KE N TA RC H A E O LO G I C A LS O C I E T Y

newnewIssue number 58ss ll ee tt tt ee Autumnrr 2003 NO RT HF O R E L A N D , Inside 2-3 Wealden Archaeology BR O A D S TA I R S 4-5 Library Notes & orth Foreland Hill is situated on the New Books North Eastern tip 6-7 of the Isle of Lectures, Courses, Thanet, with clear Conferences & Events views northward 8-9 across the mouth Notice Board of the Thames Estuary and 10-11 eastward towards the ‘Ideas & Ideals’ English Channel. The Eighteenth The archaeological pot- Century Church: ential of the site is docu- mented in Archaeologia Latitudinarians, Cantiana with references High Churchmen in 1877 to huge flint foun- and Non-Jurors. dations that are probably 12-13 Roman and in 1957 to a Bayford Castle, crop mark of a Bronze Age Corpus of Romanesque Barrow. Rescue excavations Sculpture, BAA carried out in 1979 and Scholarship 1993 during the construc- 14-15 tion of houses on North Above: Crop marks facing east across North Foreland Letters to the Editor Foreland Avenue indicated and left: Iron Age burial found in rubbish pit. that at least one barrow National and Iron Age settlement with a large fragment of whale rib. Two Archaeology Day, features survive beneath other barrows were excavated, one of Public Catalogue the North Foreland Estate. which contained further human buri- Foundation By the mid 1980s the als. This barrow had a large grave cut at 16 extent of settlement the centre with a smaller secondary Jill Eddison at North Foreland was burial and is associated with a small recognised. Routine aerial cemetery of five flat graves containing photography by Thanet crouched burials. Archaeological Society ex- The interior of the enclosed settle- posed crop marks of ment provided evidence of Early to Bronze Age Barrows and a Late Iron Age activity including part of settlement enclosed by ditches, possi- Archaeological Trust. The excavations a small Middle – Late Iron Age rectan- bly an Iron Age Hill fort. Small scale uncovered the remains of a Late gular enclosure with at least six four- excavation by Thanet Archaeological Neolithic – Early Bronze Age burial post structures. To the east of the Society in 1995 proved a Mid – Late landscape and the interior of the Iron enclosure was a concentration of large Iron Age date for the enclosing Age enclosed settlement or Hill fort. pits probably used to store grain but ditches. The Late Neolithic – Early Bronze later backfilled with midden material, In 1999 an excavation in advance Age features included a causewayed while to the north west a small pit was of a housing development at the barrow containing two central buri- excavated containing a hoard of 64 former St Stephen’s College Site als, and the crouched burial of a child Late Iron Age coins. was carried out by the Trust for cut into the base of the barrow ditch. The Trust for Thanet Archaeology Thanet Archaeology and Canterbury The child’s grave had been capped continued on page 2

