of municipal recycled waste is expressed in kilograms per capita for one year (kg/inhabitant/year). Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of data On an annual basis collection

There is no organized waste recycling system in Kosovo, although in some municipalities there are initiatives for waste separation at source. There are several licensed companies that deal with the activity of waste treatment and recycling. According to the data of the Agency of Statistics, in 2018 3193 tonnes of waste were treated, while 2016 was the year with the largest amount of waste treated (10674 tonnes) (figure 39).

30 KLMC and Regional Waste Companies 62 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

6.5. Total amount of municipal waste recycled

Indicator name Total amount of municipal waste recycled Indicator code M05 Indicator type accord- Response indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the total amount of recy- indicator cled municipal waste per capita at the national level. Methodology for deter- The indicator is calculated/determined based on the mining the indicator data on the amount of the recycled municipal waste (in tonnes) and the data on the number of inhabitants per municipality respectively the respective zone. Measuring Unit The amount of municipal recycled waste is expressed in kilograms per capita for one year (kg/ inhabitant/year). Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of data On an annual basis collection

12000

10000

8000

6000 ton

4000

2000

0 2015 2016 2017 2018

FigureFigure 39. 39.Amount Amount of of the the waste treated treated in inKosovo Kosovo 2015 2015-2018-2018

In terms of the composition of waste that is recycled, 69% of it is waste from ferrous metals and other metals, 13% plastic waste and 14% waste from paper and75 cardboard. In 2019, several initiatives for the recycling of glass waste have started. The amount of recycled waste represents only about 5% of the total amount of waste generated at the country level (figure 40).

Other

Plastic 16%

Paper and carboard 14% Ferrous metals and other metals 69%

Figure 40: Types of recycled waste

A considerable amount of recyclable waste (waste that can be subjected to the recycling process) is also exported abroad. Figure 41 presents data on the amount of waste exported for recycling abroad for the period 2010-2016.

63 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

12000

10000

8000

6000 ton

4000

2000

0 2015 2016 2017 2018

Kosovo EnvironmentFigure 2020 39. Amount Report of of environmental the waste treated indicators in Kosovo 2015-2018

In terms of the composition of waste that is recycled, 69% of it is waste from ferrous In terms of the composition of waste that is recycled, 69% of it is waste from metals and other metals, 13% plastic waste and 14% waste from paper and ferrous metals and other metals, 13% plastic waste and 14% waste from paper cardboard.and cardboard. In 2019, In several 2019, several initiatives initiatives for the for recycling the recycling of glass of waste glass wastehave started.have Thestarted. amount The of recycled amount waste of recycled represents waste only represents about 5% only of the about total 5% amount of the of total waste generatedamount at of the waste country generated level (figureat the country 40). level (figure 40).

Other

Plastic 16%

Paper and carboard 14% Ferrous metals and other metals 69%

FigureFigure 40: 40: TypesTypes of recycledrecycled waste waste

A considerableA considerable amount amount of recyclable of recyclable waste (wastewaste that(waste can that be subjected can be subjectedto the recycling to process)the recycling is also exported process) abroad. is also Figure exported 41 presents abroad. data Figure on the 41 amount presents of datawaste on exported the for amountrecycling of abroad waste for exported the period for 2010 recycling-2016. abroad for the period 2010-2016. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

106,576 105,783 102,897 92,942 83,696 63 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency

53,218 ton

28,686

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

FigureFigure 41: Quantity41: Quantity (tonne/year) (tonne/year) ofof waste exported exported for for recycling recycling 2010 2010-2016-2016

64 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

7. Environmental Indicators of the land

The continuous impact of human activities leads to the degradation of land surfaces, causing harmful environmental and socio-economic consequences. The challenge is to prevent land degradation and pollution through specific land protection measures and policies.

7.1. Land Use Changes

Indicator name Land Use Changes Indicator code T 01 Indicator type Pressure indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator shows the expansion of urban areas in indicator account of agricultural lands, forest lands and other categories of natural and semi-natural lands. This indicator analyzes areas occupied by constructions and other urban infrastructure, including sports and recreation facilities. The indicator also shows the origin of urban land expressed as part of the different categories on the basis of which the change was made. Methodology for The indicator is calculated by analyzing maps based determining the on satellite images and the data obtained from the indicator CORINE Land Cover (CLC) methodology analysis from 2000, 2006, 2012, 2018, or by taking into account the trend of increasing surface areas for constructions for a certain period of time (5-10 years). The indicator shows the change of the land surface area on an annual basis by type. Namely, changes in agricultural, forestry, natural and semi-natural areas (CLC2-CLC5) and urban land (CLC1), depending on the methodology used to calculate the change of the covered land.

77 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit The surface of the designated land is expressed in ha or km2, while the part of the changed land is expressed in (%). Data source Responsible institution for agriculture and forestry land (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development); Institution responsible for assessing land change according to methodology Corine Land Cover-CLC (Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency); or Institution responsible for national statistics (Koso- vo Agency of Statistics). Dynamic time of For the period of 5-10 years, depending on the data data collection available.

Based on the main results of the National Forest Inventory for 2012, it was found that forests and forest lands represent the main category of land use with about 47%, agricultural land with about 29%, meadows and pastures with Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report 15%, settlements with about 4.5 %, water and wetlands by about 0.6% and aboutother 4.5 lands %, waterby about and 3.9%. wetlands Compared by about to 0.6%the inventory and other conducted lands by about for 2002, 3.9%. Compared to the inventory conducted for 2002, it is found that the areas of lands used asit forests, is found lands that used the areasas meadows of lands and used pastures as forests, and landslands usedused as as settlements meadows and have increased,pastures whileand lands the areas used of as land settlements used as agricultural have increased, land andwhile other the land areas areas of land have beenused reduced as agricultural (figure 42). land and other land areas have been reduced (figure 42).

600000

500000

400000

ha 300000

200000

100000

0 Pyje dhe tokë Tokë bujqësore Livadhe dhe Ujë dhe toka të Vendbanime Tokë tjetër pyjore kullota lagura

2002 2012

31 FigureFigure 42: 42: Land Land use use (ha) (ha) accordingaccording to to categories categories 2002 2002 and and 2012 2012 31

According31 Kosovoto the Forest data Inventory from satellite 2012/KFA images of 2018, which have been processed by the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency within the project Implementation of CLC78 32, 2018 in the Western Balkans, supported by the European Environment Agency, in Kosovo have been identified 30 land coverage classes from 44 to the total CORINE nomenclature 33.

These classes are grouped into 5 main classes where forests and semi-natural areas dominate with about 57% and agricultural lands with about 38%, while artificial areas are represented with over 4.6% of the total. About 0.3% of the covered lands are classified in the class of water bodies and wetlands (boggy lands)34. These land classes used in ha during the years 2000-2018 are presented in table 12. From the data presented in the table it is noticed that during the period 2000-2018 there has been a continuous increase of artificial areas (construction areas), while there has been a reduction in agricultural land.

31 Kosovo Forest Inventory 2012/KFA 32 CLC- Corine Land Cover (Land cover according to the CORINE methodology) 33 Coordination of information on the environment 34 Implementation of CLC2012 in the West Balkan Countries/EEA 2014 66 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

According to the data from satellite images of 2018, which have been processed by the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency within the project Implementation of CLC 32, 2018 in the Western Balkans, supported by the European Environment Agency, in Kosovo have been identified 30 land coverage classes from 44 to the total CORINE nomenclature 33. These classes are grouped into 5 main classes where forests and semi-natural areas dominate with about 57% and agricultural lands with about 38%, while artificial areas are represented with over 4.6% of the total. About 0.3% of the covered lands are classified in the class of water bodies and wetlands (boggy lands)34. These land classes used in ha during the years 2000-2018 are presented in table 12. From the data presented in the table it is noticed that during the period 2000-2018 there has been a continuous increase of artificial areas (construction areas), while there has been a reduction in agricultural land.

