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Children and Adolescents in Urban India Scale and Nature of Deprivation

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Children and Adolescents in Urban India Scale and Nature of Deprivation Children and Adolescents in Urban India Scale and Nature of Deprivation Supported by: Prepared by: National Institute of Urban Affairs Children and Adolescents in Urban India Scale and Nature of Deprivation Debolina Kundu Kanchan Dyuti Maiti Rakesh Mishra Biswajit Kar Tania Debnath Supported by: Prepared by: National Institute of Urban Affairs All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form by an electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission from the publisher. This peer-reviewed publication is supported by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The contents and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. Although the authors have made every effort to ensure that the information in this publication was correct at press time, the authors do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. All maps illustrated in this publication are not to scale and are only indicative of relative geographical location purpose only. ISBN: 978-81-941348-1-7 September 2020 Foreword Urban India is home to the largest number of children and adolescents in the world. They have a significant contribution in determining the developmental trajectory of urban India. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations recognise early childhood and adolescence as a significant phase of development throughout the lifespan of an individual, which forms the basis of later life outcomes. In fact, SDGs on poverty (goal 1), zero hunger (goal 2), good health and well-being (goal 3), quality education (goal 4), gender equality (goal 5), clean water and sanitation (goal 6), reduced inequality (goal 10), sustainable cities and communities (goal 11) are directly linked to the overall development of children and adolescents. Achievement of these goals would be a positive move towards the implementation of the ‘New Urban Agenda’ (Habitat III, 2016), leaving no one behind in the process of development. The principle is that cities need to invest in their clusters of human capital. At this juncture, it is important to understand the scale and nature of deprivation among children and adolescents in India. The United Nations Children’s Fund (Delhi office) has entered into a research collaboration with the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). Under this collaboration, this research study titled ‘Children and Adolescents in Urban India - Scale and Nature of Deprivation’ has been undertaken. The broad objective of this study is to assess the situation of children and adolescents across various thematic areas like survival and health, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), education, employment, violence and crime, exposure to mass media/ social media/internet for children and adolescents living in urban India. This publication is the outcome of a year-long research undertaken by a team of researchers at NIUA. I firmly believe that the findings from this publication will ignite a fresh public discourse and pave the path for achieving the SDGs. The success of this endeavour will entirely depend on how the findings from this study are used in making policies more inclusive and evidence based to improve the condition of disadvantaged children and adolescents in urban India. Hitesh Vaidya Director, NIUA Children and Adolescents in Urban India - Scale and Nature of Deprivation iii Acknowledgements This volume brings together the findings of the analytical research undertaken by the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) on ‘Children and Adolescents in Urban India - Scale and Nature of Deprivation’. On behalf of NIUA, I express our gratitude to Dr. Yasmin Ali Haque, Country Representative of UNICEF, India, Ms. Foroogh Foyouzat, Deputy Representative (Programme), UNICEF, and Ms. Misaki Akasaka Ueda, Chief of Social Policy, Monitoring and Evaluation, UNICEF, for entrusting NIUA with this research study. I wish to sincerely thank Mr. Kanchan Dyuti Maiti, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF, Delhi, for his technical support, valuable comments and guidance at every stage of the study. Thanks are also due to all Programme Chiefs of UNICEF for their guidance and to all team members of Social Policy, Monitoring and Evaluation Section, UNICEF, for their support throughout the study. I would like to acknowledge the valuable feedback received from Prof. K.S. James, Senior Professor and Director, International Institute for Population Studies (IIPS), Prof. R.B. Bhagat, Professor and Head, Department of Migration and Urban Studies, IIPS, Prof. Bhaskar Mittra, Professor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)- Mumbai Campus and Associate Director, Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutr ition, Prof. Saraswati Raju, former Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Prof. Ravi Srivastava, Professor and Director, Centre for Employment Studies, Institute for Human Development and Prof. J.B.G. Tilak, ICSSR National Fellow and Distinguished Professor, Council for Social Development, New Delhi. Special mention is due to Prof. Indrani Bhaduri, Professor, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Prof. Sachidanand Sinha, Professor, JNU, Dr. Srinivas Goli, Assistant Professor, JNU and Australia India Institute NGN Research Fellow, University of Western Australia, and Mr. Varghese Kunjappy, System Analyst, JNU, for their suggestions in improving the quality of research. This research is the result of team work. I deeply acknowledge the efforts of the research, design and finance teams at NIUA and all other individuals who contributed to this study in various capacities. A special thanks to Prof. Jagan Shah, former Director, NIUA, for initiating this research. Last but not the least, we are grateful to Mr. Hitesh Vaidya, Director, NIUA, for his constant encouragement and support at every stage of the research. Debolina Kundu Principal Investigator Professor, NIUA Children and Adolescents in Urban India - Scale and Nature of Deprivation v Team Leader Debolina Kundu Advisor Kanchan Dyuti Maiti Research Rakesh Mishra Biswajit Kar Tania Debnath Arvind Pandey Varsha Pandey Ankita Shukla Sudeshna Maitra Rayhan SK Management Pragya Sharma Data Support Sangeeta Vijh T.C. Sharma Copy Editing Razia Grover Design Team Deep Pahwa Devender S Rawat Bhavnesh Bhanot Preeti Shukla Contents Foreword iii Acknowledgements v List of Tables ix List of Figures x List of Boxes xvi List of Annexures xvi Acronyms xvii Technical Notes xix Executive Summary xxiv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale 2 1.3 Profile of Children and Adolescents in Urban India 5 1.4 Conceptual Framework 9 1.5 Research Questions 9 1.6 Research Objectives 9 1.7 Database 11 1.8 Methodology 17 1.9 Limitations 19 2. Health and Survival 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Data and Methods 22 2.3 Situational Analysis of Health and Well-being of Children 22 2.4 Major Health Challenges Among Children 25 2.5 Situational Analysis of Adolescent Health 37 2.6 Association Between Diarrhoea, Malnutrition and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 43 2.7 Macro Level Analysis 43 2.8 Data Limitation 46 2.9 Conclusion 47 2.10 Policy Implications 48 3. Nutrition 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Data and Methods 52 3.3 Variations in Malnutrition Among Children 52 3.4 Deficiency of Micro-Nutrients Among Children 56 3.5 Interlinkages Among Indicators of Malnutrition 59 3.6 Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices 61 3.7 Complementary Feeding Practices 64 3.8 Malnutrition Among Adolescents 69 3.9 Macro Level Analysis 74 3.10 Conclusion and Policy Implications 76 4. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Facilities 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Data and Methods 81 4.3 Utilisation of Basic Drinking Water 81 4.4 Utilisation of Basic Sanitation Facilities 89 4.5 Hygienic Practices: Basic Handwashing Facility within Premises 95 4.6 Menstrual Hygiene 98 4.7 Conclusion 101 4.8 Policy Implication 102 5. Education 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Access: Attendance Status in School 106 5.3 Achievement in Learning Outcomes 117 5.4 Transition 123 5.5 Completion of Education Levels 125 5.6 Expenditure by Households on Education 129 5.7 Reasons for Not Attending School 133 5.8 Household Expenditure and Achievement in Learning 135 5.9 Ability to Use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Tools 137 5.10 Data Gaps and Limitations 140 5.11 Conclusion 140 5.12 Policy Concerns and Recommendations 141 6. Employment and Migration 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Activity Status: Being in the Workforce, Pursuing Education and Being ‘Nowhere’ 147 6.3 Nature of Work 159 6.4 Employment-related Migration and Work Among Children (5-14 years) and Adolescents (15-19 years) 167 6.5 Data Gap 171 6.6 Legislative Framework and Policies 171 6.7 Conclusion 172 6.8 Policy Recommendations 173 7. Crimes Involving Children and Adolescents 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Data and Methods 177 7.3 Crime Against Children in India 178 7.4 Circumstances of Crime Occurrences and Reasons 186 7.5 Crimes Committed by Children 188 7.6 Conclusion 191 7.7 Policy Recommendations 192 8. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 195 8.1 Introduction 195 8.2 Main Findings 196 8.3 Policy Recommendations 199 8.4 Holistic Development of Urban Children and Adolescents: Way Forward 202 Bibliography 204 Annexures 212 List of Tables Table 1.1: Details of Data Sources 11 Table 1.2: Data Sources for Analysis of Health and Survival
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