Autumn 2003 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 1 WE A L D E NA R C H A E O L O G Y ctive archae- o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h continues in WEALDEN the We a l d ARCHAEOLOGY with the Wealden Archae- WEALDEN ological Fieldwork ARCHAEOLOGY Group, with old WEALDEN sites being re-inves- tigated and new ARCHAEOLOGY ones recorded. WEALDEN Finds range in date from Pa l a e o l i t h i c ARCHAEOLOGY implements to WEALDEN Second World War debris. The area of ARCHAEOLOGY interest extends WEALDEN from Ulcombe in ARCHAEOLOGY the north to Sandhurst in the WEALDEN south. ARCHAEOLOGY The Ro m a n was recorded as well as the correct The section of Roman road exposed after roads and associated sites in the line of Margary Road 13. Site 5 is erosion of the river bank near Sandhurst. WEALDEN area are a source of continuing Benenden School where a possible ARCHAEOLOGY interest, particularly the iron crossroads formed by the east- suggest that these sites were a working sites both prehistoric and west and north-south Ro m a n continuation of Pre-Roman settle- WEALDEN Roman. Figure 1 shows the prin- roads was found in the grounds, ments, for example, complete ARCHAEOLOGY cipal Wealden sites discovered and (NGR 801337), which may explain examples of Iron Age annular recorded by our small fieldworking the finds made here in the 1970s. glass beads of Hanging Langford WEALDEN group. Site 1 is the amended route Finally, 6 is the impressive section and South Harting types from the ARCHAEOLOGY for Margary Road 131 with a pos- of iron slagged Roman road interior floors of 2nd century AD WEALDEN sible branch road to an ironwork- exposed in a stream between Roman timber buildings. It is ing site at Romden, Smarden. Sites Sandhurst and Bodiam. interesting to note that both sites ARCHAEOLOGY 2 and 3 are a new Roman rural set- The Ulcombe parish historic have also produced Iron Age fea- WEALDEN tlement found at Ulcombe and a sites are shown in Figure 2, which tures associated with metalwork- Roman site in Headcorn both dat- gives an impression of what can be ing. In February 2002 a small test ARCHAEOLOGY ing to the 2nd –3rd centuries AD. revealed with a survey of a virtual- trench excavated within a dark WEALDEN A possible branch road leaving the ly unexplored part of Kent. patch in an Ulcombe field south of Roman road south of Staplehurst The exploratory excavations at Jubilee Corner (NGR 83854660), ARCHAEOLOGY is also a possibility. the Roman rural settlement at revealed no fewer than 6 Iron Age WEALDEN Site 4 is the Little Farningham, Ulcombe and the Headcorn smelting hearths set into a large near Cranbrook, Roman iron Roman sites have produced a large ditch thus showing the possible ARCHAEOLOGY working site reported on in Arch. amount of pottery and other mate- future potential for prehistoric WEALDEN Cant. CXXI 2001, where the first rial and this is yet to be fully Wealden archaeology in this area. ARCHAEOLOGY evidence for iron smelting hearths reported on. A number of the finds In Benenden the well-known WEALDEN ARCHAEOLOGY WEALDEN continued from page 1 two jet and a single faience bead at Similar tool marks have been found in ARCHAEOLOGY her neck. pits on sites such as Danebury. Due to returned to the site again in 2003 to The discovery of human remains the importance of this discovery casts excavate a previously unexposed area at North Foreland can provide insight have been taken which will enable fur- of the settlement and to strip and map into both the sacred and secular ther research to be conducted. The dis- most of the remaining portion of the aspects of Iron Age life, death and covery of a large post hole at the base sub rectangular enclosure ditch and regeneration. This evidence is further of the pit appears to be unparalleled at its immediate vicinity. A number of supported by the discovery of a horse North Foreland and may have con- pits and postholes were excavated to bridle bit and an inverted bovine skull tained a structure linked to some the west and south of the enclosure. within other smaller pits nearby. Such totemic purpose. One large pit may have been used for discoveries have commonly been Further work is expected on this mixing daub for use within wattle interpreted as representing ceremoni- important site and research will con- structures. The remains of clay and al offerings at other contemporary set- tinue to provide more information on chalk silt with rod impressions were tlement locations. the organisation and activities of the excavated from the bottom of this pit. In another large pit tool marks on North Foreland settlement. This same pit was partially backfilled the sides have suggested that a metal with midden material and then used implement, possibly an adze, was Emma Boast for the burial of an adult female with used to cut these deep features. Director, Trust for Thanet Archaeology Autumn 2003 2 more difficult assumed to be the earliest road. country close to The first road may have been c2.4m the Sussex bor- wide and bounded by possible road der and surely ditches 1 and 2. It is unfortunate point to the mili- that a modern cable trench cuts the tary mind behind road surface, however, the section them. Many of drawing does appear to suggest the later land- that the road surface could have scape features, been one continuous feature. There WEALDEN hedgerows and is a total slag road surface width of ARCHAEOLOGY tracks, do not c9.5m. Ditch 3 contained frag- fig 1 appear to corre- ments of slag and charcoal, per- WEALDEN late particularly haps suggestive of nearby iron ARCHAEOLOGY closely with the working. A metal detector survey Roman roads. of nearby fields revealed a slag WEALDEN course of the Rochester-Hastings At Sandhurst, close to the Kent spread more extensive than would ARCHAEOLOGY Roman road leading south down Ditch, is the well preserved section have derived from the road. This to the possible Roman Ford site of road first noted by WEALDEN has produced an interesting dis- Battle and District ARCHAEOLOGY covery. The writer has known the Local History Group deeply sunken road for some 25 and later published WEALDEN years; however, it is only recently in Arch. Cant. 79 fig 2 ARCHAEOLOGY that it has been possible to see that 1964 in an article by WEALDEN part of the slag metalling of what Alec Miles (NGR 785 may be the original Roman align- 267). ARCHAEOLOGY ment was seen to exist in the fields The principle fea- WEALDEN close alongside the sunken road tures evident in a (NGR 802330). The road, which section recorded ARCHAEOLOGY continued to be in use up until the after the winter WEALDEN 19th century, has over the years floods of 2001 were evidently moved away from its uncovered after the ARCHAEOLOGY earlier original course. riverbank had been WEALDEN In Uppergate Wood, Benenden eroded away. These ARCHAEOLOGY (NGR 829347), a section dug are shown in the across the apparent ‘agger’ of the plan, Figure 3, and in WEALDEN east-west road, Margary road 130, the colour photo of ARCHAEOLOGY showed that it was in fact largely the north bank part of a recent woodland of the stream. WEALDEN boundary with only a small layer The Roman road ARCHAEOLOGY of iron slag from the road itself still actually continued in-situ. beneath the modern WEALDEN A continuing problem to road bridge, which ARCHAEOLOGY resolve is the apparent lack of new cuts through it. It is Roman iron working sites in the a longer and more WEALDEN High Weald to account for the vol- complex section ARCHAEOLOGY ume of waste material used in road than had been seen WEALDEN construction. The excavation of a and recorded in the heavily slagged and rutted Roman 1960s. All of the fea- ARCHAEOLOGY Road at Bishopsden (NGR 8445 tures are buried WEALDEN 3485), to the west of Uppergate under a deep layer of Wood shows how variable the road hill wash. ARCHAEOLOGY construction was. Despite this the It appears that there are actual- may point to a Ro m a n o - B r i t i s h WEALDEN actual routes chosen by the Roman ly two road surfaces with a ‘new’ industrial site in the vicinity, possi- surveyors themselves show how slagged surface at a slightly higher bly associated with a port in the ARCHAEOLOGY well they were planned across the level to the west of what is valley here? WEALDEN It is perhaps only a matter of time before other Roman sites are ARCHAEOLOGY found to help to explain how the fig 3 Wealden area worked. Why is there a lack of evidence for significant occupation after the mid third cen- tury AD? Is it entirely connected to the rise and fall for the demand for iron? It is also difficult to account for the total lack of Anglo-Saxon sites so far in our surveys, or are all of the present day villages overly- ing these? Several short reports of our group’s fieldwork are awaiting inclusion in Arch.Cant. when space permits. Neil Aldridge Autumn 2003 3 numbered shelves, and will also list 1999/2001(2003). books to be found in the Bradbourne Bygone Kent. Vol. 24, No.7. LI B R A RY House and Marsham Street stores. Archaeology International. A Guide on Safety Pre- 2002/2003. University College NOTES cautions to be observed by people London. working in the Library has been pre- Sussex Mills Newsletter 119 July STRATEGIC pared, and equipment and materials 2003. are being checked for safety and suit- Sussex Industrial Archaeological ACTION PLAN ability. Society Newsletter 119 July 2003. LIBRARY Cataloguing the Gordon 3 publications from Potsdam An independent expert has, on Ward files is now complete, and work Landesmuseum. AND BOOKS commission from the KAS, recently will begin on the Hussey material. Canterbury’s Archaeology LIBRARY surveyed the Library and its opera- Addition of the index of both will be 2001/2002 (2003). AND BOOKS tion, and has produced a ‘Report added to kentarchaeology.ac as soon Southern History Vol. 24 2002 relating to Issues of Collection as possible. (2003). LIBRARY Maintenance’. While some of the Cataloguing of Visual Rec- A Research Framework for AND BOOKS points raised are not relevant to the ords will continue as now, but in addi- London Archaeology 2002. Museum conditions under which the KAS as a tion, an attempt will be made to of London. LIBRARY voluntary body with no permanently assess the quantities of different types Prehistoric Society Newsletter AND BOOKS employed staff has to run its Library, of records in order to draw up a plan ‘Past’ No. 44. July 2003. and, while some of the issues dis- with costs for their conservation. ‘Travellers Tales from Sandwich’. LIBRARY cussed are already the subject of T.L.Richardson. AND BOOKS attention by the Library, a number of The time scale on which these ‘Hollingbourne’. Helen Allinson. LIBRARY valid points call for, and are the sub- issues can be tackled depends on the Suffolk Records Society Vol. XLVI ject of, a concerted plan of action. number of members volunteering for ‘Past and Present’ newsletter AND BOOKS The implementation of the plan work in the Library. A recent ques- No.100. 