ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION The project is the “Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.”. Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. (EMSB) (“Project Proponent”), formerly known as Faber Medi-Serve Sdn. Bhd., is currently operating an Incineration and Laundry Plants at Lot 65, Jalan Logam 3, Kamunting Raya Industrial Estate (KRIE), 34600 Kamunting, Taiping, Darul Ridzuan.

Presently, there are two (2) clinical waste incineration plants at EMSB Kamunting plant namely Kamunting Incineration Plant-1 (KIP-2) and Plant-2 (KIP-2). KIP-1 is currently operating at the capacity of 250 kg/hr of clinical wastes generated by the hospitals and clinics in the northern region (i.e. Perlis, , Pulau Pinang and Perak) while KIP-2 with a nominal capacity of 500 kg/hr. The site is also equipped with a cutting edge technology in clinical waste disposal unit known as Microwave Disinfection System (MSD) operating at the capacity of 250 kg/hr. The proposed expansion of incineration plant with the capacity of 1,600 kg of waste/hr involves the development of an additional treatment line of clinical waste, adjacent to the existing incineration facility.

1.1 Project Proponent EMSB is the Project Proponent for this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The corresponding address together with the telephone and facsimile number of the person to whom enquiries concerning the EIA is indicated as below:

Address : Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. (109818-H) (Formerly known as Faber Medi-Serve Sdn. Bhd.) Kamunting Laundry and Incinerator Plants (KLIP), Lot 65, Jalan Logam 3, Kamunting Raya Industrial Estate, 34600 Kamunting, Taiping, Perak Darul Ridzuan. Tel. No. : 6(05) 891 3360 Fax No. : 6(05) 891 3260 Website : www.uemedgenta.com Contact Person : Mr. Mohd Salleh Suleiman (Head of Hygiene Services) Email : [email protected]

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

This EIA study was carried out by AMR Environmental Sdn. Bhd. The corresponding details and contact person of the consultant is presented below:

Address : AMR Environmental Sdn. Bhd. AMR Group Building, 29 & 29A, Jalan Pulai Perdana 11, Taman Sri Pulai Perdana, 81110 Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim. Tel. No. : 6(07) 520 8334 Fax No. : 6(07) 520 8554 Website : www.amr.com.my Contact Person : Mr. Ammar Mohd Rashid (Managing Director) Email : [email protected]

1.2 Requirement The construction of an incineration facility is a Prescribed Activity under Item 14 (a) (i) of the Second Schedule, of the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 2015 made under Subsection 34A (1) of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 [Act 127], as follows:-

14. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

(a) Scheduled Waste

(i) Construction of Thermal Treatment Plant

Hence, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required to be conducted for this project and the EIA report to be submitted and approved by the Director General before any development can take place [Section 34A (1), Environmental Quality Act (Act 127), 1974]. In this connection, the requirement on the preparation of the EIA has been stipulated by the Department of Environment to the management of EMSB. To meet the DOE’s requirement for the proposed project, EMSB has appointed AMR Environmental Sdn. Bhd., a registered environmental consulting firm to conduct the EIA study.

1.3 Statement of Need It is expected that there will be an increase in clinical waste generation due to the increase in such health establishments in the future and the increase in population who are likely to seek medical treatment. It is predicted that the incoming waste generated from hospitals would exceed the existing EMSB treatment capacity by 2016. As a result of this, the option of expanding the existing clinical waste treatment plant is urgently required by the project

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. proponent in order to meet high demand of clinical waste generated in the future. Figure E1 shows the actual and predicted trend of clinical waste to be received by EMSB.

Total Yearly Clinical Waste Received (Edgenta Peninsular) 25000000

20000000

15000000 Increased Incoming Clinical Waste

10000000 Current Design Capacity = 7,200,000 kg/year

5000000

0

Amount of Clinical Waste Received (kg) Received Waste Clinicalof Amount

2008 2015 2022 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2023 2024 2025 2026 Year

Figure E1: Trend of Clinical Waste Received by EMSB

There is an increased of public concern about the management of health care waste including clinical waste which is a special category of scheduled waste because it poses a potential health and environment risks. Approximately 15 – 25% (by weight) of clinical waste is considered infectious. For this reason, clinical wastes are classified as Scheduled Waste under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005 that must be properly stored, treated on-site or delivered to and received at prescribed premises for treatment and disposal. Improper clinical waste management can cause health risks impacts, thus it is important to manage it effectively.

Currently, there are five (5) companies namely Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Faber Medi-Serve Sdn. Bhd.), Medivest Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Pantai Medivest Sdn. Bhd.), ClinWaste (M) Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Radicare Sdn. Bhd.), Sedafiat Sdn. Bhd. and One Medicare Sdn. Bhd. that have recently signed the concessionaire agreement with the Ministry of Health (MOH), which specifies all necessary activities related to healthcare waste treatment and disposal mainly for government institutions.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

On 11th March 2015, EMSB had signed the Hospital Support Services (HSS) new concession agreement for a 10-year period with the Malaysian Government. Under the new concession agreement, EMSB will be providing services for all public hospitals and the related healthcare facilities in the northern region of (covering the states of Perak, Pulau Pinang, Kedah and Perlis).

However, with the continuous increase of clinical waste generation, the concession companies are experiencing constraints to cater promptly the country’s need for the treatment and disposal of the generated waste, as the capacity and ability of their thermal treatment remains critically stagnant. The proposed treatment plant or KIP-3 is to meet this growing demand for clinical waste treatment primarily from private customers. Thus, in anticipation of the continuous growth in the generation of clinical waste, EMSB takes this positive step in expanding its additional treatment capacity by constructing a new 1,600kg/hr plant with calorific value of 25 MJ/kg at its existing Kamunting site.

The maintenance cost for the KIP-1 is slightly higher compared to the KIP-2. It is recommended that the expansion of the proposed Kamunting Incineration Plant (KIP-3) is to replace the existing Kamunting Incineration Plant (KIP-1). However, KIP-1 will still be operating during the construction of KIP-3 to prevent any waste backlog issue. The newly proposed thermal treatment or incineration plant is designed to cater future waste increment. Due to long standing conditions of KIP-1, it will be decommissioned once the newly proposed plant is in full operation.

In conclusion, with the “NO-PROJECT” options with regards to the proposed expansion of EMSB Kamunting incineration plant at the site would mean that the disposal of clinical waste in the country will soon be at halt whereby very limited treatment capacity of the existing concessionaire companies including EMSB that is not be able to treat future waste generation. A worst situation is when the disposal of clinical waste will be halted for number of days or weeks or even months if one (1) or two (2) or even all of the concessionary incineration plants undergo forced or emergency plant shutdown due to unforeseen circumstances. This illustrates the dire need of such initiatives on the part of the project proponent and thus, the approval of the proposed new KIP-3 in this regard, is very crucial and renders the ‘no project’ option to be irrelevant.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

2.0 EXISTING SCHEDULED WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES The described facilities in the EMSB Kamunting was mainly to cater for the handling and treatment of clinical waste on a holistic approach for the country.

