No 98, December 2013

Editorial WRI has joined the world in mourning the passing of Nelson Mandela. At the same time, we have been devastated by the loss of our Chair Howard Clark ­ one of WRI's own inspirations.

It seems fitting that this The Broken Rifle focuses on stories of antimilitarism, reconciliation and social movements in Africa, particularly in the run up to the Small Actions, Big Movements: the Continuum of Nonviolence conference that Howard was so passionate about. We will go to South Africa to learn from the experience of those who worked and walked with Mandela, and from those who today continue the nonviolently for change in Africa and elsewhere.

Many of the articles in this edition are written by those active in the African Nonviolence and Peacebuilding Network, formed in Johannesburg in July 2012, and key in the planning of the conference.

Matt Meyer kicks us off with a look at the place the upcoming conference has in the history of African engagement with WRI ­ and indeed the ways non­African WRI groups have become involved in the life of that African Groundings: War Resisters continent. On South Africa itself, read Pearl Pillay's account of the background International’sAfrican Engagement and impact of 2012's Marikana A quick and cursory view of the history of War France. Each in their own way strengthened massacre, and Zara Trafford's Resisters International (WRI) – an organization WRI ties to groups and peoples in “the piece 'Prostitution, Patriarchy and responsible for many wonderful small actions motherland” and attempted to ground, though Power in the Military', on the work but rarely credited for its inspiration of big and the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, a militant nonviolence on Embrace Dignity ­ one of the effective movements – had hardly any connected to the loose WRI network. key conference partners. connection to Africa at all. But that initial From elsewhere in Africa, we have impression would be incorrect. Though often Sutherland gave his life towards these ends. Moses Monday of the behind­the­scenes and without fanfare or Relocating from the USA to the British colony of Organization for Nonviolence and spotlight, key members of WRI have played the Gold Coast in 1953, Sutherland formed a Development looking at significant roles in significant aspects of the WRI chapter along with some Accra­based Nonviolence at work in South continents anti­colonial and anti­war moments Quakers, internationalists and anti­colonialists. Sudan, Elavie Ndura on Dealing over the past 90­plus years since WRI’s 1921 His marriage to educator and author Efua with Trauma in Post­ Conflict founding. The July 2014 international Sutherland drew him closer to the freedom Burundi and the African Great conference in Cape Town, South Africa is movement, and he (along with Rustin) took part Lakes Region, and American simply the most public – and perhaps the most in early dialogues on strategies and tactics with Friends Service Committee's ambitious – of these endeavors. the man dubbed “the Gandhi of Africa” – Dereje Wordofa on the links Kwame Nkrumah. Nkrumah’s “positive action” between poverty, unemployment, Background program – a merging of Gandhian technique, security and hope in Africa. non­violent direct actionist politics, and It was post­WWII that WRI connections with indigenous cultural sensibilities, led Ghana to April Carter contributes a liberationists on the African continent intensified become the first newly independent nation on wonderfully insightful piece ­ – at first through the work of five conscientious the continent. Capital city Accra and Nkrumah’s Lessons from the Arab Spring ­ objectors (CO) and militant CO supporters: Convention People’s Party (CPP) became the taking our attention to North Africa African American objectors Bill Sutherland and center not only for Pan­African aspirations but and the surrounding states. Bayard Rustin, Jean Van Lierde of Belgium, for a new hope among Western peace Hannah Brock Michael Randle of Britain, and Pierre Martin of movement leaders about the possibility for African antimilitarism and nonviolence representatives of the South African 2014 WRI conference along with her group widespread social transformation. This crucial period – as the drive for Senegal, where he served as a member Council of Churches and the women’s Embrace Dignity, noted: “The creation of independence was spreading throughout of the WRI’s Council. Martin’s 1968 group Black Sash, and some youthful the African Nonviolence and Peacebuilding Van Lierde’s African involvement followed the continent and the world, and as civil booklet Violence in Africa, published by participants (including this author). A few Network is a significant moment in that we a parallel path. In the late 1950s in rights, human rights anti­nuclear, and anti­ WRI, reviewed the nature of colonial years earlier, on a trip to Mozambique and now have the opportunity to build on the Brussels, on the eve of Ghana’s militarist sentiments were also beginning subjugation and suppression, as well as Zimbabwe, US reporter Julie Frederikse on­the­ground work happening all across independence and as the rest of the to take root – saw extended WRI seed­ the role of religion, the army, and trade noticed me sporting a broken rifle tee­shirt the continent, to break the isolation which continent was abuzz with interest in planting in all of these burgeoning unions in building militarized or de­ and took me aside to tell me about a so many feel. I like to think about it going replicating Nkrumah’s example, Van movements. The Sahara Protest Team, militarized societies. In a conclusion meeting her South African husband Stelios beyond training to peacebuilding, going to Lierde formed the Amis de Presence for example, included a number of West reflecting on the possibilities for was having with some young chaps from the root causes of violence.” Africaine, an organization committed to Africans who would go on to become nonviolence in Africa, Martin noted that across the border. A few white South developing and supporting nonviolent leaders of their own countries once the little overt support for large explicitly African boys had come to Harare to visit Getting back to the roots – of both war and strategies for the liberation of the Congo. independence would come later in the pacifist movements notable in the late former CO Stelios about their plans to war resistance along the broad continuum He struck a close friendship with 1960s. The World Peace Brigades 1960s meant nothing, as “non­violence launch a more mainstream project linking a of nonviolent direct action – seems like an Congolese leader and first Prime Minister (forerunner to many of today’s unarmed does not attract the attention of the call for an end to conscription with calls for appropriate goal given the WRI’s 90­plus Patrice Lumumba, which lasted till civilian peace­force organizations) was professional newsmen: violence is much racial justice and an end to apartheid. We years of engagement with African Lumumba’s assassination in 1961. Van discussed in earnest at the WRI triennial more sensational.” Martin urged readers joined together to discuss the possibilities Liberation. As we experience new and Lierde remained a strong critic of neo­ held in India in 1960; it’s founding in to take careful note that some key of international support for such work, and renewed levels of mass moblization, small colonialism and the continuing Beirut in 1962 included sponsorship not indigenous forces in Africa speak explicitly – shortly thereafter – the world learned of and now­not­so­small­actions playing a role militarization of Africa. only from Michael Scott, AJ Muste (leader of nonviolence, including the Kibangist the highly creative, barrier­breaking End in developing even larger and hopefully of several US pacifist organizations, Christians in the Congo and the Muslim Conscription Campaign (ECC). The ECC more effective democratic movements for Foreground including War Resisters’ League and the sect of the Mourides, founded in Senegal phenomena not only helped work alongside justice and peace, now is the time to do Fellowship of Reconciliation), and “by a saint who resisted the French South Africa’s mass democratic United more than just network. Together we must It was French atomic testing in the Gandhian associate JP Narayan, but also military colonization by nonviolence.” Democratic Front to bring white folks closer act. Sahara desert near its West African Tanzania’s Julius Nyerere and Zambia’s to an anti­apartheid perspective, it also colonies that next attracted the attention Kenneth Kaunda. An Accra­based WRI’s triennial conference held at the end inspired thousands across the globe in Matt Meyer of WRI members, Pan Africanists, and Conference on Positive Action for Peace of 1969 in the Haverford, Pennsylvania showing how making links between peace anti­nuclear activists worldwide. Bill and Security in Africa was held in April also indicated a deepening understanding and justice issues could be done in a fun Sutherland took the lead, this time joined 1960, with AJ Muste, Rev. Ralph of the need for long­term strategies and a way, empowering for all. WRI’s distinctive by Rustin, British WRI Chair Michael Abernathy, Franz Fanon and others in two­way solidarity. The conference theme, support role throughout the 1980s was a Randle, Rev. Michael Scott and others – attendance – in what organizer Bill “Liberation and Revolution,” included prime example of mutually beneficial including a strong contingent from within Sutherland termed (in the book Guns and reports and dialogues about the solidarity. the Ghanaian CPP and the Accra­based Gandhi in Africa which we co­authored): connections between means and ends, All­African Federation of Trade Unions. “the height of influence of the world the role of “liberated nationalism,” and the New Ground French economist and WRI member pacifist movement on the African need to get “beyond all separatism.” A Pierre Martin left his job at UNESCO to liberation struggle.” special report on Nonviolent Revolution WRI contemporary work in Africa is rooted join the Sahara Protest Team; dozens put and Developing Countries was delivered in three major inter­related projects their bodies in harms way, marching into The heady actions of the beginning of the by Bill Sutherland, Indian leader Narayan developed in the 1990s: the Bangkok the desert to stop the bombing. After a decade gave way to long­term planning – Desai, and Vietnamese human rights Women's Conference of 1992, the series of local events featuring the small actions, intellectual pursuits, base­ defender Vo Van Ai. formation of the Africa Working Group international team (ansd attracting building and private meetings about how (AWG) in 1994, and the International CO international attention) took place in bigger, more lasting and successful Some of these conversations came full Meeting in Chad in December 1995. The Ghana, Upper Volta, and elsewhere in the movements could be developed in the circle in 1985­86, at another WRI triennial AWG brought together the growing region, the French government eventually future. in India, this time hosted by Desai and contacts which WRI had made with the abandoned their testing plans. including Bayard Rustin, World Peace South African mass democratic movement, Pierre Martin relocated with his family to Brigade founder George Willoughby, a grouping of European­based Africans and African solidarity specialists, and several North American African academics and activists. It has held meetings and seminars at every subsequent WRI conference, and has been responsible for reporting on relevant issues, including the 1996 Peace News dossier “Peace and Reconstruction in Africa” and in the two­ volume Africa World Press book series Seeds of New Hope and Seeds Bearing Fruit, edited by AWG co­conveners Elavie Ndura and myself. As Narayan Desai coached us in 1986, the AWG has always emphasized South­South collaboration and skills­building, with support people in the North working to help facilitate rather than moderate that independent contact.