2003. LIBRARY will include work in areas such as tionnaire has produced a few mem- Essex Archaeological Society Health and Safety, indexing, caring for bers volunteering their services, and Transactions Vol. 33. (2002). AND BOOKS and refurbishment when necessary of these, together with those stalwarts Dorset Natural History and LIBRARY the book stock, conserving visual and that are just finishing work on the Archaeological Society Vol.124 2002 other records, making the use of the Gordon Ward Files, should enable a (2003). AND BOOKS Library easier for visitors, and improv- start to be made. More volunteers Archaeometry Vol.45 p.3. (2003) LIBRARY ing the temperature and humidity would be most welcome; please con- conditions in the Library. tact the Hon. Librarian if you have a The Library has also acquired a AND BOOKS mind to assist. copy of ‘Textus Roffensis’ (Thomas LIBRARY Work proceeding, or planned to Hearne). This volume fills a gap in the AND BOOKS proceed, includes the following KAS’s collection of Antiquarian areas;- ADDITIONS TO Kentish Books as listed by J.R.Smith. LIBRARY Cleaning of Books and LIBRARY According to Smith, “Besides the AND BOOKS shelves throughout the Library, noting affairs of the Cathedral of Rochester, the condition of each book, making The following books, periodicals the Textus Roffensis furnishes us with LIBRARY recommendations for replacement or and newsletters have been received the laws of several Saxon kings (four AND BOOKS refurbishment, and reporting any vol - and added to the Library in July- Kentish kings omitted by Lambard), ume missing. August 2003 ;- together with the Saxon forms of LIBRARY A Book Guide is being pro- Independent Archaeology oaths, etc...... ”. Textus Ro f f e n s i s AND BOOKS duced for use in the Library which will Newsletter, Summer 2003. also contains a description of LIBRARY indicate the location of books on Archaeologie in Vlaanderland VII ‘Antiquities of Oxford’. AND BOOKS LIBRARY AND BOOKS ments. Concerning parishes, data pro- ATO P O G R A P H I C A LD I R E C T O RY OF vided covers the townships and LIBRARY chapelries, which the parishes com- AND BOOKS ENGLAND BY SA M U E LL E W I S( 1 8 3 1 ) prise, their archdeaconries and dioce- LIBRARY The Genealogical Pu b l i s h i n g in 1849). ses, and, if of exempt ecclesiastical Company has done the historical Arranged in alphabetical order, jurisdiction, the peculiar court to AND BOOKS world a very great service in making practically every county, city, borough, which the parish belongs, extremely available the first edition of this splen- m a r ket town, post town, parish, important information to track down did work which every serious local chapelry, township, hamlet, and some probate and associated records. historian and genealogist should have tythings in England are accurately The first edition has a distinct on his or her shelf. I was very lucky recorded and described. For counties place in that it records parishes before some twenty-five years ago to pur- the information normally includes the the great changes at the beginning of chase a copy of the fifth edition print- situation, extent, and population of the nineteenth century. For instance I ed in 1844 (although I see from the the county; statistics and history of all looked up Blean. The first edition British Library the fifth edition first civil and ecclesiastical jurisdictions; gives ‘Bleane, county of Kent, see appeared in 1842) but it doesn’t and accounts of the courts of assize Cosmus (St) & Damian’, whilst the include maps, which appear to have and quarter sessions. With respect to 1844 edition omits the county of Kent. been placed in a separate supplemen- cities, boroughs and market towns, ‘ COSMUS (ST.) and DAMIAN in the tary volume in the later editions. The information given includes: situation Blean, a parish in the hundred of original editions have now become and bearing from nearest county Whitstable, lathe of St Au g u s t i n e , 1/ extremely scarce and the topographi- town; population and local institu- county of Kent, 2 4 miles (NW by N) cal maps removed and framed. (The tions; and markets, municipal govern- from Canterbury, containing 438 last edition appears to be 7th edition ment, courts, and religious establish- inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, Autumn 2003 4 published by K H McIntosh. late 1970’s archaeo- 0-9544789-08 £9.95 logical exc a v a t i o n , NE WB O O K S During her evacuation the book recon- The Millennium Book on All to Keynsham near Bristol, structs much of the Saints Church, Foots Cray by David Pat Askew wrote to her medieval life of Vi c e r e y-We e kes & Sheila Schnaar. friend Monica (now what was one of Published by Bexley Archaeological Headley) whose father was the largest, most Group. £10.00 inc. p&p. then Vicar of Sturry. Both impressive and All Saints Church has been an girls were just fifteen and dominant buildings important factor in local peoples lives had been at Simon Langton in north Kent. The LIBRARY for over 1000 Girls School together. later years of the AND BOOKS years. Its story is Monica kept those letters priory buildings, told against the carefully for sixty years and after they passed by LIBRARY social and histor- they are now seen for the default to the AND BOOKS ical background first time. A charming and crown when the which caused entertaining book which sole remaining nun LIBRARY the development will not only give rise to much remi- simply walked out in 1535, is also AND BOOKS and on occasions niscing amongst those who lived sketched out, with their conversion to the decline of through the wartime years, but will a private house and their glorious LIBRARY what is a also interest those who never experi- renaissance at the hands of the AND BOOKS wonderful exam- enced the difficulties of separation and Victorian Thomas Willement, whose LIBRARY ple of an Old constant sirens. exquisite stained glass still graces the English Church. Available from Mrs Monica church. AND BOOKS Contents include Headley, 2 McCarthy Avenue, Sturry, Available at the Fleur de Lis LIBRARY The Interior, Canterbury CT2 0PE, the Albion Heritage Centre, Preston Street, Rectors of the Church, Early Christian Bookshops and the Fa v e r s h a m Faversham or by post for £4.00 from A AND BOOKS Evolvement, The Hundreds System, Heritage Centre (£10.50 by post). History of Davington Priory c/o 3 Dark LIBRARY Foots Cray Manor and Holders of the Hill, Davington, ME13 7SP. Cheque Manor, Foots Cray Place Estate and A History of Davington Priory payable to The Brents & Davington AND BOOKS Owners. This is followed by the Phases by John Burke and Laurence Young. P C C. Proceeds from sales go to LIBRARY of Development of the Church, starting £3.50 Davington parish funds. at Phase 1 – AD410 to 1050 and Founded in Faversham in AND BOOKS AD1050 to 1200, right through to 1153, substantial elements of the A Court Lodge Century – LIBRARY Phase 11 – 1950 to 2000. A def- original Priory com- Horton Kirby & South Darenth AND BOOKS inition of terms and phrases plex have survived Local History Society. £6.00 inc. used in the book appears at the in Davington Parish p&p. LIBRARY end, together with a full index. Church, the oldest A collection of AND BOOKS Ava ila ble from David building in the old photographs Vi c e r e y-We e kes (to whom town. This 50 page from Court Lodge, LIBRARY cheque payable), 10 Hamilton book has been pro- Horton Kirby, pro- AND BOOKS Road, Sidcup DA15 7HB. Tel: duced as part of the duced in memory 020 8302 9229. celebrations of the of Ralph Ro g e r s . LIBRARY 850th anniversary of Available from AND BOOKS Letters to Sturry, June the foundation. K H Saunderson, LIBRARY 1940 to November 1940 from Using documentary ‘Appledore’, Rays Patricia Askew to Monica and other evidence, Hill, Horton Kirby, AND BOOKS Risdon-Brown. Edited and particularly from a Dartford DA4 9DB. LIBRARY AND BOOKS LIBRARY in the archdeaconry and diocese of The living is a vicarage, endowed with made the printing smaller but since AND BOOKS Canterbury, rated in the king’s books the rectorial tithes, valued in the the publisher has used good quality at £10: and in the patronage of the king’s books at £10; and in the paper each page is clear and easily LIBRARY Master of Eastbridge Hospital. The patronage of the Master of the readable. Lewis also published similar AND BOOKS church is dedicated to St. Cosmos and Hospital: the tithes have been com- volumes for Wales, Scotland and St Damian. There are four parcels of muted for £537 and the glebe com- Ireland; the latter two have been LIBRARY land within this parish, which are prises 3 acres. There is a place of wor- reprinted, but only Scotland is cur- AND BOOKS reputed to be within the ville of Christ ship for Wesleyans. Mrs Leggett, in rently available. Church, the inheritance belonging to 1827, bequeathed £75 three percents., A Topographical Dictionary of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury’. the dividends of which are distributed England by Samuel Lewis (1831) orig- The 1844 entry starts much the same among the poor. The union of Blean inally in four volumes reprinted in 1 although it is now given as 1 /2 miles comprises 16 parishes or places, and two, includes maps of the different NW by N from Canterbury and from contains a population of 13,745.’ In counties, a plan of London and its the 1841 census gives a population of producing the 5th edition he was able environs and a map of England show- 606. ‘This parish, which includes to draw upon the results of the 1841 ing principal towns, roads, railways some lands belonging to the Master of census and also upon the Ti t h e etc. ISBN 0-8063-1508-3. Originally Eastbridge Hospital, and others held Commutation surveys. $150.00, the promotional price for the under the Dean and Chapter of For most of the cities and towns set is currently $105.00 and can be Canterbury, all tithe free is intersected the arms and seals are illustrated. The obtained through Clearfield Company by the Canterbury and Whitstable original edition was published in Inc. 200 E. Eager Street, Baltimore, railroad and comprises 2260a. 1r. 15p. quarto, this reprint is 230mm x Maryland 21202 USA via their web of which 704 acres are arable, 347 pas- 150mm case bound, and rather easier site, www. Genealogical.com ture, 657 wood and 26 hop grounds. to use. The reduction has naturally Duncan Harrington Autumn 2003 5 Le c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events