Table 12: Land Cover (ha) according to the categories 2000, 2006, 2012 and 201835 Type ha 2000 ha 2006 ha 2012 ha 2018 - 24978.47 32919.39 50597.97 51057.52 Artificial surfaces (construc 444320.72 439971.2 416336.95 416168.22 tion areas) Agricultural areas 618895.06 614290.59 621110.61 620819.78 Forests and semi-natural 0 985.101 131.348 131.348 fields 2323.47 2351.43 2340.84 2340.84 Wet lands 1090517.7 1090517.7 1090517.7 1090517.7 Water bodies Total

32 CLC- Corine Land Cover (Land cover according to the CORINE methodology) 33 Coordination of information on the environment 34 Implementation of CLC2012 in the West Balkan Countries/EEA 2014 35 Kosovo Forest Inventory 2012/KFA

79 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

7.2. Erosion

Indicator name Erosion Indicator code T 02 Indicator type State indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the Through this indicator the intensity of the erosive indicator processes is presented, as well as the representation of the real and potential risk classes for soil erosion. Methodology for The indicator is calculated by determining the riski- determining the ness of soil surfaces from erosion. In order to calcu- indicator late the indicator, data modeling based on land use, climatic and topographic aspects based on interna- tionally accepted methodologies (for example the European Pattern for soil erosion assessment, the PESERA model or the USLE model). Measuring Unit The indicator is expressed in surface units (ha) per year, the surface of the eroded land in relation to the total surface area of the monitored land. Data source MAFRD and the Hydrometeorological Institute (KHMI) Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

There are currently no data on annual basis for the production of this environmental indicator. However, based on some data conducted from previous researches, KEPA has made an assessment in GIS on the spatial extent of very strong erosive soil surfaces and other surfaces with strong, medium and weak erosive intensity as well as soil surfaces without erosion. As presented in the following table, 7.35% of land surfaces in Kosovo have very strong erosive intensity, 16.1% strong, 35.4% medium, 24.55% weak, 10.1% very weak and 6.5% without erosion (Table 13 ). Areas with very strong and strong erosive potential lie mainly in mountainous areas while those with low erosive potential and without erosion lie mainly in valleys and flat land surfaces (figure 43).

80 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Table 13: Types of erosion in Kosovo (%) No. Types of erosion % of land surface 1 7.35 2 16.1 Very strong 3 35.4 Strong 4 24.55 Medium 5 10.1 Weak 6 6.5 Very weak Without erosion

Figure 43: Map of the distribution of erosion types

81 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

8. Environmental indicators of agriculture

Following the year 2000, the tendency of increasing agricultural production has been emphasized in Kosovo, as well as the tendency of changing the development of agriculture. The number of farms and agricultural producers has increased. The use of fertilizers, chemicals and other chemical products with an impact on the environment has increased. However, despite these developments, the interest for the certification of organic products (products) is still low..

8.1. Surfaces with organic farming

Indicator name Surfaces with organic farming Indicator code BU01 Indicator type accord- Response indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator presents the total area of organic farm- indicator ing, including the areas under development, their participation in the overall agricultural production, and the number of farms that deal with organic farming. Methodology for de- The indicator is determined on the basis of data termining the indica- on the surface area of organic production farm- tor ing, total area of agricultural production and number of farms dealing with organic agriculture. The area with organic farming is calculated by dividing the total area of organic agriculture with the total area of agricultural production. Measuring Unit • The total surface area of agricultural production is expressed in hectares (ha). • The organic farming area is expressed in hectares (ha) • Production share of organic farming in percentage (%) Data source MAFRD and Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

82 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

In Kosovo, the organic agriculture sector is still in the early stage of development. According to the data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, in Kosovo there are about 160 ha cultivated and 179,580 ha certified areas for the collection of medicinal plants and wild fruits. There are about 155 certified producers of organic products. In this sector there is developed especially the sector of cultivation and collection of medicinal and aromatic plants. These producers are organized in 45 collection centers throughout Kosovo. The export is made as a semi-processed product and 95% of the production is exported outside Kosovo.36 Krahasuar me vendet tjera Kosova pothuajse qëndron në shkallë të njëjtë të zhvillimit me vendet e regjionit (Shqipëri, Maqedoni Veriore, Bosnje dhe Hercegovina), ndërsa është ende larg nga kapacitetet dhe standardet e vendeve të Bashkimit Evropian Compared to other countries, Kosovo stands at almost the same level of development as the countries of the region (Albania, Northern Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), while it is still far from the capacities and standards of the European Union countries (Table 14).

Table 14: Areas with organic farming, their share in total agricultural land, number of organic producers in Kosovo and comparison with some other countries 37 Country Year Areas with organ- Share of organic areas ic farming [ha] in the total agricultural land [%] No. of organic producers Kosova 2018 160.00 0.04 150 Albania 2018 746.54 0.06 82 Austria 2018 637,805.00 24.66 25,795 Bosnia and Herze- 2018 896.40 0.04 251 govina Bulgaria 2018 162,332.37 3.49 6,471 Croatia 2018 103,166.00 6.57 4,374 Estonia 2018 206,590.00 21.58 1,948 France 2018 2’035,024.00 7.34 41,632 Germany 2018 1,521,314.00 9.09 31,713 Italia 2018 1,958,045.00 15.79 69,317 Northern Mace- 2018 4,409.00 0.35 775 donia Romania 2018 326,260.00 2.50 7,908

36 Source: Department of Agricultural Policy and Markets/MAFRD 37 The Word of Organic Agriculture, Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020, FIBL/IFOAM

83 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Serbia 2018 19,254.58 0.55 373 Slovenia 2018 47,848.28 9.85 3,738 Spain 2018 2,246,475.00 9.64 39,505 Sweden 2018 608,758.00 19.85 5,801 Turkey 2018 646,247.00 1.68 79,563 United Kingdom 2018 457,377.00 2.66 3,544

8.2.Use of mineral fertilizers

Indicator name Use of mineral fertilizers Indicator code BU02 Indicator type accord- Pressure indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator presents the total amount of miner- indicator al fertilizer used based on Azone (N), Phosphorus

(P2O5) and Potassium (K2O) in agricultural production as well as the consumption of fertilizers separately by categories in kilograms per hectare, total and by crops. Methodology for de- The indicator is determined on the basis of data termining the indica- on the consumption of mineral fertilizers on agri- tor cultural land surfaces. The data is collected once a year for the agricultural production season. Measuring Unit The indicator is expressed in kilograms per hectare per year (kg/ha/year) or tonnes per year (tonnes/year) Data source MAFRD and Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

One of the main pressures of environmental impact from the agricultural sector is the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. According to the data from agricultural questionnaires conducted by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, in 2019 were used about 76,467 tonnes of fertilizers that contain nitrogen (NPK, UREA and ALN). The general trend of fertilizer use in agriculture is increasing. Compared to the previous year, about 6100 tonnes less fertilizer were used (figure 44).

84 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report 8.2.Use of mineral fertilizers

Indicator name Use of mineral fertilizers Indicator code BU02 Indicator type according Pressure indicator to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator presents the total amount of mineral indicator fertilizer used based on Azone (N), Phosphorus (P2O5) and Potassium (K2O) in agricultural production as well as the consumption of fertilizers separately by categories in kilograms per hectare, total and by crops. Methodology for The indicator is determined on the basis of data on the determining the indicator consumption of mineral fertilizers on agricultural land surfaces. The data is collected once a year for the agricultural production season. Measuring Unit The indicator is expressed in kilograms per hectare per year (kg/ha/year) or tonnes per year (tonnes/year) Data source MAFRD and Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

One of the main pressures of environmental impact from the agricultural sector is the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. According to the data from agricultural questionnaires conducted by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, in 2019 were used about 76,467 tonnes of fertilizers that contain nitrogen (NPK, UREA and ALN). The general trend of fertilizer use in agriculture is increasing. Compared to the previous year,Kosovo about Environment 6100 tonnes 2020 less Report fertilizer of environmental were used indicators (figure 44).

81000

79000

77000

75000

ton 73000

71000

69000

67000

65000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

38 FigureFigure 44. 44. Trend Trend ofof fertilizer fertilizer use use 2004 2004-2019-2019 tonnes/ tonnes/ year year 38

38 Calculation of data based on KAS Agricultural Household Surveys 71 8.3. Use of plant protectionKosovo Environmental substances Protection Agency

Indicator name Use of substances for plant protection

Indicator code BU03

Indicator type Pressure indicator according to DPSIR model

Description of the The indicator presents the total amount of indicator substances used for plant protection, import, export and production of plant protection substances, treated surfaces and total crop area.

Methodology for • The expense of the substances used for determining the Plant Protection (SH) for the surface unit indicator (ha) is calculated according to the formula: Sh/ha = (I+PV-E)/ST • Where: I-Import, LP-Local Production, E-Exports and ST-Surface treated per hectare.

38 Calculation of data based on KAS Agricultural Household Surveys

85 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit • Spending of plant protection substances is expressed in kilograms of active substances per unit of agricultural area per year (kg/ha/year). • Import, export and domestic production is expressed in kilograms of substance 9kg/ year). • Treated agricultural areas and total areas with agricultural crops are expressed in hectares (ha). Data source MAFRD/Veterinary and Food Agency or Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Dynamic time of data On annual basis, no later than 31 March of the collection following year for the previous year.

