Index
9/11 72, 119, 122, 132, 249 emotional dimensions of a transnational 1.5 generation 318, 322 habitus 310–12 emotional negotiations and political abortion 50 subjectivity 308–10 absence 361–2, 369 emotions and citizenship approximations communicative 366–7 305–6 corporeal 365–6 Arizona, migrant deaths in 146–7 imaginative 363 arrows, as symbolic device 158–60, 162–3, 165 material 364–5 Artesia 250 virtual 367–8 Asia, labor migration in see labor migration in Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna 353 Asia, corporeal geographies of access to legal justice see legal justice, access to assimilation 316–17 and exclusion from asylum activism 330, 345–7, 369 and freedom 405–6, 407–8 in Austria and Germany 347–55 technologies of 59 adjunct camps 223 ‘territorial norm’ of 404–5 affective geographies 96 asylum, counter-mapping see counter- affective practice 308–9, 312 mapping, refugees and asylum borders Afghan gendered circular migrations 130–33, asylum processes, and neoliberal 138–40 governmentality 384–6, 393–4 economic opportunity 137–8 bureaucratic governance and neoliberal to Iran 133–5 capital 388–90 to Pakistan 135–6 calculating value of evidence and expertise Afghan refugees 360 391–3 Afghanistan 130–32 procedural overview 386–8 Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) asylum seekers states, and Cotonou Agreement 175 in or aiming for Australia 232, 233–4, African Union (AU) 291 235–41 Agamben, Giorgio 256–7 in Austria and Germany 347–55 Agier, Michel 36, 59 containment 32–3 aid, humanitarian see humanitarian aid definition of 386 airlines 251 legal recognition as refugees 360, 364 Al-Ali, Alia 123–7 in Mexico 251 Al Qaeda 132 numbers 2, 384, 388 Alternatives to Detention (ATD) programs processing in Europe 211–12, 214, 215, 250–51 359–60, 419, 420 Andersson, Ruben 202–3 and suffering 380–81 Anglo-Indian migrants (from Calcutta) 273, support organizations 392–3 274, 275–6 in USA 45, 48, 50, 52–4, 55, 384, 387–8, ankle monitors 250, 251 390, 391–2, 393–4 anthropology 71 violence against 45 anti-immigration political parties 1, 165 see also legal justice, access to and exclusion appeals by asylum seekers see legal justice, from access to and exclusion from Australia, Asia-Pacific border continuum approximate citizenship (Chinese diasporic 232–3, 240–41 descendants in Myanmar) 303–5, construction of illegality 237–8 312–13 detention 235–7, 239–40 Burmese-Chinese in Myanmar 306–8 deterrence 233–5, 238
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failures in 238–40 and bodies of migrants 25, 97–8 mapping 233–8 characteristics of 207 Australia, community detention 259 conceptualizations of 207–8, 256 Australian Border Force 232, 237 crossing 193, 203 Austria 347–8, 349–51, 352–5 deterritorialization 260–61 border 206–7, 210, 211, 212–14 embodied 255–6, 260, 262, 263 fragmentation of 232 BAG Asyl in der Kirche 416–17, 418–19, 420, heterogenization of 399 421 and histories of displacement, segregation Bangladeshi migrants 270 and persecution 61 bare life 257–8, 262 as institutional practices 193–4 ‘Barracks’ 224 and migrant subjectivity 64–5 Bartel, R. 359 mobile 58–60, 260, 399 Bauder, H. 319, 321 nature and significance of 71–2 Belgium 258–9 and racism 203 Belgrade 224 as social institutions 208 belonging 81, 82, 269, 270, 281, 310 and suffering 380 care and belonging in a Finnish Family terminology 256 Group Home 84–8 and territoriality 60–62 and citizenship 305 see also Australia, Asia-Pacific border transcultural 82–4, 85, 87–8, 89 continuum; counter-mapping, refugees Berks County Family Shelter Care Center 249, and asylum borders; European border 250 regime after 2015; externalization of BI Incorporated 250 borders and migration control; Frontex bin Laden, Osama 132 migration map; USA-Mexico border biometric borders 21, 69–76 borderwork 202, 207–8, 372 biometric surveillance, in camps 221 Brenner Pass 206, 207, 210, 211, 212–14 biometrics 74, 75–6 Broadspectrum 236 biopolitics building occupation (protest) 351, 352, 353–4 and encampment 33 Burmese-Chinese approximate citizenship and geopolitics 