13th March ‘04 KAS EVENTS Tonbridge People in the Seventeenth Century by Dr C W Chalklin

Booking forms for these KAS events appear on the opposite LECTURES page. They can be photocopied if you do not wish to cut up your Newsletter. OTHER EVENTS FROM AROUND EVENTS THE COUNTY CONFERENCES KAS Christmas Lunch & COURSES Saturday 29th November To be held in the festive White’s Restaurant at the popular LECTURES LECTURES Hop Farm Country Park, Paddock Wood. Vegetarian and diabetic EVENTS menus can be arranged. Bar will be open from 11am, with lunch served at 12 noon. Members will have the opportunity during this British Archaeological Association lectures. All on CONFERENCES hour to browse the second-hand bookstalls and gift stall and to Wednesdays at 5pm in the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries, & COURSES bring their own publications for sale. Burlington House, Piccadilly. Non-members welcome but are The after lunch amusement at 1.30 will be presented by the asked to make themselves known to the Hon. Director on arrival LECTURES The Peter Street Singers, rendering ‘Songs on an Historical Theme’. and to sign the visitors book. EVENTS Charge is £21.00 per person. 8th October Christina of Markyate and the St Albans Psalter CONFERENCES This will be followed by a visit at 2.30 to the private house of by Dr Jane Geddes (lecture is preceded by the Association’s AGM) Dukes Place, West Peckham, by kind permission of Mr and Mrs 5th November ‘Sant’ Andrea in Vercelli and the beginnings & COURSES Haynes. The house was a major estate centre for the Knights of of Gothic Architecture in 13th century Italy by Dr Martina LECTURES the Order of St John of Jerusalem. The dating of this timber Schilling framed hall house falls between 1460 and 1500. The guided tour 3rd December ‘De profundis: an Archaeology of the 1 EVENTS by Jonathan Fenner of Sevenoaks will last about 1 /2 hours. As Medieval Funeral by Barney Sloane CONFERENCES this is a private house Mr and Mrs Haynes would like numbers 7th January ‘04 Woodcuts to Wallpaintings: some New kept to 30 – so book early to avoid disappointment! Discoveries by Dr Miriam Gill & COURSES Charge is £3.00 per person. 4th February ‘04 Gothic remodelling itself: Restoration and LECTURES Afternoon refreshment will be available at the Swan Inn on Intention at the Outer North Porch of St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol by West Peckham Green. This needs to be pre-booked, but payment Jon Cannon EVENTS can be made on the day. 3rd March ‘04 The Colonia Family and the Flamboyant CONFERENCES Gothic Style in Burgos, 1440-1540 by Dr Steven Brindle & COURSES 7th April ‘04 English Responses to Italian Architecture dur- KAS Churches Committee Outing ing the High Renaissance Period by Dr Jonathon Foyle LECTURES 1st November 5th May ‘04 The Vatican Rotunda, a Severan Building and its EVENTS The Churches Committee invites you to visit St Peter’s Church Afterlife by Dr Richard Gem at Oare, followed by Davington Priory. We meet at Oare Church at CONFERENCES 1.45pm for 2pm. The charge for the talks & tours is £2.00 per per- & COURSES son. Tea & biscuits will be served at Davington - £1.00 per person. Lenham Archaeological Society . Money for both visit & tea should be paid in advance by October Wednesday 26th November 7.30pm LECTURES 25th. ‘The Ringlemere Gold Cup’ by Keith Parfitt. Lenham Village EVENTS Before this ‘official’ visit there is an opportunity for enthusi- Hall, Lenham Square. Entrance for non-members £2.00. Parking asts to see the ruined Stone chapel from 1 – 1.45pm, when Clive available in Lenham Square and in the car park on Maidstone CONFERENCES 3 Foreman will explain its origins and history. The chapel is /4 mile Road behind the Dog & Bear. & COURSES west of Ospringe on the A2 (TQ 992 612). LECTURES Farningham & Eynsford Local History Society EVENTS KAS ‘Lectures in the Library’ series. All held on Friday 20th February ’04 CONFERENCES Saturdays in the KAS library in Maidstone Museum at 11am. Lullingstone Roman Villa by C P Ward in Eynsford Village Tickets £2.00 each; reservations can be made to pay on arrival by Hall at 8pm. & COURSES telephoning Denis Anstey on 01634 240015 or email LECTURES [email protected], or can be prepaid using the form oppo- site. Reservations are held until 15 minutes before the advertised Horton Kirby & South Darenth Local History Society . EVENTS start of each lecture. Members are reminded that they will be Monday 10th Novembe r CONFERENCES asked for their membership card at the museum reception and Memories of School Days by Marion Baldwin & COURSES should sign in and out. Monday 12th January ’04 25th October Buzz Bombs & Bicycles by Martin Lloyd Researching the History of a Parish by Dr Jacqueline Bower Monday 8th March ’04 8th November The History of Silk by Janet Hearn-Gillham Using Outlook Express for Email by Miranda Rix All talks held in the Village Hall, South Darenth at 8pm. 22nd November Using Internet Explorer to Browse the Internet by Miranda Rix Shoreham & District Historical Society 24th January ‘04 Wednesday 29th October History and Archaeology Research on the Internet by Dr Timber Framed Houses by Robin Hart Dyke Jacqueline Bower Friday 16th January ’04 14th February ‘04 Shoreham in Australia by Ed James & Joy Saynor Writing up your Research by Dr Jacqueline Bower. How to All talks held in the Village Hall, Shoreham. approach writing up, whether for an academic essay, a published Contact Ed James 01959 522835 to Autumn 2003 article or just for pleasure. check programme times. 6 Tonbridge Historical Society KAS CHRISTMAS LUNCH on Saturday 29th November Thursday 30th October 7.45pm Whites Restaurant, The Hop Farm, Paddock Wood The History of Policing in Kent by Roy Ingleton £21 per person. Drinks pay on the day. Saturday 22nd November 2.30pm A History of Apples & The Four B’s (brickmaking, brewing, barges & the big bang) by Marian Wheal & Margaret Burns. Please supply…………...tickets for the Christmas Lunch Booking is necessary for this particular event – ring Shiela Name/s………………………………………………………………...... Broomfield 01732 838698 Thursday 8th January ’04 7.45pm Address………………………………………………………………...... Nelson’s Navy by David Fowdrey ………………………………………………………………………...... Thursday 26th February ’04 7.45pm Postcode………………………...... tel…………………………………...... The Road to Compostela by Mark Hassall Thursday 22nd April ’04 7.30pm I need help with transport………(please tick) AGM followed by The Growth of the English Town by Dr Christopher Chalklin I would like to visit Dukes Place and enclose £3 per person…………...... Meetings take place in the Adult Education Centre. (or members may spend the afternoon at the Hop Farm at no extra cost) CONFERENCES Cheques payable to the Kent Archaeological Society together with SAE to Mrs M Lawrence, Barnfield, Church Lane, East Peckham, Tonbridge TN12 5JJ tel: 01622 871945 email: [email protected] Discovering our Saxon Past ~ Council for Kentish Archaeology on Saturday 1st November from 2 – 5.30pm at Christ Church University College, North Holmes Road, Canterbury. Speakers: KAS CHURCHES COMMITTEE OUTING on Saturday 1st November * New Work from Sutton Hoo by Angela Care Evans, British £2 per person for visit, £1 per person for tea. Museum * The Discovery of Saxon Dover by Brian Philp, Ke n t I would like to meet at Oare at 1.45 for 2pm. Archaeological Rescue Unit * Investigating Dark Age London by Bob Cowie, London Name/s…………………………………………………………………...... Museum and Birkbeck College Address…………………………………………………………………...... Tickets £3.00 (cheque payable to CKA with s.a.e. please), available from CKA, 7 Sandy Ridge, Borough Green TN15 8HP. …………………………………………………………………………...... Postcode………………………..tel……………………………………......