Concrete fruit of a distinctly Pan African variety grew prosperously at the WRI African Nonviolence Trainers’ Exchange meeting, in Johannesburg, South Africa, July 2012. It was at that meeting that the African Nonviolence and Peacebuilding Network was formed, with Soweto­based Sipho Theys and former Parliamentarian African Nonviolence and Peace­builders Network at a Nonviolence Training Exchange, Johannesburg, 2012 Nozizwe Madlala­Routledge serving as co­ convenors. Nozizwe, who is also playing a leading role in the organization of the July 2 The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 African antimilitarism and nonviolence representatives of the South African 2014 WRI conference along with her group Council of Churches and the women’s Embrace Dignity, noted: “The creation of group Black Sash, and some youthful the African Nonviolence and Peacebuilding participants (including this author). A few Network is a significant moment in that we Join us in Cape years earlier, on a trip to Mozambique and now have the opportunity to build on the Zimbabwe, US reporter Julie Frederikse on­the­ground work happening all across noticed me sporting a broken rifle tee­shirt the continent, to break the isolation which Town! and took me aside to tell me about a so many feel. I like to think about it going meeting her South African husband Stelios beyond training to peacebuilding, going to was having with some young chaps from the root causes of violence.” across the border. A few white South African boys had come to Harare to visit Getting back to the roots – of both war and former CO Stelios about their plans to war resistance along the broad continuum launch a more mainstream project linking a of nonviolent direct action – seems like an call for an end to conscription with calls for appropriate goal given the WRI’s 90­plus racial justice and an end to apartheid. We years of engagement with African joined together to discuss the possibilities Liberation. As we experience new and of international support for such work, and renewed levels of mass moblization, small – shortly thereafter – the world learned of and now­not­so­small­actions playing a role the highly creative, barrier­breaking End in developing even larger and hopefully Conscription Campaign (ECC). The ECC more effective democratic movements for phenomena not only helped work alongside justice and peace, now is the time to do South Africa’s mass democratic United more than just network. Together we must Democratic Front to bring white folks closer act. to an anti­apartheid perspective, it also inspired thousands across the globe in Matt Meyer showing how making links between peace We are extremely excited about WRI's and justice issues could be done in a fun next International Conference ­ the first way, empowering for all. WRI’s distinctive in Africa ­ to be held in Cape Town, support role throughout the 1980s was a South Africa from 4th July ­ 8th July prime example of mutually beneficial 2014. The conference, titled 'Small solidarity. Actions, Big Movements: the Continuum of Nonviolence' International New Ground Conference' is co­hosted by The Ceasefire Campaign. WRI contemporary work in Africa is rooted in three major inter­related projects Confirmed speakers for the opening developed in the 1990s: the Bangkok plenary include Archbishop Desmond Women's Conference of 1992, the Tutu and Jenni Williams of Woman of formation of the Africa Working Group Zimbabwe Arise. Across the four full (AWG) in 1994, and the International CO days of the conference, theme groups ­ Meeting in Chad in December 1995. The that have so often framed the work of AWG brought together the growing WRI in the coming years ­ will focus on contacts which WRI had made with the a range of topics, including civil South African mass democratic movement, resistance and 'people power' a grouping of European­based Africans and movements: beyond regime change, African solidarity specialists, and several countering the militarisation of youth, North American African academics and daily violence (domestic violence, hate activists. It has held meetings and crimes, urban insecurity, etc...) and seminars at every subsequent WRI economic, poverty crises and conference, and has been responsible for militarism. reporting on relevant issues, including the 1996 Peace News dossier “Peace and Take a look at plans for the programme Reconstruction in Africa” and in the two­ here: http://www.wri­ volume Africa World Press book series irg.org/southafrica2014 (this page is Seeds of New Hope and Seeds Bearing also the place where updates on the Fruit, edited by AWG co­conveners Elavie conference will be posted). Excursions Ndura and myself. As Narayan Desai and WRI's Assembly will be held coached us in 1986, the AWG has always alongside this event, which will take emphasized South­South collaboration and place in Cape Town City Hall. skills­building, with support people in the North working to help facilitate rather than This conference is not just an event, but moderate that independent contact. part of a process, to learn from, and support, the African Nonviolence and Concrete fruit of a distinctly Pan African Peacebuilding Network, formed at the variety grew prosperously at the WRI African Nonviolence Trainer’s African Nonviolence Trainers’ Exchange Exchange in Johannesburg, July 2012 ­ meeting, in Johannesburg, South Africa, an exchange initiated by WRI with July 2012. It was at that meeting that the others. African Nonviolence and Peacebuilding Network was formed, with Soweto­based Registration is available here: http://wri­ Sipho Theys and former Parliamentarian irg.org/seminars/registrations/southafric Nozizwe Madlala­Routledge serving as co­ a2014 convenors. Nozizwe, who is also playing a leading role in the organization of the July The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 3 African antimilitarism and nonviolence another symbolic structure in African number of civil society movements who around issues of representation on these culture as a place where problems are have rallied together in an attempt to platforms. Civil society can be said to be solved), they were stopped by police who show solidarity with the affected families, accurate representations of people who demanded that they dispose of their as well as demand justice for the killed are deeply affected by societal ills, yet The Marikana Massacre: 'the sub­altern cannot weapons. Workers refused, saying that miners and an end to the oppressive they aren’t given space on platforms that they would only disarm themselves once conditions under which miners in South are in a position to affect substantial they have reported back to their leaders. Africa work. Citizens 4 Marikana is one change. Spivak wrote widely on the fact speak' A clash ensued, with police opening fire at such movement. This movement seeks to that in many cases, the sub­altern cannot Mining is one of the most important management was to take place on August attempted to retreat and regroup in a the crowd. During this clash, two act as a link between the public and those speak and representation is often economic activities in South Africa. With 9th 2012. nearby stadium, but were denied access policemen and two workers were killed. present at the Farlam Commission (the misconstrued to sway in favour of the the inequalities that Apartheid by security, who said their gathering was 'Police shot and killed 44 striking miners' commission set up to investigate the privilege. These cases are no exception. perpetuated, the distribution of mineral Chinguno articulated the proceedings of illegal. They retreated to an elevated events of that week) as well as mobilise wealth and the unrest within the labour the march: piece of state­owned land, adjacent to, The Massacre occurred on August 16th funds and support to those affected by the Pearl Pillay force have increased. The Mineral and but not in close proximity to the 2012. The day before, union leaders massacre, in particular, making Petroleum Resources Development Act of On 10 August, workers converged again community in which they lived. This was attempted to speak to workers, asking contributions towards legal Notes 2002(1) was an attempt to redress these at the same venue for their march to done for a number of reasons, as a them to retreat and go back to work. This representation. What is important to note 1. Twala.C., “The Marikana Massacre: A issues. Misinterpretation of this Act was management. The management offices worker explained: was done from behind the guard of a is that the commission was formed at the Historical Overview of the Labour Unrest one of the factors that led to the demand were cordoned off when they arrived. The security detail and police vehicles. instruction of the president of South in the Mining Sector in South Africa”, in from workers for a living wage of R12 workers demanded to be addressed by We did not want our community affected Workers demanded proof that it was their Africa, and was given a mandate by him Southern African Peace and Security 000.(2) To offer an explanation of what management and were initially promised by the strike. We did not want criminals to union leader representing them but were as a matter of public enquiry. This Studies, Vol1, No.2, p.61. happened in August 2012 (including the this by security personnel. However, take advantage of the strike and attack refused. “The refusal by the NUM commission is a public one, allowing for 2. Loc cit. Marikana Massacre), one must moments later a NUM representative shops. We did not want the children in the president to get out of the police vehicle public viewing of hearings in which 3. Ibid.p.62 acknowledge that the massacre occurred announced to the agitated crowd that informal settlement to be affected by the when addressing workers has the evidence is presented and accounts of 4. Chinguno.C., “Marikana and the Post­ not just because of a wage dispute but management would only address their police.(8) symbolic meaning of illustrating the the events of that week given. This Apartheid Workplace Order”, Society, because of many other factors demand through NUM as the recognised alienation of the NUM from its speaks, quite broadly to the issue of the Work and Development Institute Working underpinning the worker’s struggle in union. The workers left dejected and This was part of the lessons learnt from membership and its subsequent rejection inclusion of civil society movements in Paper, April 2013, p.23. South Africa. There has been a great resolved to reconvene the following the Impala strike in which violent looting by them.”(9) Avoiding emotive verbosity, commissions such as this one. The 5. Loc cit. increase in mining demands since the morning to map a way forward.(7) and attacks on shops occurred. The next different narratives of how the massacre commission does not include members of 6. Loc cit. Platinum boom in Rustenburg in 1994.(3) day, workers marched back to the NUM occurred are presented, but all have the civil society, nor does it allow for 7. Ibid.p.p.23­24. This has resulted in a further disparity Workers reconvened the following day offices, this time to demand answers into same result: police shot and killed 44 participation from them. All it does, 8. Ibid.p.24. between mining companies and workers. with a change in strategy: they were going why their own union attacked them only striking miners. instead, is allow civil society to peer into 9. Ibid,p.26. Whilst mining companies continue to to march to the NUM offices and make the this time, the workers were armed. This its dealings and report to its subsequent generate copious amounts of wealth, this intention clear that they were going to was done as a reaction to the events of Since the massacre, there have been a constituency. Discussions must be formed is at the expense of workers who, through engage directly with their employer, the previous day and to further protect systems of labour brokering, continue to outside of the formal system of collective themselves against violence that may be divided according to Apartheid­ bargaining. What is important to note is occur on that day too. Mine security generated categories of separation. that this march proceeded just like any blocked off access to the NUM offices. other march in South Africa, with workers When workers attempted to force their Build up carrying sticks and singing revolutionary way through, they were stopped with War Resisters' International joins the world in songs. The sticks and knobkerries that rubber bullets. Workers fought back and In June 2012, workers at Lonmin in were carried were symbolic, in the sense killed two security guards. This action Marikana began organising towards a that, in African culture, a protest is akin to continued the next day, August 13th 2012, mourning the passing of Nelson Mandela system of collective bargaining, a war and so people ought to arm when workers rallied to stop production by demanding a salary adjustment.(4) By this themselves. At this juncture of the march, subcontracted workers, having absorbed workers were ambushed by NUM officials members of the community and non­ War Resisters' International joins the understood that South Africa’s liberation time, however, Rock Drill Operators world in mourning the passing of Nelson was connected to our own. Next year in (RDOs) from the same mine had already who fired live ammunition at them, Lonmin workers as well. On their way reportedly killing two RDOs. Workers then back to their meeting place (the koppie, Mandela – a statesman and an activist, a July, in conjunction with Pan­African started mobilising towards action outside lawyer and a political prisoner, an nonviolent activists and peace­builders, of the collective bargaining system. These advocate of direct action and we will hold an international conference RDOs were not willing to enter into a reconciliation. Mandela’s life symbolizes, “Small Actions, Big Movements: the space for negotiation. Despite this, their as few others have ever done, the long Continuum of Nonviolence” in Cape employer had decided to begin road to freedom, peace, and justice Town. We will come to South Africa to engagement with these workers, even which can nevertheless be won (at least learn from the experience of those who though it was outside the formal in part) through determined commitment worked and walked with Mandela, and negotiation space. By July 2012, these and struggle. He lived his convictions, from those who today continue the engagements had begun. Unfortunately, spending 27 years behind bars without struggle for human rights, economic however, this did not solve anything as, at wavering from his core convictions, ready equality, and social justice the world over. the most crucial point, Lonmin rescinded still to play a crucial role upon release to their offer to negotiate outside the formal ensure a transition away from formal WRI's Executive Committee space and declared that it would only apartheid through compromise and negotiate with the National Union of negotiation. That the transition which Mineworkers. Then, as almost a pre­ ended white minority rule took place with emptive measure, Lonmin granted a shift a minimum of bloodshed is one of the allowance to RDOs. This was done great victories of modern times, a victory outside the collective bargaining system Mandela helped lead by example. and could be seen as a reflection of the “pressure exerted on it…” (5) Again, The struggle against apartheid was also despite this, workers demanded a hallmark of successful international substantially more than they were being solidarity, one that War Resisters offered, citing that the amount offered was International was proud to have a played “inadequate, arbitrary and irrational”(6). In a role in. From organizational alliances the following weeks, workers developed built in the early 1950s, to promotion of strong networks and, at a meeting of the boycott and divestment campaigns, to RDOs in August, sans the NUM, it was Memorial service for Lonmin mine workers in Marikana, 23 Aug 2012. our coordination of support work for the decided that a more militant stance would End Conscription Campaign, WRI be taken and a march to senior Photo credit: Government ZA 4 The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 African antimilitarism and nonviolence another symbolic structure in African number of civil society movements who around issues of representation on these culture as a place where problems are have rallied together in an attempt to platforms. Civil society can be said to be solved), they were stopped by police who show solidarity with the affected families, accurate representations of people who demanded that they dispose of their as well as demand justice for the killed are deeply affected by societal ills, yet The Marikana Massacre: 'the sub­altern cannot weapons. Workers refused, saying that miners and an end to the oppressive they aren’t given space on platforms that they would only disarm themselves once conditions under which miners in South are in a position to affect substantial they have reported back to their leaders. Africa work. Citizens 4 Marikana is one change. Spivak wrote widely on the fact speak' A clash ensued, with police opening fire at such movement. This movement seeks to that in many cases, the sub­altern cannot Mining is one of the most important management was to take place on August attempted to retreat and regroup in a the crowd. During this clash, two act as a link between the public and those speak and representation is often economic activities in South Africa. With 9th 2012. nearby stadium, but were denied access policemen and two workers were killed. present at the Farlam Commission (the misconstrued to sway in favour of the the inequalities that Apartheid by security, who said their gathering was 'Police shot and killed 44 striking miners' commission set up to investigate the privilege. These cases are no exception. perpetuated, the distribution of mineral Chinguno articulated the proceedings of illegal. They retreated to an elevated events of that week) as well as mobilise wealth and the unrest within the labour the march: piece of state­owned land, adjacent to, The Massacre occurred on August 16th funds and support to those affected by the Pearl Pillay force have increased. The Mineral and but not in close proximity to the 2012. The day before, union leaders massacre, in particular, making Petroleum Resources Development Act of On 10 August, workers converged again community in which they lived. This was attempted to speak to workers, asking contributions towards legal Notes 2002(1) was an attempt to redress these at the same venue for their march to done for a number of reasons, as a them to retreat and go back to work. This representation. What is important to note 1. Twala.C., “The Marikana Massacre: A issues. Misinterpretation of this Act was management. The management offices worker explained: was done from behind the guard of a is that the commission was formed at the Historical Overview of the Labour Unrest one of the factors that led to the demand were cordoned off when they arrived. The security detail and police vehicles. instruction of the president of South in the Mining Sector in South Africa”, in from workers for a living wage of R12 workers demanded to be addressed by We did not want our community affected Workers demanded proof that it was their Africa, and was given a mandate by him Southern African Peace and Security 000.