Another environmental pressure from the agricultural sector is the use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. According to the data from the Agricultural Household Survey for the years 2015-2019 conducted by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, it results that in 2015 115,083.40 ha were treated with pesticides, to mark an increase of 3,967.53 ha of areas treated with pesticides in 2019, with a total of 119,050.93 (figure 45). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Surface of agriculture land (ha) treated with pesticides 120000

119000

118000

117000

ha 116000

115000

114000

113000

112000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 45: Agricultural land surfaces (ha) treated with pesticides 39 Figure 45: Agricultural land surfaces (ha) treated with pesticides 39

39 KAS, Agricultural Household Survey 2015-2019

39 KAS, Agricultural Household Survey 2015-2019 73 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

9. Fishery environmental indicators

Kosovo, in addition to many other sectors, has great potential for the development of the fishery sector. Surface waters and suitable climatic conditions that the country has, make fishing one of the most attractive sectors for investment.

9.1. Evaluation of the fish stock biomass and allowable quota for fishing Indicator name Evaluation of the fish stock biomass and allowable quota for fishing Indicator code PE01 Indicator type accord- State indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator shows the state of biomass and the level indicator of exploitation of the fish stock at the national level. Methodology for The indicator is determined on the basis of the per- determining the indi- centage participation of economically important cator species of fish within the framework of the maximum sustainable profitability assessment. Calcu- lation of population dynamics parameters is based on growth, mortality, reproductive characteristics, spatial distribution, biomass estimation, etc. Measuring Unit Biomass evaluation and its distribution expressed in kilograms respectively kilograms per square meter kg/m2. Data on the total annual total catch of fishes, annual fishing by groups and annual fishing by specific species are presented graphically. Data source The state administration body responsible for agriculture issues, or the administrative body responsible for statistics. Dynamic time of data On annual basis, by March 1st of the current year, collection data for the previous year should be sent. According to the data of the Ministry of Agriculture, the number of licensed entities that deal with fish farming is 30 with a capacity of 10 to 300 tonnes. From this activity, within the year are produced about 600 tonnes of trout that are mainly traded for domestic consumption.

87 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

10. Environmental indicators of energy

Energy plays an important and irreplaceable role in modernized human life. But also its impacts on the environment are quite pronounced. Any way of energy production has a significant impact on the environment, due to the operations that follow it, from the provision of raw materials and its transport to the production process and the use of energy itself. Achieving a balance between energy demand and maintaining the state of the environment is a major challenge. By choosing the types of energy sources and appropriate technologies the impact on the environment is reduced.

10.1. Consumption of primary energy

Indicator name Consumption of primary energy Indicator code E01 Type of indicator ac- Driving Force indicator cording to DPSIR model Description of the indi- The indicator is represented by the total primary cator energy ie the amount of energy necessary to meet the energy consumption in the country through the general consumption of primary energy and the consumption of all energy sources, the primary energy structure consumed by energy for the last year for which data are available and increase the average annual rate for different energy products. Methodology for deter- The indicator is calculated as the sum of gross con- mining the indicator sumption of all energy sources which are grouped into the following categories: coal, oil and petroleum products, gas, renewable energy sources, and others where “others” include energy produced from industrial waste and net electricity imports.The relative share of energy separately is measured as the ratio between the energy consumption of that energy source and the total primary energy consumption and is calculated for the calendar year. The average annual growth rate is calculated using the following formula: (data for last year available/basic starting year ^(1/ year number)-1)*100

88 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring unit • energy consumption is expressed in thousand/million tonnes of oil equivalent (kten/ Mten); • The share of energy in total energy consumption as well as the average annual growth rate for different energy products are presented in percentage (%). Data source Energy Balance - Kosovo Agency of Statistics and Ministry of Economic Development. Dynamics of data col- On annual basis, at the latest by 31 March of lection the current year the data for the previous year should be sent. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report PetroleumPetroleum products products with with 46% 46% have have the highesthighest share share within within resources resources in final in final energyenergy consumption, consumption, for for2019, 2019, biomass biomass has has a sharea share of of 24%, 24%, while while electricity electricity with 27%.with Regarding 27%. Regarding the trend the of finaltrend energy of final consumption energy consumption by sources, by there sources, is a thereconstant increaseis a constant from 2012 increase to 2019 from (figure 2012 46to 2019and figure (figure 47) 46.40 and figure 47).40

Share of energy sources in final consumption (%) 2019 Obtained heat Solar energy 1% 0% Coal 2%

Electricity 27%

Petroleum products 46% Biofuels 0%

Biomass 24%

FigureFigure 46: 46: Overview Overview of of final final energyenergy consumptionconsumption by by sources sources 2019 2019

Primary energy consuption (ktoe) 2012-2019 40 Energy Balance 2012-2019 KAS. 800.00 700.00 89 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Coal (lignit) Oil Biomass Biofiul Electricity Solar energy Heatig

Figure 47: Final energy consumption trend by sources 2012-2019

40 Energy Balance 2012-2019 KAS. 76 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Petroleum products with 46% have the highest share within resources in final energy consumption, for 2019, biomass has a share of 24%, while electricity with 27%. Regarding the trend of final energy consumption by sources, there is a constant increase from 2012 to 2019 (figure 46 and figure 47).40

Share of energy sources in final consumption (%) 2019 Obtained heat Solar energy 1% 0% Coal 2%

Electricity 27%

Petroleum products 46% Biofuels 0%

Biomass 24%

Kosovo EnvironmentFigure 46: 2020 Overview Report of of environmental final energy consumption indicators by sources 2019

Primary energy consuption (ktoe) 2012-2019 800.00 700.00 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Coal (lignit) Oil Biomass Biofiul Electricity Solar energy Heatig

Figure 47: Final energy consumption trend by sources 2012-2019 Figure 47: Final energy consumption trend by sources 2012-2019

10.2. Final energy consumption by sectors

40 Energy Balance 2012-2019 KAS. Name of the indi- Final energy consumption by sectors 76 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency cator Indicator Code E02 Type of indica- Driving Force indicator tor according to DPSIR model Description of Consumption of final energy for energy purpos- the indicator es (energy consumed by consumers) is the amount spent on final energy in all sectors: industry, traffic, households, services, agriculture, and other consum- ables. The indicator includes total final energy consumption, sector spending structure, average annual growth rate for different sectors, final energy consumption per capita for the last year for which data is available and the final energy consumed in industry by industry branch.

90 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Methodology for The consumption structure by sectors is calculated as determining the the ratio between the final energy consumption of that indicator sector and the total final energy consumption calculated according to the calendar year. The final energy consumed per capita is obtained by dividing the total final energy consumption (in tons of oil equivalent (tons)) and the number of inhabitants for the last year for which the data are available. The increase in the average annual rate is calculated according to the following formula:(data for last year available/starting-base year ^(1/year number)-1)*100 Measuring unit • final energy consumption is expressed in thousand/million tonnes of oil equivalent (kten/Mten); • The structure of consumption by sectors and the increase of the annual average rate is represented by percentage (%). • the final energy consumption per capita is expressed by the equivalent tonne of oil per capita per year ten/capita/year; • the final energy consumption in industry by industry is expressed in thousand/million tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe/Mtoe). Source of data Energy Balance - Kosovo Agency of Statistics and Ministry of Economic Development. Dynamics of data On annual basis. collection

The household sector with 38% has the highest share within the final energy consumption, for 2019, the transport sector has a share of 28%, while that of industry with 24%. The services sector and households have the lowest share in final energy consumption with 10% and 3% respectively. Regarding the trend of final energy consumption by sectors, there is a constant increase from 2012 to 2019 (figure 48 and figure 49).41

41 Energy Balance 2012-2019 KAS.

91 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Final energy consumption by sectors (%) 2019 Final energy consumption by sectors (%) 2019

Industry Sector 21% Transport Sector Industry Sector 21% Transport28% Sector 28%

Agriculture Sector Agriculture Sector 3% 3%

ServicesServices Sector Sector 10% 10%

HouseholdHousehold Sector Sector 38%38%

FigureFigureFigure 48:48: 48:Overview Overview of of finalof final final energy energyenergy consumption consumption consumption by by sectors sectorsby sectors 2019 2019 2019

FinalFinal energy energy consumption consumption (ktoe) (ktoe) by by sector sector 2012 2012-2019-2019 700.00700.00

600.00600.00

500.00500.00 400.00 400.00 300.00 300.00 200.00 200.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Industry Household Services Agriculure Transport #REF! Industry Household Services Agriculure Transport #REF! Figure 49: Final energy consumption trend by sectors 2012-2019 Figure 49: Final energy consumption trend by sectors 2012-2019 Figure 49: Final energy consumption trend by sectors 2012-2019 10.3. Dependence on energy imports 10.3. Dependence on energy imports Indicator name Dependence on energy imports IndicatorIndicator name code DependenceE03 on energy imports IndicatorIndicator code type according to E03Driving Force indicator IndicatorDPSIR type model according to Driving Force indicator DPSIRMethodology model of The indicator is determined based on data from the Methodologyidentification of indicators Theannual indicator energy is balance.determined Import based dependence on data representsfrom the identification indicators annualthe ratio energy of net balance. imports Import(sum of exportsdependence and imports) represents and 92 the ratio of net imports (sum of exports and imports) and78 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 78 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

10.3. Dependence on energy imports

Indicator name Dependence on energy imports Indicator code E03 Indicator type accord- Driving Force indicator ing to DPSIR model Methodology of identi- The indicator is determined based on data from fication indicators the annual energy balance. Import dependence represents the ratio of net imports (sum of exports and imports) and total energy consumption and primary energy in relation to total primary energy consumption. Measuring Unit • total imported energy is expressed in ton oil equivalent (ten); • import dependence is expressed in percentage (%). Data source Energy Balance - Kosovo Agency of Statistics and the Ministry of Economic Development. Time dynamics for data On an annual basis, data for the previous year collection must be sent no later than March 1 of the current year.