2.1 Clinical Waste Treatment Facilities The received incoming clinical wastes are treated at the designated clinical waste treatment facilities which are listed as below:

a) Kamunting Incineration Plant-1 (KIP-1); b) Kamunting Incineration Plant-2 (KIP-2); and c) Microwave Disinfection System (MDS).

2.1.1 Kamunting Incineration Plant-1 (KIP-1) The KIP-1 is a rotary kiln (RK), type incinerator that has been in operation since 1997. It is designed to incinerate 250 kg/hr of clinical related waste generated by health care facilities especially from government hospitals. The unit is equipped with lower and upper gas type burners with operating temperatures of >600°C and exceeding 1000°C in the respective chamber. The secondary combustion chamber is designed with a gas residence time of at least 2.0 seconds to ensure efficient burnout of the unburned waste gas. The heat resulting from the combustion process is removed by boiler and the flue gas is then passed through a series of newly installed air pollution control system (APCS) before it is discharged out to the atmosphere at <200°C.

2.1.2 Kamunting Incineration Plant-2 (KIP-2) The KIP-2 is a moving grate type incinerator and it has been in operation since 2008. It is designed to incinerate 500 kg/hr of clinical waste generated by health care facilities. The unit is equipped with lower and upper gas type burners with operating temperatures of >600°C and exceeding 1000°C in the respective chamber. The secondary combustion chamber is designed with a gas residence time of at least 2.0 seconds to ensure efficient burnout of the unburned waste gas. The heat resulting from the combustion process is removed by boiler and the flue gas is then passed through a series of four (4) stages of air pollution control system (APCS) before it is discharged out to the atmosphere at <200°C.

The unit operation of KIP-2 clinical waste incineration facility is listed as follows: i. Materials handling system; ii. Feeding system; iii. Primary combustion chamber; iv. Churning, stoking, distribution and ash removal system; v. Secondary combustion chamber; vi. Energy utilization system;

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

vii. Flue gas cleaning system; viii. Flow control system; ix. Continuous emission monitoring system; and x. Control and monitoring system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, SCADA).

2.1.3 Microwave Disinfection System (MDS) EMSB now operates a non-incineration clinical waste treatment process called Microwave Disinfection System (MDS) which is equipped with the cutting edge technology in clinical waste disposal, namely as Microwave Ecosteryl. This facility offers an eco-friendly process that uses minimal electricity while providing a safe and environmentally friendly solution to bio-medical and clinical-related industry players.

It also has zero emission technology and no harmful effects and capable to process up to 250 kg/hr of clinical waste. The final residues are inert and finally disposed at the secured landfill at Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. in Bukit Pelandok, .

2.2 Linen and Laundry Plant EMSB operates a large institutional laundry that provides service to the northern region hospitals. Linen and laundry services facility was constructed back in 2004 and started its operation in 2005. The laundry plant is equipped with wastewater treatment plant to treat wastewater generated from the facility mainly from the washing activity. The wastewater generated from bins or truck washing that requires treatment is also directed to the existing wastewater treatment plant.

The laundry plant is capable to clean and process about 1050 kg/hr of linen daily and operates on 24 hours per day basis and the wastewater generated from the activity is approximately 15 m3/hr. Wastewater from the laundry washing and rinsing cycles are collected in a pit and then pumped to wastewater treatment plant with its maximum designed capacity of 480 m3/day. The wastewater is treated according to Standard B, stipulated by the Department of Environment before being discharged into the public drain.

2.3 Wastewater Treatment Plant The bulk of wastewater generated from the clinical waste treatment activity is from washing of bins when emptied, are washed with detergents and disinfectants, then finally rinsed with clean tap water. The total quantity of wastewater generated is merely 2 m3/day and the quality of it is very much similar to domestic wash water.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

The total volume of the wastewater generated from both existing and the additional incineration line is insignificant compared to the volume of wastewater generated from the laundry operation. Since the capacity of the existing wastewater treatment plant is approximately 480 m3/day, the wastewater treatment plant is capable to receive the wastewater from both existing clinical waste incineration plant, laundry plant and the additional line of incineration facility (i.e. KIP-3).

2.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Process Description

2.3.1.1 Collection Pit and Equalization Sump Wastewater from laundry process is channelled into a collection pit where the coarse rubbish is separated by a screen bucket. The waste is pumped into the equalization sump. After a retention time of 2.0 – 2.5 hours, the wastewater is pumped into the reaction tank for physical and chemical process. The equalization sump serves to dampen the flow rate variations so that a constant flow rate is achieved. Level switches is installed to prevent any dry running of the pumps.

2.3.1.2 Physical-Chemical Treatment Wastewater from equalization tank is pumped to chemical treatment tank for coagulation and flocculation processes.

In this pH adjustment or coagulation tank, acid or alkaline is dosed to adjust the wastewater to pH about 7-8. After pH adjustment, chemical precipitation is performed in this reaction. Chemical sedimentation is successful only if the chemicals and wastewater are mixed properly. Rapid mixing for about 10 to 15 minutes is usually accomplished by mechanical agitation.

In flocculation tank, polyelectrolytes or polymer (in solution form) is dosed to develop large flocs. The average of retention time in flocculation tank is 15 minutes to have enough time for obtaining contact and promote agglomeration but not to shear the flocs. For optimum floc formation, the pH must be 7-9.

2.3.1.3 Clarifier After adding polymer, the wastewater flows to clarifier for separation process. Clarifier is used to settle the sludge to obtain about 3% sludge concentration. The design surface overflow rate is in the range not exceed 2.5 m3/m2hr or 60 m3/m2d and the recommended side water depth is 12-15 feet. Clear or treated water is flow to holding tank before pumped to carbon filter.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

2.3.1.4 Tertiary Treatment by Sand Filter and Activated Filter After solid-liquid separation occurs in the clarifier, the supernatant water will flow into a holding tank and where the water is pumped into an activated carbon filter for final polishing. The pumping of the supernatant water is controlled by the level switch and the filter is back washed once a day manually.

Activated carbon is used to polish of treated water before discharge to public drain. In the activated carbon, the residue chemical oxygen demand (COD), odor and organic substances are removed.

2.3.1.5 Dewatering In sand drying bed, the slurry filtered through a media by gravity, therefore building a cake on the surface of the media. When the first sand bed is full, the slurry is flown to the second bed and the cake is removed from first sand bed. Filtrate is returned to equalization tank for further treatment.

Sludge cake from sand bed has to be kept in a container, labelled and stored in a secured place within factory premises as a scheduled waste. Scheduled waste is transported to Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. for final disposal.

2.3.1.6 Effluent Quality The wastewater is treated first in wastewater treatment plant and later discharged to comply with Standard B of the Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009. One (1) effluent sampling point had been established and located at the final discharge of the wastewater treatment plant.

3.0 PROJECT OPTIONS AND SITE SELECTION

3.1 Option 1 (Site Option) Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. (EMSB) has three (3) site options located at Bukit Beruntung, Kuala Ketil and Kamunting as the site for the proposed project. Kamunting was selected to be the most suitable site with several important criteria to consider in the selection which are:

a) Convenient and accessible for the transportation of clinical waste in Peninsular Malaysia; b) The land use is compatible for intended development and expansion of the waste facility since it is an industrial area and the buffer zone is more than 500m; c) The site is an ideal site where steam generated by the proposed incineration plant can be utilized by the existing laundry activities;

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

d) The site is already equipped with all the necessary facilities to support such additional expansion program; and e) The cost incurred to obtain new land is not a factor to consider as the existing site is adequate to accommodate the expansion.