(2) To offer an explanation of what management and were initially promised by the strike. We did not want criminals to union leader representing them but were as a matter of public enquiry. This Studies, Vol1, No.2, p.61. happened in August 2012 (including the this by security personnel. However, take advantage of the strike and attack refused. “The refusal by the NUM commission is a public one, allowing for 2. Loc cit. Marikana Massacre), one must moments later a NUM representative shops. We did not want the children in the president to get out of the police vehicle public viewing of hearings in which 3. Ibid.p.62 acknowledge that the massacre occurred announced to the agitated crowd that informal settlement to be affected by the when addressing workers has the evidence is presented and accounts of 4. Chinguno.C., “Marikana and the Post­ not just because of a wage dispute but management would only address their police.(8) symbolic meaning of illustrating the the events of that week given. This Apartheid Workplace Order”, Society, because of many other factors demand through NUM as the recognised alienation of the NUM from its speaks, quite broadly to the issue of the Work and Development Institute Working underpinning the worker’s struggle in union. The workers left dejected and This was part of the lessons learnt from membership and its subsequent rejection inclusion of civil society movements in Paper, April 2013, p.23. South Africa. There has been a great resolved to reconvene the following the Impala strike in which violent looting by them.”(9) Avoiding emotive verbosity, commissions such as this one. The 5. Loc cit. increase in mining demands since the morning to map a way forward.(7) and attacks on shops occurred. The next different narratives of how the massacre commission does not include members of 6. Loc cit. Platinum boom in Rustenburg in 1994.(3) day, workers marched back to the NUM occurred are presented, but all have the civil society, nor does it allow for 7. Ibid.p.p.23­24. This has resulted in a further disparity Workers reconvened the following day offices, this time to demand answers into same result: police shot and killed 44 participation from them. All it does, 8. Ibid.p.24. between mining companies and workers. with a change in strategy: they were going why their own union attacked them only striking miners. instead, is allow civil society to peer into 9. Ibid,p.26. Whilst mining companies continue to to march to the NUM offices and make the this time, the workers were armed. This its dealings and report to its subsequent generate copious amounts of wealth, this intention clear that they were going to was done as a reaction to the events of Since the massacre, there have been a constituency. Discussions must be formed is at the expense of workers who, through engage directly with their employer, the previous day and to further protect systems of labour brokering, continue to outside of the formal system of collective themselves against violence that may be divided according to Apartheid­ bargaining. What is important to note is occur on that day too. Mine security generated categories of separation. that this march proceeded just like any blocked off access to the NUM offices. other march in South Africa, with workers When workers attempted to force their Build up carrying sticks and singing revolutionary way through, they were stopped with War Resisters' International joins the world in songs. The sticks and knobkerries that rubber bullets. Workers fought back and In June 2012, workers at Lonmin in were carried were symbolic, in the sense killed two security guards. This action Marikana began organising towards a that, in African culture, a protest is akin to continued the next day, August 13th 2012, mourning the passing of Nelson Mandela system of collective bargaining, a war and so people ought to arm when workers rallied to stop production by demanding a salary adjustment.(4) By this themselves. At this juncture of the march, subcontracted workers, having absorbed workers were ambushed by NUM officials members of the community and non­ War Resisters' International joins the understood that South Africa’s liberation time, however, Rock Drill Operators world in mourning the passing of Nelson was connected to our own. Next year in (RDOs) from the same mine had already who fired live ammunition at them, Lonmin workers as well. On their way reportedly killing two RDOs. Workers then back to their meeting place (the koppie, Mandela – a statesman and an activist, a July, in conjunction with Pan­African started mobilising towards action outside lawyer and a political prisoner, an nonviolent activists and peace­builders, of the collective bargaining system. These advocate of direct action and we will hold an international conference RDOs were not willing to enter into a reconciliation. Mandela’s life symbolizes, “Small Actions, Big Movements: the space for negotiation. Despite this, their as few others have ever done, the long Continuum of Nonviolence” in Cape employer had decided to begin road to freedom, peace, and justice Town. We will come to South Africa to engagement with these workers, even which can nevertheless be won (at least learn from the experience of those who though it was outside the formal in part) through determined commitment worked and walked with Mandela, and negotiation space. By July 2012, these and struggle. He lived his convictions, from those who today continue the engagements had begun. Unfortunately, spending 27 years behind bars without struggle for human rights, economic however, this did not solve anything as, at wavering from his core convictions, ready equality, and social justice the world over. the most crucial point, Lonmin rescinded still to play a crucial role upon release to their offer to negotiate outside the formal ensure a transition away from formal WRI's Executive Committee space and declared that it would only apartheid through compromise and negotiate with the National Union of negotiation. That the transition which Mineworkers. Then, as almost a pre­ ended white minority rule took place with emptive measure, Lonmin granted a shift a minimum of bloodshed is one of the allowance to RDOs. This was done great victories of modern times, a victory outside the collective bargaining system Mandela helped lead by example. and could be seen as a reflection of the “pressure exerted on it…” (5) Again, The struggle against apartheid was also despite this, workers demanded a hallmark of successful international substantially more than they were being Nelson Madela with WRI activist Bill solidarity, one that War Resisters Sutherland. Photo: Matt Meyer, 1992 offered, citing that the amount offered was International was proud to have a played “inadequate, arbitrary and irrational”(6). In a role in. From organizational alliances the following weeks, workers developed built in the early 1950s, to promotion of strong networks and, at a meeting of the boycott and divestment campaigns, to RDOs in August, sans the NUM, it was our coordination of support work for the decided that a more militant stance would End Conscription Campaign, WRI be taken and a march to senior The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 5 African antimilitarism and nonviolence Prostitution, Patriarchy and Power Nonviolence at work in South Sudan Embrace Dignity is a South African human In fact, the militarisation of societies and A Pastor reported (in a follow up meeting) rights organization advocating for legal war play an enormous role in fuelling “Since I attended the nonviolence and social reform. We campaign for prostitution. A breakdown of social workshop, I stopped hating Muslims. They reforms recognising prostitution as structures, economic crisis, and an influx burnt our Churches in Khartoum and violence and aim to reduce demand for of occupying soldiers (and even since that time, I lost respect to Muslims commercial sex. Recognising the harms peacekeeping forces) result in a drastic and hate them. Now we are in a new of prostitution, we offer support to women increase in demand for prostitution – a Country, I don’t want Muslims to suffer the seeking exit through a self­led system. We burden often carried by women from way Christians suffered under Islamic look forward to welcoming and poorer nations. Some argue that the act of regime in Sudan. Its painful to forgive but collaborating with international and local war creates individual feelings of my Bible tells me to forgive as God has nonviolent activists embodying the powerlessness, which must be regained forgiven us”. Since 2011 the pastor, a few conference’s theme: “small actions can through the domination of vulnerable other Christians and group of Muslims are contribute to building big movements for women. working together. They organize outreach change”. workshops to both Christians and Muslims This is not new information. During World in Juba. In our country, it is more likely that a girl War II the Japanese Empire forced will be raped than go to secondary school. thousands of “comfort women” from A civilian hands­over his gun after If girls do manage to attend school, it is Japanese­occupied territories into a attending nonviolence and trauma healing unlikely they will find a job. Violence prostitution corps to serve soldiers. The workshops “I killed people from the against women stops them getting an United States armed forces have a Reenacting a violent scene neighbouring tribe” confessed a education, limits economic activity, and particularly damning history of misuse of participant after attending nonviolence undermines their ability to choose the the women of occupied countries, as well While South Africa has a considerable and trauma healing workshop. “I am a timing and number of children they have. as the practise of “R & R” (rest and influx of international trafficking victims, youth leader and I led 2011 inter­ It is also damaging to their physical, recuperation). Prostitution sites around Embrace Dignity has also realised the communal violence that took place social, emotional and psychological military were encouraged by military significance of “domestic” trafficking. between Counties of Yirol West and wellbeing – for many, it is a direct cause of leadership, with condoms and security According to the Palermo Protocol to Mvolo. My own brother was killed in that death or disability. It also has huge escorts often being provided. Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking conflict. I was later arrested and put into economic costs, including costs to health in Persons, especially Women and jail. While in Prison, I suffered and policing. Every year, thousands of In the past, arguments have been made Children, an internationally ratified UN psychologically as I knew I will eventually rural South African women migrate to to explain the blind eyes and enabling declaration, trafficking is defined as “the be hanged by neck to death. Fortunately, I urban centres in the hope of economic hands of governments and military He asked: how do you face brutality and took me six years to forgive and get recruitment, transportation, transfer, was granted amnesty on the eve of opportunity, often joining the ranks of the leadership – rampant sexual activity gun points with flowers? reconciled with a person who killed my harbouring or receipt of persons, by independence in July 2011”. He added unemployed. Domestic and gender based would occur anyway so it might as well father. I was a victim and so I took the means of the threat or use of force or “Although I was discharged, I still did not violence worsen the situation, and under result in some financial “reward” for the Our participants often express the initiative myself. The nonviolence other forms of coercion, of abduction, of feel free as the memories of the past keep these conditions, prostitution flourishes. bought individual rather than manifesting difficulties involved in following principles workshop gave me the courage to face fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power coming in my mind. The trauma healing as rape. This creates a fallacious of nonviolence, because ­ it's true ­ what the enemy and let go the past pain. After I or of a position of vulnerability or of the workshop organized by ONAD was my Prostitution is a deeply rooted form of distinction between rape and prostitution, happens around us is mostly violent. But forgave him, I too felt relieved. giving or receiving of payments or space for healing. I stopped blaming sexual exploitation that feeds off poverty, when in fact the two are intimately linked there are also positive changes of attitude Forgiveness sets us free of hate! I too benefits to achieve the consent of a myself and decided to handover my gun inequality and entrenched social and complementary. Both acts conform to taking place in South Sudan ­ and that’s have suffered because of not forgiving!” person having control over another to the local authorities and joined peace constructs. The sex industry is the concept of a right to pleasure, the little we are building on. We refer to person, for the purpose of exploitation”. If teams. I want to live the rest of my life as unequivocally dangerous. Different encouraged by military leadership and practical experiences of nonviolence In summary, the follow up meetings are a rural woman travels to a big city with the a peace worker and I don’t need gun to degrees of abuse, coercion and violence hegemonic masculinity. Government­ locally and globally. We always say that always inspiring to us, and we hear our promise of work as a cleaner but arrives protect my cattle.” are experienced but all prostituted people sanctioned prostitution has also been nonviolence is like a seed that needs time participants share their stories. On 2nd to find that she is expected to earn money are physically and psychologically harmed rationalised as useful for creating a to germinate and grow to become a big October 2013, ONAD and its volunteers through prostitution (even if she is not People often view nonviolence with mixed in the process. Prostituted women’s level necessary sense of brotherhood and tree. It starts with me, not with others. celebrated the international day of physically forced to do so), she can be feelings! At first, normally on a few people of post­ traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) camaraderie between soldiers – what Personal transformation is key to nonviolence. It was the birthday of identified as a trafficking victim. She has appreciated it's importance. Others has been proven to be equivalent to that about the women’s rights to equality, nonviolence. During workshops, people Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the Indian been transferred by fraud or deception, question whether or not it will work in our of combat veterans. Once in the sex happiness, and human dignity? This is often express the idea that 'If I become independence movement who devoted most likely because of the abuse of her highly militarized and violent context. industry, women often resort to alcohol also an injustice to men, portrayed as nonviolent, others can learn from me'. his life to the cause of nonviolence. We position of vulnerability. Others feel it can work in a less violent honoured him and thousands of other and drug abuse to endure daily mental incapable of controlling their rampant society but not in South Sudan. One of distress, resulting in dissociation from sexual urges. When we meet with the same group after who worked in the same spirit. While we South Africa is not at war but one in three the participants in our recent workshop oneself and the rest of the world. a couple of months break for follow up, we strive in their way, we believe victory is men has raped a woman and violence is commented that we have been living in One of the results of organised military ask them how nonviolence has worked for certain no matter how long time it will considered one of four primary factors violence since the creation, and after all Prostitution also has negative impacts on prostitution for soldiers’ “rest and them. Many people give examples of take. Forward we move, back ward detracting from health. Enforcing the independence of South Sudan was a the rest of society. If some women can be recuperation” is the creation of a practical life experiences with NEVER. patriarchy, industries like mining, trucking result of two civil wars within the bought and sold it gives the message that “prostitution economy”. Even after the nonviolence. For example, Emmanuel and the military occupy a significant Khartoum regime (referring to the 1955­ Moses Monday all women are potentially for sale, a military moves away, sex trade Ladu was able to reconcile with the portion of the country’s male workforce. 