Based on data from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, reported to EUROSTAT, net energy imports in Kosovo range between 505 ktoe (2013) and 575 ktoe (2018), while energy dependence on exports varies between 21.8% (2013) and 29.3 % (2018), table 16.

Table 15: Energy imports (ktoe) and energy dependence on imports (%)42

Net energy imports (ktoe) Energy dependence on imports (%) 2008 601 27.1 2013 505 21.8 2018 757 29.3

42 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Enlargement_countries_-_ener- gy_statistics

93 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

10.4. Energy intensity

Indicator name Energy intensity Indicator code E04 Indicator type accord- Response indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the amount of total indicator energy consumed in relation to economic activities during a year. Methodology of identi- The indicator is determined based on the ratio fication indicators of primary energy consumed and gross domestic product. Gross domestic product appears at constant prices in order to escape the impact of inflation. Measuring Unit • primary energy consumption expressed in thousand or million tons of oil equivalent (ktoe); • total primary energy intensity is displayed in indices (annual basis = 100); • Gross Domestic Product is displayed in annual EURO million (annual base is 2010)). Data source Energy Balance - Kosovo Agency of Statistics and the Ministry of Economic Development. Time dynamics for data On an annual basis . collection

There is a negative or falling trend of energy intensity during the period 2010- 2019, from 100 ktoe to 59 ktoe. This is due to the 68% increase in GDP from 2010 to 2019. Primary energy consumption had an almost constant trend with small variations in growth (figure 50).

94 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Time dynamics for data On an annual basis . collection

There is a negative or falling trend of energy intensity during the period 2010-2019, from 100 ktoe to 59 ktoe. This is due to the 68% increase in GDP from 2010 to 2019. Primary energy consumption Kosovohad an Environment almost constant 2020 Report trend ofwith environmental small variations indicators in growth (figure 50).

Energy intensity trend 2010-2019 120 180 160 100 140 80 120 100 60

ktoe 80

40 60 milion EURO 40 20 20 0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

indexi 2010=100 Konsumi i en. BPV

FigureFigure 50: 50: Energy Energy intensity intensity trend trend 2010 2010-2019-201943 43

Also according according to to Eurostat Eurostat data, data, energy energy intensity intensity in the in theeconomy economy in Kosovo in Kosovo for 2018 for was2018 446 was kgoe 446 per kgoe Euro per of Euro GDP, whichof GDP, compared which comparedto the countries to the of countries the region of is the highestregion isexcept the highest Bosnia exceptand Herzegovina. Bosnia and While Herzegovina. the gross energyWhile consumptionthe gross energy was 2585consumption ktoe, which was compared 2585 ktoe, to the which countries compared of the region to the was countries higher than of the in Albania, region Northwas higher Macedonia than andin Albania,Montenegro, North while Macedonia it is lower andthan Montenegro,in Serbia and Bosniawhile itand is Herzegovinalower than in (Table Serbia 16 and). Bosnia and Herzegovina (Table 16).

Table 16: Gross energy consumption and energy intensity in the economy for the year 201844 Table 16: Gross energy consumption and energy intensity in the economy Country Gross domestic energy 44Energy intensity in the economy consumptionfor the (ktoe) year 2018 (kgoe per EUR 1000 of GDP) KosovCountryo 2585Gross domestic en- Energy446 intensity in the Albania 2351ergy consumption economy214 (kgoe per EUR North Macedonia 2572 300 Montenegro 1078(ktoe) 1000278 of GDP) Bosnia and Herzegovina 67542585 446458 Serbia 15528 428 2351 214 Kosovo 2572 300 Albania 1078 278 43NorthSource of Macedonia data on energy consumption and GDP from KAS. 44 - 6754 458 Montenegrohttps://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Enlargement_countries_-_energy_statistics 80 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Bosnia and Herze 15528 428 govina Serbia

43 Source of data on energy consumption and GDP from KAS. 44 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Enlargement_countries_-_en- ergy_statistics

95 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

10.5. Consumption of primary energy from renewable energy sources

Indicator name Source of data on energy consumption and GDP from KAS Indicator code E05 Indicator type accord- Response indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The annual consumption of primary energy pro- indicator duced from renewable sources in relation to the total consumption of primary energy is presented as an indicator. The indicator includes the total consumption of primary energy from renewable energy sources, the share of renewable energy sources in the total consumption of primary energy and the increase of the average annual rate of energy consumption from renewable sources by sources. Methodology of identi- Relative share, from specific sources of renewable fication indicators energy are created by the ratio between the energy consumed which derives from that source and from the total consumption of primary energy is calculated for the annual calendar. The average annual rate increase is calculated according to the following formula: ((data for last year available / base year ^ (1 / year number) -1) * 100 Measuring Unit • energy consumption from renewable sources and total primary energy expressed in thousand or million tons of equivalent oil (kten / Mten); • The increase of the average annual rate of energy consumption from renewable sources is expressed in percentage (%). Data source Energy Balance - Kosovo Agency of Statistics and the Ministry of Economic Development. Time dynamics for data On an annual basis . collection

96 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Renewable energy participates with about 380.89 ktoe in the final energy consumption or about 20% of the consumption from the total of 1507.51 ktoe. If we look at the trend there is a progressive increase in the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption since 2012 when it was 251.63 ktoe (Figure 51). While the share of renewable energy sources in the total production of electricity at the national level for 2019 is about 6%45. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Share of renewable energy soruces in the final consumption of primary energy (ktoe) 2012-2019 1600.00 1400.00 1200.00 1000.00 800.00 600.00 400.00 200.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Renewable energy sources Total energy consumption

Figure 51: Trend of participation of renewable energy sources in the final consumption of Figure 51: Trend ofprimary participation energy (ktoe of renewable / year) 2012 energy-201946 sources in the final 46 consumption of primary energy (ktoe / year) 2012-2019 11. Environmental transport indicators

This sector affects the overall quality of the environment, especially in urban settings. Most vehicles use diesel, which means releasing emissions into the air, water and land. Landscaping and land changes are also made during road construction, including possible habitat degradation. Unused vehicles also pose a serious risk to the environment. Accidents with dangerous consequences for the environment can also lead to the transport of hazardous materials.

11.1. Passenger traffic

Indicator name Passenger traffic Indicator code TR01 Indicator type according Driving Force indicator to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the amount of passenger kilometers indicator (kmp) for a year in Kosovo in relation to the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product-GDP. Land transport includes the 45 ERO 2020, Balance of Electricitytransport and of Thermalpassengers Energy by road and rail. Air transport is not 46 KAS, Energy Balance 2012-2019covered by the budget. The indicator also contains land passenger traffic according to the type of transport which is measured as the percentage of each type of transport in total land passenger traffic. 97 Methodology for The division of demand for passenger transport and GDP are determining the determined based on index values, where as a base year it indicator takes 2000 (2000 = 100). In this way he can monitor the rate

46 KAS, Energy Balance 2012-2019 82 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

11. Environmental transport indicators

11.1. Passenger traffic

Indicator name Passenger traffic Indicator code TR01 Indicator type accord- Driving Force indicator ing to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the amount of passenger kilome- indicator ters (kmp) for a year in Kosovo in relation to the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product-GDP. Land transport includes the transport of passengers by road and rail. Air transport is not covered by the budget. The indicator also contains land passenger traffic according to the type of transport which is measured as the percentage of each type of transport in total land passenger traffic. Methodology for The division of demand for passenger transport and determining the GDP are determined based on index values, where indicator as a base year it takes 2000 (2000 = 100). In this way he can monitor the rate of increase of passenger kilometers compared to the rate of GDP growth. Measuring Unit - land transport includes the transport of road passengers and rail passengers, and is expressed in passenger kilometers (kmp) and / or the number of passengers (kmp) when the number of kilometers represents the transport of a passenger over a distance of one kilometer. - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expressed in constant prices (EUR). - kilometers per passenger are expressed in kmp, and the division of passenger demand and GDP represents an index (2000 = 100).