3.2 Option 2 (Technology Option) There are several clinical waste treatment options:

 Thermal treatment;  Autoclave;  Disinfection with microwaves;  Chemical disinfection; and  Plasma technology.

All of the above options are possible solutions. However, there are differences between these treatment options in terms of three (3) main aspects i.e. technical, environmental and regulatory requirement criteria. Selecting the right option for the treatment of clinical waste is governed by these main criteria.

The superiority of the thermal treatment method over all other treatment methods for the disposal of clinical waste is well documented and in most cases met the above three (3) main criteria. The thermal treatment has many advantages compared to other methods due to its:

 Fast detoxification process;  Inert or stabilized end products;  Tremendous mass and volume reduction; and  Option for energy or steam recovery.

There are only two (2) main types of thermal system commonly use in the thermal treatment of clinical waste i.e. rotary kiln (RK) and grate type. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages over the other which first and foremost depending on the kind or type of waste to be treated whether it is mainly solid or a combination of both solid and liquid.

3.2.1 The Thermal Treatment System A brief description of the thermal system types most commonly utilised in clinical waste thermal treatment is presented in the following section.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. i) Rotary Kiln (RK) RK is commonly used to treat a wide variety of waste such as solid, liquid, slurry or sludge and etc. This is why RK is typically found in most of centralised waste facility to handle various hazardous wastes from wide range of industries. In this respect, RK is commonly designed with multiple wastes feeding system to cater for these various forms of incoming waste. Waste is fed at one end and the burn-out ash fall-out at the opposite end of rotary kiln, drove by a gear.

RK type thermal treatment apart of its capability of handling variety of waste, it is characterised having a lot of moving parts, which apparently cause a high maintenance cost compared to grate type thermal treatment. ii) Grate Type Thermal Treatment Grate type is another category of thermal system commonly used to treat waste usually in the form of solid waste like clinical or municipal waste. It consists of primary chamber, which is designed with either fixed or moving grate type bed. The under-fire is fed underneath the bed as primary air to support the combustion process and at the same time creates a turbulence effect to increase the efficiency of burning. Grate type thermal treatment does not have rigorous moving parts as compared to RK and is has low maintenance cost. A movable grate of minimal bed movement with superior under-fire air distribution in the primary chamber would be the best choice for EMSB to consider.

3.2.2 The Recommended Thermal Treatment System Thermal treatment system options are either rotary kiln or grate type thermal treatment. Three (3) main factors are to be given consideration before selecting the appropriate system such as;

 Characteristics of waste;  Easy of operation; and  Maintenance cost.

The three (3) main criteria between RK and grate type thermal treatment can be summarized as the following Table E1.

Table E1: Summary of the Three (3) Main Criteria of the Thermal Treatment System Thermal Characteristics of Relative Ease of Relative Cost of Treatment Type Waste Treated Operation Maintenance RK Solid or combination Low High of solid and liquid Grate Solid High Low

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

The grate type thermal treatment seems to be a better position and perfect choice when the three (3) main criteria are to be considered. A movable grate of minimal bed movement with superior under-fire air distribution in the primary chamber would be the best choice for EMSB to consider for a long-term reliability.

3.3 Option 3 (‘No Project’ Option) “NO-PROJECT” options with regard to the expansion capacity of the existing thermal treatment plant at Kamunting site would mean that the disposal of clinical waste in the country will soon meet its end whereby the very limited thermal treatment or incineration capacity of the existing players including EMSB will not be able to cater for future waste generation in the country. A worst situation is when the disposal of clinical waste will be halted for number of days or weeks or even months if one (1) or two (2) or even all of the concessionary thermal treatment plants undergo forced or emergency plant shutdown due to unforeseen circumstances. This illustrates the dire need of such initiatives on the part of the project proponent and thus, the development of the proposed KIP-3 in this regard, is very necessary and renders the ‘no project’ option irrelevant.

4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed KIP-3 is urgently required to cater for the increasing amount of clinical waste received at the facility. KIP-3 will be treating clinical wastes from the same sources as the existing KIP-1 and KIP-2. The existing plants (soon with the proposed facility), serves as a regional treatment centre for clinical waste generated from hospitals, private clinics and other sources in the Northern Region (i.e. Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak, with the exception of Pulau Langkawi) as well as the Federal Territory of and .

4.1 Location of the Existing EMSB Kamunting The project site is located 6 km northwest of Taiping and 3 km southwest of Kamunting town with GPS Coordinates of latitude 4° 52’ 35.05” N and longitude 100° 42’ 07.93” E. The EMSB Kamunting is specifically located at the following address:

EDGENTA MEDISERVE SDN. BHD. Kamunting Laundry and Incinerator Plants (KLIP), Lot 65, Jalan Logam 3, Kamunting Raya Industrial Estate, 34600 Kamunting, Taiping, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

4.2 Process Description of the Proposed Gasification Plant (KIP-3) The newly proposed thermal treatment plant is based on gasification principle (designated as KIP-3) will be built on the design of:

i. Ability to treat a wide variety of clinical waste; ii. Higher productivity and efficiency; iii. Two (2)-stage combustion process: gasification of waste is converted into a synthetic gas (syngas) and then oxidised to release heat energy; iv. Lower operation and maintenance cost; and v. Lower emission in compliance with the Clean Air Regulation, 2014 (CAR, 2014).

Figure E2 present a typical process flow diagram of clinical waste management from hospital (source) to the disposal site which includes the following operations:

i. Collection and transportation. This will use existing facilities at EMSB Kamunting; ii. Waste storage and feeding system; iii. Destruction of waste through thermal treatment, in the gasification chamber and syngas burner or thermal reactor system; iv. Production of steam for laundry facility through waste heat boiler; v. Flue gas cleaning system; vi. A stack for the dispersion of the treated flue gas to the atmosphere; and vii. Final ash disposal.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

Clinical Waste Management from Hospital Source

Clinical Waste at Waste Waste Storage Waste Source Segregation Facility Transportation

Thermal Reactor Gasification Chamber Waste Heat Chamber Feeding (TRC) Boiler (GC) System

Air Pollution Clinical Waste Treatment by Gasification Stack Control System

Figure E2: Typical Process Flow Diagram of Clinical Waste Management from Waste Collection to Disposal

Gasification is special because it extracts the energy from the waste using two (2) separate stages; (1) carbon removal from the waste and (2) carbon combustion. This is the safest way to extract the maximum energy from the waste and produce a stable and inert ash.

4.2.1 Gasification Process

1) Carbon Removal from the Waste New Energy’s slow-cooking process takes all the carbonaceous molecules in the waste and converts them from a solid to a gaseous state. They leave the waste as a free-flowing gas, with only the solid ash remaining. We allow a long time for this process, and when the gas leaves behind the solid ash, it rises gently and does not carry solids with it.