24–6 see approximate citizenship (Chinese necropolitics 228 diasporic descendants in Myanmar) of rescuing and letting drown 185–7, 190 Burundian returnees, case study 39–41 see also detention, biopolitics of alternatives Bush, Laura 132 to ‘Black Atlantic’ 280 Calais informal camps 225–8 body 21–4, 25, 94–6, 113, 184–5, 381 Calcutta, minority communities from 272–6 see also embodied borders; embodied Cameroon 179 migration and geographies of care ‘campicide’ 222 (unaccompanied refugee minors); camps 10, 31, 33–4 embodied sorting; embodiment; ‘after’ 37–41 embodiment and memory in assistance and control 221 geopolitics of trauma; labor migration Choucha 404–5 in Asia, corporeal geographies of; formal and informal, coexistence of 222–3 seasonal migration and working-class in Iran 133 laboring body, India management of 34–7, 136 Border Roads Organisation (BRO) 110–15 mapping 406–7 border security 8, 70, 72, 74, 75, 156–7, 213, in Pakistan 135, 136 214, 226 participation, power and politics 34–7 border sorting 375, 376 as threatening spaces 220, 221 bordering 256, 257, 258 camps, informal 62, 220–23, 228–9 borderlands 73 adjunct camps 223 borders 19–21, 26–7 Calais 225–8 Afghanistan-Pakistan 135–6, 139 jungle camps 224–5, 227–8 biometric 69–76 locations of 221
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protest camps 348, 349–51, 352, 353–5 and return 37, 38, 40 temporal vulnerability 222, 226 see also approximate citizenship (Chinese urban squats 223–8 diasporic descendants in Myanmar) Canada civic engagement 35–6 Bangladeshi migrants 270 ‘civic life’ 36 Hong Kong migrants 270 collective identity 350 immigration system 388 colonialism 2, 323 Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) 320–21 colors, symbolism of 163 professions 321 communication technologies 100, 101, 102, second-generation migrants 315, 316, 296, 328, 330, 331 318–19 communicative absence 366–7 capital 304, 308, 310, 321, 390 community detention 255, 258–60, 261 capitalism 93–4, 226, 398 community gardens 270 carceral mobility 244 composite fictional characters 362–3 care and care work 24, 80, 93, 320–21 concentric circles imagery (EU) 195–8, 199, see also embodied migration and 200, 201, 203 geographies of care (unaccompanied conditional cash transfers (CCTs) 412, 413 refugee minors) confession 389, 391 Caritas 352 connected migration 328–9 cartography see counter-mapping, refugees containment 30, 31, 32–3, 184, 186 and asylum borders; Frontex migration contraception 50 map; maps ‘control dilemma’ 209 cartopolitics 164–5 Corbett, Jim 416 caste, India 108, 109, 115 corporeal absence 365–6 ‘Catch and Release’ 247 corporeal geographies of labor migration Central America in Asia see labor migration in Asia, gender violence in 48–50 corporeal geographies of and US asylum system 52–4, 55, 251 Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) violence in 47–8, 144, 147–9 249–50 violence in transit 50–51 Cotonou Agreement 175 Central American sanctuary movement, USA ‘counter-conduct’ 394 415–16, 417, 418 counter-mapping, refugees and asylum children 134–5, 236, 248, 249–50, 259, 297, borders 397–9, 407–8 318–19, 320–22 the ‘counter’ in counter-mapping migration see also embodied migration and governmentality 399–402 geographies of care (unaccompanied counter-mapping asylum borders 402–4 refugee minors) migrants’ Europe map 406–7 Chinese diaspora 273–5, 276 ‘territorial norm’ of asylum 404–5 see also approximate citizenship (Chinese undoing antinomy between asylum and diasporic descendants in Myanmar) freedom 405–6 Choucha camp 404–5 criminal justice system, USA 245, 246, 247–8 church sanctuary network see sanctuary criminalization of migrants 237, 246, 247–9, network 251, 363 Churches’ Commission for Migrants in critical geographies of migration 1, 18–19 Europe (CCME) 418, 419, 421 body 21–4 circles (concentric) imagery (EU) 195–8, 199, border 19–21 200, 201, 203 connecting geopolitics and biopolitics 24–6 circular migration 110, 115 future 26–7 see also Afghan gendered circular locating 19–24 migrations cities 25–6, 34, 224, 272–6, 319, 346 dangers faced by migrants 21–2 citizenship 59, 303 deaths of migrants 142–8, 149–50, 156, 228, and migration 61, 134–5 236, 239, 241, 348 neoliberal 389 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and public protest 347 (DACA) program 320
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Department of Homeland Security (DHS) place 293–4 245, 249–50, 390 policy 292–3 deportation 133, 212, 246–7, 249, 259, 368, diasporic identities 279, 280, 281, 285, 286, 390, 402 296, 297 detention 10, 20–21, 123, 188 digital divide 331 in and for Australia 234, 235–7, 239–40, 241 discrimination as a legal status 258–60, 261 in Burma/Myanmar 307–8 and mobility 244–5, 248–9, 251–2 in Iran 134–5 detention, biopolitics of alternatives to 255–8, against undocumented migrants 156 262–3 in USA 53 deterritorialization 260–61 displacement 59, 64, 384 development of community detention effects of 81–2 258–60 and Mediterranean ‘migration crisis’ 62–3, differentiation and protection 261 65 embodied borders 262 displacement, managing 30–32 detention, USA 52, 244–5, 251–2, 387 after camps 37–41 alternatives to 250–51 camp management 34–7 building prison-detention-deportation spatialities of containment and pipeline 245–8 humanitarian governance 32–4 disciplined mobility 248–9 dissuasion (from migration) 171, 174–6, 178–9 expanding 249–50 docility 114, 115 externalization of immigration and asylum Doctors without Borders 33, 62, 160–62, 183, processing 251 373, 374, 378, 379 migrants with mental health issues 261 see also Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) deterritorialization 260–61 domestic work and workers 24, 98–9, 271–2 development and diasporas see diasporas and Doskozil, Peter 206 development DREAM (Development, Relief and development and migration control 171, Education for Alien Minors) Act 320 179–80, 234–5 drones 374 development as coercive dissuasion 174–6, drug cartels 147–8 179 Dublin system 211–12, 215, 359–60, 406, 419, development as preventive migration 420 control 172–3, 178–9 Dwyer, Claire 269 externalizing migration control (EU) 176–9 Dialogue on Migration 174–5 Ecuadorian migrants 271 diaspora 11 education 318–19, 322 dance and music 86–7 Egypt 179 see also diasporas and development; home El Salvador 47–8, 49–50 and diaspora; Rwandan diaspora, Elwood, S. 284 return and social media embodied borders 255–6, 260, 262, 263 diaspora as process 279, 286–7 embodied migration and geographies of care conceptualizing 279–82 (unaccompanied refugee minors) 80, 89 in performative timespace 282–6 care and belonging in a Finnish family roots and routes debate 280 group home 84–8 space, time and place 282 embodiment and care 81–2 ‘diaspora nationalism’ 268 migrant experience as transcultural diasporas and development 290, 298 phenomena 82–4 diasporas as development agents 290–91 embodied sorting 375–6, 379, 380–81 identity, gender and intersectionality embodiment 3–4, 23–4, 59, 65, 113 296–7 see also labor migration in Asia, corporeal and information and communication geographies of; seasonal migration and technology (ICT) 296 working-class laboring body, India marginalization 297–8 embodiment and memory in geopolitics of and New Economy 295–6 trauma 117–18, 126–7 people 294–5 context 118–20
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contextualizing trauma, embodiment and visa regime 156, 163, 184 memory 120–23 see also Frontex migration map narrating trauma 123–6 Euroskeptics 165 emotional geographies 96 evidence used in refugee recognition and emotions 3, 303, 304, 305–6, 308–13 asylum applications 364, 365, 369, 388, employment rights 93 389, 391–2, 393 encampment see camps; camps, informal exclusion 69–70, 73, 256, 257–8, 261, 283, enclaves 99 321–2, 348 enclosure 99 exclusion from legal justice see legal justice, English as a Second Language (ESL) 319 access to and exclusion from environmental health 227 Expedited Removal 246, 249, 387, 390 Espiritu, Y.L. 323 expert knowledge, and asylum process 391–2, ethics of triage 378–80 393 ethnic segregation and hatred, Myanmar externalization of borders and migration 307–8, 309, 310, 312 control 19–20, 63, 170–71, 176–9, 193–5, ethnicity, and return 269 209, 210–11, 251, 256 ‘ethnographic border regime analysis’ 208 current configurations of contentious EU Strategy Paper on Asylum and Migration politics 202–4 (1998) 195–9 definition of 195 Euro-centred geography 185, 195, 198–9 Euro concentric vision of mobility 198–9 Eurodac 212 genealogies of contention (world divided European Border and Coast Guard Agency into concentric circles) 195–8 see Frontex migration map thinking in routes 199–202 European border regime after 2015 206–7 conflict and tensions 209–15 Facebook 296, 330, 331 paradigms 209 see also Rwandan diaspora, return and theoretical approach 207–9 social media European Commission 214–15 family detention 249–50 European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) family life 99–101, 102 210, 212 family reunification, Finland 85 European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 199, family separation 3, 320–21 251 family structure 316–17 European Union (EU) Farrales, M. 319 and containment 32–3 ‘fast policy’ 412 Cotonou Agreement 175 fear of foreigners 155–6 external border 209, 215 feminicide 49–50 externalization of borders and migration Ferrero-Waldner, Benita 173 control 19–20, 176–9, 187, 194, 195– Fife, John 416, 417, 418 204, 209 Filipina and Filipino diaspora/migrants 271– and Libya 187–9 2, 319, 320–21, 322, 323 lobbying of 421 fingerprinting 74, 212, 213, 215, 221, 246, 405 and Mediterranean ‘migrant crisis’ 19, 61–3, Finland, embodied migration and geographies 183–4, 185, 186, 187–9, 210–11, 405–6 of care see embodied migration and migration and development 173 geographies of care (unaccompanied migration as issue 176 refugee minors) national differences in refugee recognition ‘flexible territoriality’ 252 360 forced marriage 46 processing of asylum seekers 211–12, 214, France 225–8, 380 215, 359–60, 419, 420 freedom, and asylum 405–6, 407–8 routes of migration 199–200, 214 Frontex 188 Schengen Agreement 156, 209, 211, 215, Frontex migration map 153–4, 166–7 225–6 arrows 158–62 ‘space-blindness’ 359–60 cartopolitics of 164–5 Strategy Paper on Asylum and Migration frame 162–3 (1998) 195–9 grid of nation states 155–7
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Gamlen, A. 292, 293 habitus 304, 305–6, 309, 310–12, 321 gang labor 109, 110, 111 Hägerstrand, T. 282 gender 5–6 Haller, Monica 123 and body 95, 98–9 hatred 307–8, 309, 310, 312 and diasporas 296–7 health 227–8 and labor migration, India 108, 109 Healy, Sean 374 migration as male ‘rite of passage’ 134 highly skilled migration 295–6, 321 see also Afghan gendered circular Holzer, Elizabeth 35–6 migrations home and diaspora 267, 276 gender violence 45–8, 54–5 diaspora cities 272–6 in Central America 48–50 diasporic home-making 270–72 re-victimization, stereotyping and US ‘homeland’ 267–9, 280, 281, 306, 318, 322 asylum system 52–4 homesickness 124, 125 sexual violence 50, 51, 235–6, 364–5 homicide 49–50 in transit 50–51 homo sacer 257–8, 262 Geneva Convention 364 Honduras 47–8, 49, 50 GEO Group 250 Hong Kong 259, 272 geopolitics migrants from 270 and biopolitics 24–6 house ownership 274–5 subaltern 81 human smuggling and trafficking 50–51, geopolitics of trauma see embodiment and 143–4, 156, 183–4, 185, 186, 188, 190, 235 memory in geopolitics of trauma humanitarian aid 31, 36 German Ecumenical Committee on Church to Afghanistan 132, 137–8 Asylum (GECCA) 416–17, 418–19, 420, as coercive dissuasion 174–6, 179 421 to Pakistan 135, 136 Germany 158, 159, 212, 213, 214, 347, 348–9, as preventive dissuasion 178–9 350, 351, 352, 353–5, 384, 416–19, humanitarian governance 32, 35 420–21 humanitarian management 33–4 Gill, Nick 244 humanitarian triage see im/mobility and Gilroy, P. 280 humanitarian triage Girard, E.R. 321 humanitarianism 2–3, 372 girls 46 humanitarianism, military see military- Global Approach to Migration and Mobility humanitarianism (GAMM) 19–20, 177–8, 199–200 hunger 227, 228 Global Forum for Migration and hunger strikes 351 Development (GFMD) 291 Hutto 249–50 Global North hygiene 227–8 and asylum seekers 384 hyper-precarity 23 and diasporas 291, 293 Global South i-Map 200–201 and asylum seekers 384 ideas, circulation of 411–12 containment of refugees in 30, 31, 32–3 identification, official 83 and diasporas 290, 291, 292, 293 identity ‘good drone’ 374 collective 350 ‘good migrants’ 25 and homeland 322 Goodwin-White, J. 319 management 74, 75 governmentality see asylum processes, and national/state 70, 71, 72 neoliberal governmentality Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant governments, and responsibility for migration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA, 1996) 245, 58, 63, 64–5 246, 247 Greece 380–81, 405 illegal migrants, ‘constructing’ 237–8 green cards 137, 138, 139 im/mobility and humanitarian triage 372–3, ‘grey spaces’ 222–3 381 ‘grey zone’ 62–3, 64 ethics of triage 378–80 Guatemala 47–8, 49–50 sticky triage 376–8
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triage as embodied sorting 375–6 Kabul 131, 138 vital mobility of humanitarians 373–5 Kagame, Paul 335, 336–8 vulnerability and suffering 380–81 Kelly, P.F. 322 imagery see concentric circles imagery (EU); kidnapping of migrants 148, 149 Frontex migration map Kitchin, Robert 401 imaginative absence 363 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) La Bestia 51 246–7, 248, 249–51, 387, 390 labor market 319–20, 321 Immigration and Naturalization Services labor migration in Asia, corporeal geographies (INS) 249 of 101–2 Imported Casual Paid Laborers (ICPL) corporeal absence, mediated intimacy and 112–15 transnational family life 99–101 India, seasonal migration in see seasonal corporeal geographies as analytical lens migration and working-class laboring 94–6 body, India migrant bodies and politics of border Indonesia 234, 235, 239, 240–41, 259 control 97–8 inequality 294, 319, 323, 392 migrant encounters, enclavement and integration 83 enclosure 98–9 Intensive Supervision Appearance Programs temporary labor migration 92–4 (ISAP) 250 labor migration in India see seasonal International Centre for Migration Policy migration and working-class laboring Development 200–201 body, India International Organization for Migration language 87 (IOM) 172, 175, 188, 239, 291 law, ‘space-blindness’ of 359–60 INTERPOL 75–6 Le Touquet Treaty 226 intimacy 100–101 legal justice, access to and exclusion from Iran 133–5, 138, 139 358–9, 369–70 Iraq 122, 123–4 beyond absence and presence 361–2 Iraqi refugees 119–20, 121, 122, 123–7 legal absent-presences 362–8 Ireland 389 rethinking legal exclusion 359–62 Irish migrants 271 types of presence 360–61 ‘Iron Ring around Germany’ map 158, 159 legal violence 45, 49–50, 51–2 irregular migrants Lewis, H. 23 and death 143 Libya 183–4, 185, 186, 187–90, 210, 404–5 identifying 202–3 Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) 320–21 numbers 2 logistics 374 and return 38 loneliness 82–3, 87–8 see also Frontex migration map Los Angeles 319 Istanbul Protocol 120–21 Italy 271, 384, 405 Mackie, V. 97–8 borders 206, 207, 210, 212–14 Magritte, René 167 and Dublin system 212 makeshift camps see camps, informal and Mediterranean ‘migration crisis’ 182, manhunts 186 183, 184–5, 186, 188, 189, 190, 210–11 Manus Island detention facility 234, 235, 236–7, 239 Jamaican diaspora 294 maps 200–202, 397 Joint Valletta Action Plan (JVAP) 177–9 concentric circles imagery (EU) 195–8, 199, journeys 50–51, 111, 112, 113, 114, 149, 160, 200, 201, 203 377–80 see also counter-mapping, refugees and Jugend Rettet 183 asylum borders; Frontex migration jungle camps 224–5, 227–8 map Just, Wolf Dieter 418–19 marches, protest 348–9, 354 justice, legal see legal justice, access to and marriage 134–5 exclusion from material absence 364–5 Justice in Mexico 148 Maya 38, 48
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Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 33, 62, 160– spaces of 182 62, 183, 373, 374, 378, 379 spatial rerouting of 185–9 see also Doctors without Borders military triage 375 mediated intimacy 100–101 missing, searches for 148–9 medical interventions 378, 379–80 mistrust of migrants 84 Mediterranean ‘migration crisis’ 19, 61–3, 65, Mitchell, K. 270, 284, 389 142, 182–91, 210–11, 213, 379–81, 400, ‘mobilities turn’ 96 405–6 mobility 71, 290 mega-dormitories 99 and death 142, 149, 150 memories 81–2, 87, 271, 407 and detention 244–5, 248–9, 251–2 see also embodiment and memory in of diasporas 297–8 geopolitics of trauma Euro concentric vision of 198–9 Mexican migrants 323 new mobilities paradigm 287 Mexico 50–51, 144, 147–9 ‘policy mobilities’ 412, 414 see also USA-Mexico border and security 372–3 ‘middle space’ of migration 58, 61 social 316–17 Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS) 189 socio-spatial dimensions 291 migrant subjectivity 58–60, 62–5 timespace 282–6, 287 migrants see also im/mobility and humanitarian criminalization of 237, 246, 247–9, 251, 363 triage dangers faced by 21–2 ‘moral epistemology of return’ 329, 340 deaths of 142–8, 149–50, 156, 228, 236, 239, Moroccan migrants 271 241, 348 Morocco 179 ‘good’ 25 Morrison, Scott 232 hierarchies of 22–3, 25, 26, 92 mourning and loss 145, 146–7, 149 mistrust of 84 mujahideen 130–31, 132, 136 numbers of 162, 290 Mullings, B. 294 prejudice against 156–7, 164–5 music 86–7 status of 21, 22, 25 Myanmar see approximate citizenship as threat 255 (Chinese diasporic descendants in visibility of 99, 226, 400–402 Myanmar) ‘war on’ 203–4 migration Najibullah, Mohammad 131 as embodied practice 80 national security concerns 33 historical context of 2 national/state identity 70, 71, 72 ‘industry’ 172 nationalism 268, 307 place within discipline of geography 18 Nauru 234–7, 239 migration control 170–71 necropolitics 228 development and humanitarian aid as neighborhoods 319 coercive dissuasion 174–6, 179 neoliberalism 93–4, 292, 293, 411–12, 413 development as preventive 172–3, 178–9 see also asylum processes, and neoliberal future of 179–80 governmentality see also externalization of borders and Netherlands 259 migration control New Sanctuary Movement 417–19 ‘migration hump’ 172 New York 319 migration management 30, 32, 41–2, 175, 184 No More Deaths/No Más Muertes 25 see also refugee management non-governmental organizations (NGOs) military-humanitarianism 62–3, 182–3, 189, 413 criminalizing acts of solidarity through non-representational theory (NRT) 284, 285, 182–3 286, 287 future research 190–91 migration containment and migrant bodies Official Development Assistance (ODA) 171 at sea 183–5 online activism 330 militarization of humanitarian rescue Operation Sovereign Borders (OSB) 233–4, 189–91 235, 238
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Operation Streamline 247, 248 racial segregation, global 221 Oranienplatz Movement 348, 349, 351, 352, racism 353 and borders 203 ‘Other than Mexicans’ 247 and use of ‘jungle’ as term 224–5 over-research 26 Ramadan, A. 36–7 recruitment, temporary workers 106, 111–12 Pakistan 130, 131, 135–6, 138–9 Redfield, P. 33, 374 Palestine 122 refugee activism 345–7 Palestinian refugees 36–7, 222 in Austria and Germany 347–55 Palm Leaf Fan 274 refugee management 30–32, 41–2 Papua New Guinea (PNG) 234–5, 236–7, 239 after camps 37–41 participatory budgeting (PB) 412 camp management 34–7, 136 passports 83 containment 32–3 Patel, Priti 173 encampment 33–4 Peck, J. 292, 412, 413 and military-humanitarianism 185 Pécoud, A. 292 outside camps 33–4 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan see also camps; camps, informal (PDPA) 130 refugee maps see counter-mapping, refugees performance and performative theory 95, 284, and asylum borders; Frontex migration 285–6 map policy, global 411–13 refugees ‘policy mobilities’ 412, 414 Afghan 360 political agency 310 definition of 386 political protest 345–7 Iraqi 119–20, 121, 122, 123–7 political subjectivity 59, 63, 308–10 numbers of 31 politics, and social media 330 Palestinian 36–7, 222 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 117–18, post-resettlement stressors 122 121, 381 recognition of 360, 364 power resettlement, USA 118–20, 126–7 and border control 97 Rwandan, voluntary repatriation 327–8, sovereign 64–5, 70, 72, 256–7, 258, 261, 262 329, 339–40 and territory 320 and trauma 117–18, 120–27 unequal 323 Vietnamese 122 Pratt, G. 320–21 see also embodied migration and precarious work 23–4 geographies of care (unaccompanied see also labor migration in Asia, corporeal refugee minors); legal justice, access to geographies of; seasonal migration and and exclusion from; sanctuary network working-class laboring body, India Regional Consultative Processes (RCPs) prejudice against migrants 156–7, 164–5 174–5, 176–7 presence 360–62, 369 relief organizations, and camp management see also absence 34–5 Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) 246 remittances 270–71, 290, 294, 295, 296, 297, prisons, USA 245, 246, 247 322 privatization of migration control 170–71 renationalization of borders 213–14, 215 professions, access to 321–2 return 31, 37–9, 327 propaganda maps 158–9 bodies and border control 97 Protest Camp Vienna 348, 350–51, 352–3 Burundian returnees, case study 39–41 public disorder 99 and development 173 public health 227–8 and diasporas 268–9, 275–6 and Mediterranean ‘migration crisis’ 62, 65 Quantz, Pastor Jurgen 416–17 of seasonal migrant laborers 114–15 see also Rwandan diaspora, return and race 98, 323 social media and body 95 Revolutionary Association of the Women of stereotyping 318 Afghanistan (RAWA) 136
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right-wing populism 1, 165 segmented assimilation theory 316–17 roads 374 self-harm 236, 239 routes of migration 8, 199–202, 214, 280 Seo, S. 99 Rwandan diaspora, return and social media Serbia 224 327–8 Serco 236, 240, 241 connected migration 328–9 sexual violence 50, 51, 235–6, 364–5 content analyses (unity and reconciliation) Shaughnessy Heights 270 333, 335–9 Sheller, M. 287 digital methods for examining 331–2 Singapore 98–9 discussion 339–40 Skelton, T. 99 enabling affordances of social media 330–31 slavery 190 network analyses (government-driven ‘social death’ 143 diaspora) 332–3, 334–5, 336 social media 87, 296, 328, 330–31 see also Rwandan diaspora, return and Salih, Ruba 271 social media San Fernando massacre 147–8 social mobility 316–17 sanctuary network 410–11, 421–2 social movements 345–7, 411, 413–14 BAG Asyl in der Kirche and New Sanctuary social networks 346, 348–9, 350, 353, 354–5 Movement (Berlin) 416–19 social reproduction 24 Central American sanctuary movement in socio-spatial dimensions, diasporas and USA 415–16, 417, 418 development 291, 292–3, 294–5 church sanctuary 414–15 solidarity 25–6, 350 contemporary sanctuary practices in sorting, embodied 375–6, 379, 380–81 Europe 419–21 South African diaspora 296 fast policy transfer and transnational social South Korea 99 movements 411–14 sovereign power 64–5, 70, 72, 256–7, 258, 261, Sangatte camp 226 262 Sanyal, R. 34 sovereign violence 62, 63 Saudi Arabia 130 sovereignty 58, 61–2, 63 Schengen Agreement 156, 209, 211, 215, 225–6 Soviet Union 130–31 schools 318–19 space and time 282–6, 287 Schulze, Claus Dieter 418 ‘space-blindness’ 359–60 scientific diasporas 295–6 Spain 201 Scott, Joan 401, 402 spatial trauma 81–2, 87 search and rescue (SAR) 379 Special Immigrant Visas (SIVs) 137, 138, 139 seasonal migration and working-class laboring squats and squatting 62, 223–8 body, India 106–7, 115 state case studies 110–15 and counter-mapping 397–8 embodied mobilities (caste, class and identity 70, 71, 72 gender) 107–10 and territory 293, 398 labor migration in Indian context 107 ‘state-gaze on migration’ 397–8 nation and corporeal experiences of migrant state of exception 256–8, 261, 262 laborers 110–15 sticky triage 376–8 second-generation migrants 269, 297, 306, structural violence 47–8, 52, 144 310, 311, 315–16 subjectivity place 318–20 migrant 58–60, 62–5 spatialities 317–24 political 59, 63, 308–10 territory 320–22 suffering 380–81 theorizing outcomes 316–18 suicide 236, 239, 348 transnationalism 322–3 surveillance and identification technologies 70, Secure Communities Program (SComm) 246, 72, 73–4, 76 247 Syrian refugees 34, 160–62, 212, 360 securitized diaspora communities 294 securitized immigration policy 389 T-visas 143–4 security, and mobility 372–3 Taliban 131–2, 136
Katharyne Mitchell, Reece Jones and Jennifer L. Fluri - 9781786436030 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/24/2021 12:55:32PM via free access
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Tanzania, Burundian returnees (case study) admissibility and inadmissibility of 39–41 immigrants 118–20 ‘temporary admission’ 259–60 Afghan migration to 137–8, 139 temporary labor migration see labor migration and Afghanistan 130, 132 in Asia, corporeal geographies of; asylum seekers in 45, 48, 50, 52–4, 55, 384, seasonal migration and working-class 387–8, 390, 391–2, 393–4 laboring body, India and Australia 235 Temporary Protection Visas, Australia 237–8 border security 75 ‘territorial norm’ of asylum 404–5 borderlands 73 territoriality 60–62, 252 and Central America 47, 53–4, 251 deterritorialization 260–61 Central American sanctuary movement territory 255–6, 293, 317–18, 320–22, 398 415–16, 417, 418 Theodore, N. 292, 412, 413 child migration 320 Tibetan diaspora 281 community gardens 270 Tiller, Sandrine 374 deportation policies 64 timespace 282–6, 287 discrimination in 53 Toronto 270, 273–5 forced migration 22 torture 120 forced removals 20 transcultural belonging 82–4, 85, 87–8, 89 human trafficking 143–4 transnational habitus 310–12 immigration enforcement expenditure 390 transnational social movements 413–14 imperialism 122, 125, 323 transnationalism 11, 322–3 interiorization of border enforcement 20 transport and infrastructures 374, 377–8 legal representation in asylum process 391, trauma 117–18, 381 392, 393 spatial 81–2, 87 numbers incarcerated 245 see also embodiment and memory in refugee resettlement 118–20, 126–7 geopolitics of trauma second-generation migrants 315, 316, 319, triage see im/mobility and humanitarian triage 323 Trump, Donald 20, 70, 144–5 undocumented migration 22, 144–5, 146–7 trust 84, 363 see also detention, USA Tunisia 404–5 USA-Mexico border 20, 50, 73, 246, 247, 250, Turkey 380 251 Turner, Simon 35 migrant deaths 142, 143–7, 148
UK 226, 259–60, 271, 388, 392 Vaughan-Williams, Nick 257, 262 see also legal justice, access to and exclusion Versailles Treaty 158 from Veterans Book Project 123 unaccompanied minors see embodied videolinks 367–8 migration and geographies of care Vietnamese refugees 122 (unaccompanied refugee minors) violence 149–50 underdevelopment, as cause of migration 172, and biometric borders 69–70 173, 178–9, 180 in Central America 47–51 undocumented migrants 21–3, 133, 143, 146, in detention 235–6, 239–40 149, 162, 221–2, 223–4, 225, 226, 246, legal 45, 49–50, 51–2 306, 346 in Mexico 144, 147–9 see also Frontex migration map in Myanmar 307–8 UNHCR (United Nations High sovereign 62, 63 Commissioner for Refugees) 37, 38, 118, state sanctioned 170, 171 120–21, 188, 259, 327, 384, 404, 405 structural 47–8, 52, 144 urban squats 223–8 in transit 50–51 Urry, J. 287, 361 and trauma 120–21, 122 US Office of Biometric Identity Management see also gender violence (OBIM) 75 virtual absence 367–8 USA visceral geographies 96 9/11 and aftermath 72, 119, 122, 132, 249 visibility of migrants 99, 226, 400–402
Katharyne Mitchell, Reece Jones and Jennifer L. Fluri - 9781786436030 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/24/2021 12:55:32PM via free access
MITCHELL_9781786436023_t (Colour).indd 435 22/01/2019 16:21 436 Handbook on critical geographies of migration
visitation rights 248–9 Wilders, Geert 165 voluntary repatriation 327, 339 Wolf, Diane 269 Rwandan refugees 327–8, 329, 339–40 women Votive Church, Vienna 351, 352 Afghan 131, 132, 134, 136, 137–8, 139 vulnerability 380–81 camp management by 136 and diasporas 271–2, 296–7 waiting 3, 22, 237, 388, 390 as economic migrants 48–9 ‘war on migrants’ 203–4 and labor migration, India 108, 109 Weber, Leanne 260 labor migration and family life 100 Weima, Yolanda 39–41 see also gender violence Werbner, P. 281 World Bank 293
Katharyne Mitchell, Reece Jones and Jennifer L. Fluri - 9781786436030 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/24/2021 12:55:32PM via free access
MITCHELL_9781786436023_t (Colour).indd 436 22/01/2019 16:21