ON GUARD! EN GARDE! Defending the South-East, I enclose £ …………..for the visit I enclose £…………….for tea Council for British Archaeology South East’s annual con - ference & AGM on Saturday 15th November in Tonbridge. Cheques payable to the Kent Archaeological Society & sent to Philip Speakers: Lawrence, Barnfield, Church Lane, East Peckham, Tonbridge TN12 5JJ * The Roman Shore Forts by Andrew Pearson (author of book Tel: 01622 871 945 of the same title) * The Diversity of Henry VIII’s defences by Andrew Saunders (author of English Heritage’s ‘Channel Defences’) * Napoleonic Defences in the Eastbourne Area by Richard KAS ‘LECTURES IN THE LIBRARY’ SERIES Callaghan (curator of the Redoubt Fortress Museum, Eastbourne) All tickets £2 per person. Please indicate number required * Comparing & Contrasting the Naval Defences of Portsmouth, Dover & Chatham by Jonathan Coad (English 25th October Researching the History of a Parish by Heritage) Dr Jacqueline Bower ...... * 18th Century Defences at Brimstone Hill on St Kitts in the 8th November Using Outlook Express for Email by Miranda Rix ...... Caribbean by Victor Smith (author of ‘Front-Line Kent’) 22nd November Using Internet Explorer to Browse the Internet by * The Vauban Defences by Professor Philippe Bragard Miranda Rix ...... (Leuwen University, Belgium) 24th January ’04 History and Archaeology Research on the Internet The day also includes a visit to the newly restored Tonbridge by Dr Jacqueline Bower ...... Castle gatehouse to hear about its history from local historian Pat 14th February ’04 Writing up your Research by Dr Jacqueline Bower ...... Mortlock and about the work that lay behind the accuracy of its 13th March ’04 Tonbridge People in the Seventeenth Century by Dr restoration from David Martin, Institute of Archaeology. C W Chalklin ...... Tickets £7.00 (payable to CBA South East) from Debbie Wood, 81 Birch Grove, Hempstead, Gillingham ME7 3RE. More infor- Name/s……………………………………………………………………………...... mation on www.cbase.org.uk. Address…………………………………………………………………………...... ……………………………………………………………………………………...... EVENTS Cheque payable to the Kent Archaeological Society together with SAE to Farningham and Eynsford Local History Society. 14th Denis Anstey, 86 Malling Road, Snodland, ME6 5ND November Display of Farningham photographs from the archives in Farningham Village Hall.

Isle of Thanet Archaeological Society Saturday 15th November ~ Meet the Local Archaeologists Displays, slide shows, make a mosaic, bookstall & refresh- ments. St Peter’s Church Hall from 2.30-4.30 Admission £2.00 on the door. Autumn 2003 7 Mr Wood, visited the Chequers ANCESTRAL Inn, mentioned in Chaucer as MEMBERSHIP CELEBRATION the resting place of pilgrims MATTERS visiting the shrine of Thomas a Becket”. NOTICE On 30th August, members It transpires that this great- Thank you to those of you who of the Fieldwork Committee great-great-great uncle of the have renewed your subscription for BOARD left their usual meeting place present committee chairman, 2003 since I sent the reminder letters NOTICE to gather in East Kent, at was a Mr John Pout, the son of out in early August. If you have not the house of Committee a mayor of Canterbury in the received your copy of Archaeologia BOARD Chairman, Chris Pout. This 1820’s and the owner of an Cantiana for 2003 please let me know NOTICE meant that members had only upholstery business on the as soon as possible. BOARD a short distance to travel to Chequers Inn site. He appears Some banks/building societies see the progress of the latest to have achieved some later seemed to have omitted to pay in NOTICE season of excavation at the notoriety when the source of a January of 2003 which is why I con- BOARD Abbey Farm Villa. However, major fire in Canterbury was tacted some of you who normally pay there was also a little piece of traced back to his workshop by bankers order. I shall keep a care- NOTICE coincident history to ‘cele- (with the implication that the ful eye on the situation in 2004 and BOARD brate’. fire had been started by the contact you in the spring if no pay- Archaeologia Cantiana, owner as some sort of early ment has been received. NOTICE Volume I, records the first insurance fiddle!!). I am pleased to say that we con- BOARD AGM of the Society held on In the early days of the tinue to attract new members but NOTICE 30th July 1858. In those days S o c i e t y, the AGM was also there is always room for more! the formal business of the rather well attended. The An idea for a Christmas present – BOARD AGM was followed by visits to report in AC Vol I goes on…”At why not arrange for a subscription to NOTICE sites of archaeological and 4.30pm the dinner took place, be given to your friends and/or rela- local historical interest. Thus, three hundred and ten were tions – maybe grandchildren? BOARD in 1858…”During the after- accommodated at the tables, This year I have had several NOTICE noon, various parties, by the above one hundred more were copies of Archaeologia Cantiana and kind courtesy of Mr Pout and disappointed of seats”. the Newsletter returned, marke d BOARD ‘gone away’. Please let me know if NOTICE you move! Please note that if you send membership matters other than BOARD SOCIETY EXCURSIONS to me it causes a delay. NOTICE Shiela Broomfield

BOARD 31 Society members expert will discuss the most The address for all correspon- NOTICE enjoyed this June’s 5 day recent research regarding our dence relating to membership is: BOARD e xcursion to Herefordshire, chosen site, which members Mrs Shiela Broomfield, KAS based in the pleasant town of will then have the opportunity Membership, 8 Woodview Crescent, NOTICE Ross on Wye. Our daily visits to visit. The date for this event Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent BOARD covered a variety of sites and will be during August. TN11 9HD. Tel: 01732 838698. buildings, both secular and Joy Saynor E-mail: NOTICE ecclesiastical. These ranged [email protected] BOARD from Kilpeck Church to or [email protected]. Hereford Cathedral with its Intricate sculpture from the NOTICE unique chained library and corbel table at Kilpeck Church BOARD Mappa Mundi, from Berrington Hall to Francis NOTICE Kilvert’s village (finding in BOARD this latter the origins of the Hound of the Baskervilles!), NOTICE and from the fine castles of BOARD Goodrich and Chepstow to the NOTICE peace of Tintern Abbey’s ruins. An excellent hotel and BOARD the opportunity to browse NOTICE amongst the bookshops of Hay on Wye completed our BOARD enjoyment. Next June’s KAS NOTICE excursion will probably be to Somerset/Dorset. BOARD The former 3 short sum- mer visits in Kent are to be replaced by a one-day event when a specially chosen

Autumn 2003 You and Your Society 8 KAS COMMITTEE ROUND-UP

Publications Committee mental brasses to substantiate Membership & Publicity a fictitious pedigree for Sir Committee NOTICE The Committee last met on Edward Dering. BOARD 26 July and will next meet on 6 It was evident that the After 6 years as Lectures December. Its membership is main benefactors of each of the Secretary, Denis Anstey has given NOTICE currently being looked at. churches visited had achieved notice of his intention to stand BOARD The Hon. Editor was con- m a r kedly different effects in down but will continue until a NOTICE gratulated on the timing the existing church buildings. satisfactory replacement can be and quality of Archaeologia Deborah Goacher made. He was thanked for his BOARD Cantiana, Vol.123 (2003); like- outstanding devotion. A pro- NOTICE wise the Book Reviews Editor gramme of Lectures in the BOARD for seeing through fifteen Book Fieldwork Committee Library is already prepared for Reviews. the coming season (see page 6). NOTICE Regarding future publica- Abbey Farm Excavation The Information Officer/ BOARD tions, work is still in hand on Newsletter Editor reported that NOTICE the Historical Atlas of Ke n t ; This year’s dig on the she has sent most senior schools Faversham Town Council have Roman Villa complex, which is in Kent, both private and state, a BOARD agreed a grant of £200 towards done in conjunction with the letter of introduction regarding NOTICE the publication of the Trust for Thanet Archaeology, the KAS together with 2 back BOARD Faversham Town Books c.1382 began on the 24th Au g u s t . copies of the Newsletter and to 1581 and the Committee is Jack Clifton, the farmer, has application forms. A mobile KAS NOTICE giving thought to possible publi- kindly allowed us to excavate display has also been produced. BOARD cations for 2007 to celebrate 150 the site for seven seasons. The North Downs Young Arch- NOTICE years of the Society. project began in 1996. aeologists’ thanked the KAS for John Whyman (Chair) Four archaeologists led the their generous financial support BOARD dig: Keith Parfitt (Canterbury for the National Archaeology Day NOTICE Churches Committee Archaeological Trust), Emma event. BOARD Boast (T. T.A), Tim Allen Ted Connell reported ever- On Monday 28th July, the ( C. A . T.) and Ges Moody increasing use of www.ke n t a r- NOTICE KAS evening churches visit, by (T. T.A.). Around 40 people c h a e o l o g y.org.uk from all over BOARD both members and non-mem- attended, there being a greater the world, with the Research sec- NOTICE bers, commenced at the revised proportion of young people tion continuing to grow. The location of the Tilden Strict and than in previous years. website now contains over 3,850 BOARD Particular Baptist Chapel, The work was carried out individual web pages. NOTICE Smarden. Norman Hopkins on an area called building 6 BOARD shared his detailed and exten- and within 5 trenches sited on sive knowledge of the Wealden the southern side of the villa. NOTICE Baptist foundation, currently The trenches revealed a possi- CONTACT BOARD meeting in a plain nineteenth ble Bronze Age enclosure, Iron ADDRESSES NOTICE century brick chapel, but origi- Age features and a likely 4th nally holding illegal non-con- century sunken building. BOARD formist meetings in the nearby Brian and Carole Mc- Hon. Gen. Secretary NOTICE farmhouse. The influence of Naughton continued with the Andrew Moffat BOARD specific beliefs on both the form resistivity survey of the field Three Elms of worship and the building and they also surveyed a por- Woodlands Lane NOTICE were explained. tion of the field on the north- Shorne BOARD The medieval parish church ern side of the Abbey. Gravesend DA12 3HH NOTICE of Pluckley provided a contrast A metal detecting survey Email: in scale, building materials, was carried out by the follow- [email protected] BOARD ornament and in its prominent ing clubs: ‘White Cliffs’, NOTICE location. Philip Lawrence out- ‘Thanet & Wantsum’ and Hon.Treasurer BOARD lined the development of the ‘Royal Phoenix’. Over the last Robin Thomas building, drawing attention to two seasons the surveys have 1 Abchurch Yard NOTICE its various features, including considerably increased the Abchurch Lane BOARD adaptations associated with the number of coins recovered London EC4N 7BA local Dering family. Not least of from the site. Email: these was the forgery of monu- David Bacchus (Sec) [email protected]