2) Carbon Combustion The carbonaceous gas is collected and ignited in a separate gas burner. Because there are no solids to interfere with the gas burner, this process is very efficient. The burner can reach very high temperatures and all the molecules can oxidized completely.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

KIP-3 is designed with nominal capacity of approximately 1600 kg/hr. The plant is designed to operate at a temperature of at least 1000°C at the thermal reactor chamber (syngas burner) with its retention time of at least 2 seconds.

The temperature achieved is the result of heat released by the oxidation process, and has to be maintained at high temperature to ensure for complete combustion. However, the temperature must not be exceedingly high as to damage plant equipment and at the same time generating excessive amount of nitrogen oxides in the flue gas.

4.3 Treatment Capacity Option Currently, the existing incineration plants of KIP-1 and KIP-2 are able to incinerate 250 kg/hr and 500 kg/hr of clinical waste respectively. However, KIP-1 will be decommissioned once the newly proposed plant is in full operation. Table E2 presents the options for the capacity of the newly proposed gasification plant taken into consideration of the threshold of reaching the maximum waste load received by EMSB.

Table E2: Options for Treatment Capacity Total Treatment Year to Reach Option Description Capacity Maximum (kg/hr) Capacity 1 KIP-1 (250 kg/hr) + KIP-2 (500 kg/hr) + MDS (250 1,000 2016 kg/hr) 2 KIP-2 (500 kg/hr) + proposed KIP-3 (750 kg/hr) + MDS (250 1,500 2020 kg/hr) 3 KIP-2 (500 kg/hr) + proposed KIP-3 (1,000 kg/hr) + MDS 1,750 2022 (250 kg/hr) 4 KIP-2 (500 kg/hr) + proposed KIP-3 (1,600 kg/hr) + MDS 2,350 2025 (250 kg/hr)

Notes: - The maximum capacity is calculated based on 300 days of operation or 80% on a yearly basis minus the maintenance and shutdown period. - MDS - Microwave Disinfection System

It is clearly noted that Option 4 building a new gasification plant with a capacity of 1,600 kg/hr is the most feasible option taking into consideration of its longer service period with moderate capacity and investment cost.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

4.4 Description of the Proposed Plant

4.4.1 Unit Operation of the New Gasification Plant (KIP-3) The proposed plant has the following eight (8) main components, which are:

a) Waste feeder; b) Gasification chamber (i.e. where the waste is converted to syngas); c) Syngas burner or thermal reactor; d) Boiler for steam production; e) Air quality control system (AQCS);

f) Solid residual discharge; g) Continuous emission monitoring (CEM) of the stack gas; and h) Control system.

The general process flow diagram of KIP-3 and the energy generation at the proposed KIP-3 plant are presented in Figure E3.

Steam

Steam Thermal Reactor

Energy Utilization Air Quality Heat Exchanger Control System

Ash Collection Hopper Advanced Conversion Technology

Figure E3: General Process Flow Diagram of KIP-3

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

The detail descriptions for each main component of the proposed thermal treatment plant are described as follows: a) Waste Feeder An automated feeding system is used to the gasification chamber with clinical waste at continous or short and relatively regular intervals so as to maintain a relatively constant heat release from the system.

A hydraulically operated ram feeder device having stainless steel construction for heat exposed surfaces shall receive clinical waste and charge it into the Pyrolytic Gasification Chamber (PGC). b) Syngas Manufacture – Pyrolytic Gasification Stage The PGC receives the clinical waste and heats it to the required ignition temperature in an oxygen depleted, substiochiometric environment. The thermal degradation process used is low temperature gasification referred to as semi-pyrolysis, as condensable vapors are produced.

The organic material within the solid feed is converted into a volatile and energy rich synthesis vapor or gas state, which is referred to as “syngas”. The syngas consists primarily of methane type hydrocarbons, H2, CO and CO2 and is used downstream in the process for energy generation.

The syngas is produced under strictly controlled conditions, without the formation of fly ash. Burning the carbonaceous molecules as a syngas, without the presence of fly ash, significantly reduces the risk of pollutant molecule formation. The combustion is much more effective, and can be more tightly controlled in a gas burner, rather than in association with the solid waste. This ensures that gasification minimizes pollutant molecule formation in the combustion process.

The conversion of all organic matter to syngas and production of an relatively inert solid residue (ash) is further enhanced by design for low hearth loading, which maximizes the ratio of matter surface area exposure to the thermal degradation process, plus design for low volume loading, so as to maximize “available” volume (i.e. volume unoccupied by solid residue), and also provides for long containment or retention of 12-16 hours of solid residue prior to its ejection from the PGC.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. c) Syngas Burner and Thermal Reactor Stage Syngas burner (a technologically advanced and high efficiency type gas-burner device) is used to fire the syngas into a thermal reactor at temperatures of up to 1,200oC, which is utilized downstream in the process for energy utilization.

The syngas burner firing of the syngas is much like a conventional gas burner and is based upon a staged process of premixing, ignition and oxidization at a normal 6% O2 vol. dry gas basis. The thermal reactor then provides for retention of the subsequent off-gas at a minimum temperature of 1,000oC. During a minimum retention period of 2.0 seconds. To maximize destruction rate efficiency (DRE) and combustion efficiency (CE) of the syngas burner and thermal reactor; the four (4) separate stages are carried out in individually. Each stage is carried out in a chamber of relatively narrow cylindrical cross section, whereby each of the stages has intimate contact with the syngas. The staged process and intimate contact results in high DRE of potentially hazardous gases. d) Energy Utilization or Boiler The Energy Utilization Heat Exchanger (EUHX) or steam boiler is fired by the syngas burner and utilizes the heat energy for steam generation, which is subsequently utilized for process needs or optional electrical power generation.

The off gas contains minimal solid particulate matter, however like firing of many conventional fossil fuels there shall be an accumulation of such solid matter over time and additionally, vaporized sodium will combine with halogens and sulphur to form corrosive sodium (Na) salt vapors in the off-gas. e) Air Quality Control System (AQCS) The Air Quality Control System (AQCS) receives the cooled off-gas for cleansing. AQCS design is based upon “best available control technology” (BACT) and consists of a dry reagent or hydrated lime plus adsorbent or carbon injection and fabric filter collector, with emission guarantee meeting the Clean Air Regulation 2014. Conventional BACT air quality control devices are adopted because this technology has an extensive and proven track record with other more difficult off-gases.

The cleansed exhaust gas exiting the AQCS is induced through the Induced Draft Fan System (IDFS). Pressure controlled variable speed drive of the IDFs is adopted so as to maintain the entire system under vacuum, which is necessary for process control, plus prevents the potential escape of fugitive emissions into the building complex. The cleaned exhaust gases are released into the atmosphere through a 19.5 meter stack.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. f) Solid Residue Discharge Solid residue remaining after gasification is extracted from the process and deposited directly into a container. The residue container is doused with plant water for dust suppression. Once full, the residue container is ready to be manually or mechanically transferred to landfill. The gasification process produces less than 5% carbon content and no fly ash. These residues are contained and disposed in the secured landfill. g) Continuous Emission Monitoring and Stack Gas The Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) predicts imminent breach of emission set points and is interlocked with the control system to override normal temperature and pressure control and to adjust various processes feed rates to avoid such breaches. Further, alarm interlocks are provided to terminate waste feed in the event of an emission set point breach. The CEMS is provided with software to allow remote on-line monitoring of all emission parameters. h) Control and Safety System Process control and safety is paramount important for thermal treatment process with primary objectives to protect people, environment and equipment. The control system shall integrate all functions of Programmable Logic Control (PLC) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) control to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the system. The control system shall enable analysis, trending and archiving of selected operational data.