1972 and 1983­2005 civil wars in Sudan). concept which permeates social entrepreneurs maintain the industry person who killed his father. He said “It Our historical and continued migrant sensibilities. South Africa is a deeply through sex tourism. This has an labour system leaves many women patriarchal society, in which masculinity economic and generational legacy in responsible for families while their that the supply of prostituted people only transformation of gender relations, so that often entails conquering or controlling which it becomes a dominant option for continued from page 7 partners are away. Family pressure, exists because there is a demand for men and women are truly equal and can women. The perception that masculinity employment for impoverished women. poverty, violence and a lack of other commercial sex. It also acknowledges the enter into mutually fulfilling relationships, and violence are intimately entwined is Children (destined to be fatherless) are order to allow access to vital services, options often result in vulnerability to inherent harms and gender inequalities in free of exploitation. This would enrich still dominant. Young boys fear that also born, bearing the stigma of decrease stigma, and increase the trafficking. prostitution and seeks to attribute peace­keeping efforts too, bringing demonstrating sensitivity or gentleness illegitimacy and often entering the trade chance of pursuing an alternate form of punishment appropriately onto the usually absent women's voices into the will emasculate them and make them later in life. The recurring occupation of income. This necessitates a social welfare Embrace Dignity advocates for a legal exploiter. discussion and contributing to a decrease appear weak. parts of South East Asia by United States dimension, with government support model known as partial decriminalisation. in sexual violence. forces is perhaps where this is most provided for exit. On the other hand, the This decriminalises the bought person in WRI can be a part of a nonviolent War feeds into the image of masculinity as evident. buyer, third party trader (pimps and campaign toward the dismantling of Zara Trafford unemotional, dominant and hyper­violent. traffickers) and the sex industry remain continued on page 7 criminalised. This approach recognises patriarchal relations and the 6 The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 African antimilitarism and nonviolence Prostitution, Patriarchy and Power Nonviolence at work in South Sudan Embrace Dignity is a South African human In fact, the militarisation of societies and A Pastor reported (in a follow up meeting) rights organization advocating for legal war play an enormous role in fuelling “Since I attended the nonviolence and social reform. We campaign for prostitution. A breakdown of social workshop, I stopped hating Muslims. They reforms recognising prostitution as structures, economic crisis, and an influx burnt our Churches in Khartoum and violence and aim to reduce demand for of occupying soldiers (and even since that time, I lost respect to Muslims commercial sex. Recognising the harms peacekeeping forces) result in a drastic and hate them. Now we are in a new of prostitution, we offer support to women increase in demand for prostitution – a Country, I don’t want Muslims to suffer the seeking exit through a self­led system. We burden often carried by women from way Christians suffered under Islamic look forward to welcoming and poorer nations. Some argue that the act of regime in Sudan. Its painful to forgive but collaborating with international and local war creates individual feelings of my Bible tells me to forgive as God has nonviolent activists embodying the powerlessness, which must be regained forgiven us”. Since 2011 the pastor, a few conference’s theme: “small actions can through the domination of vulnerable other Christians and group of Muslims are contribute to building big movements for women. working together. They organize outreach change”. workshops to both Christians and Muslims This is not new information. During World in Juba. In our country, it is more likely that a girl War II the Japanese Empire forced will be raped than go to secondary school. thousands of “comfort women” from A civilian hands­over his gun after If girls do manage to attend school, it is Japanese­occupied territories into a attending nonviolence and trauma healing unlikely they will find a job. Violence prostitution corps to serve soldiers. The workshops “I killed people from the against women stops them getting an United States armed forces have a Reenacting a violent scene neighbouring tribe” confessed a education, limits economic activity, and particularly damning history of misuse of participant after attending nonviolence undermines their ability to choose the the women of occupied countries, as well While South Africa has a considerable and trauma healing workshop. “I am a timing and number of children they have. as the practise of “R & R” (rest and influx of international trafficking victims, youth leader and I led 2011 inter­ It is also damaging to their physical, recuperation). Prostitution sites around Embrace Dignity has also realised the communal violence that took place social, emotional and psychological military were encouraged by military significance of “domestic” trafficking. between Counties of Yirol West and wellbeing – for many, it is a direct cause of leadership, with condoms and security According to the Palermo Protocol to Mvolo. My own brother was killed in that death or disability. It also has huge escorts often being provided. Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking conflict. I was later arrested and put into economic costs, including costs to health in Persons, especially Women and jail. While in Prison, I suffered ONAD Nonviolence Workshop and policing. Every year, thousands of In the past, arguments have been made Children, an internationally ratified UN psychologically as I knew I will eventually rural South African women migrate to to explain the blind eyes and enabling declaration, trafficking is defined as “the be hanged by neck to death. Fortunately, I urban centres in the hope of economic hands of governments and military He asked: how do you face brutality and took me six years to forgive and get recruitment, transportation, transfer, was granted amnesty on the eve of opportunity, often joining the ranks of the leadership – rampant sexual activity gun points with flowers? reconciled with a person who killed my harbouring or receipt of persons, by independence in July 2011”. He added unemployed. Domestic and gender based would occur anyway so it might as well father. I was a victim and so I took the means of the threat or use of force or “Although I was discharged, I still did not violence worsen the situation, and under result in some financial “reward” for the Our participants often express the initiative myself. The nonviolence other forms of coercion, of abduction, of feel free as the memories of the past keep these conditions, prostitution flourishes. bought individual rather than manifesting difficulties involved in following principles workshop gave me the courage to face fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power coming in my mind. The trauma healing as rape. This creates a fallacious of nonviolence, because ­ it's true ­ what the enemy and let go the past pain. After I or of a position of vulnerability or of the workshop organized by ONAD was my Prostitution is a deeply rooted form of distinction between rape and prostitution, happens around us is mostly violent. But forgave him, I too felt relieved. giving or receiving of payments or space for healing. I stopped blaming sexual exploitation that feeds off poverty, when in fact the two are intimately linked there are also positive changes of attitude Forgiveness sets us free of hate! I too benefits to achieve the consent of a myself and decided to handover my gun inequality and entrenched social and complementary. Both acts conform to taking place in South Sudan ­ and that’s have suffered because of not forgiving!” person having control over another to the local authorities and joined peace constructs. The sex industry is the concept of a right to pleasure, the little we are building on. We refer to person, for the purpose of exploitation”. If teams. I want to live the rest of my life as unequivocally dangerous. Different encouraged by military leadership and practical experiences of nonviolence In summary, the follow up meetings are a rural woman travels to a big city with the a peace worker and I don’t need gun to degrees of abuse, coercion and violence hegemonic masculinity. Government­ locally and globally. We always say that always inspiring to us, and we hear our promise of work as a cleaner but arrives protect my cattle.” are experienced but all prostituted people sanctioned prostitution has also been nonviolence is like a seed that needs time participants share their stories. On 2nd to find that she is expected to earn money are physically and psychologically harmed rationalised as useful for creating a to germinate and grow to become a big October 2013, ONAD and its volunteers through prostitution (even if she is not People often view nonviolence with mixed in the process. Prostituted women’s level necessary sense of brotherhood and tree. It starts with me, not with others. celebrated the international day of physically forced to do so), she can be feelings! At first, normally on a few people of post­ traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) camaraderie between soldiers – what Personal transformation is key to nonviolence. It was the birthday of identified as a trafficking victim. She has appreciated it's importance. Others has been proven to be equivalent to that about the women’s rights to equality, nonviolence. During workshops, people Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the Indian been transferred by fraud or deception, question whether or not it will work in our of combat veterans. Once in the sex happiness, and human dignity? This is often express the idea that 'If I become independence movement who devoted most likely because of the abuse of her highly militarized and violent context. industry, women often resort to alcohol also an injustice to men, portrayed as nonviolent, others can learn from me'. his life to the cause of nonviolence. We position of vulnerability. Others feel it can work in a less violent honoured him and thousands of other and drug abuse to endure daily mental incapable of controlling their rampant society but not in South Sudan. One of distress, resulting in dissociation from sexual urges. When we meet with the same group after who worked in the same spirit. While we South Africa is not at war but one in three the participants in our recent workshop oneself and the rest of the world. a couple of months break for follow up, we strive in their way, we believe victory is men has raped a woman and violence is commented that we have been living in One of the results of organised military ask them how nonviolence has worked for certain no matter how long time it will considered one of four primary factors violence since the creation, and after all Prostitution also has negative impacts on prostitution for soldiers’ “rest and them. Many people give examples of take. Forward we move, back ward detracting from health. Enforcing the independence of South Sudan was a the rest of society. If some women can be recuperation” is the creation of a practical life experiences with NEVER. patriarchy, industries like mining, trucking result of two civil wars within the bought and sold it gives the message that “prostitution economy”. Even after the nonviolence. For example, Emmanuel and the military occupy a significant Khartoum regime (referring to the 1955­ Moses Monday all women are potentially for sale, a military moves away, sex trade Ladu was able to reconcile with the portion of the country’s male workforce. 1972 and 1983­2005 civil wars in Sudan). concept which permeates social entrepreneurs maintain the industry person who killed his father. He said “It Our historical and continued migrant sensibilities. South Africa is a deeply through sex tourism. This has an labour system leaves many women patriarchal society, in which masculinity economic and generational legacy in responsible for families while their that the supply of prostituted people only transformation of gender relations, so that often entails conquering or controlling which it becomes a dominant option for continued from page 7 partners are away. Family pressure, exists because there is a demand for men and women are truly equal and can women. The perception that masculinity employment for impoverished women. poverty, violence and a lack of other commercial sex. It also acknowledges the enter into mutually fulfilling relationships, and violence are intimately entwined is Children (destined to be fatherless) are order to allow access to vital services, options often result in vulnerability to inherent harms and gender inequalities in free of exploitation. This would enrich still dominant. Young boys fear that also born, bearing the stigma of decrease stigma, and increase the trafficking. prostitution and seeks to attribute peace­keeping efforts too, bringing demonstrating sensitivity or gentleness illegitimacy and often entering the trade chance of pursuing an alternate form of punishment appropriately onto the usually absent women's voices into the will emasculate them and make them later in life. The recurring occupation of income. This necessitates a social welfare Embrace Dignity advocates for a legal exploiter. discussion and contributing to a decrease appear weak. parts of South East Asia by United States dimension, with government support model known as partial decriminalisation. in sexual violence. forces is perhaps where this is most provided for exit. On the other hand, the This decriminalises the bought person in WRI can be a part of a nonviolent War feeds into the image of masculinity as evident. buyer, third party trader (pimps and campaign toward the dismantling of Zara Trafford unemotional, dominant and hyper­violent. traffickers) and the sex industry remain criminalised. This approach recognises patriarchal relations and the The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 7 African antimilitarism and nonviolence Dealing with Trauma in Post­ Conflict Burundi and the African Great Lakes Region The Free Online Dictionary defines trauma ones, to begin the overdue healing process heal. This wisdom suggests trauma must as “an event or situation that causes great denied them at the time of the atrocities be part of the public discourse in Burundi distress and disruption”. In Burundi, and following years. Unfortunately, these and the African Great Lakes region for post Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic ceremonies remain incomplete as the still conflict healing efforts to be effective. How Congo (DRC), the violent inter­group grieving families have no memorial can this be done in reserved cultures? One conflicts and civil wars that have ravaged place—a painful reminder that their loved way would be to engage villagers in age these countries of the African Great Lakes ones were massacred and thrown into and gender appropriate group sustained region for the past 50 years constitute unmarked mass graves. dialogue. These groups would be traumatic events. The International organized with high sensitivity to dividing Community cites the number of casualties Poverty as Trauma issues such as ethnicity, where intra­group to highlight the impact of such conflicts and Inter­group conflicts in Burundi, Rwanda, dialogue would precede inter­group wars on the countries and the people. and DRC, more than human lives, have dialogue sessions to maximize feelings of These events have been traumatic; the destroyed homes and the natural safety and trust. In such groups, parents casualties from Burundi, Rwanda, and DRC environment, leaving survivors, especially would be coached on how to hold similar are estimated at about 7 million. the women, left to pick up the pieces. There dialogues within their families. is no greater trauma than being incapable The purpose of this article is twofold. I of providing for one’s children. Yet, scores Dealing with trauma issues requires discuss the complexity of trauma in post of women in Burundi and the African Great addressing poverty. There is rampant conflict Burundi and the African Great Lakes region, often widowed, live with poverty caused by years of destructive Lakes region, and propose culturally hopelessness and debilitating poverty, conflicts and wars, and poverty caused by relevant ways to address trauma­related unable to care for and educate their the countries’ emerging political leaders issues in the region. I conclude with orphaned children. concerned of their own material gains general reflections about fostering trauma rather than by the welfare of their people. healing to chart the course for futures of Displacement as Trauma In Burundi, such leaders are amassing peace and nonviolence. The cyclical inter­group violence of Burundi wealth and property—often from desperate and the African Great Lakes region have villagers—while their people are become Understanding the Complexity of pushed millions of people to seek refuge in more destitute. The divide between the Trauma other countries. Some of these refugees haves and the have­nots is growing ever Addressing issues of trauma in post­conflict have thrived, by international standards, more deeply, and exacerbating post­conflict Burundi and the African Great Lakes region often achieving educational and economic trauma. Therefore, the post­conflict era is a calls for a broader understanding of the integration in their host countries. moment of truth for the new political complexity of trauma in the region. The Integration usually means having to raise leaders of Burundi, Rwanda, and DRC. survivors of violent conflicts and wars have children who are disconnected from Assuming and hoping that they are been and are still distressed by the loss of extended families, with the psychological committed to their people’ and nations’ their loved ones. But, this is not all. They identity issues that such situations entail. trauma healing, they should reflect and act are distressed by their experiences, Trauma issues should, therefore, include upon this important question: Are we using memories, poverty, displacement, and fear. displacement. our newly acquired political powers to I shall explain briefly how overlooked further the common good or our own elements constitute trauma. Fear as Trauma economic gains? Fostering culturally There is a saying in Kirundi stating that relevant trauma healing means Experiences as Trauma “Ingoma Yagukanze Irahuma Ugahunga”, acknowledging that the past is not really The people of Burundi and the African which translates as “The Sound of the past, and that silence­­ especially forced Great Lakes Region have witnessed and Drum that Traumatized You Causes You to silence—does not heal trauma. Burundi, experienced indelible suffering in the past Flee”. The years of conflicts and violence Rwanda, and DRC must acknowledge and 50 years. The world should wonder if they eroded inter­group and inter­personal trust own their respective histories of inter­group can be referred to as “survivors” at all. in Burundi and the African Great Lakes conflicts, from traditional pre­colonial Many have not truly survived the carnage region. The phenomena of neighbours practices, to the colonial divide­to­conquer only dying more slowly than those killed killing neighbours, wives betraying their policies, to their post­independence failures with machetes, guns, and other weapons. husbands and selling them out to the to unite and empower their people. The When people talk about what they killers, and many other instances of inter­ past contains truths that must be told witnessed and heard, and recount the personal betrayals have caused the before futures of peace and nonviolence emotional toll of their “survival”, it is evident survivors to live walking on egg shells. can be negotiated and envisioned. that they have not survived, as their trauma Although people are eager to share their Conclusion is palpable. stories of suffering and trauma in Burundi, Inter­group violent conflicts and wars have they find it difficult to trust one another. The caused incalculable distress and disruption Memories as Trauma situation is worse in Rwanda where people among all the people of Burundi, Rwanda, A very significant wave of mourning has are forbidden to acknowledge their ethnic and DRC across ethnic groups and societal emerged in recent years with widows and membership, forced to adopt the current strata. Trauma healing must begin with the children of the victims of the 1972 genocide government­imposed discourse of “we are acknowledgement of our shared losses, of the Hutu by the predominantly Tutsi all Rwandans”. Dealing with post­conflict shared painful memories, and shared government and military in Burundi. When trauma must address the legacy of fear and uncertainties about the future. Such these survivors recount the events fear­mongering in Burundi and the recognition will ultimately lead to our surrounding the loss of their husbands and region. Culturally Relevant Trauma validation of our shared humanity. Never fathers, it feels like 1972 was just Healing have our shared Ubuntu values been more yesterday. Their pain, tears, and anger relevant. To heal from conflict and war indicate vivid trauma. Some of the 1972 Burundian wisdom teaches that “Uwushaka trauma we must heal together families have organized traditional cultural Gukira Ingwara Arayirata”, meaning that mourning ceremonies to honor their loved any illness must be exposed in order to Elavie Ndura