98 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report of increase of passenger kilometers compared to the rate of GDP growth. Measuring Unit - land transport includes the transport of road passengers and rail passengers, and is expressed in passenger kilometers (kmp) and / or the number of passengers (kmp) when the number of kilometers represents the transport of a passenger overKosovo a distance Environment of one kilometer. 2020 Report of environmental indicators - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expressed in constant prices (EUR). - kilometers per passenger are expressed in kmp, and the Data source Ministrydivision of ofpassenger Infrastructure demand and and GDP Kosovo represents Agency an index of Statistics(2000 = 100). Data source Ministry of Infrastructure and Kosovo Agency of Statistics DynamicDynamic time time of data of OnOn an an annual annual basis basis . . collectiondata collection

Road construction construction has hasa direct a directimpact onimpact the environment on the environment for several reasons for several where reasonsamong the where most among important the mostare considered important the are occupation considered of theagricultural occupation lands, of agriculturalerosion and promotionlands, erosion of soil and erosion, promotion fragmentation of soil erosion,of natural fragmentation habitats, Water of naturalregime change habitats, and Water other socioregime-environmental change and aspects.other socio-environmental Kosovo has 2311.7 km aspects. of road Kosovonetwork hasof which 2311.7 1509.4 km of km road are network regional, of665.2 which km 1509.4 are national km are and regional, 137.2 km 665.2 are kmhighways are national (figure 52).and 137.2 km are highways (figure 52). The trend trend of ofexpanding expanding road road infrastructure infrastructure from fromyear toyear year to is yearincreasing is increasing which whichcarries carrieswith it the with increase it the increaseof pressure of onpressure the environment on the environment..

Length of the roads (km) by categories 2500.0

2000.0

1500.0

1000.0

500.0

0.0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Motorway National Regional Total

FigureFigur 52:e 52: Length Length ofof roads (km) (km) by by categories categories

Kosovo hashas 333333 km of railway network. TheThe train train is is consideredconsidered to to be be moremore environmentally friendly friendly transport transport because because its use its reducesuse reduces the need the forneed the for use the of usetransport of transport vehicles. vehicles. Although Although in Kosovo, in Kosovo, the trains the trainsare old are and old mainly and mainly with withlocomotives locomotives that use that dies useel it dieselcan be saidit can that be this said type that of transportthis type hasof transporthad a positive has had a positive impact on reducing pollution from transport in general. From83 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 2005 when the rail passenger transport started in Kosovo until 2010 there was a progressive increase in the number of passengers who used the train. During the period 2011-2014 there was a constant number of passengers, while during the period 2015-2019 there is a decrease in the number of passengers who have used the train for travel (figure 53).

99 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report impact on reducing pollution from transport in general. From 2005 when the rail passenger transport started in Kosovo until 2010 there was a progressive increase in the number of passengers who used the train. During the period 2011-2014 there was Kosovoa constant Environment number 2020 of passengers, Report of environmental while during indicators the period 2015-2019 there is a decrease in the number of passengers who have used the train for travel (figure 53).

Number of passengers who have used the train for transport 400.00 350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 2005 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

47 Figure 53: The trend of use of rail transport of passengers 47 Figure 53: The trend of use of rail transport of passengers Flights are considered one of the sources of air emissions and greenhouse gas emissions.Flights are This considered includes onein particular of the sources the period of air of emissions landing and and flight greenhouse of airplanes gas emissions.where gases This are discharged includes in at particularthe place wherethe period the flight of landing begins orand where flight the of landingairplanes wheretakes pl gasesace. In are Kosovo, discharged Adem Jashariat the Internationalplace where Airportthe flight is used begins for internationalor where the landingair transport. takes According place. In to Kosovo, the data ofAdem IA "Adem Jashari Jashari", International for the period Airport 2006 is- 2019used thefor internationalnumber of passengers air transport. and theAccording number toof theflights data has of IAmarked “Adem a progressiveJashari”, for increase.the period Figure 2006-2019 54 presents the number the trend of ofpassengers passengers and who the have number used airof flightstransport has throughmarked IAa progressive "Adem Jashari". increase. The figureFigure shows 54 presents that from the about trend 90 of thousandpassengers as whothe number of passengers in 2006, in 2019 it has increased to over 236 thousand passengershave used .air transport through IA “Adem Jashari”. The figure shows that from about 90 thousand as the number of passengers in 2006, in 2019 it has increased to over 236 thousand passengers. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Number of passengers who have used air transport 2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

47 KAS, Transport Statistics 2005-2018 0 84 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 48 Figure 54: Trend of passengers at `Adem Jashari` International Airport 48 Figure 54: Trend of passengers at `Adem Jashari` International Airport 47 KAS, Transport Statistics 2005-2018 4811.2. Transport Prishtina International of goods Airport “Adem Jashari”

Indicator100 name Transport of goods Indicator code TR02 Indicator type according Driving Force indicator to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the amount realized in kilometers indicator per ton (kmt) during a year in Kosovo, in relation to the GDP growth rate. Freight traffic including land transport of goods by road and rail. The indicator also includes land freight traffic by type of transport which is measured as a percentage of road and rail freight transport in total for land freight traffic. Methodology for The division of the demand for freight transport and GDP is determining the done based on the values of the index, where the base year is indicator 2000 (2000 = 100). In this way it can be monitored the growth rates of kmt compared to the GDP growth rate. Measuring Unit • land transport (freight transport by road and rail) is expressed in ton (s) and / or ton-kilometers (kmt). Kmt is the transport of a ton of cargo over a distance of one kilometer • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expressed in constant prices (EUR). • tons of kilometers realized are expressed in ktm, while the division of demand for freight transport and GDP is presented through the index (2000 = 100).

Data source Ministry of Infrastructure and Kosovo Agency of Statistics

48 Prishtina International Airport “Adem Jashari” 85 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

11.2. Transport of goods

Indicator name Transport of goods Indicator code TR02 Indicator type Driving Force indicator according to DPSIR model Description of the The indicator represents the amount realized in ki- indicator lometers per ton (kmt) during a year in Kosovo, in relation to the GDP growth rate. Freight traffic including land transport of goods by road and rail. The indicator also includes land freight traffic by type of transport which is measured as a percentage of road and rail freight transport in total for land freight traffic. Methodology for The division of the demand for freight transport and determining the GDP is done based on the values of the index, where indicator the base year is 2000 (2000 = 100). In this way it can be monitored the growth rates of kmt compared to the GDP growth rate. Measuring Unit • land transport (freight transport by road and rail) is expressed in ton (s) and / or ton-kilometers (kmt). Kmt is the transport of a ton of cargo over a distance of one kilometer • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expressed in constant prices (EUR). • tons of kilometers realized are expressed in ktm, while the division of demand for freight transport and GDP is presented through the index (2000 = 100). Data source Ministry of Infrastructure and Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

This environmental indicator aims to highlight the pressure on the environment, which comes from the freight transport sector, with special emphasis on heavy road transport vehicles and at the same time the contribution of rail transport

101 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators This environmental indicator aims to highlight the pressure on the environment, which comes from the freight transport sector, with special emphasis on heavy road transportin reducing vehicles pollution and at theby reducingsame time thetransport contribution freight of railroad. trans Thereport in is reducing no data pollutionon the transport by reducing of goodstransport by freightland, whileroad. Therein terms is no of data transport on the oftransport goods ofby goodsrail from by land, 2011 while to 2018, in terms there of istransport a decline of goodsin the by amount rail from of 2011goods to transported2018, there isthrough a decline this in thetransport. amount of goods transported through this transport.