4.4.2 Design Capacity The capacity of the KIP-3 plant shall be based on its nominal design heat load of 47 GJ/hr. Generally, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste has a higher calorific value or energy in given quantity. The estimated CV for clinical waste is 19 – 30 MJ/kg. The estimated capacity for the proposed KIP-3 is around 1600 kg/hr assuming the nominal calorific value of the clinical waste is 29 MJ/kg.

4.5 Waste Acceptance Criteria for the Proposed Gasification Plant

4.5.1 Definition of Clinical Waste Clinical waste (SW404) is a heterogeneous mixture of laboratory or pharmaceutical chemicals and containers, as well as pathological wastes. These wastes may contain potentially infectious materials. Clinical wastes are wastes containing of the following:

i. Human or animal tissue; ii. Blood or body fluids; iii. Excretions; iv. Drugs;

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v. Pharmaceutical products; vi. Soiled swabs or dressings; vii. Syringes, needles and sharps; viii. Any waste that has come into contact or been mixed with any of the above types of wastes; and ix. Waste unless rendered safe may prove hazardous to any person coming into contact with it.

4.5.2 Classification of Clinical Wastes There are five (5) categories of clinical wastes, namely:-

i. Group A Waste  Soiled surgical dressings, cotton wool, gloves, swabs, bandaging cloths and wiping materials used to clean up bodily fluids and spills of blood.  Pathological waste, including all human tissues, biopsy materials, blood, organs, limbs, body parts, placenta and human foetuses, animal carcasses and tissues from laboratories and all related swabs and dressings.

ii. Group B Waste  “Sharps” such as discarded syringes, needles, cartridges, broken glass, scalpel blades, saws, and any other sharp instruments.

iii. Group C Waste  Clinical waste arising from laboratories (i.e. pathology, haematology and blood transfusion, microbiology and histology) and post-mortem room wastes.

iv. Group D Waste  Pharmaceutical wastes such as expired or discarded drugs, vaccines and sera, cytotoxic waste.

v. Group E Waste  Used disposable bed-pan liners, urine containers, incontinence pads and stoma bags.

4.5.3 Sources and Amount of Clinical Wastes Collection of clinical waste from all the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia as well as private hospitals and clinics. There has been an increase of clinical waste at the plant up to 2015 as shown in Table E3.

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Table E3: Amount of Clinical Waste Received at EMSB Kamunting from 1998 to 2015 Year Clinical Waste Received (kg) Annual Growth Rate (%) 1998 873,060.00 - 1999 1,028,200.00 17.77 2000 1,251,870.00 21.75 2001 1,326,540.00 5.96 2002 1,589,750.00 19.84 2003 1,901,253.79 19.59 2004 2,055,418.59 8.11 2005 2,173,695.57 5.75 2006 2,337,523.07 7.54 2007 2,548,359.90 9.02 2008 2,629,962.92 3.20 2009 2,846,563.77 8.24 2010 3,261,015.81 14.56 2011 3,805,179.00 16.69 2012 4,210,064.60 10.64 2013 4,537,655.95 7.78 2014 4,924,690.29 8.53 2015 5,056,072.00 2.67

4.5.4 Source Separation and Collection of Clinical Waste The waste is collected by the EMSB trucks from the point of generation and transported safely to the clinical waste thermal treatment plant. Sharps and syringes are stored in a yellow colored container (Figure E4 (A)) and sealed properly while all other waste (pathological and human) are sealed in a yellow colored plastic bags (Figure E4 (B)) sealed at generation point.

All this waste is dumped in yellow colored bins (Figure E4 (C)) exhibiting the universal biohazard sign that is commonly used in many countries. Critical or highly infectious carrying diseases such as Hepatitis, AIDS or cancer patient waste is handled with manifest system designating the sign or sealed in different colored bags to differentiate from the common clinical waste.

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A B C

Figure E4: Clinical Waste Preparation and Collection

4.6 Clinical Waste Management System The waste will be placed in sealed plastic bags or container of suitable strength and durability. The sealed bags and container will be collected in purpose-built, dedicated trucks and transported along the designated routes to the clinical waste incineration facility. Then, the waste bins which are not treated within 24 hours will be stored in cold room before being transferred to the treatment facility. Thus, no leachate and odour problem will occur during the waste handling including transportation, storage and gasification of the waste.

4.6.1 Waste Segregation and Handling The most appropriate way of identifying the categories of clinical waste is by sorting the waste into color-coded plastic bags or containers. All healthcare establishments in Malaysia shall adopt the following standard color coding which is widely accepted. Hospital waste will be segregated into clinical and non-clinical (general) waste at source by medical staffs and placed in color-coded plastic bags and containers of suitable strength and durability. The following standard color coding also adopted by EMSB;

 Black : General wastes;  Yellow : Clinical wastes for incineration only; and  Light blue : Wastes for autoclaving or equivalent treatment.

EMSB will ensure adequate supply of various bags sizes and containers for the collection and on-site storage of clinical waste. On-site receptacles will be provided and located adjacent to the source of the waste. The yellow bags and sharp container to be supplied to the hospitals will conform to the specifications stipulated by the MOH. Waste will be collected from the bag holder normally once a day. No waste will be transported from the point of generation in an unsealed container. Sufficient storage capacity will be provided to allow for the proposed frequency of collection. Where ever possible, clinical wastes should be removed daily from the central storage area for disposal.

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4.6.2 Waste Storage The existing capacity of the cold room is adequate with the establishment of new thermal treatment at the site. With the current capacity, the cold room storage is able to store up to 20 days of the clinical waste if no treatment is done at all.

The on-site central storage facility at each hospital will be separated from the general waste storage and secured to prevent access by unauthorized persons. Central clinical waste storage areas is covered and located at a site to minimize the movement of waste in the open from initial storage areas.

4.6.3 Waste Transportation The transportation of clinical waste from a central storage area to an approved facility requires the use of dedicated vehicles. Documentation in the form of consignment notes will be provided, detailing the collection source and quantity of waste.

The transportation of wastes by trucks use designated routes. Each truck is thoroughly cleaned in a designated vehicle washing area on site immediately after unloading of waste to prevent any contamination.

Spills of clinical wastes or materials are probably the most common emergencies related to hazardous material during waste transportation. The workers should be well prepared for emergency response and the required equipment should be easily available at all points in time and within reasonable distance to ensure that adequate response can carried out safely and routinely.

4.6.4 Solid Wastes and Residual Waste (Ash) Management Ash generated after the incineration of clinical wastes on the existing and proposed facility will consist mainly of incombustible materials (i.e. glass and metals) and fly ash. The solid waste generated from the proposed plant is estimated to be 280 kg/hr consisting of bottom and fly ash from the air quality control system. These ashes are collected and disposed to the centralised schedule waste facility of Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd.