You and Your Society Autumn 2003 9 ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the eighth of a series of articles describing formative movements and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to where we are.

THEEIGHTEENTH- THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CENTURY CURCH: CHURCH: LATITUDINARIANS, LATITUDINARIANS, HIGHCHURCHMEN HIGH CHURCHMEN AND ANDNON-JURORS THEEIGHTEENTH- NON-JURORS CENTURY CURCH: he Revolution settlement of whose most representative figure although during the years of tension LATITUDINARIANS, 1689, following the overthrow was Richard Baxter. They were will- over the succession during Anne’s and exile of the Catholic James ing to consider a re-union with the reign (1702-14) the organisation of HIGHCHURCHMEN II the previous year, led to a Church if their concerns over liturgy the main bodies of opinion had a ANDNON-JURORS fundamental change in the and ceremonies could be met. Such a `party’ appearance. The dominant relationship between the re-union was known to contempo- group in the Church after THE EIGHTEENTH- Church of England and raries as `comprehension’, and was 1689 might be described as CENTURY CURCH: English society as a whole. It led to also favoured by some leading mem- Latitudinarian, consisting of men LATITUDINARIANS, an official acceptance of some mea- bers of the Church hierarchy. who were distinguished by their sure of religious pluralism and Schemes for the comprehension of endorsement of the post-1689 and HIGHCHURCHMEN ended the Church’s attempt to moderate Dissenters were accord- post-1714 régimes and who initially ANDNON-JURORS impose ecclesiastical conformity ingly devised; the Toleration Act was owed their positions to the favour of upon the entire nation. Between the designed for that minority of recalci- William III and the politicians THEEIGHTEENTH- restoration of Charles II in 1660 and trant Dissenters who, it was sup- whom he appointed to high office. CENTURY CURCH: the passage of the Act of Uniformity posed, would not accept re-union. A feature of Latitudinarianism in 1662, more than two thousand The failure of comprehension in was an aspiration towards a union of LATITUDINARIANS, former Puritan clergymen had 1689-90, explained partly by moderate Protestants in the face of a HIGHCHURCHMEN refused to conform to the restored Anglican anxiety about the perceived international and internal ANDNON-JURORS church and its prayer book, and Dissenters’ political ambitions and Catholic threat. The success of the were ejected from their livings or by the memory of the regicide and Counter-Reformation by 1700 had THEEIGHTEENTH- college fellowships as a result. They the attacks on the Church in the driven Protestantism to the northern CENTURY CURCH: and many members of their congre- 1640s, meant that, contrary to the fringes of Europe, while Charles II gations formed the first institution- original intention, the Toleration Act and James II had sought - the for- LATITUDINARIANS, al separation of Dissent from the applied to all Dissenters. It became mer by subtle, the latter by more HIGHCHURCHMEN Church, as distinct from a Puritan embedded, nonetheless, as a central direct means - to re-impose (usually Presbyterian) tendency feature of the post-1689 régime, in Catholicism upon England. A lead- ANDNON-JURORS within it. They included men such which a privileged national Church ing exemplar of Latitudinarianism THEEIGHTEENTH- as Samson Horne at Chilham and with a near-monopoly of public life was John Tillotson, Archbishop of John Osborne of Benenden. In Kent co-existed with Protestant denomi- Canterbury from 1691-94. His ser- CENTURY CURCH: they were sustained by a much older nations outside it. In the early eigh- mons, published in large numbers LATITUDINARIANS, nonconformist tradition, especially teenth century Dissent as a whole and much imitated during the fol- HIGHCHURCHMEN in the Wealden area. formed only about seven per cent of lowing century, emphasised modera- Only with the Toleration Act of the English population; it has been tion, together with disapproval of ANDNON-JURORS 1689, one of the first measures estimated, for instance, that of all anything redolent of religious THEEIGHTEENTH- passed by Parliament under the new the English counties, Kent contained fanaticism. Latitudinarians appealed monarchy of William and Mary, the highest proportion of General to reason as reinforcement for reve- CENTURY CURCH: were these Dissenters granted limit- Baptists, yet those General Baptists lation in defence of Christian truths, LATITUDINARIANS, ed freedom of worship. The constituted only 1.88 per cent of the accommodated themselves to the Toleration Act was restrictive in its county’s population. However, theories of Locke and Newton and HIGHCHURCHMEN provisions: it excluded Catholics and Dissenters exerted influence beyond played down the more mystical ele- ANDNON-JURORS those Dissenters who denied the their numbers in the world of com- ments of the Church’s teaching. doctrine of the Trinity; it left unre- merce, and especially in the financial They identified themselves in poli- pealed all the persecuting laws of institutions of the City of London. tics with the Whigs, although they the 1660s and 1670s; it gave no Their political importance, accord- were prepared to resist attempts by relief from the obligation to pay ingly, could not be overlooked. Whig ministries, such as that of Lord tithes to the Church and it did not The need to adapt to the new Stanhope in 1719, to abridge the allow non-members of the Church conditions following the Revolution privileges of the Church. Edmund of England to hold public office. In of 1688 and the accession of George Gibson, bishop of London from effect, the Toleration Act amounted I after the death of the last Stuart 1723-48 and a favourite of Sir Robert to a measure of parliamentary monarch, Queen Anne, in 1714 Walpole’s ministry, broke politically indulgence, more durable and more strongly influenced the development with his patron in 1736 when he acceptable than the Declarations of of opinion and `party’ groupings successfully opposed Walpole’s bill Indulgence by prerogative issued by within and beyond the Church. It is to ease the tithe laws as they affect- James II. probably more appropriate to speak ed Quakers. Benjamin Hoadly (bish- Most Dissenters were of a mod- of mentalities or tendencies of opin- op, successively, of Bangor, Hereford, erate Presbyterian disposition, ion rather than organised parties, Salisbury and Winchester between Autumn 2003 10 1716 and 1761), who favoured suspension of Convocation in 1717 deprived of their positions in the something approaching a state of (when the Tory majority in the aftermath of the Revolution included near-equality between Church and Lower House threatened a prosecu- the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dissent, was an extreme case and tion of Bishop Hoadly). A few, William Sancroft and six of his fel- untypical of Latitudinarianism as a notably Francis Atterbury, bishop of l o w-diocesans; ironically, five of whole. The principal figures in the Rochester from 1713-23, resorted to these seven bishops had been among Church during the middle years of the desperate expedient of Jacobite the `immortal seven’ who famously the eighteenth century sought to conspiracy, in the hope of protecting had opposed James II over his preserve the Church’s established the Church from the designs of a Declaration of Indulgence in 1688. THEEIGHTEENTH- position, while adopting an eirenical secularising Whig state. Atterbury Some 400 lower clergy followed CENTURY CURCH: approach towards Dissent and was deprived of his see and exiled in them into internal exile. The Non- towards continental Protestantism. 1723. Thereafter, high churchmen Jurors, believing that they were the LATITUDINARIANS, Indeed, two archbishops of concentrated upon moral reforma- rightful holders of their offices, and HIGHCHURCHMEN Canterbury, John Potter (1737-47) tion and pastoral efficiency; some of reinforced by those who refused to and Thomas Secker (1758-68), came them, notably John Wesley and his take oaths of loyalty to George I in ANDNON-JURORS from Dissenting backgrounds. brother Charles, reacted against the 1714, maintained a shadowy episco- THEEIGHTEENTH- Moderation characterised the policy apparent worldliness and `dry’ ser- pal succession throughout the eight- of these years. The laws against mons of the Church’s leadership by eenth century. A prime example of CENTURY CURCH: Dissenters were not regularly embarking upon campaigns of popu- the non-juring tradition was the LATITUDINARIANS, enforced; an Act of Parliament in lar preaching, often in the open air. Brett family of Wye, one member of HIGHCHURCHMEN 1749 allowed the Moravian Church It was no coincidence that many which, Thomas Brett, formerly to operate in the British North early Methodists were products of Rector of Betteshanger, became a ANDNON-JURORS American colonies; trials for witch- Oxford University. During the sec- non-juring bishop. A natural resort THEEIGHTEENTH- craft ceased after the 1730s. A major ond half of the century, there was for Non-Jurors was the Jacobite challenge, however, was posed to something of a high church revival, movement, to which they con- CENTURY CURCH: these moderate attitudes by the as the importance of the traditional tributed substantially in terms of LATITUDINARIANS, wider repercussions of rebellion in values of obedience and respect for propaganda; but the Catholicism of America (1775-83) and, in the authority became increasingly the Jacobite claimants to the throne HIGHCHURCHMEN 1790s, by revolution in France. apparent in an age of revolution. was a serious obstacle to the prospect ANDNON-JURORS Although those broadly sympa- High Churchmen could rally around of a Stuart restoration. THEEIGHTEENTH- thetic to Latitudinarian values com- George III, the first English-born By 1800 the Non-Jurors as a manded the senior offices in the Hanoverian king, a devoted body had almost ceased to exist. The CENTURY CURCH: Church, a majority of the lower cler- Anglican and a symbol of stability, Latitudinarian and the High Church LATITUDINARIANS, gy retained high church loyalties, after his accession in 1760. mentalities still existed and could which in many cases corresponded Important high church leaders in still engage in mutual antagonism. HIGHCHURCHMEN to a Tory view of politics. Excluded Kent included William Jones, Rector However, the challenges posed by the ANDNON-JURORS by Whig ministries from most of the of Pluckley from 1765-77, and threat of revolution, both internal benefits of patronage, they nonethe- George Horne, who went to school in and external, the lengthy wars with THEEIGHTEENTH- less enjoyed considerable support Maidstone, and was appointed Dean revolutionary and Napoleonic CENTURY CURCH: from the Anglican gentry and looked of Canterbury in 1781 and bishop of France, the rising numbers of to Oxford University, where many of Norwich nine years later. Dissenters and the threat to the LATITUDINARIANS, them had been educated, as their By the middle of the eighteenth parish clergy posed by the spread of HIGHCHURCHMEN spiritual home. To high churchmen, century, it was fashionable in edu- unlettered evangelical preaching led ANDNON-JURORS the legitimacy of temporal power cated circles to praise the Revolution to an enhanced sense of defensive rested upon divine sanction, not the of 1688-89 as a peculiarly English unity within the Church which was THEEIGHTEENTH- rights of the people or Lockean con- triumph, balancing political stability to characterise the first half of the CENTURY CURCH: tract theory. They regarded Charles I and constitutional liberty in a man- nineteenth century. as a martyr for the Church and ner unknown to the absolute monar- LATITUDINARIANS, observed the anniversary of his exe- chies of continental Europe. There G.M. Ditchfield HIGHCHURCHMEN cution, 30 January, as an occasion were many, however, for whom the Reader in Eighteenth-Century History for preaching upon the evils of rebel- Revolution had been a disaster. They University of Kent ANDNON-JURORS lion. In Tunbridge Wells the church included the small Catholic minority, THE EIGHTEENTH- of King Charles the Martyr became a which gained no relief from the centre of his cult. High churchmen Toleration Act, was suspected of Suggestions for further reading: CENTURY CURCH: had difficulty in coming to terms treason during the Jacobite rebel- LATITUDINARIANS, with the Revolution of 1688-89, lions of 1715 and 1745 and did not G.V. Bennett, The Tory Crisis in HIGHCHURCHMEN since they regarded James II as a receive legal freedom of worship Church and State, 1688-1730. The Career legitimate, divine right monarch; until 1791. They also included a of Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester ANDNON-JURORS they accommodated themselves to it body of clergy and laity whose loyal- (Oxford, 1975) by arguing that God, and not human ty to James II forbade them from J.C.D. Clark, English Society 1660- resistance, had providentially taking the oaths of allegiance to 1832. Religion, Ideology and Politics dur - dethroned James II, as unjust kings William and Mary. These Non- ing the Ancien Régime ( C a m b r i d g e , in the Old Testament had met with Jurors, though relatively few in 2000) divine retribution. Some high n u m b e r, possessed considerable Jeremy Gregory, Re s t o r a t i o n , churchmen adopted a non- intellectual influence, through writ- Reformation and Reform, 1660-1828. Newtonian interpretation, known as ers such as Jeremy Collier, Charles Archbishops of Canterbury and their Hutchinsonianism, of the nature of Leslie and William Law, and were Diocese (Oxford, 2000) the universe. Many of them were privately supported by many high G.M. Ditchfield and B. Ke i t h - deeply disturbed by the spread of churchmen who, though equally Lucas (eds), A Kentish Pa r s o n . heretical opinions, notably deism dubious about the new régime, Selections from the Private Papers of the and Arianism, following the non- could not afford to relinquish their Revd Joseph Price, Vicar of Brabourne, renewal of the Licensing laws in church livings and thus ruin their 1767-1786 (Kent County Council, 1695, and by the Whig ministry’s careers. The Non-Jurors who were 1991) Autumn 2003 11 BAY F O R DC A S T L EA N DB AY F O R DC O U RT n the last Newsletter John Clancy the south. It also provides was brave enough to write an the easiest route for civilian article on Bayford Castle. Many traffic; further south, valleys of you will know that over the dominate the countryside BAYFORDCASTLE years the present writer has been and to the north along the writing a series of articles for Lower Road inlets and ANDBAYFORD these pages on Kent castles. The creeks make travel more COURT latest, on Binbury Castle is already awkward. with the editor. I had no intention of As JC states the Roman BAYFORDCASTLE writing anything on Bayford for, as JC army would march about 16 ANDBAYFORD points out, next to nothing is known miles a day before setting up COURT about either the built-over castle site camp and Sittingbourne is or Bayford Court. As so often, the pre- certainly that distance from BAYFORDCASTLE sent writer learns from other individ- C a n t e r b u r y. On the other ANDBAYFORD uals and his article brings forth a hand Ospringe is 16 miles number of points worthy of discus- from Rochester and might COURT sion. support the suggestion by BAYFORDCASTLE The statement that one of this the present writer that the country’s greatest cartographers Roman army constructed ANDBAYFORD Christopher Saxton was drawing forts from west to east down COURT maps of Goodmanston and Bayford in to the coast rather than the 1590 is of great interest. His county other way around (Ward 2002). valley, it is possible to see a definite BAYFORDCASTLE maps (or at least the writer’s own Whether such forts or marching break in slope at a higher level, which ANDBAYFORD copy; Ravenhill 1992) do not show the camps existed has still to be positively may well represent another, much COURT sort of information that John Clancy shown at most of the sites mentioned ploughed, lynchet more or less in line has been able to identify. If other in 2002. The supposed rampart and with the terrace forming the supposed BAYFORDCASTLE detailed Saxton maps exist the writer ditch on the slope overlooking the ‘fort ditch’. Whilst a ditch is undoubt- ANDBAYFORD would be particularly interested in Syndale Valley at Ospringe looks edly present I can see no reason why it any of Thurnham and Rochester. (unfortunately), to the present writer, should not be later in date than this COURT John Clancy is quite right to more and more like a lynchet, espe- terrace and that the supposed rampart BAYFORDCASTLE regard the association of Castle Rough cially as there is another terrace at a merely represents the natural ‘lie of with the Vikings and Bayford Castle lower level. Hasted tells us there were the land’ in which a lynchet has devel- ANDBAYFORD with the Anglo-Saxons as fable. The ‘several breastworks’ (by implication oped. Whether a medieval motte, hint- COURT Chronicle tells us that the Vikings more than two) on the north side of ed at by Hasted, existed further south BAYFORDCASTLE made a fort at Milton Regis which of Watling Street, likewise facing west will probably never be known (Ward course was a royal estate and would (1798, p.503). Of these, one survives 1997). ANDBAYFORD have produce within its storerooms. in line with the lower terrace to the That Bayford Court superficially COURT Why build a fort elsewhere and have south. From the opposite side of the looks like a Roman fort cannot be to transport the spoils? The Chronicle BAYFORDCASTLE makes no mention of an Anglo-Saxon ANDBAYFORD fortification. The main thrust of John Clancy’s the entrance to a mineworking at COURT article is towards the Roman period. CAV E R NC L U E S Willington Street (TQ785541), briefly BAYFORDCASTLE The position of St Michael’s Church is mentioned in the Geol. Survey telling us that Watling Street was on We asked if any readers could Maidstone Memoir (1963) and in ANDBAYFORD its present site by the twelfth century identify the whereabouts of this ‘cav- ‘Kent and East Sussex Underground’ COURT and I can see no reason why it should ern’ in the last issue. Several people, by the Kent Underground Res e a r c h BAYFORDCASTLE have been too far distant a thousand including Derek and Janet Midwinter, Group (1991). The latter work shows a years before that. There is no evidence and Peter Dawson of the Lower drawing of the face dated 1973. The ANDBAYFORD for it being adjacent to Bayford Court, Medway Group, thought that it could figure of a man is too small to be recog- COURT 300m to the north. be one of the rock shelters at Oldbury, nisable, but suggests the height of the For the Lower Road the presence before the collapse of the overhang. A opening is about 10ft, which agrees BAYFORDCASTLE of villas and burials implies that cer- different interpretation was given by with the drawing.” ANDBAYFORD tain sections (at least) date to the Bernard Worssam. “It looks like the That drawing is reproduced here Roman period and an Iron Age date face of a Kentish Rag quarry. It is by kind permission of Terry Reeve COURT would come as no surprise. This quite likely that it shows, looking east, and the would allow access to the rich arable K.U.R.G. land to the south and perhaps marsh pasture and fowling areas to the north. The writer rejected the idea that the Roman army used the Lower Road (Ward 2000), partly because it is Right: just as likely Watling Street was also The original originally an Iron Age track-way. Just photograph as the Lower Road provided access to and left: two diverse environments the same is Terry Reeve’s true of Watling Street, arable land to drawing the north and more difficult soils to from 1973

