Performance Analysis of Thermal Adsorption Refrigeration System Using R134a

Research and Applications of Thermal Engineering Volume 4 Issue 1

Velmurugan M.1,Vivekanandan M.2, Nawas Shareef H.3*, Sivabalamurugan V.4 1Assistant professor, 2,3,4UG scholars, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Krishnasamy College of Engineering and Technology, Cuddalore, Tamilnadu, India

*Corresponding Author E-Mail Id:- [email protected]

ABSTRACT Adsorption cooling system is an unconventional technique of refrigeration that uses heat to drive the system. This method is employed in remote areas wherever electricity is out of stock. The system refrigerant consists of 2 key elements refrigerant and sorbent material. During this work we tend to square measure mistreatment R134a and carbon simply accessible materials as refrigerant and adsorbent. R134a has low warming potential than alternative refrigerant. The cooling system conjointly consists of surface assimilation bed, condenser, and evaporator section. During this system we tend to square measure specializing in construction and performance analysis of thermal surface assimilation cooling system. In vapor compression cooling system refrigerants square measure compressed automatically instead of thermally. The system is in a position to bring down temperature of current water by quite 10oC that is encouraging compared to according literature.

Keywords:- Refrigeration, Refrigerant, Sorbent Material, The cooling system

INTRODUCTION refrigerators with ARs will scale back The increasing concern on surroundings electricity consumption. What is more, ARs issues has LED to the event of renewable square measure environmentally friendly energy sources. throughout the previous because of their use of inexperienced few decades AN increasing interest natural materials like carbon because the supported analysis and development has adsorbent. The key distinction between been focused on utilization of non- compression and surface assimilation conventional energy sources specifically system is that the operating fluid used. solar power, wind energy, periodic event largely chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) square waves, biogas, heat energy, hydropower, measure employed by compression system gas energy, etc. Among these supplies solar and that we recognize that halogens square power may be a extremely fashionable measure the explanation for depletion of source because of the subsequent facts: gas layers. The refrigerant used for the direct and simple usability, renewable and surface assimilation system R134a square continuity, maintaining constant quality, measure all-time low and simply being safe, being free, being surroundings accessible. friendly and not being beneath the monopoly of anyone. surface assimilation REFRIGERATION refrigerators (ARs) will be driven by low- Refrigeration could also be outlined quality heat sources like method waste heat because the method of achieving and and solar power. replacement the maintaining a temperature below that of the commercially dominant vapor compression environment, the aim being to chill some

product or area to the desired temperature.  Art of Ice creating by Nocturnal One amongst the foremost vital Cooling applications of refrigeration has been the  Evaporative Cooling preservation of destructible food  Cooling by Salt Solutions merchandise by storing them at low temperatures as shown in Figure 1. Artificial Refrigeration: Refrigeration systems are used extensively 1. Vapour Compression Refrigeration for providing thermal comfort to people at Systems large utilizing air condition. Air con refers 2. Vapour Absorption Refrigeration to the treatment of air therefore on at the Systems same time management its temperature, wet 3. Solar energy primarily based content, cleanliness, odor, and circulation, refrigeration systems PRN by occupants, a process, or 4. Gas Cycle Refrigeration merchandise within the area. Varieties of 5. Steam Jet cooling system cooling system: 6. Thermoelectric Refrigeration Systems Natural Cooling: 7. Vortex tube systems

Fig.1:-Refrigeration systems

Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle: (adsorbent bed), evaporator, throttle and Adsorption cooling system carries with it condenser. It uses heat rather than energy. elements same as vapour compression Therefore during this system mechanical cooling system like thermal compressor mechanical device is replaced by thermal

mechanical device. The refrigerant vapour The major components of the system are is adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent as under [Figure 2]: bed. Therefore the performance of the 1) Thermal compressor system depends on the 2) Condenser adsorption/desorption characteristics of the 3) Expansion Valve actual adsorbent/refrigerant combine. Evaporator