5.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Physical Environment Topographically, the Kamunting Raya Industrial Estate (KRIE) is basically flat and underlain by unconsolidated sediments.

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5.2 Human Environment The plant is located in the KRIE and approximately 5 km from Taiping. KRIE is gazetted for medium industries and total area of KRIE is 459.68 hectare. Industrial zones set for this area is light and medium industrial zones. The project site is about 1.82 km away from Taiping Airport and 55.5 km away from Sultan Azlan Shah, Airport operated by Ministry of Defence and Malaysia Airport holdings Berhad (MAHB) respectively.

The supply of water for industrial used in KRIE and surrounding areas is managed by Lembaga Air Perak (LAP) from the nearest reservoir located in and Kamunting Town. Electricity supplied by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is able to cater the needs of industries in KRIE and surrounding area. Taiping is the provider of telecommunication facilities. Solid waste disposal in KRIE is managed by Taiping Municipal Council. Socio-economic study investigates and evaluates the public awareness and perceptions towards the proposed project and its potential impacts on their existing socio-economic environment. A total of 59% of the respondents interviewed supported the project. A public dialogue and focus group discussion had been taken on 2nd July 2016 discussing on a range of diversified issues and concerns. Based on the discussion, the respondents were generally concern about issues on the best practices of the incineration technology and air pollution and the impacts to their health. However, the respondents are not against the proposed project as long as the project proponent uses the legal procedure during the construction and operation.

The existing health status was determine through health survey and review of secondary data from the nearest healthcare facilities. The potential health impacts of the proposed plant to the communities employs the Health Risk Assessment (HRA) methodology.

A total of 233 households from the eight (8) residential areas within the Zone of Impact (ZOI) were selected. This sample represent a total of 799 adults and 195 children. Majority of the respondents were Malays (93.2%) and aged between 17 – 65 years old. Basic amenities were fairly good with 99.1% of the respondents have safe water supply and 99.6% have proper solid waste management. Majority of the respondents (84.1%) sought treatment for their ailments or sickness from government healthcare facilities. The period prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus among adults were 43.2% and 11.6% respectively. Asthma was common among both children and adult with period prevalence of 3.79% and 9.23% respectively. These prevalence were lower than the National Health and Morbidity Survey Information System III (NHMIS III, 2006).

Figure E5 (land use map) shows the surrounding land use in in the vicinity of the EMSB and proposed KIP-3 plant site. Housing land in the area of Assam Kumbang dominated the surrounding 5 km area. Table E4 provides the land use activities within the 5 km radius of the EMSB Kamunting or proposed KIP-3 site.

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BP 5: ASSAM KUMBANG

Taman Rakyat

Kamunting Raya

Taman Kampung Air Mewah Putih Taman Yayasan Kampung Pinang Seberang EMSB Kamunting Taman Taman Saujana Taman 1 km Jebong Aman Permai Panglima

Kampung Taman Kampung Assam Matang Batu 2 km Tekkah Kumbang Permai LAND USE Housing 3 km Kampung Aulong Baru Trade and Service 4 km Industry

5 km Agriculture

Institution

Open Space and Recreational

Infrastructure and Utilities

Ex- Mining or River

Forest TRANSPORTATION Road / Railways / Detached Railways

Transportation Facilities

Figure E5: Land Use Map of Assam Kumbang

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Table E4: Existing land Use Activities within 5 km Radius Distance North North East East South East South South West West North West (m) 0-500 - Industry - Industry - Industry - Industry - Industry - Industry - Industry - Industry - Open space - Open space 501- - Taman Yayasan - Taman - Taman Palma - Open space - Trade and - Industry - Industry - Open space 1000 - Taman Yayasan and service - ADTEC Taiping - Open space and Kamunting recreational facilities recreational Bakti 1001- - Open space and - Taman Mewah - Taman Saujana - Taman - Taman Tekkah - Industry - Open space - Open space 2000 recreational - Kg. Paya Permai Tekkah Permai and and Kerchut - Kg. Pinang Permai - Trade and recreational recreational Seberang - Taiping service Airport facilities - Taman Tekkah Jaya 2001- - Taman - Kamunting - Taman - Kg. Aulong - Kg. Aulong - Taman Berkat - Kg. Air Putih - Taman 3000 Kamunting Industrial Area Panglima 1 Baru Baru - Open space and - Taman Kamunting Aman - Taman Zenith - Taman - Taman Aulong recreational Jebong Aman - Taman Taiping Kami(D) Maju Aman - Kg. Air Selatan - Taman Putih Berkat 3001- - Open space and - Kamunting - Open space - Kg. Assam - Kg. Assam - Sungai Jebung - Kg. Matang - Industry 4000 recreational Raya and Kumbang Kumbang Baru recreational - Taman - Kg. Murni - Industry Pertama - Medan - Kg. Bayan Bersatu 4001- - Open space and - Taman Rakyat - Open space - Medan - Taman - Open space and - Rubber - Oil palm 5000 recreational - Open space and and Taiping Simpang Bakti recreational plantation - Industry recreational recreational - Kg. Jambu - Tycoon Villa - Hospital Taiping

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5.3 Stack Emission The total particulate matter emission concentrations of the entire plants were recorded well below the stipulated limits. Gaseous emissions (i.e. NOx, SO2 and CO) were detected on all of the plants emissions but within the limits. Low concentration of acid mists were detected for KIP-1 and KIP-2. Traces of metals were detected for KIP-1 and KIP-2 i.e. As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Ni but within their respective limits. In conclusion, KIP-1 and KIP-2 present good emission quality during the test period and in compliance to the CAR 2014 and license limits.

5.4 Air Quality

The concentrations of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Particulate Matter <10μm (PM10) and Particulate Matter <2.5μm (PM2.5) monitored at all stations were recorded well below the standard limits. The concentrations of gaseous (i.e. CO, SO2 and NO2) were below their detection limits at all stations. The ambient Dioxin-Furan monitored data show low concentration compared to its guidelines value. In general, the results of ambient air monitoring presents that the measured parameters were all within their respective limits, an indicative of good ambient air quality within and surrounding the EMSB complex.

5.5 Water Quality Based on the water quality monitoring, all the monitored stations were calculated within the range of Class II and Class IV of the National Water Quality Standard (NWQS). The parameters of pH, temperature, Suspended Solids (SS) and Total Coliform (TC) were recorded well below the NWQS. The concentrations of BOD, COD and Oil and Grease were recorded exceeded the Class IIA limits of NWQS for all the monitored stations. While, the concentrations of DO were recorded slightly below its respective limit except for station SW3.

5.6 Groundwater Quality The groundwater monitoring within the vicinity of the EMSB site recorded that most of the monitored parameters were recorded well within the Recommended Raw Water Quality Standard imposed by Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia. Parameter of Fe were recorded exceeded its respective standard. It is observed to be sourced from the natural reaction of water and rocks underground influence the mineral character of groundwater especially when significant precipitation increases the mobility of the subsurface flow. Thus, the results are mainly seen to be of natural minerals that percolate underground.