Autumn 2003 12 denied, but so do nearly all other stands between the 10 and 15m con- References: medieval moated sites. It was also tour but the land to the north of the usual Roman policy to level fortifica- railway is 5m or less. A stream is C l a n c y. J. 2003. The Enigma tions once an area was pacified; there shown between the two short parallel of Bayford Castle, KAS Newsletter, No 57 was not to be any further need of banks and the longer bank perhaps Hasted. E. 1798. The History of the defences until the late second century. provided a causeway out into the low County of Kent, Vol.iv More evidence would be required to lying areas, certainly part of its length Page.W. ed. 1974. Victoria County accept the identification of the court appears to be so used on the VCH plan. History: Kent(1908) as a Roman military encampment The VCH when writing of the cas- Ravenhill.W. 1992. Christopher Saxton even assuming the army had initially tle (but equally applicable to the BAA 16 century maps used the Lower Road. There appears to court) reaches an interpretation that is SCHOLARSHIPS be no evidence for Watling Street hav- still valid today, ‘like many other cas- Ward. A. 1997. The Roman Site at ing shifted by any appreciable tles it was mainly a moat-defended Ospringe, Kent Archaeological Review, & CORPUS OF amount, and hence the court would enclosure’. There is no reason to No 129 ROMANESQUE also be too far away to act as a way- believe that either are anything other Ward. A. 2001. The Roman Invasion, station within a civilian settlement. than medieval moated manor house KAS Newsletter, No 48 SCULPTURE The ‘low ramparts or banks’ that sites and the chances of learning any- Ward. A. 2002. The Roman Invasion PROJECT the VCH tells us extended from the thing more appear to depend entirely (part 2), KAS Newsletter, No 52 church to the court have the ‘look’ of upon excavation. BAA being flood defences. The church Alan Ward July 2003 SCHOLARSHIPS & CORPUS OF ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE PROJECT BR I T I S HA R C H A E O L O G I C A LA S S O C I AT I O N BAA SCHOLARSHIPS 2004 OCHS SC H O L A R S H I P & CORPUS OF ROMANESQUE stablished in 1994 from a unlikely to succeed. A Scholarship should be capable of completion bequest by Miss Maud is awarded for one year only and is within the period of the SCULPTURE Lilian Ochs, the scholarship not renewable. Scholarship which, in this catego- PROJECT is awarded annually for Applications are also invited ry, should be no shorter than two research projects which fall from scholars unattached to uni- months but not necessarily as BAA within the BAA’s fields of versities. Their personal circum- long as one year. SCHOLARSHIPS interest. These are defined as the stances should be such as to pre- Scholarships up to the value & CORPUS OF study of archaeology, art and archi- vent the completion of their of £5000 are available annually. tecture from the Roman period research unless supported by a ROMANESQUE until the nineteenth century, prin- scholarship of this kind. Application forms may be SCULPTURE cipally within Europe. Applications simply for pub- obtained by sending a stamped Applications are invited from lishing costs, or for writing up and addressed envelope to: PROJECT students who are completing the- publication of existing research BAA ses for post-graduate degrees and fully funded by another body, may John McNeill who have access to no other also be considered, but only in the Hon. Secretary BAA SCHOLARSHIPS sources of funding. It must be event of there being few claims for 18 Stanley Road & CORPUS OF demonstrated that the award will funds from scholars applying Oxford OX4 1QZ enable a thesis to be completed to complete research work. Completed applications, together ROMANESQUE satisfactorily within the period of Applications of this kind must also with any covering letter or enclo- SCULPTURE the Scholarship. Applications demonstrate that no other body sures, should be returned to John PROJECT where substantial amounts of could reasonably be expected to McNeill not later than 1st fieldwork remain to be done are finance writing up. Projects February 2004. BAA SCHOLORSHIPS & CORPUS OF ROMANESQUE TH EC O R P U SO FR O M A N E S Q U E SCULPTURE SC U L P T U R EP R O J E C T PROJECT his project has been set up to county, rich in eleventh and twelfth Information about the project is record and photograph all century material and I suspect that available on our website – stone sculpture in these there are more than 200 sites with www.crsbi.ac.uk or you can write to islands produced between some Romanesque sculpture. Dr Ron Baxter, Courtauld Institute of c.1066 and c.1200. The Would you be able to help? Art, Somerset House, Strand, London research is made available Volunteers to cover groups of sites in WC2R 0RN or email freely over the Internet, and repre- their own local areas would be espe- [email protected]. sents work carried out by a network of cially welcome. Travel and photogra- volunteer fieldworkers. Kent is a large phy costs would be met. Ron Baxter

Autumn 2003 13 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR AUTUMN 2003

Dear Editor most of us, provided there is the surveyed Hope-all-Saints church for occasional ‘boot up the backside’, the Romney Marsh Research Trust. LETTERS KENT CHURCHES are perfectly capable of undertak- A discussion of the phasing, with TO THE ing recording work, and a few (not ground plans of the church and sur- I suspect many of my ex-stu- I) have the artistic ability to draw rounding earthworks together with EDITOR dents were waiting for this. KAS tracery or other detail. For some a selection of elevation drawings, is LETTERS members are well aware of Tim churches, with structural phasing published in Romney Marsh, The Tatton Brown’s published church surviving in the vertical plane, ele- Debatable Ground (ed. Jill Eddison, TO THE surveys. However, I suspect that vation drawings may be as infor- OUCA 1995). The entire standing EDITOR the majority of the audience at the mative as a plan and can be com- fabric was drawn at a scale of 1:10 conference on the 26th April were pleted to a considerable height as a record and is held by RMRT. LETTERS unaware that copies, of a much without ladders. These drawings could be provided TO THE greater number of his surveys, In my view it is the recording to Mr Smith (with the permission EDITOR were available for consultation or which should come first, the analy- of RMRT) at A3 size if wished – as that his valuable work had been sis can wait. How much has been he says, there must be effective LETTERS restarted in 2000. Certainly this lost from churches because no one coordination to avoid duplication. TO THE was the case with all but one of my could be bothered or for the fear of current or ex-students, who being ‘wrong’. I know of wall Maureen Bennell EDITOR accounted for about 15% of the paintings in one Kent church Archaeological Consultant LETTERS total audience. I freely admit I was which were whitewashed over not Sevenoaks aware of both factors, but I enjoy all that long ago and I have no TO THE stirring Kentish archaeologists out doubt readers of this piece know of EDITOR of their complacency. Of course it other examples of destruction. In Dear Editor worked. All KAS members are now archaeology we are all wrong some LETTERS aware that church surveys are con- of the time, and some ‘talk out the RE THE MANOR HOUSE, TO THE tinuing and more importantly who backs of their heads’ nearly all of CHESTFIELD & THE ROPER EDITOR to contact (something I did not the time. We only have to look at FAMILY know). the disagreements between ‘spe- LETTERS It is impossible to be sure after cialists’ to realise that there will I am writing to you to see if the TO THE this length of time; I may have said always be different interpretations Kent Archaeological Society might that most amateur archaeologists of the evidence, but without that be able to help. EDITOR can undertake such surveys, but evidence being recorded in the first Since moving into The Manor LETTERS what I certainly said was that ama- place we have nothing. House some five years ago, I have teurs can undertake recording sur- The recording of much of that been struggling to trace the long TO THE veys. There is subtle difference. evidence (buildings or below and complex history of the property. EDITOR The recording of standing fabric ground archaeology) depends upon Parts of the existing structure prob- (i . e. measuring, drawing, local amateur archaeologists get- ably date from the C15, and it is TO THE photography and basic description ting up off of their backsides and possible that there has been some- EDITOR of architectural detail) is relatively getting on with the work. There are thing on the site from the C13. LETTERS simple and, (where necessary) some amateurs in Kent who have a There appears to be little recorded with guidance well within the reputation for good work, second history of rural properties from TO THE capabilities of the interested ama- to none in the country. One of the early times, so I have recently been EDITOR teur, of whom in this field I would ‘red herrings’ in British archaeolo- concentrating on the associated consider myself one. I, as an indi- gy (and another of my favourite families. TO THE vidual, refuse to differentiate rants) is that professional (paid One significant local family – EDITOR between ‘amateur’ and ‘profes- sense) archaeologist have stopped the Ropers of St Dunstan’s, sional’ (other than in the money amateur (unpaid sense) archaeolo- Canterbury and Well Hall, Eltham – LETTERS sense) there are only good, average gists from undertaking such work. were owners of The Manor House TO THE and bad archaeologists and What all responsible archaeologists for around 300 years from the mid- EDITOR historians. want is to ensure that the work is dle of the C15 to the middle of the Detailed study of some, per- actually undertaken and then com - C18. This period included such TO THE haps all, of the aspects listed by pleted to professional standards. important family members as John EDITOR Leslie A Smith in the last Newsletter Alan Ward Roper, Attorney General to Henry are within the capabilities of the VIII, and William Roper (son-in-law LETTERS interested individual. The word of Sir Thomas Moore). I would be TO THE interested along with the much Dear Editor extremely grateful if any of your more important co m m i t m e n t a n d members were able to identify any EDITOR less important enthusiasm are the KENT CHURCH SURVEYS possible sources of information key words; with o b s e r v a t i o n a n d which might throw light on the his- then thought being the keys which Mr Smith suggests in the tory of the association of this house unlock interpretation. The vast Summer Newsletter that ruined and family. majority of individuals will not churches such as Stone and Hope wish to study a theme to the analy- could be surveyed by amateurs. In Chris Hughes sis stage, but a few will. More 1988, whilst working for what is Chestfield importantly in the present context, now Archaeology South-East, I Whitstable