Quantity of goods transported (thousand tons) 1200.00

1000.00

800.00 ton

ë 600.00 mij 400.00

200.00

0.00 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

FigureFi g55:ure Quantity55: Quantity of of goods goods transported (thousand (thousand tons) tons) by rail by rail

11.3. AverageAverage ageage of motor vehicles vehicles

Indicator name Average age of motor vehicles Indicator code name TR03Average age of motor vehicles Indicator type code according PressureTR03 indicator to DPSIR model IndicatorDescription type of the ThePressure indicator indicator represents the average age of vehicles accordingindicator to DPSIR (motorcycles, passenger cars, buses, trucks and trailers). Methodology for The indicator is based on vehicle registration data for a modeldetermining the given year: for each individual vehicle the age is calculated in Descriptionindicator of the aThe way thatindicator the vehicle represents production the date average is subtracted age fromof vehi the- indicator registrationcles (motorcycles, date. Add passengerup all the vehicle cars, years buses, divided trucks by theand total number of vehicles. Measuring Unit Numbertrailers). of years (seniority) MethodologyData source for MinistryThe indicator of Internal is Affairs,based Ministryon vehicle of Infrastructure registration and data Kosovo Agency of Statistics determiningDynamic time of the data Onfor an a annualgiven year:basis . for each individual vehicle the age indicatorcollection is calculated in a way that the vehicle production date is subtracted from the registration date. Add up all the vehicle years divided by the total number 86 Kosovoof Environmentalvehicles. Protection Agency Measuring Unit Number of years (seniority)

102 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Data source Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Infrastruc- ture and Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

The age of vehicles is an environmental indicator, which indicates the pressure exerted on the environment by these sources of emissions of pollutants into the air and greenhouse gases. The older the cars and the older their EURO standard, the higher the emissions will be and the higher the pressure will be. Regarding the age of vehicles in Kosovo (table 17 and figure 56), the largest number of vehicles from all categories belong to the group that meet the standard EURO3 and EURO4, and that can be considered as vehicles of average age e. After these categories comes the category of vehicles before EURO1, which can be considered as old vehicles, while the smallest number of vehicles circulating in Kosovo belongs to the category EURO6, which can be considered new vehicles..

Table 17: Number of vehicles registered by type and Euro standard (2018) Before Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5 Euro6 Euro1

Passenger car 50414 11622 35194 92342 61456 25267 9507

Easy transport vehicle 5851 4808 11435 12695 6932 2055 464

Heavy transport 3372 1129 2476 3562 1011 857 210 vehicle bus 354 342 907 661 158 99 55

Motorcycles 437 377 260 660 149 1 6

103 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report The age of vehicles is an environmental indicator, which indicates the pressure exerted on the environment by these sources of emissions of pollutants into the air and greenhouse gases. The older the cars and the older their EURO standard, the higher the emissions will be and the higher the pressure will be. Regarding the age of vehicles in Kosovo (table 17 and figure 56), the largest number of vehicles from all categories belong to the group that meet the standard EURO3 and EURO4, and that can be considered as vehicles of average age e. After these categories comes the category of vehicles before EURO1, which can be considered as old vehicles, while the smallest number of vehicles circulating in Kosovo belongs to the category EURO6, which can be considered new vehicles..

Table 17: Number of vehicles registered by type and Euro standard (2018) Before Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5 Euro6 Euro1 Passenger car 50414 11622 35194 92342 61456 25267 9507 Easy transport vehicle 5851 4808 11435 12695 6932 2055 464 Heavy transport 3372 1129 2476 3562 1011 857 210 vehicle Kosovobus Environment 2020 354Report of environmental342 907 indicators 661 158 99 55 Motorcycles 437 377 260 660 149 1 6

No. of total of vehicles registered according to the standard EURO

109920

69706 60428 50272

28279 18278 10242

Para Euro 1 Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6

FigurFiguree 56: 56:Total Total number number of vehicles of vehicles registered registered in Kosovo accordingin Kosovo to accordingthe standard to EURO the standard EURO 11.4. Number of vehicles 11.4. Number of vehicles Indicator name Number of vehicles Indicator code TR04 Indicator type name according NumberPressure indicator of vehicles to DPSIR model Indicator code TR04

Indicator type Pressure indicator 87 according to DPSIR Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency model Description of the This indicator represents the number of vehicles in indicator Kosovo, based on data from vehicle registrations (motorcycles, passenger cars and commercial vehicles), by type of fuel (diesel, gasoline, natural gas, diesel, electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles). The indicator includes the following information: - number of motor vehicles by type; - number of motor vehicles according to the type of fuel; - percentage of passenger vehicles that use diesel in the total number of passenger vehicles; - number of passenger cars per thousand inhabitants;

104 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Methodology for This indicator is based on the number of vehicles by determining the type, the number of vehicles by fuel, and the year of indicator vehicle registration. Measuring Unit - number of motor vehicles by type; - number of motor vehicles according to the type of fuel; - percentage (%) of passenger vehicles that use diesel; number of passenger cars / 1,000 inhabitants; Data source Ministry of Internal Affairs and Kosovo Agency of Statistics Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

In Kosovo, vehicles are used as the main means of transport, which is due to the inadequate functioning of urban transport, which operates with outdated buses which are very slow and cause a lot of pollution. The number of vehicles is an important environmental indicator as transport is one of the main sources of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. As shown in Figure 18 and Figure 57 from 2008 to 2019 there has been a progressive increase in the number of vehicles in Kosovo. From this it can be concluded that there has also been an increase in fuel combustion from these cars which has necessarily increased the amount of pollutants in the air. Regarding the number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants, Kosovo in 2019, had 291 cars per 1000 inhabitants.

Table 18: Number of vehicles by types 2011-2019 Vehicle types 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Car 170321 176398 222537 236145 281847 260291 273862 280422 291292 Transport vehicle 10877 11547 15352 15769 18330 17963 18559 33889 35157 3.5 and over 3.5 t Transport vehicle 17901 18225 24659 26949 30846 31285 32299 19371 19379 under 3.5 t Van 2698 2520 3225 3161 3212 2841 2535 2917 2977 Bus 1117 1298 1570 1697 2124 1916 1949 2326 2135 Motorcycles 546 809 1488 1540 1849 1790 1690 2038 2087 Tractors 39 137 776 1036 941 613 523 1791 1851 Trailer under 3.5 t 101 117 217 250 286 288 288 572 681000 Trailer 3.5 and over 3.5 t 1766 1800 2283 2281 2707 2628 2735 305 271000 in total 205366 212851 272107 288828 342142 319615 334440 343631 355829

105 Kosovo EnvironmentKosovo 2020 ReportEnvironment of environmental 2020 - Environmental indicators Indicators Report in total 205366 212851 272107 288828 342142 319615 334440 343631 355829

Total no. of registered vehicles

355829 342142 334440 343631 319615 288828 272107

211310 205366 212851

2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

49 FigureFigur 57: Totale 57: Total number number of ofvehicles vehicles registered in in Kosovo Kosovo 2008 2008-2018-2018 49

11.5. NumberNumber ofof deaths deaths in in road road accidents accidents Indicator name Number of deaths in road accidents Indicator code TR05 Indicator type name according NumberPressure indicator of deaths in road accidents Indicatorto DPSIR model code TR05 Description of the This indicator represents the number of deaths in road Indicatorindicator type Pressureaccidents inindicator Kosovo, the number of people injured in road according to DPSIR accidents, and the trend. This indicator is monitored annually, and expressed in absolute numbers or per 10 000 inhabitants modelMethodology for Number of persons (dead and injured) in road accidents each Descriptiondetermining the of the Thisyear. indicator represents the number of deaths in indicator indicatorMeasuring Unit roadNumber accidents of deaths in roadKosovo, accidents. the number of people in- juredNumber in of road injured accidents, in road accidents. and the. trend. This indica- Data source torMinistry is monitored of Internal Affairsannually, and Kosovoand expressed Agency of Statisticsin absolute. Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection numbers or per 10 000 inhabitants Methodology for Number of persons (dead and injured) in road acci- Baseddetermining on the data the of the dentsKosovo each Police year. for the period 2010-2019, road traffic accidentsindicator and the number of injured and dead in these accidents tend to fall (table 19). This can be related to the improvement of road infrastructure, the improvement Measuring Unit Number of deaths in road accidents. of road signs, the increase of the awareness of car drivers and other participants in traffic and the efficiency of theNumber work of of the injured Kosovo in Police road. accidents..

Data source Ministry of Internal Affairs and Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Dynamic time of On an annual basis . 49 Transport and Telecommunications Statistics 2015, KAS data collection 89 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency 49 Transport and Telecommunications Statistics 2015, KAS

106 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Based on the data of the Kosovo Police for the period 2010-2019, road traffic accidents and the number of injured and dead in these accidents tend to fall (table 19). This can be related to the improvement of road infrastructure, the improvement of road signs, the increase of the awareness of car drivers and other participants in traffic and the efficiency of the work of the Kosovo Police.

Table 19: Road traffic accidents in Kosovo and persons killed in these accidents 2010-201950 Year Accidents with Accidents Fatal acci- Injured Dead per- material dam- with injuries dents persons sons age 2010 12,594 4327 158 7731 175 2011 18,888 4490 130 8321 157 2012 19,756 4555 116 8561 121 2013 13,878 4960 104 9817 119 2014 10,333 4876 111 9713 127 2015 11,145 5275 117 10671 129 2016 12,312 6130 99 12009 110 2017 11,183 6390 122 12645 137 2018 9,424 6217 100 12360 129 2019 9,974 6148 100 11860 113

50 Road Safety Strategy and Action Plan in Kosovo (2016-2020) and Annual Reports of the Koso- vo Police 2010-2019.

107 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

12. Environmental indicators of tourism

Tourism is of great importance in the economic and cultural development of a country. But its development has a negative impact on the environment and in particular on natural ecosystems as a result of uncontrolled waste disposal, damage to natural resources and biodiversity. In order to reduce this impact in addition to the economic aspect, tourism should pay attention to environmental protection, so as an advanced form of tourism today is known ecotourism or sustainable tourism.

12.1. Tourist visits

Indicator name Tourist visits Indicator code TU01 Indicator type accord- Indicator of driving forces ing to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the dynamics of tourist indicator visits (local and foreign), in total and by country of origin, by municipalities, by tourist places, by places where they are located and the types of facilities where they are located. The term visitors means the number of tourists who stay one or more nights in the respective facilities (hotel or other) for a certain period of time monitored. Through this indicator presenting data on the density of tourist flow and pressure is shown in tourist areas based on the following parameters: • Number of tourists per km2 • Number of tourists per inhabitant • Number of tourists per month • Number of tourists by regions, zones Methodology for The methodology of collecting statistical data in the determining the tourism sector carried out by the national institu- indicator tion responsible for statistics, should be based on guidelines for tourism statistics according to the European Union or the World Trade Organization..

108 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring UnitKosovo Environment• Number 2020 - Environmentalof tourists expressedIndicators Report in thousand per Methodology for The kmmethodology2, per capita, of collecti per monthng statistical and dataper regionin the tourism determining the • sectorParticipation carried out by of the the national tourists institution number responsible by munici for- indicator statistics, should be based on guidelines for tourism statisticspalities, according countries to the of European origin, Uniontypes orof the accommo World - Tradedation Organization. facilities,. in the total number of tourists Measuring Unit • Numberexpressed of tourists in percentage expressed in thousand per km2, per Data source Kosovocapita, Agency per month of Statistics and per region and the Ministry of Trade• Participation and Industry of the - touristsTourism number Division by municipalities, countries of origin, types of accommodation facilities, in Dynamic time of On thean annualtotal number basis of . tourists expressed in percentage Datadata source collection Kosovo Agency of Statistics and the Ministry of Trade and Industry - Tourism Division Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . Incollection Kosovo from year to year there has been an increase of the number of foreign tourists who have visited the country, but at the same time the number of Indomestic Kosovo touristsfrom year has to increased year there too. has If webeen analyze an increase the number of the of number foreign of tourists foreign touristsin Kosovo who since have 2010 visited to the2019, country, we will but notice at the that same there time is thea progressive number of increase domestic touristsin the numberhas increased of tourists too. If and we theiranalyze overnights the number stay. of In foreign 2019, touristsaccording in toKosovo the since 2010 to 2019, we will notice that there is a progressive increase in the number ofKosovo tourists Agency and their of Statistics, overnights about stay .177,358 In 2019, foreign according tourists to the were Kosovo registered. Agency In of Statistics,terms of aboutlocal visitors,177,358 theforeign number tourists of tourists were registered. was 109,725 In terms tourists. of local Compared visitors, theto thenumber previous of tourists year there was 109,725was a slight tourists. falling Compared number toof theforeign previous and domesticyear there wastourists. a slight Compared falling number to 2010, of foreign the number and domestic of foreign tourists. and domestic Compared tourists to 2010, has the numberincreased of foreign fivefold and (figure domestic 58). tourists has increased fivefold (figure 58).

Number of foreign and domestic visitors 2010-2019 350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Vendor Të jashtëm Gjithsejt

FigureFigur 58.e 5 Number8. Number of of foreign foreign andand ddomesticomestic visitors visitors 2010 2010 – 2019 – 2019

Regarding the participation of tourists by regions, Prishtina leads with 59% of the totalRegarding number the of visitors,participation Prizren of with tourists 15% by of regions,visitors andPrishtina Peja with leads 13% with of 59%the total of numberthe total of number visitors (figureof visitors, 59). Prizren with 15% of visitors and Peja with 13% of

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91 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

the total number of visitors (figure 59). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Visitors by regions

5% 3% 2%3%

13%

15%

59%

Gjakove Gjilan Mitrovice Peje Prizren Prishtine Ferizaj

FigureFigure 59: 59 :Visitors Visitors byby regionsregions (%) (%)

AccordingAccording to 2019to 2019 data, data, Kosovo Kosovo on anon annualan annual basis basis has hasabout about 26 tourists26 tourists per per1km 2, and1km about2, and 0.28 about visitors 0.28 per visitors capita. perThe capita.monthly The average monthly of visitors average is aboutof visitors 40,866. is Regardingabout 40,866. the countries of origin, the largest number of foreign tourists come from theRegarding countries ofthe the countries region (Albania of origin, 26%, the Northernlargest number Macedonia of foreign 22% andtourists Serbia come 26%), whilefrom from the othercountries countries of the outsideregion (Albania the region 26%, the Northern largest number Macedonia of visitors 22% and come fromSerbia Germany 26%), 5% while and from Switzerland other countries 4% (table outside 20). the region the largest number of visitors come from Germany 5% and Switzerland 4% (table 20). Table 20: The origin of foreign tourists visiting Kosovo Country Table 20: The origin of foreignNo. oftourists tourists visiting Kosovo % Country No. of tourists % Austria 57,414 1 Belgium 33,692 1 GreatAustria Britain 58,23557,414 11 France 32,165 1 GermanyBelgium 229,48633,692 15 ItalyGreat Britain 29,20358,235 11 CroatiaFrance 32,50432,165 11 Montenegro 154,715 3 MacedoniaGermany 1,086,626229,486 225 SerbiaItaly 1,399,82929,203 281 US 48,006 1 Croatia 32,504 1 Albania 1,272,024 26 TurkeyMontenegro 154,71575,345 32 Switzerland 207,906 4 Other 245185 3

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92 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Macedonia 1,086,626 22 Serbia 1,399,829 28 US 48,006 1 Albania 1,272,024 26 Turkey 75,345 2 Switzerland 207,906 4 Other 245185 3

12.2. Tourist overnight stays

Indicator name Tourist overnight stays Indicator code TU02 Indicator type Indicator of driving forces according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the trend of overnight stays indicator of tourists (local and foreign), in total and by country of origin, by municipalities, by tourist places, by places where they are located and types of facilities where they are located. This indicator presents data on the density of tourist traffic and shows the pressure in tourist zones and seasonal impacts based on these parameters.: • Number of tourists per km2 • Number of tourists per inhabitant • Number of tourists per month • Number of tourists by regions, areas Methodology for The methodology of collecting statistical data in the determining the tourism sector carried out by the national institution indicator responsible for statistics should be based on guidelines for tourism statistics according to the European Union or the World Trade Organization.

111 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Measuring Unit • Number of nights spent by tourists expressed in thousand • Participation of the number of nights spent by tourists by municipalities, countries of origin, types of facilities for accommodation in the total number of tourists expressed in percentage (%) • The number of nights spent by tourists according to the types of tourist places, expressed in thousand or as a percentage (%) of the participation of each tourist place in the total number of tourists Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics and the Ministry of Trade and Industry-Tourism Division Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

As for the number of tourists in Kosovo from year to year there has been an increase in overnight stays for both groups of foreign and domestic tourists. If we analyze the nights of stay of foreign and domestic tourists, from 2010 to 2019, there is a progressive increase in the number of nights of their stay. In 2019, according to the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, about 321,581 overnight stays of foreign tourists were registered, while the overnight stays of local visitors were 168,821 nights. Compared to the previous year, there was a slight increase in the number of nights spent by foreign and domestic tourists, while compared to 2010, the number of foreign and domestic tourists has increased fivefold (figure 60). Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

Number of overnight stays of visitors, foreign and domestic 600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Vendor Të jashtëm Gjithsejt

Fig. 60. Number of overnight stays of visitors, foreign and local 2010 – 2019 Fig. 60. Number of overnight stays of visitors, foreign and local 2010 – 2019

Regarding the overnight stays of tourists,, by regions, as well as the number of tourists, the region of Prishtina, Prizren and Peja are the regions with the highest % 112 of overnight stays for local and foreign tourists, while the origin of tourists by overnight stays is the same as that of their visits (figure 60 and table 20).

12.3. Intensity of tourism

Indicator name Tourism intensity (Number of beds and utilization rate of this capacity) Indicator code TU03 Indicator type Indicator of driving forces according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the number of beds and their indicator availability by country of origin, by municipalities, regions and types of facilities for accommodation / vacation, and the extent of their use. Methodology for The methodology of collecting statistical data in the tourism determining the sector carried out by the national institution responsible for indicator statistics, should be based on guidelines for tourism statistics according to the European Union or the World Trade Organization. The calculation can also be done according to the methodology of the European Environment Agency for the tourism intensity indicator. Measuring Unit • Number of beds per km2 • Number of beds per inhabitant • Ratio between the number of overnight stays of tourists and beds available for the monitoring period.

94 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

Regarding the overnight stays of tourists,, by regions, as well as the number of tourists, the region of Prishtina, Prizren and Peja are the regions with the highest % of overnight stays for local and foreign tourists, while the origin of tourists by overnight stays is the same as that of their visits (figure 60 and table 20).

12.3. Intensity of tourism

Indicator name Tourism intensity (Number of beds and utilization rate of this capacity) Indicator code TU03 Indicator type Indicator of driving forces according to DPSIR model Description of the This indicator presents the number of beds and their indicator availability by country of origin, by municipalities, regions and types of facilities for accommodation / vacation, and the extent of their use. Methodology for The methodology of collecting statistical data in the determining the tourism sector carried out by the national institution indicator responsible for statistics, should be based on guidelines for tourism statistics according to the European Union or the World Trade Organization. The calculation can also be done according to the methodology of the European Environment Agency for the tourism intensity indicator. Measuring Unit • Number of beds per km2 • Number of beds per inhabitant • Ratio between the number of overnight stays of tourists and beds available for the monitoring period. • Availability of capacities for tourist accommodation expressed in percentage %. Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics and the Ministry of Trade and Industry-Tourism Division Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

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Based on the data of the Agency of Statistics, Kosovo has over 11101 beds for accommodation of visitors, with 7077 rooms which are distributed in 466 accommodation units. The largest number of accommodation units belongs to hotels with 214 Units and motels with 177 Units (table 21).

Table 21: Tourist accommodation capacities in Kosovo according to the type of accommodation 51 Unit Room Beds 214 4457 7195 177 2132 2836 Hotels 10 46 99 Motels 9 43 171 Guesthouse 15 25 32 Hostels 41 374 768 Apartments 466 7077 11101 Bungallo Prishtinain total is the region that has the largest number of units, beds and rooms available for tourist accommodation. After Prishtina, come Prizren and Peja with the capacities available for accommodation of tourists (figure 61). According to estimates, Kosovo has about 1 bed per 1km2, and 0.006 beds per capita. Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report

3514

2607 2483 2154

1219 1145 1029 699 734 797 488 484 353 472 27 34 29 87 83 144 62 Gjakova Gjilani Mitrovica Peja Prizreni Prishtina Ferizaj

Units Rooms Beds

FigureFigur 61:e Tourist 61: Tourist accommodation accommodation capacities capacities in Kosovoin Kosovo by region by region and type and type

12.4. Number of tourists in National Parks

51Indicator Hotel name statistics, ASK Number2019 of tourists (visitors) in National Parks Indicator code TU04 Indicator type according Indicator of driving forces to114 DPSIR model Description of the Through this indicator, are presented the total number of indicator tourists in the National Parks, the number of visitors by National Parks per year / season and the number of visitors per km2 of the park.. Methodology for The methodology of collecting statistical data in the tourism determining the sector, carried out by the national institution responsible for indicator statistics, should be based on guidelines for tourism statistics according to the European Union or the World Trade Organization. Measuring Unit • Number of visitors to the National Parks • Number of visitors per km2 of National Parks Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics and Ministry of Trade and Industry - Tourism Division, National Parks Directorates Dynamic time of data On an annual basis . collection

National Parks are one of the most important tourist destinations in the country. Kosovo National Parks "Sharri" and " Bjeshkët e Nemuna" are among the most attractive tourist areas and favorite destinations for foreign and domestic visitors. In the absence of information offices in National Parks, there is still no complete data on the total number of tourists who have visited National Parks during a year or during a season. However, a rough estimate can be made if we take into account the data on the total number of foreign and domestic visitors who have visited the region of Peja and Prizren, alluding that the same tourists have visited our National Parks that 96 Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

12.4. Number of tourists in National Parks

Indicator name Number of tourists (visitors) in National Parks Indicator code TU04 Indicator type Indicator of driving forces according to DPSIR model Description of the Through this indicator, are presented the total num- indicator ber of tourists in the National Parks, the number of visitors by National Parks per year / season and the number of visitors per km2 of the park.. Methodology for The methodology of collecting statistical data in the determining the tourism sector, carried out by the national institution indicator responsible for statistics, should be based on guidelines for tourism statistics according to the European Union or the World Trade Organization. Measuring Unit • Number of visitors to the National Parks • Number of visitors per km2 of National Parks Data source Kosovo Agency of Statistics and Ministry of Trade and Industry - Tourism Division, National Parks Di- rectorates Dynamic time of On an annual basis . data collection

National Parks are one of the most important tourist destinations in the country. Kosovo National Parks “Sharri” and “ Bjeshkët e Nemuna” are among the most attractive tourist areas and favorite destinations for foreign and domestic visitors. In the absence of information offices in National Parks, there is still no complete data on the total number of tourists who have visited National Parks during a year or during a season. However, a rough estimate can be made if we take into account the data on the total number of foreign and domestic visitors who have visited the region of Peja and Prizren, alluding that the same tourists have visited our National Parks that extend in this area, respectively NP ` Bjeshkët e Nemuna` and NP `Sharri`. Based on these estimates, the annual number of tourists who visited the National Park “Bjeshkët e Nemuna “ in 2019 was about 22 thousand, while those who visited the National Park “Sharri” was about 16 thousand. From this estimate it can also be seen that there was a decline in the number of tourists who visited the National Parks

115 Kosovo Environment 2020 - Environmental Indicators Report extend in this area, respectively NP ` Bjeshkët e Nemuna` and NP `Sharri`. Based on these estimates, the annual number of tourists who visited the National Park "Bjeshkët e Nemuna " in 2019 was about 22 thousand, while those who visited the Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators National Park "Sharri" was about 16 thousand. From this estimate it can also be seen that there was a decline in the number of tourists who visited the National Parks in in2019 2019 compared compared to the to theprev previousious year year(figure (figure 62). The 62). number The numberof visitors of pervisitors km2. inper kmthe 2National.in the National Park " Bjeshkët Park “ e Bjeshkët Nemuna "e forNemuna 2019, was “ for about 2019, 36 was visitors about / 1 36 km visitors2, while /the 1 kmnumber2, while of visitorsthe number per km of2 .visitorsin the National per km Park2.in the"Sharri" National in 2019 Park was “Sharri” about 31in 2019visitors was / 1 about km2. 31 visitors / 1 km2.

Number of visitors to National Parks 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2017 2018 2019

Pejë (PK Bjeshket e Nemuna) Prizren (PK Sharri)

FigureFigur 62:e 62 Number: Number of of visitorsvisitors to to National National Parks Parks

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116 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

13. References

1. KAS, Performance Reports 2008-2018 2. KAS, Agricultural Household Survey 2015-2019 3. KAS, Industrial Waste Survey 2010-2016 4. KAS, Municipal Waste Survey 2004-2018 5. Energy Balance 2012-2019 KAS 6. Kosovo Forest Inventory 2012 / KFA 7. Kosovo Red Fauna Book, KEPA / MESP 2019 8. Red Book of Vascular Flora of the Republic of Kosovo, KEPA / MESP 2015 9. Law No. 03 / L-025, on Environmental Protection 10. Annual Reports of the Kosovo Police 2010-2019. 11. State of Nature Report 2010-2014, KEPA / IKMN 2015; 12. Hotel statistics, KAS 2019 13. Transport and Telecommunications Statistics 2015, KAS 14. Road Safety Strategy and Action Plan in Kosovo 2016-2020; 15. The Word of Organic Agriculture, Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020, FIBL / IFOAM 16. Administrative Instruction no. 18/2012 on the Proclamation of Protected and Strictly Protected Species, Prishtina: MESP, 2012; 17. Evaluation of endemic plant conservation in Kosovo, Millaku et al., Hacquetia 2017.

117 Kosovo Environment 2020 Report of environmental indicators

“Kosovo Environment 2020, report of environmental indicators”, has been prepared by the Directorate for Environmental Assessment and Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency.

The main contributors: Afrim Berisha, Taf Veselaj, Përparim Gashi, Selvije Raci, Sabit Restelica, Merita Mehmeti, Armend Agushi, Vlora Spanca, Ajet Mahmuti, Filloreta Berisha, Mërgime Alaj-Veliu.

Other contributors: Fadil Bajraktari, Letafete Latifi, Sami Behrami, Qenan Maxhuni, Nexhmije Kamberi, Agron Shala, Shkumbin Shala, Mentor Shala, Besim Aliu, Faton Sopi.

KEPA address: Street `Luan Haradinaj`, former media building -` Rilindja` floor XV/04 Tel. +381 38 200 33 228 , email: [email protected]

Printed copies of the report are distributed free of charge The report in electronic format can be downloaded from the KEPA website: www.ammk-rks.net

Prishtina, 2020

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