5.7 Noise Quality The equivalent noise levels (LAeq) monitored at all stations were recorded well below the recommended guidelines limits of 70.0 dB (A) for day-time and 60.0 dB (A) night-time. Most of the recorded noise levels were observed to be generated from the traffic vehicles and plant activities during the test period.

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6.0 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Air Quality Impact Four (4) main cases (i.e. CASE 1, CASE 2, CASE 3, and CASE 4) that are based on a Normal and Worst Case Scenarios were used to assess the impact of the proposed KIP-3 to treat clinical waste, as well as the cumulative impact of the proposed project along with other one (1) existing sources (i.e. KIP-2) were considered in the air quality modeling assessment exercise.

The predicted pollutant ground level concentration for normal scenario with Air Pollution Control with CASE 1 (assessment on KIP-3 alone) and CASE 2 (cumulative assessment on KIP-2 and KIP-3) showed that the concentrations of pollutants are all within the guideline limits and the location of the maximum ground level concentration (Max GLC) occurs within 250 m from the source far away from the populated area. Meanwhile, the results of the predicted pollutant ground level concentration for the worst scenario without Air Pollution Control, CASE 3 (assessment only on KIP-3) and CASE 4 (assessment on KIP-2 and KIP-3 at EMSB), showed that Max GLCs of pollutants are still within the ambient air quality guidelines of their respective guidelines concentrations. However, the Max GLC predicted for HCl in the worst scenario is still within the recommended guideline limits. All pollutants in CASE 4 were relatively higher compared to other cases given the fact that it is considered as the worst scenario of all where the thermal treatment plants are forced to undergo an operation without APCS. The Max GLC in CASE 4 were within 250 m radius of the EMSB, unlikely to cause any concern to residential, if the situation really takes place.

6.1.1 Mitigation Measures The KIP-3 flue gas treatment system comprising of of lime and activated carbon injection and fabric filters along with a stack height of 19.5 m, is certainly recommended as these provide full-proof mitigation measures on unwarranted air emissions. Series installation of such air pollution control system ensures that emission exiting the stack to the ambient air will be well below the prescribed standards or limits at all times.

6.2 Noise Quality Based on noise monitoring for the existing plant, it can be concluded that no residual impact is expected on the surrounding area of the project plant. The operators that works within EMSB, especially near the noise sources may experience higher noise background that require them to utilize personal protective equipment. The operational noise will be long term in nature in any industrial activity and thus, applying Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to safeguard the safety of every worker must be enforced as a good working culture.

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6.2.1 Mitigation Measures The transportation of equipment and construction materials during the development of the proposed project will only be temporary and therefore, the noise generated by the transportation will only cause short-term impact. Therefore, no mitigating measure is required. The piling activities are envisaged not to cause any noise impact to the surrounding area provided that hydraulic piling technique is used.

Since the operation of the proposed plant is predicted not to cause any significant noise impact to the surrounding residential areas, no mitigating measures is required to control and reduce the overall noise level emitted by the proposed plant.

6.3 Water Quality EMSB Kamunting re-utilizes its treated wastewater back in its operation for an example in the linen and laundry plant. Thus, no prediction and assessment impacts are anticipated in this case. The waste management centre is equipped with a wastewater treatment plant that treats the generated wastewater through physical, chemical and biological treatment merely to be re-utilized into its operation.

7.0 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

7.1 Land Use The surrounding land use within Kamunting Raya Industrial Estate (KRIE) are industrial lots, ex-mining lakes for runoff water retention, business centre, infrastructure and utilities and several residential areas located approximately one (1) km from the proposed project. No land acquisition is needed, as the proposed KIP-3 is built in the same lot of existing KIP-1 and KIP-2 plants. The types of land use at the KRIE site and surrounding areas will not change under the proposed intention of the expansion.

7.2 Infrastructure The main source of domestic water for existing and proposed activity is supplied by Lembaga Air Perak (LAP). Assuming that the proposed project did not create much employment and therefore did not increase the district total population, the water consumption for household daily uses would not increase substantially.

Electricity is supplied to the existing EMSB facilities and the proposed KIP-3 by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Due to a very low increase in total local population, it is expected that the domestic demand for electricity supply is not substantial.

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Should the plant be shut down and decommissioned, utility and electricity consumption and production of waste would decrease to the level needed to maintain on going environmental compliance, restoration and infrastructure maintenance, eventually reducing such consumption and production to near zero. Because water usage would be reduced, at least in short term, this decrease in use of these resources could be a beneficial impact.

7.3 Socio-economic The socio economic are discussed based on demographic, economic process, traffic impacts, creation of employment and economic impacts. Number of job vacancies will be available, which considered as beneficial.

7.4 Environmental Health Risk Assessment Health Impact Assessment (HIA) exercise employs the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach in estimating the likelihood of potential adverse effects from exposure to environmental hazards.

The assessment on exposure to the PM2.5, SO2, NO2, acid gases, heavy metals and Dioxin- Furan during the normal and worst case scenario showed that the calculated hazard quotient is below 1 (HQ<1), which indicates a non-carcinogenic risk to the local community. For exposure to hazardous pollutants the non-cancer risk is also insignificant during all scenarios (operation normal and worst case scenarios). The results of excess lifetime cancer risk for exposure to pollutants during normal and worst emission scenario were recorded to be within the acceptable limit (i.e. in between 10-4 to 10-6 as stipulated in Guidance Document on Health Impact Assessment (HIA) by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia).

8.0 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT (QRA) Risk is a measure of human injury, environmental damage or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury. The objectives of risk assessment are to:

i. Provide a logical way to analyse risks, which should increase confidence that risk management decisions are rationally determined; ii. Promote greater consistency in risk-based decision-making across the organization; iii. Provide a basis for prioritizing finite resources; iv. Assist in the evaluation of the relative benefits of risk-reduction alternatives; v. Help define which level of the organization should take responsibility of the decisions that affect the risk; vi. Help protect the organization’s permission to operate and enhancing sustainability of the business; and vii. Present a better understanding of the management of the risk.

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From the result of risk estimation for the failure of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tank, causing the vapour cloud explosion (LNG) to occur. The development of KIP-3 plant inside the EMSB does not pose fatality risk greater than 1x10-5 fatalities per person per year for risk to industrial receptors or 1x10-6 fatalities per person per year for residential receptors. Therefore, the proposed project is acceptable from the perspective of risk assessment and would be considered safe if operated using the normal industrial code of practice as required by the authority.

9.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (ERP) AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

9.1 Emergency Response Plan (ERP) The purpose of this ERP is to ensure that any form of emergency, which interrupts normal safe working condition in the facility, can be dealt with a systematic manner. From calculation, the most hazardous event, vapour cloud flash fire (LNG) as a result from flammable released from existing plant but it does not reach the residential areas nearby. The precautions on the emergency events are based on:

 Direction and Control;  Communication;  Human Safety;  Property Protection;  Coordination with Outside Organizations;  Recovery and Restoration; and  Administration and Logistics

9.2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) The primary objective of the EMP is to protect the environment at and around the KIP-3 project site, and to ensure that the environment qualities of the concerned area are maintained. The main elements of EMP’s are:

 Legislative and contractual requirements and conditions that need to be observed and complied with;  Administrative set up (i.e. Safety, Health and Environment Unit) to be responsible for environmental management, well defined organizational structure and manpower requirements;  Monitoring program for ambient air, noise measurement or wastewater discharges; and  Action required and the reporting sequence for emergency response during accidents or abnormal operations of the plant.