Autumn 2003 14 NAT I O N A LA R C H A E O L O G YD AY any different archaeologi- cal interests within Ke n t were represented at the National Archaeology Day event in July organised by North Downs Yo u n g COOPERATION & Archaeologists’ at the Museum of Kent Life, Sandling. COLLECTIONS Contributors to the ‘Archaeology in COOPERATION & Kent’ exhibition included the KA S, COLLECTIONS Canterbury Archaeological Trust, Young Archaeologists’ Club – North Downs COOPERATION & and Thanet branches, Otford & District COLLECTIONS Archaeological Group, Thanet Trust for Archaeology, The Roman Painted House COOPERATION & at Dover, the University of Ke n t , COLLECTIONS Wealden Iron Research Group, Ke n t History Federation and Crofton Roman COOPERATION & Villa. COLLECTIONS Andrew Richardson, Finds Liaison COOPERATION & Officer for Kent, was on hand with a Visitors fascinated by pottery from Maidstone Museum. display about the Portable Antiquities groups set up camp. Giles Guthrie, COLLECTIONS Scheme, identifying finds brought in by Keeper of Human History at Maidstone COOPERATION & members of the public. He also record- Museum, brought along artefacts rele- DO C U M E N T SAT ed finds made by metal detectorist Jill vant to the event’s theme of the late Iron COLLECTIONS Davies, who combed the Museum Age and early Roman period. He even IG H T H A MM O T E COOPERATION & grounds whilst talking to visitors. managed to display part of a hypocaust! Documents found at Ightham Mote and COLLECTIONS Young Archaeologist members and The co-operation of so many included in its archive at CKS have recent- their families manned many different ensured that over 300 visitors were pro- ly been translated by Ms. Liz Fynn, COOPERATION & activity stalls, ranging from mosaic vided with an enjoyable insight into Research Archivist. Anyone interested in COLLECTIONS making to weaving and ‘living history’ their local archaeology. having a copy of any these please send S.A.E., to A. Elton, Orchard Cottage, Pine COOPERATION & Tree Lane, Ivy Hatch, Sevenoaks TN15 COLLECTIONS DO YOU RECOGNISE THIS SPOT? ONJ, stating which they want. This idyllic scene is one of many images held in the KAS library collection which have no 1. 1356 An indenture of the prior and con- COOPERATION & provenance. Do you recognise it? If you do know the location please contact the editor at vent of Canterbury Cathedral Priory as of 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU COLLECTIONS their manor of Broke, lying in the denn of Denerden (Devenden) at Rolvenden. COOPERATION & 2. 1473 A lease of 3 acres at Rolvenden COLLECTIONS (with boundaries). Master of Cobham COOPERATION & College. 1 3. 1549 A quitclaim of 1 /2 roods at COLLECTIONS Romney Town (with boundaries). COOPERATION & 4. 1375 A grant of the manor of Stanpete at Isle of Sheppey. COLLECTIONS 5. 1342 Grant of lands etc., at COOPERATION & Shadoxhurst, Orlestone and Warehorne. 6. 1382 Grant of rent for manor of Reyham COLLECTIONS at Isle of Sheppey. COOPERATION & 7. 1375 Grant of manor of Stonpette Isle COLLECTIONS of Sheppey. COOPERATION & COLLECTIONS The Kent volume will comprise Public Catalogue Foundation 1800 oil paintings from over 50 loca- tions across Kent. As many of these he Public Catalogue Fo u n d - bad in stacks and storage. More curi- paintings sit in museum storerooms or ation’s C o m p r e h e n s i v e o u s l y, very few galleries have pub- civic buildings, this completely illus- Illustrated Catalogue of lished a comprehensive illustrated cat- trated catalogue will publish pho- Publicly Owned Oil alogue of their collections. In short, tographs of paintings that have rarely, if Paintings in Kent will be pub- we have little idea of what we own. ever, been on display to the public. The lished at the end of the year. The Public Catalogue Foundation has Kent volume will be the first in a The United Kingdom holds in its pub- been set up specifically to enable the national series. The price and purchase lic galleries and civic buildings arguably public to learn for the first time what details will be outlined in the January the greatest publicly owned collection it owns and to be able to see an image 2004 Newsletter. For more information of oil paintings in the world. Some 80% of every painting in its national collec- please ring Fred Hohler or Andrew Ellis of these paintings are rarely, if ever, tion in a ‘Pevsner-like’ series of illus- on 020 7932 8424. seen, being held for reasons good and trated catalogues. Andrew Ellis Autumn 2003 15 his issue introduces someone gy in the early ’90s provided the educated as a geographer and opportunity to investigate the impor- geologist, but whose recent JI L LE D D I S O N tant zone between shingle and marsh book, ‘Romney Marsh, Survival on (Joint Founder of the Romney in advance of gravel extraction, and a Frontier’, takes a multi-discipli- Marsh Research Trus t ) altogether Jill was proud to have nary approach. Combining raised a quarter of a million pounds geography with history and archaeolo- for the Trust during her 11 years. gy, the book brings together recent During that time, Jill also learnt BACK PAGE work to tell the story of human something of archaeology ‘on the occupation of a very difficult hoof’ from Dr Mark Gardiner, the PEOPLE environment over the last 2000 years. medieval archaeologist, whilst her BACK PAGE Jill Eddison’s involvement in all three understanding of the medieval docu- disciplines is exceptional; how had ments and their historical back- PEOPLE this come about? ground was gleaned in summer BACK PAGE Growing up in Maidstone, Jill’s schools in Cambridge. By 1998 she interest in history was sparked by her realised it was time to hand over to PEOPLE grandmother, who had read that sub- younger academics, and relinquished BACK PAGE ject at Royal Holloway College in 1903. her role as Secretary and moving PEOPLE She remembers poring over ‘Our spirit. Island Story’ and, later, ‘Encyclopaedia Jill had long recognised the need BACK PAGE Britannica’. Geological interest began for a more general book on the Marsh, PEOPLE when exploring north of Maidstone, and she sent a synopsis to Tempus. where differences in the underlying Their response was to ask when it BACK PAGE rocks became apparent, where the would be finished! Based on the work PEOPLE sand at Penenden Heath contrasted also made her realise the tremendous of numerous colleagues, not least with the chalk of the North Downs. challenge and potential of a locality Mark Gardiner, and geographer Dr BACK PAGE She began to think about the land- close to home – Romney Marsh. Antony Long, Romney Marsh, Survival PEOPLE scape in terms of its geography and Professor Steers encouraged her to on a Frontier appeared in 2000. Jill’s BACK PAGE g e o l o g y, and of its use by man. write a paper for the Geographical belief in de-mystifying the jargon of Perhaps ‘rocks’ were in the blood: a Journal and ‘let her loose’ in the academia proved a winner: over 1500 PEOPLE prospector great-uncle left her a box of libraries at Cambridge. That led on to copies sold in the first year. The BACK PAGE 150 mineral specimens, and her early a lecture to the Royal Geographical British Association for Local History geology was self-taught. Society in 1981, “a wonderful evening honoured her achievement in found- PEOPLE While still at school she considered – I met a variety of specialists, all ing the Trust and making the research BACK PAGE a career in Archaeology. But, told by a potentially interested in this fast mov- results accessible to all, with a person- local source that “there’s nothing ing coastline”. The destruction of al award in 2002. Her ‘Marsh exper- PEOPLE there for women”, she turned towards exceptional medieval marshland land- tise’ was needed more recently when BACK PAGE History. A last-minute change of heart scape by ploughing prompted Jill to she had ‘great fun’ with a TV crew led to Geography, and Jill went up to write to various academics. Professor filming ‘Mysteries in the Landscape’ PEOPLE Oxford in 1957. “But I found their Barry Cunliffe responded positively, for BBC2 (screening 6th November). BACK PAGE geography out-dated, and I realised I “and, before we knew where we were, Acquaintances re-met after some PEOPLE wasn’t going to get a rowing blue, so I in 1983 we formed the Romney Marsh time express surprise that Jill is “still applied to change to Geology, ignoring Research Group”. Initially a group of studying the Marsh!” But one thing BACK PAGE a comment that they needed a woman six, whose meetings were at the leads to another. Her current research PEOPLE to make the coffee…”. She was one of Society of Antiquaries, it expanded centres on monastic accounts, an only 2 women in a year group of 25. rapidly. Their first conference was at untapped and particularly good BACK PAGE After graduating, Jill left for Canada Oxford in 1986 and a monograph of source for 1270-1350, when the sea PEOPLE to work for a nickel mining company. the proceedings was published there, was most threatening. The battle Disliking the “concrete city” of through the kindness of Barry. Three between man and sea continues BACK PAGE Toronto, she asked to move north to a more conferences have followed, each today, and Jill can’t resist admitting “I PEOPLE small mining town surrounded by resulting in a monograph. Jill edited find it tremendously exciting when, bush on the Canadian Shield. After a one solely, and two jointly. Thus, as in the past, nature gets the upper variety of minor occupations, she i m p o r t a n t l y, the Romney Marsh hand!” eventually came to rest in a metallur- papers, from whatever discipline, have gical laboratory, surrounded by col- been kept together. The Editor leagues from many different countries. In 1987, a charity, the Romney Mostly recent immigrants fleeing the Marsh Research Trust, was formed to Jill is to be the guest speaker after instability in Eastern Europe or the support and co-ordinate the work of the 2004 KAS AGM, with the title East Indies, their courage and intellect the Group, with Jill as Secretary. The ‘ Romney Marsh: Survival on a made a big impression on the young advent of developer-funded archaeolo- Frontier’. Jill… “These were people living on the edge of life, but with an enormous amount to give”. Copy deadline for the next issue in January is Monday 1st December. When Jill returned home, she The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for w o r ked briefly for an oil company opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the before becoming a school-teacher. contents and substance of their work. Marriage followed, and bringing up her two sons meant a change of career, EDITOR : LYN PALMER and a pause. “I really wanted to 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU write…and eventually Faber took the Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 bait”. The World of Changing Coastline Email [email protected] appeared in 1979, combining Jill’s his- or [email protected] torical and geographical interests. It Autumn 2003 Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME14 1LH 16 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk