Transitioning Lygus Chemical Controls to More Selective Options for Arizona Cotton Virginia Barkley & Peter C. Ellsworth University of Arizona, Department of Entomology & Arizona Pest Management Center, Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ 85239

Yield (% of Standard) Yield (% of Standard) Yield (% of Standard) OCF 100 3 100 100 80 80 80 O N 60 60 60 H N N *mixed with 40 H 40 40 (0.5 lbs ai / A) 20 CN 20 20 F C **sprayed at 3 Y = Check yield ± c.v. 40 GPA 0 0 0 • FLONICAMID is a new class 0.063 0.088 0.088 0.143 0.178 0.214 0.022** 0.025 0.039* 0.045** 0.05 0.058 0.091 of chemistry, a pyridine- Flonicamid • METAFLUMIZONE, a newly Metaflumizone Novaluron carboxamide. This compound (lbs ai / A) developed semicarbazone by (lbs ai / A) (lbs ai / A) is not persistent in the Y = Check yield ± c.v. BASF, has a new mode of action Y = Check yield ± c.v. environment, has low residues and significant insecticidal activity. and is environmentally safe. • Control of Lygus in cotton by • In our trials, metaflumizone • At the higher rates tested, Toxicity to mammals, birds flonicamid (0.088 lbs ai / A) is showed residual control of nymphs metaflumizone shows efficacy on and fish is low. similar to acephate (1.0 lb ai / A), for about 10–14 days. our standard for Lygus control. Lygus hesperus similar to that of • Higher than expected nymphal • NOVALURON, a benzoylurea, is • High rates (0.091), high spray • This potentially selective Although mode of action is acephate (1 lb ai / A), but with counts are consistent with this under development by Crompton volumes (40 GPA) and/or is very effective on unclear, tests indicate flonicamid potentially less toxicity to beneficial insects. compound having feeding as Diamond® in the U.S. mixtures with lower rates of Lygus hesperus & many aphid has a unique fast-acting mode of acephate (0.5 lbs ai / A) have inhibition properties. • Novaluron is a rate sensitive insect species. action. Feeding is thought to be shown efficacy on Lygus growth regulator that inhibits suppressed within an hour of hesperus comparable to chitin biosynthesis, active against • Translaminar activity in contact or ingestion resulting in acephate (1.0 lb ai / A). immmature stages only. flonicamid as a foliar spray mortality of adults and immatures Residual activity approaches may be limited. However, within 2–5 days. • It has broad-spectrum activity 14 days under field conditions. translocation following foliar including Lepidopteran pests. application may provide some • FMC Corporation has registered • The high rates required to protection of untreated plant the trademarks: Beleaf® as a • The compound does not move in achieve control may be tissues. formulation for fruits and or on the plant and efficacy potentially destructive of vegetables and Carbine® as a depends on direct contact or hemipteran and other foliar insecticide on cotton. ingestion. predators in our system.

Control of Lygus hesperus in Arizona cotton Few selective chemicals are available, but our has become an increasing challenge since the data has identified three selective compounds introduction of transgenic Bt cottons and that have efficacy on Lygus. Currently g n Insect Growth Regulators, which have li recommended, broad-spectrum p Lygus m a Sampling, effectively and selectively controlled S Detection, & & Plant two of our key pests, Bemisia tabaci Monitoring could potentially be replaced by

e e and Pectinophora gossypiella. v s Effective & more selective & safer com- ti U c l Selective e a Wide use of broad-spectrum ff ic Lygus Chemistry pounds. Novaluron, an IGR, E m Resistance e Action h Thresholds Management on cotton has C has Lygus activity, but

Area- Cross- Alternate Organophosphates been replaced by more Inter-Crop high rates may be less e Wide Commodity Crop Host c Impact Cooperation Placement Management Movement n • ACEPHATE, our standard, Y = Check yield ± c.v. selective compounds. As a Exploitation of selective. Metaflumi- (1.0) id Pest Biology Over-Wintering Natural Enemy In-field Mortality Pest & Outbreak o Ecology Conservation Dynamics Prediction v & Ecology is a broad-spectrum a result, Lygus has A Planting & Lygus x H O Tolerant / zone & flonicamid, Crop Lygus X N Termination Date 2 Resistant (0.5) risen to become our Management Interactions Management Interactions Varieties both with anti- with excellent and dependable (1.0) number one pest of feedant properties, cotton since 1997. show great promise. activity on Lygus hesperus. Methyl (0.625)

0 20 40 60 80 100 Yield (% of Standard) Yield (% of Standard) thiamethoxamthiamethoxam (0.094)(0.094) 100 • Over many years of thiamethoxamthiamethoxam (0.089)(0.089) Yield (% of Standard) 80 testing, , thiamethoxamthiamethoxam (0.089)(0.089) most neonicotinoids, thiamethoxamthiamethoxam (0.086)(0.086) 100 60 and many organo- thiamethoxamthiamethoxam (0.067)(0.067) 80 Y = Check yield ± c.v. 40 phosphates have failed thiamethoxamthiamethoxam (0.067)(0.067) 60 20 to control Lygus (0.05) hesperus in our cotton thiaclopridthiacloprid (0.094)(0.094) 40 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 • is an old system. imidaclopridimidacloprid (0.047)*(0.047)* 20 cyclodiene organochlorine imidaclopridimidacloprid (0.047)(0.047) • Control was not possible (lbs ai / A) with variable ability to imidaclopridimidacloprid (0.047)(0.047) 0 even when tested at 0.038 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Y = Check yield ± c.v. control Lygus hesperus. imidaclopridimidacloprid (0.047)(0.047) higher rates, higher imidaclopridimidacloprid (0.047)(0.047) • Without better, more (lbs ai / A) • OXAMYL is a that has frequencies (than the dinotefurandinotefuran (0.176)(0.176) selective options at this time, proven to be very effective against standard, acephate), nor dinotefurandinotefuran (0.132)(0.132) • is the only our current guidelines for • FIPRONIL, a phenlypyrazole, has Lygus hesperus over many years of in mixtures. dinotefurandinotefuran (0.088)(0.088) tested that shows Lygus control in Arizona a novel mode of action, with both significant efficacy on Lygus trials, comparable to acephate. • Even mixtures with dinotefurandinotefuran (0.044)(0.044) cotton are ACEPHATE or (0.10) contact and ingestion activity on a hesperus in cotton. • As a broad-spectrum insecticide, OXAMYL in a rotation. proven performers broad spectrum of pests. failed to enhance acetamiprid (0.10) • It is not marketed (foliar) in cotton. oxamyl can be damaging to ENDOSULFAN is a less control. 0 20 40 60 80 100 • It has shown good efficacy on natural enemy populations. effective alternative. Yield (% of Standard) Lygus hesperus in our tests, Pyrethroids comparable to our standard. Y*m=ix Checked with yieldcyflu t±h rc.v.in Yield (% of Standard) z- (0.05)* (0.03 lbs ai / A) 100 Yield z-cypermethrin (0.05)* • This compound is not being 100 80 (% of Standard) z-cypermethrin (0.05) Y = Check yield ± c.v. developed for foliar use in cotton. 80 lambda (0.04) 60 Y = Check yield ± c.v. 60 lambda cyhalothrin (0.04) *mixed with Y = Check yield ± c.v. *mixed with 40 (0.5), lambda cyhalothrin (0.03) endosulfan (1.0 40 or 0.75), or (0.03) 20 (0.08), or z- 20 (0.03)* (0.047 lbs ai / A) cypermethrin 0 (0.05 lbs ai / A) 0.055 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Clothianidin 0.75 0.75 0.75* 0.75* 0.75* 1 1.0* 1.5 1.5 Yield (% of Standard) Endosulfan (lbs ai / A) Y = Check yield ± c.v. (lbs ai / A)

3 Sprays 0 Sprays • For each trial (1997–2004), yields • Plot sizes: ca. 12 rows x 40 ft Barkley, V. & P.C. Ellsworth. 2004. Search for effective chemical controls for Lygus bugs and for each treatment are expressed • RCBDs with four replications whiteflies in Arizona cotton. In R. Tronstad [ed.], Cotton, A College of Agriculture Report. as a percentage of the yields • Sprays at 35 psi, ca. 20 GPA Series P-138. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ. pp. 187-197. achieved in the experiment’s • 4 rows machine harvested Ellsworth, P.C. 1998. Integrated Lygus management in Arizona. In J.C. Silvertooth [ed.], Cotton, standard and plotted ± the • Bollgard® cottons A College of Agriculture Report. Series P-112. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture, coefficient of variation (N = 4). • Orthene (acephate) at 1 lb ai / A as Tucson, AZ. pp. 403-407. standard in all trials • Yields in the untreated checks ± Ellsworth, P.C. 1999. Evaluation of chemical controls of Lygus hesperus in Arizona. In J.C. • Insect data (not shown) from Silvertooth [ed.], Cotton, A College of Agriculture Report. Series P-116. University of Arizona, c.v. are also plotted for each trial. College of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ. pp. 428-447. Note height & yield difference sweepnet counts of all stages, • Max. yields: ca. 1.5–4.5 bales / A. 25–50 sweeps / plot Arizona Cotton Information Site (ACIS). URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/crops