Fig.2:-Major components

The cycle consists of the following Fig.3:-Heating and Pressurization processes: process. 1. Isosteric Heating (Process 1-2) Process 2: Heating and desorption: 2. Isobaric Heating (Process 2-3) During this method the adsorber receives 3. Isosteric Cooling (Process 3-4) heat because of that natural process of 4. Isobaric Cooling (Process 4-1) molecules from the surface takes place and therefore there's the pressure rise as shown Process 1: Cooling and adsorption: in Figure 4. This can be like compression During this the depression vapour enters the method in vapour compression adsorber and it releases heat, therefore the refrigeration cycle. temperature of adsorbent decreases and it gets adsorbate on the adsorbent. This can be like compression method in vapour growth refrigeration cycle as shown in Figure 3.

Fig.4:-Heating and Desorption process

Process 3: Condensation: [Figure 5] During condensation the desorbed vapour is

liquefied within the condenser. This can be assimilation happens is termed as like condensation method in vapour ADSORBENT and also the substance that compression refrigeration cycle. adheres to adsorbent is sorbate as shown in Figure 7.

Fig.7:-Adsorption process

Fig.5:-Cooling and Depressurization Necessities of surface assimilation process. Refrigeration System

No power consumption Process 4: Evaporation: The surface assimilation system works on The liquefied refrigerant reaches star or the other waste heat. Therefore it evaporator wherever it takes heat and gets doesn’t need electricity. This is often a vaporize. This ends up in cooling result serious advantage, as significantly in kind of like evaporation as in vapour remote areas, it’s quite tough to urge compression refrigeration cycle as shown in electricity. additionally lesser the facility Figure 6. consumption ends up in higher potency and

reduced price.

Compression mechanism Compression method is needed to extend the pressure of the refrigerant within the system and therefore build it flow within the surface assimilation system, mechanical mechanical device is replaced by thermal mechanical device. Associate degree adsorber bed works as a thermal mechanical device. The compression of the refrigerant is finished by surface assimilation of the refrigerant by the Fig.6:-Cooling and Adsorption process. adsorbent.

WORKING PRINCIPLE Direct utilization of heat The process of adhesion of atoms, This system utilizes the warmth of star to molecules or ions from a fluid (liquid/gas) heat the adsorber bed. So direct utilization or dissolved solid to a surface is that the of the warmth will increase the potency surface assimilation method. It's a surface rather than initial changing it in electricity development and ends up in development as in PV cell. of film of adsorbate, on the surface of the Noiseless operation: adsorbent. The solid surface on that surface As there are not any moving elements

within the system, it ends up in noise less COP and SCP both refrigerants is operation of the system. compared. “COP and SCP values are higher just in case of R134a as compared to Low maintenance cost R410a..” In tape recorder system, mechanical device desires high attention relating to Ahmed N. Shmroukh [3]: Investigation Of maintenance. Additionally in AR system, Heat And Mass Transfer In Activated pump desires effort in maintenance with Carbon Granules/R-134a Adsorbent Pair relation to lubrication and alternative issues For Compact Adsorption Chiller. R134a whereas during this system, no such major for carrying out the experiment between the maintenance price is adscititious. Solely temperatures ranging from 20 C to 60 C. minor discharge ought to be thought of this “Result says that the best outcome was is often an excellent advantage. observed at 25 C that 1 kg of activated carbon could adsorb 0.8352 kg of R134a.” Running cost The conventional refrigeration systems Ahmed Hamza H. Ali [2]: Experimental need electricity, so running price is Study on Adsorption Capacity of Activated hyperbolic. In AR systems, waste heat or Carbon Pairs with Different Refrigerants. steam is used. so not that a lot of of The pairs are activated carbon powder/R- electricity consumed as in VCRs. however 134a,R-407a,R-507a. “The activated demand of pumping power adds running carbon powder/R-134a pair is highly price; whereas surface assimilation recommended to be used as adsorption refrigeration has the bottom running cost. refrigeration working pair because of its The Layout diagram is shown below in higher maximum adsorption capacity” than Figure 8. the other tested pairs, to produce a compact, efficient and reliable for long life Layout Diagram refrigeration system.

Ceyhan et al 2013: Development of Activated Carbon-Methanol Adsorption Pair Refrigerator. Activated carbon can be produced from a large variety of raw materials like wood, coal, coconut shell, char and other. Normal carbon can be activated by physical or chemical activation or combination of both. “The large internal surface area, pore volume, good chemical stability and wide availability makes it a good choice as an adsorbent.” Fig.8:-:Layout diagram A. Almers et al [1]: Solar-based LITERATURE REVIEW comparison of adsorption and absorption Pratik P. Kulkarni et al 2016: Design and refrigerating machines. In solar Comparative analysis of Adsorption application, the adsorption system is best Refrigeration System for Refrigerants R- than the absorption system for several 134a and R-410a. Adsorption performance reasons: “the adsorption system features a is compared between R 134a and R 410a simple design and operation and is cheaper with Activated carbon granules for in comparison with the absorption system.” temperatures at 30 , 35, 40 , 45 and 50 .

Himsar Ambarita et al 2016: Experimental 0.3×n = L study on solar-powered adsorption n = 13 turns refrigeration cycle with activated alumina and activated carbon as adsorbent. The EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES adsorption capacity of activated alumina is For all experiments, the subsequent above activated charcoal, except for procedure was followed: radiation as a heat source the pair of 1. All the twelve points thermocouples activated charcoal is best. (Type T) square measure connected by plugs and connectors to an equivalent kind Kush Ashokkumar Soni 2016: Design and leading wires to the temperature indicator. Experimental Investigation of Solar 2. the full system is exhausted (adsorbent Adsorption Refrigeration System Using tank and piping system) by a pump as Silica Gel –Water. Adsorption refrigeration exhausted standard cooling. systems are developed thanks to the 3. The target refrigerant for the experiment necessity of replacing the traditional is charged to the system by the charging systems which utilize environmentally valve at the evaporator, charging method is harmful refrigerants and consume high ceaselessly till charging one hundred g of grade electric power. Solar adsorption refrigerant. refrigeration devices are of significance to 4. The charging valve is then closed tightly satisfy the requirements for cooling to forestall refrigerant outflow. requirements. 5. The adsorbent tank pressure is measured the gage M. Kılıç et al 2016: Adsorption 6. The flow of water from storage tank to characteristics evaluation of R134A and the adsorbent tank is checked. R404A on different adsorbents. In addition, 7. The storage tank is crammed to a hard it is also observed that the magnitude of the and fast level then its valves square measure heat of adsorption is higher than that the closed and heating method turn up to the vaporization enthalpy of R134A and desired temperature. After that, the water R404A in the range of experimental studies valve to storage tank and exit valve to performed. adsorbent tank is opened to the particular water flow. DESIGN CALCULATION 8. For the sorption method, the evaporator Ac = 1.5 Ae valve is slightly opened then the sorption Condenser coil: method readings square measure started till D = 6.35 mm = the balance reading reach to a continuing 0.00635 m price. This implies the sorption equilibrium L = 6080 mm = 6.08 or the sorbent material cannot sorb a lot of m refrigerant. Then the adsorbent tank is Ac = π×d×L = exhausted by the pump to lengthen all un- π×0.000635×6.08 adsorbed refrigerant mass was fill the = 0.1212 m2 adsorbent tank internal house. This to make Ae = Ac/1.5 = 0.1212/1.5 sure that there's no refrigerant mass within = 0.081 m2 the tank except the adsorbate refrigerant Evaporator coil: amount. Then the valve is opened to be Ae = π×d0×L prepared for action experiment. 0.081 = π×0.000635×L 9. For the {desorption|natural L = 4.06m method|natural action|action|activity} Number of turn in evaporator coil: process, the refrigerant can come back to its D×n = L tank by heating the adsorbent. This method

is sustained till all the adsorbate refrigerant temperature square measure 25°C, 30°C, is desorbed from the adsorbent tank and 35°C and 50°C whereas the action therefore the balance reading reach to be temperature square measure 70°C, 80°C stable and glued price that just about equal and 85°C severally. The sorption and action or a touch bit over the sorption experiment conditions chosen to just about simulate the initial reading. particular in operation conditions within the sensible sorption refrigeration systems. 10. The controlled variable in these The performance calculation is shown in experiments square measure the sorption Table 1. and action temperatures. The sorption

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION Table 1:-Experiment observation Table Input Refrigeration COP Carnot efficiency energy, J effect, J COP 3600 459.8 0.127 2.21 5.7% 3600 418 0.116 2.21 5.3% 3600 334.4 0.092 2.21 4%

Calculation Refrigerationeffect=mw×Cpw×∆Tw To calculate constant of performance, C.O.P = Refrigeration effect/Input refrigeration impact and input energy were energy. calculate in Table 2. The refrigeration Electric heater power = 1 Kw impact is calculated by measurement drop Specific heat of water Cp= 4180 J/kg by temperature of the water within the ∆Tw = temperature drop in water. evaporator section. Mass of water in the evaporator box = 10 Input energy=Power of the heater kg (kW)×3600s.

Table 2:-Coefficient of Performance Ad bed Ad bed W W Ad bed Ad bed T initial, oC T final, oC T initial, oC Tfinal, oC pmax kPa pMin kPa

26 90 26 15 23 5.9 26 85 26 16 24.4 6.5 26 80 26 18 20 5.7

RESULT AND DISCUSSION of current water by over 10oC that is Calculated results square measure shown in encouraging compared to rumored Graph. COP obtained is ~0.12. but literature. normally COP obtained in vapor sorption cooling is sometimes terribly less as Saha et al. introduced the thought of compared to vapor compression cooling as sorption cycle potency. It's the quantitative a result of in vapor sorption Refrigeration relation of actual COP to Nicolas Leonard heat is employed to compress the Sadi Carnot COP. Average adsorbent bed refrigerant, it's at bay within the pores of the temperature is assumed to be around action adsorbent. In vapor compression cooling temperature and sorption temperature is refrigerants square measure compressed assumed to be around evaporator minimum automatically instead of thermally. The temperature. As are often seen from the system is ready to bring down temperature Table potency of this technique is ~6% that

is attention-grabbing for system developed expensive potential material out there. in an exceedingly laboratory from least

COP 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 COP 0.04 0.02 0 T 80 T 85 90 Graph

BENEFITS The C powder/R-134a try is extremely • Energy saving victimisation solar power. suggested to be used as sorption • Environmental Friendly refrigeration operating try owing to its • Low maintenance price. higher most sorption capability than the • Simple to fabricate and operate. opposite tested pairs, to supply a compact, • Can be operated with inferior thermal economical and reliable for long life energy like star, geothermic and waste heat. performance sorption cooling. • Thermal energy storage potential. Adsorption refrigeration is Associate in • Does not have moving elements, thus long Nursing eco-friendly technology which life while not noise and vibration. may address gas depletion and heating downside because it uses safe and benign LIMITATIONS OF ADSORPTION refrigerants. normally vapor sorption SYSTEM system consumes less grid power because it • The basic limitation of the could be a heat driven system and adsorption/desorption method is that it's not beginning doesn't need high surge current continuous. It needs maintaining of like vapor compression system. vacuum, low specific cooling power output Experimental study on vapor sorption and features a low constant of performance. characteristics and performance of sorption • It needs extra space for its completely refrigeration cycle with generator stuffed different parts installation, high talent to with atomic number 6 has been applied in work it. Thus to appear into these aspects laboratory. It’s ready to bring down the sorption cooling system is mentioned temperature of current water by over 10C. within the following section absorption on This technique are often even improved and technology and applications. studied with more refrigerant adsorbent try. Basic setup here, is Associate in Nursing CONCLUSION intermittent system as a result of it's just one This review is written to offer Associate generator bed to beat this downside over in Nursing up-to-date work on sorption one adsorbent-generator bed are often capability system of star sorption accustomed create it a continual system. systems. the most conclusions deduced from the current study are: REFERENCES

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