8 The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 African antimilitarism and nonviolence Youth development and security inAfrica Over 65 percent of Africa’s population is leadership skills and nurturing nonviolent where young people can express their below the age of 35. This makes Africa a approaches to solving problems are key voices on peace and reconciliation in youthful continent with huge potential: for aspects of youth development. AFSC society. Young people have fostered The Free Online Dictionary defines trauma ones, to begin the overdue healing process heal. This wisdom suggests trauma must an active labor force, immense human programs involve youth in the alternative dialogue and built relationships between as “an event or situation that causes great denied them at the time of the atrocities be part of the public discourse in Burundi energies and reservoirs of creativity for to violence program, and youth have communities. distress and disruption”. In Burundi, and following years. Unfortunately, these and the African Great Lakes region for post economic, social and political participated in rehabilitation work and in Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic ceremonies remain incomplete as the still conflict healing efforts to be effective. How transformation. The potential for young Congo (DRC), the violent inter­group grieving families have no memorial can this be done in reserved cultures? One people to transform their communities conflicts and civil wars that have ravaged place—a painful reminder that their loved way would be to engage villagers in age and their nations could be enormous. these countries of the African Great Lakes ones were massacred and thrown into and gender appropriate group sustained region for the past 50 years constitute unmarked mass graves. dialogue. These groups would be Young people can become forces for traumatic events. The International organized with high sensitivity to dividing positive change if young men and women Community cites the number of casualties Poverty as Trauma issues such as ethnicity, where intra­group play constructive and important roles in to highlight the impact of such conflicts and Inter­group conflicts in Burundi, Rwanda, dialogue would precede inter­group building peaceful and thriving wars on the countries and the people. and DRC, more than human lives, have dialogue sessions to maximize feelings of communities. This will be possible when These events have been traumatic; the destroyed homes and the natural safety and trust. In such groups, parents youth groups take responsibilities as casualties from Burundi, Rwanda, and DRC environment, leaving survivors, especially would be coached on how to hold similar citizens and agents for social change, are estimated at about 7 million. the women, left to pick up the pieces. There dialogues within their families. take an active part in non­violent actions is no greater trauma than being incapable and innovatively invest in community­ The purpose of this article is twofold. I of providing for one’s children. Yet, scores Dealing with trauma issues requires based initiatives. discuss the complexity of trauma in post of women in Burundi and the African Great addressing poverty. There is rampant conflict Burundi and the African Great Lakes region, often widowed, live with poverty caused by years of destructive However, unemployment and lack of Lakes region, and propose culturally hopelessness and debilitating poverty, conflicts and wars, and poverty caused by educational opportunities mean that relevant ways to address trauma­related unable to care for and educate their the countries’ emerging political leaders many are living in poverty, are involved in issues in the region. I conclude with orphaned children. concerned of their own material gains armed conflict, and subject to exclusion. general reflections about fostering trauma rather than by the welfare of their people. According to Africa Union statistics, over healing to chart the course for futures of Displacement as Trauma In Burundi, such leaders are amassing 10 million young Africans enter the labor peace and nonviolence. The cyclical inter­group violence of Burundi wealth and property—often from desperate market each year. So, young people can and the African Great Lakes region have villagers—while their people are become be instruments and drivers of conflict. Understanding the Complexity of pushed millions of people to seek refuge in more destitute. The divide between the Social exclusion and deprivation has Trauma other countries. Some of these refugees haves and the have­nots is growing ever often been used as an explanation for the Addressing issues of trauma in post­conflict have thrived, by international standards, more deeply, and exacerbating post­conflict involvement of young people in violent Burundi and the African Great Lakes region often achieving educational and economic trauma. Therefore, the post­conflict era is a conflict. calls for a broader understanding of the integration in their host countries. moment of truth for the new political complexity of trauma in the region. The Integration usually means having to raise leaders of Burundi, Rwanda, and DRC. Major structural factors that underline An AFSC workshop survivors of violent conflicts and wars have children who are disconnected from Assuming and hoping that they are youth exclusion and lack of opportunity been and are still distressed by the loss of extended families, with the psychological committed to their people’ and nations’ include: unemployment and lack of their loved ones. But, this is not all. They identity issues that such situations entail. trauma healing, they should reflect and act livelihood opportunities; insufficient, peace events and work. Importantly, The role of youth is often depicted in a are distressed by their experiences, Trauma issues should, therefore, include upon this important question: Are we using unequal and inappropriate education and working with youth as peace builders has negative light ­ either they are helpless memories, poverty, displacement, and fear. displacement. our newly acquired political powers to skills; weak political participation; and unique advantages, as young people are victims affected by violent conflict, or they I shall explain briefly how overlooked further the common good or our own structural gender inequalities and more open to change, are future­oriented, are as criminal gangs or child­soldiers. elements constitute trauma. Fear as Trauma economic gains? Fostering culturally socialization practices. Legacies of past innovative, courageous and These portrayals would see young people There is a saying in Kirundi stating that relevant trauma healing means violence i.e. protracted armed conflict, knowledgeable about their peers' either as inherently violent, as Experiences as Trauma “Ingoma Yagukanze Irahuma Ugahunga”, acknowledging that the past is not really can lead to vicious cycles in which realities. perpetrators of violence, or vulnerable. The people of Burundi and the African which translates as “The Sound of the past, and that silence­­ especially forced violence becomes the norm rather than These challenges are embedded in local Great Lakes Region have witnessed and Drum that Traumatized You Causes You to silence—does not heal trauma. Burundi, the exception. AFSC programs enable young people to realities of community and nation, but are experienced indelible suffering in the past Flee”. The years of conflicts and violence Rwanda, and DRC must acknowledge and go through the ‘Public Achievement cycle’ made manifest through the lives of young 50 years. The world should wonder if they eroded inter­group and inter­personal trust own their respective histories of inter­group Experience shows that when a large so they may take up leadership roles in people. It is imperative to look at the root can be referred to as “survivors” at all. in Burundi and the African Great Lakes conflicts, from traditional pre­colonial number of young people are jobless and their communities, by undertaking causes of threats to security and Many have not truly survived the carnage region. The phenomena of neighbours practices, to the colonial divide­to­conquer have few opportunities for positive practical work e.g. garbage collections, structural issues, rather than depicting only dying more slowly than those killed killing neighbours, wives betraying their policies, to their post­independence failures engagement, they represent a ready pool sports and repairing roads. They also young people as source of insecurity that with machetes, guns, and other weapons. husbands and selling them out to the to unite and empower their people. The of recruits for ethnic, religious, and learn how to work together in participatory needs to be mitigated. When people talk about what they killers, and many other instances of inter­ past contains truths that must be told political extremists seeking to mobilize for groups, and learn the culture of tolerance witnessed and heard, and recount the personal betrayals have caused the before futures of peace and nonviolence violence. In this case, young people to different viewpoints. AFSC also runs So, it will be vital to look at the positive emotional toll of their “survival”, it is evident survivors to live walking on egg shells. can be negotiated and envisioned. become sources of insecurity and projects to support the creation of side of young peoples' experience, that they have not survived, as their trauma Although people are eager to share their Conclusion instability. Conversely, if youth acquire employment opportunities and generation especially their power and potential as is palpable. stories of suffering and trauma in Burundi, Inter­group violent conflicts and wars have life­skills combined with leadership know­ of regular income. This is through training agents of change. It is only when this is they find it difficult to trust one another. The caused incalculable distress and disruption how, they can direct their efforts to on various vocational skills and business recognized that we all are able to Memories as Trauma situation is worse in Rwanda where people among all the people of Burundi, Rwanda, transforming the ugly conditions of management. The trainings also cultivate and invest in those potentials. A very significant wave of mourning has are forbidden to acknowledge their ethnic and DRC across ethnic groups and societal violence, inequality, and poverty into incorporate counseling and mentoring. More focus on youth development is the emerged in recent years with widows and membership, forced to adopt the current strata. Trauma healing must begin with the peace and inclusive prosperity. They can Some of the trained youth have already way forward in Africa, by cultivating children of the victims of the 1972 genocide government­imposed discourse of “we are acknowledgement of our shared losses, contribute toward to the security and well opened businesses and are earning a capacity for innovation, creativity, of the Hutu by the predominantly Tutsi all Rwandans”. Dealing with post­conflict shared painful memories, and shared being of their communities. living out of the skills acquired from the leadership, and economic well being. government and military in Burundi. When trauma must address the legacy of fear and uncertainties about the future. Such project. Young people will then become engines these survivors recount the events fear­mongering in Burundi and the recognition will ultimately lead to our An AFSC workshop American Friends of Africa’s security, peace and surrounding the loss of their husbands and region. Culturally Relevant Trauma validation of our shared humanity. Never Service Committee (AFSC) is a Quaker Youth voices are vital. When they development. fathers, it feels like 1972 was just Healing have our shared Ubuntu values been more organization committed to peace and participate, they can influence policy and yesterday. Their pain, tears, and anger relevant. To heal from conflict and war social justice. It is focusing to promoting decisions that affect their life and educate Dereje Wordofa indicate vivid trauma. Some of the 1972 Burundian wisdom teaches that “Uwushaka trauma we must heal together alternatives for youth affected by the public through paintings, poetry, families have organized traditional cultural Gukira Ingwara Arayirata”, meaning that structural violence, inequality, and music, dance, drama and sports. AFSC mourning ceremonies to honor their loved any illness must be exposed in order to Elavie Ndura injustice. Building youth entrepreneurship, supports the creation of youth platforms

The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 9 African antimilitarism and nonviolence Lessons from theArab Spring The popular unarmed uprisings in the article briefly elaborates on the points also been promoted widely by some Arab World early in 2011 took the world made above, and then raises some individuals and activist groups. Some by surprise, both because most observers questions about the future. activists in Egypt, for example, learned did not expect demands for human rights from the tent city resisting the rigged and democratic choice to become central Why the Arab Awakening Was elections in the Ukraine in December in Arab states, and because they did not Likely to Happen 2004, and had read Gene Sharp's expect mass protest to be predominantly Internal factors were important in sparking writings. Arab activists may also have unarmed. However, in retrospect there are the uprisings, for example the growing been attuned to the significant (if partial) many reasons why initially the 'Arab number of well­educated young people role of unarmed resistance in the Spring' took the forms it did in Tunisia, combined with restrictive economic Palestinian struggle, and to the Green Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Libya and other conditions, and growing anger at regime Movement in Iran 2009­10. The role of the states. Moreover, as scholars of corruption and repression. But global internet in spreading news, and enabling nonviolent civil resistance pointed out, in factors are especially relevant both to rapid organisation of protests, has clearly the first months the most significant demands for greater democracy and the been significant, and well documented, movements displayed some of the classic initial choice of primarily nonviolent especially in the case of Egypt. characteristics of such resistance. In the methods. Since the 1980s there has been longer term, however, many of the a dramatic rise in the number of states How Far Did the Initial Uprisings movements have failed to fulfill their initial around the world adopting forms of Conform with Nonviolent Strategy? promise, overtaken by armed civil war (as electoral democracy, often in response to The Arab uprisings, which began in happened quickly in Libya and more people power uprisings, combined with Tunisia and then Egypt, were never gradually in Syria), or failing to achieve various international pressures. Even strictly nonviolent, but the methods used their initial democratic promise ­ most authoritarian regimes increasingly derive of strikes, civil disobedience and in notably in Egypt. The impressive protests legitimacy from supposedly free elections, particular occupation of key symbolic at the 'Pearl Roundabout' in Bahrain were and many examples of people power spaces and mass demonstrations were quite quickly crushed, and preemptive since 2000 (for example in Sub­Saharan typical of nonviolent resistance, and many offers by rulers of Morocco and Jordan to Africa and the former Soviet states) have of the demonstrations did reflect an ethos make reforms to meet public demands challenged rigged elections. The idea and of self­discipline, mutual friendliness and have so far only diluted royal power. This strategy of nonviolent resistance have cooperation between many different

Libyan protesters stage a demonstration in the capital, Tripoli, in May. Credit: Mahmud Turkia 10 The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 African antimilitarism and nonviolence

sectors of urban society. Women were commitment to maintain underlying government, quickly crushed the uprising, quite prominent, students and military control of the regime through protests there continue, including intellectuals mixed with workers and tactical adjustments. celebrations of the anniversary of the The popular unarmed uprisings in the article briefly elaborates on the points also been promoted widely by some artisans, and in Tahrir Square in February uprising in both 2012 and 2013, and there Arab World early in 2011 took the world made above, and then raises some individuals and activist groups. Some 2011 Coptic Christians were welcome Defections by sections of the armed have been some signs of possible regime by surprise, both because most observers questions about the future. activists in Egypt, for example, learned alongside Muslims. Even in Syria, where forces before the uprising had developed concessions. Not only regional but did not expect demands for human rights from the tent city resisting the rigged the regime rested on support from sufficient societal unity and leverage for international power relations have been and democratic choice to become central Why the Arab Awakening Was elections in the Ukraine in December religious minorities ­ notably the Alawites, nonviolent change led to civil war in Libya unhelpful to the Bahrainis, as the USA in Arab states, and because they did not Likely to Happen 2004, and had read Gene Sharp's but also the Druze and the Christians ­ and western military intervention. In Syria has a large naval base there and gives expect mass protest to be predominantly Internal factors were important in sparking writings. Arab activists may also have the nonviolent protesters tried in their soldiers did begin to flee Syria, and to more weight to its strategic interests than unarmed. However, in retrospect there are the uprisings, for example the growing been attuned to the significant (if partial) slogans and symbolism to create links cross over to the rebels ­ at risk of to its professed ideal of democracy in this many reasons why initially the 'Arab number of well­educated young people role of unarmed resistance in the across religious divides (Bartkowski and execution, but Nepstad, writing in 2011, context. Nevertheless, the factors that Spring' took the forms it did in Tunisia, combined with restrictive economic Palestinian struggle, and to the Green Kahf, September 2013). The unfolding of argued that because only a very small encouraged the 2011 uprisings still create Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Libya and other conditions, and growing anger at regime Movement in Iran 2009­10. The role of the the uprisings also initially achieved a key proportion of the military had defected, a context for further popular pressure, not states. Moreover, as scholars of corruption and repression. But global internet in spreading news, and enabling goal of nonviolent resistance strategy: Assad was able to block the uprising. only in Bahrain but in Jordan and nonviolent civil resistance pointed out, in factors are especially relevant both to rapid organisation of protests, has clearly refusal by the security services to Some officers and soldiers who changed Morocco, where protests on both political the first months the most significant demands for greater democracy and the been significant, and well documented, implement a crackdown (Tunisia and sides formed the Free Syrian Army, which and socio­economic issues continue. movements displayed some of the classic initial choice of primarily nonviolent especially in the case of Egypt. Egypt) and defections by members of the over time has turned the conflict into an characteristics of such resistance. In the methods. Since the 1980s there has been armed forces (Nepstad, 2011). armed struggle, and given the Unfortunately, however, the fallout from longer term, however, many of the a dramatic rise in the number of states How Far Did the Initial Uprisings intransigence of the Assad regime and Libya ­ which remains politically very movements have failed to fulfill their initial around the world adopting forms of Conform with Nonviolent Strategy? But it soon became clear that religious their recruitment of Hizbollah fighters from unstable and is now exporting Islamic promise, overtaken by armed civil war (as electoral democracy, often in response to The Arab uprisings, which began in and political divides would undermine Lebanon, created conditions for external extremism to Tunisia ­ and the even more happened quickly in Libya and more people power uprisings, combined with Tunisia and then Egypt, were never prospects for a smooth transition to more forces to turn the conflict into a worrying prospects of Syrian gradually in Syria), or failing to achieve various international pressures. Even strictly nonviolent, but the methods used democratic regime. Even in Tunisia, the destructive war between ruthless disintegration, do not bode well for their initial democratic promise ­ most authoritarian regimes increasingly derive of strikes, civil disobedience and in first and most successful movement for extremists. By now most observers have prospects of peaceful democracies in the notably in Egypt. The impressive protests legitimacy from supposedly free elections, particular occupation of key symbolic regime change, tensions between the forgotten the months of brave unarmed region. When 2011 started, the mass at the 'Pearl Roundabout' in Bahrain were and many examples of people power spaces and mass demonstrations were more secular liberal groups and Islamists. protest in 2011 and are unaware of unarmed displays of people power and quite quickly crushed, and preemptive since 2000 (for example in Sub­Saharan typical of nonviolent resistance, and many seeking a more Islamic state, have continuing protests by the nonviolent calls for greater political freedom, offers by rulers of Morocco and Jordan to Africa and the former Soviet states) have of the demonstrations did reflect an ethos created problems for the new resisters, and the fate of Syria seems to democratic choice and governmental make reforms to meet public demands challenged rigged elections. The idea and of self­discipline, mutual friendliness and 'democracy'. In Egypt the lack of depend on external powers (Iran and accountability took the initiative away from have so far only diluted royal power. This strategy of nonviolent resistance have cooperation between many different agreement among the secular opposition Russia backing Assad, and the West violent jihadists committed to an groups and their deep division with the supporting the moderate opposition.) authoritarian Islamic future. The fighting in Muslim Brotherhood (together with the Syria has brought Al Qaeda and similar unconstitutional actions by the elected Future Prospects groups back into the political frame. As a President Morsi) have proved disastrous, Ironically, those movements that suffered result the need for creative nonviolent opening the way in 2013 to a reassertion initial defeat or failed to gain momentum solutions, most notably in Egypt, has of de facto military rule. The refusal of the may now have better prospects than become more acute. Egyptian military to crush the 2011 some that overthrew their dictators. uprising and save Mubarak, ambiguous at Although the Bahrain government, April Carter the time, now suggests a long­term backed by the reactionary Saudi Arabian

December 1st: Prisoners for Peace Day 1st December is Prisoners for Peace Day. For over 60 years, War Resisters' International have, on this day, made known the names and stories of those imprisoned for actions for peace. Many are conscientious objectors, in gaol for refusing to join the military. Others have taken nonviolent actions to disrupt preparation for war.

This day is a chance for you to demonstrate your support for those individuals and their movements, by writing to those whose freedom has been taken away from them because of their work for peace.

While WRI has a permanent Prisoners for Peace list, which we make a special effort to update for Prisoners for Peace Day on December 1st.

We invite you to:

­ Put aside some time on December 1st, or a day close to it, to send cards that express your solidarity. You can find the names and address here: http://www.wri­irg.org/inprison, or you can download the list as a pdf file below ­ Get your friends, peace group, class, faith or community group together and organise a card­writing session; ­ Set up a stall in your town centre, perform a bit of street theatre, or do whatever else it takes to attract attention and interest.

More information, visit: http://wri­irg.org/campaigns/prisoners_for_peace

The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013 11 African antimilitarism and nonviolence

New in the WRI webshop War Resisters' International offers a range of merchandise via its webshop. These and many other books can be ordered online — and some are even available for reading online or downloading as PDF. Through articles, COs are generally Social change doesn't images, survey data seen as male — as just happen. It's the and interviews, Sowing are soldiers. This result of the work of Seeds: The book breaks with committed people Militarisation of Youth this assumption. striving for a world of and How to Counter It Women justice and peace. This documents the seeds of conscientiously work gestates in groups war that are planted in object to military or cells of activists, in the minds of young service and discussions, in training people in many different militarism. Not only sessions, in reflecting countries. However, it in countries which on previous experiences, in planning, in also explores the seeds of resistance to conscript women — such as Eritrea and experimenting and in learning from this militarisation that are being sown Israel — but also in countries without others. Preparing ourselves for our work resiliently and creatively by numerous conscription of women. In doing so, they for social justice is key to its success. people. We hope the book will help to redefine antimilitarism from a feminist There is no definitive recipe for disseminate these latter seeds. It is not perspective, opposing not only successful nonviolent actions and just a book for peace and antimilitarist militarism, but also a form of campaigns. This handbook, however, is a activists: it is a book for parents and antimilitarism that creates the male series of resources that can inspire and grandparents, teachers, youth workers, conscientious objector as the ‘hero’ of support your own work, especially if you and young people themselves. antimilitarist struggle. adapt the resources to your own needs This anthology includes contributions by and context. Author(s)/editor(s): women conscientious objectors and Owen Everett activists from Britain, Colombia, Eritrea, Publisher: Israel, Paraguay, South Korea, Turkey, Published by: War Resisters' War Resisters' International and the USA, plus documents and state­ International Year published: ments. ISBN: 978­0­903517­21­8 2013 Orders: £5.00 + postage ISBN: Edited by Ellen Elster and Majken Jul 978­0­903517­27­0 Sørensen, Preface by Cynthia Enloe ISBN 978­0­903517­22­5. 152 pages.

Check out the WRI webshop at http://wri­irg.org/webshop

The Broken Rifle War Resisters' International The Broken Rifle is the newsletter of WRI, and is supporting and connecting war resisters all over the published in English, world Spanish, and German. This Please send your donation today to support the work of WRI – Thank You! is issue 98, December 2013. I want to support WRI: My address: This issue of The Broken (Please tick at least one) Rifle was produced by Name: ...... Hannah Brock. Thanks to our □ I enclose a donation of £/€/US$ ...... contributors Matt Meyer, to WRI Address: ...... Pearl Pillay, Zara Trafford, □ Please send me a receipt Moses Monday, Elavie □ I have completed credit card details over­ ...... Ndura, Dereje Wordofa and leaf April Carter. If you would like □ I will set up a monthly/quarterly/yearly ...... extra copies, please contact (please delete) standing order to War Re­ the WRI office, or download sisters' International Country: it from our website. In Britain to Unity Trust Bank, ...... account no: 5072 7388, Sort Code: War Resisters' International, 08­60­01 for £ ...... Where to send your donation to: 5 Caledonian Road, Eurozone: IBAN IE91 BOFI 9000 London N1 9DX, Britain 9240 4135 47, Bank of Ireland, for USA only: tel +44­20­7278 4040 € ...... WRI Fund, c/o Tom Leonard, WRL, fax +44­20­7278 0444 □ Please send me a standing order form 339 Lafayette Street, New York, NY10012 info@wri­irg.org □ I enclose a CAF voucher for £ ...... http://wri­irg.org/pubs/br97­ □ I enclose a cheque to A.J. Muste Institute Britain and everywhere else: for US$ ...... WRI, 5 Caledonian Rd, London N1 9DX, en.htm Britain Please visit our webshop at http://wri­irg.org for War Resisters' International publications, WRI keeps supporters names and addresses on Broken Rifle badges, and other WRI mer­ computer, for our sole use. If you do not consent to chandise. Thank You! this, please let us know.

12 The Broken Rifle No 98, December 2013