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The process work flows to monitor the environmental performance under this EMP are:

 Managing of significant environmental impacts and risk activities;  Monitoring of legal compliance; and  Monitoring of objectives, targets and programs.

In summary, the whole currently available policies of EMSB in safeguarding its human work force and the environment will remain to be adopted and implemented for the proposed KIP-3 plant.

10.0 Conclusion and Recommendation The studies for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) have been conducted and the impacts of the proposed KIP-3 at Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. Kamunting, Perak were assessed. The likely positive and negative impacts of the proposed KIP-3 were identified and quantified to the extent possible. Mitigation measures to be taken during construction and operation of proposed KIP-3 and any possible residual negative impacts are identified.

Based on the findings in this EIA, the main concerns are the air quality aspects. The predictions on the impact of the proposed KIP-3 taking consideration of the other existing facilities at the EMSB mainly KIP-2 were investigated in this air quality study. The results of the air quality modeling showed that the proposed KIP-3 will meet all ambient air quality standards. The predicted pollutants ground level concentrations (GLC) for normal and worst case scenarios (CASE 1, CASE 2, CASE 3 and CASE 4) are all within the guideline limits of the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2013. The modeling demonstrate that the facility will not result in degradation of the local air quality or the environment. Based on noise monitoring and modeling for the existing plant, it can be concluded that no residual noise impact is expected on the surrounding area of the project plant. The water monitoring of existing plant show all parameters is in compliance with Standard B of the Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009.

Based on the study for human environment (i.e. public health), exposures to criteria air pollutants are not likely to impose any negative non-cancer health outcome. The assessment on the different exposure scenarios (i.e. normal and worst cases) showed that the total lifetime cancer risks due to the emissions are within the acceptable limit. The proposed project will further enhance the image of the surrounding area, creating direct and indirect employment opportunities, and have social benefits for employees as well as inhabitants of the surrounding area while creating a positive impact in the social environment as well by attracting further economic development. As there is no residential and commercial area within 500 meters diameter of plant boundary, this will tremendously help to minimize the

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. risk from fire. However, safe operating procedures and mitigation measures must be strictly implemented to further minimize any inherent risk.

In summary, the proposed KIP-3 meets all the required standards and will have positive impacts as well as is predicted to not causing any severe residual impacts onto the environment if its operation strictly adhere to the existing standard guidelines, which had been commonly practiced ever since the existence of the EMSB Kamunting. It is also concluded that, with planned mitigation and the implementation of best practices to avoid or minimize adverse environmental impacts, the environmental impacts including cumulative environmental impacts during all phases are not rated significant, except in the event of certain worst-cases, for which some environmental impacts could be significant but are highly unlikely to occur.

Thus, it is recommended that the proposed expansion Kamunting Incineration Plant at EMSB to be approved on the basis that the project proponent will continuously adhere to the requirement of the environmental guidelines, employing mitigation measures to ensure compliance with statutory requirements and recommended criteria.

Activities involved and their potential impacts on the environment were assessed and recommendations to alleviate the potential significant impacts were undertaken. Impacts identified are mainly air emission, health and safety. In this EIA report, the mitigation measures are presented in Chapters 9 and 10. If the project proponent continuously implement or practice the existing mitigation measures, the environmental impact would be greatly reduced.

The proponent’s effort to commission this EIA study and considering all environmentally- sound approaches is commendable and should be given a strong support. Table E5 shows the summary of issues and mitigating measures recommended by the project proponent.

Report No: AMR.2016.EMSB.EIA.KIP-3 Executive Summary l ES-32

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

Table E5: Summary of Issues and Mitigating Measures Recommended by the Project Proponent Reference in EIA DOE No. Item Issue Mitigating Measures Recommended Report Comments 1.  Impacts from the existing plant have not  Long term residual impacts are not Chapter 9: adversely impacting the surrounding considered to be significant. Evaluation Potential

environment. Environmental Impacts  Proper operation and maintenance of and Proposed Mitigation  The air dispersion modeling result for the the plant and APCS will help to Measures for Physical existing and proposed activity shows that the ensure that emissions comply with Environment

Air QualityAir emission level concentrations are predicted to the prescribed emission limits. (Page 9-2 until 9-29) be within acceptable limits. 2.  Operators that works within EMSB, especially  Applying Personal Protective Chapter 9:

near the noise sources may experience higher Equipment (PPE) to safeguard the Evaluation Potential noise background that require them to utilize safety of every worker must be Environmental Impacts personal protective equipment (PPE) enforced as a good working culture and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Physical Environment

Noise Quality (Page 9-29 until 9-40) 3.  The quantity of effluent discharged from KIP-3  No mitigation required Chapter 9:

3

is only about 4 m per week, the residual Evaluation Potential impact considered insignificant. Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Physical

Water QualityWater Environment (Page 9-40 until 9-41)

Report No: AMR.2016.EMSB.EIA.KIP-3 Executive Summary l ES-33

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

Table E5: Summary of Issues and Mitigating Measures Recommended by the Project Proponent (cont.) No. Reference in EIA DOE Item Issue Mitigating Measures Recommended Report Comments 4.  Impact is considered less than significant  No mitigation required Chapter 10:

Evaluation Potential Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Human Land Use Land Environment (Page 10-2 until 10-4) 5.  Impact is considered less than significant  No mitigation required Chapter 10:

Evaluation Potential Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Human Environment

Infrastructure (Page 10-4 until 10-5) 6.  Impact is considered less than significant  No mitigation required Chapter 10:

Evaluation Potential Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation

economic - Measures for Human Environment

Socio (Page 10-5 until 10-10)

Report No: AMR.2016.EMSB.EIA.KIP-3 Executive Summary l ES-34

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Proposed Expansion of Kamunting Incineration Plant for Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd.

Table E5: Summary of Issues and Mitigating Measures Recommended by the Project Proponent (cont.) Reference in EIA DOE No. Item Issue Mitigating Measures Recommended Report Comments 7.  The health of the local community is unlikely 1. Under abnormal operations, the plant Chapter 10:

to be affected by the air pollutants emitted will be automatically shut down Evaluation Potential from the normal operation of the KIP-3 plant within 60 minutes to limit Environmental Impacts as there seems to be no significant lifetime uncontrolled emissions. and Proposed Mitigation cancer risk was observed during normal Measures for Human scenario. Environment (Page 10-10 until 10-21)  The exposure during the worst scenario (CASE 4) is expected to produce a total lifetime cancer risk of 4.19 cases per million population. However, it is still within the acceptable range of one (1) cancer case per

Environmental Health RiskHealth Assessment Environmental 100,000 populations.

Report No: AMR.2016.EMSB.EIA.KIP-3 Executive Summary l ES-35