1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7585
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
years until today, we have cities in the the hands of consumers, aid prosperity, and Minimum Wage Legislation This Session North that are suffering through critical prove to be an effective barrier against the unemployment brought about by "runaway" reoccurrence of another depression. EXTENSION OF REMARKS'' industry desirous of taking advantage of The Department of Labor survey in OF_ substandard wages. Only recently, I re October 1951, showed that the annual in ceived a letter from a metal worker located come need for· an average family was $3,812 HON. RAY J. MADDEN at Indianapolis and stating that the top a year in New Orleans. In the city of Wash-· three floors of the factory where he is em ington, D. C. on account of the increased cost OF INDIANA ployed has been closed and the machinery of living, the essential family income would · IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES moved to Alabama. He also stated in the be $4,454. Yet, this family budget y.rould Thursday, June 2, 1955 letter that over 250 employees have lost their be far more than the head of a family would jobs already and that it would be but a make at $1.25 an hour. A full year's work or Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, this short time until the factory would be com 2,000 hours at $1.25 minimum would yield morning I had the privilege of appear pletely closed and moved to the low-wage only $2,500 compared to the $3-,800 required ing before the House Committee on Edu area. He also stated that the situation as for adequate family living in a city like New cation and Labor speak in behalf of it exists in the metal factory was no different Orleans. to than in several other industries in the In.; The raising of minimum wage to a just a fair minimum wage bill. dianapolis area. Unless the Congress takes level would indirectly oring about a great I believe the House Labor Committee some steps to improve this unjust and reduction in disease, crime, and slums. is making a diligent effort to bring out unfair distribution of wages throughout the Heads of families who are compelled to bring minimum wage legislation so that all the country, our economy will suffer far more up children with inadequate necessities of Members of Congress can debate and in the future than it has in the past by life, when children are compelled to go to vote on a new fair minimum wage before reason of low-wage standards in certain work at an early age, when the family pro areas. ducers must work such long hours that he this session of Congress adjourns: The greatest selling market for products has no time for his home, his wife and his MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION THIS SESSION manufactured in low-wage areas is in the children, develops into a dangerous challenge Mr. Chairman, I am indeed happy that States which have a high wage and large to the state of mind of millions of Americans the House Committee on Education and purchasing power. If unemployment is ram who live under substandard conditions. It Labor has decided to hold hearings on in pant in the high-wage States, the factories fails to recognize our Nation's interest and creasing the minimum wage standards of the will eventually close in the low-wage States, welfare in human needs and the protection Nation. I firmly believe that it is highly es We should not forget that one of the prin of the family is completely lost through sential to the economical interests of our cipal reasons for the great depression in poverty and lack of opportunity. Nation that minimum wage legislation be the early 1930's was the fact that our fac I do hope the committee will, without acted upon favorably and signed into law tories and industries turned out products delay, report out a substantial increase in before this session of ·congress adjourns. It and discovered that the purchasing power the base minimum· wage structure and in is indeed unfortunate that President Eisen of the country was so low that there was doing so, carry out the promises that both hower has seen fit to recommend only an in no market for our production. This brought political parties made to the American people crease from the present 75-cent minimum up about unemployment and the most devastat in the last election. to 90 cents per hour. This falls far short of ing shattering of our economy in the history It is my earnest hope that your committee the economic needs for low income workers, of the Nation. act favorably so the bill can reach the House especially considering the inflationary high Purchasing volume among wage earners floor in the next 2 weeks. If the 435 Mem cost of living which all families are sub .. is as essential for prosperity as purchasing bers of Congress are given an opportunity to jected to at the present time. An increase power among the millions of farmers in debate, amend, and vote on a minimum wage to 90 cents an nour. does not sufficiently cover America. After 1933, when our Government bill, I am convinced they will reach a wage the rise in the·cos't of living since the present took steps to improve the economy ·of the :figure that will be fair and equitable to both 75-cent minimum became law in 1949. A wage earner and the farmer, our economy employer and employee, number of bills have been introduced, in started to improve until we went into the cluding H. R: 1818 which was filed by me greatest period of prosperity in our history. several months ago, calling for an increase The great industrial areas of the 1920 to $1.25 per hour. If the President's recom period learned a costly lesson when they Memorial Day Address by Hon. Alexander mendation of 90 cents an hour is enacted into discovered that low wages and low consumer Wiley, of Wisconsin law, the full-time worker would merely re income throughout America did not provide ceive an ann~al wage of less than $2,000 a a market for steel and other manufactured year. It is apparent, considering the pres~ products. · EXTENSION OF REMARKS ent high cost of living, that a ma_n and The increase in the minimum-wage OF wife with children cannot afford the bare bracket was promised to the American peo necessities of life to his family on that ple by both political parties in the recent HON. ALEXANDER WILEY meager income. It is estimated that the election. In fact, Secretary of Labor Mitch OF WISCONSIN annual wage at $1.25 for 8 hours a day and ell told the CIO convention in 1953 that he IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 5 days a week, would bring in an income of was shocked to learn that two-thirds of $2,500. This income would afford the aver America's 60 million workers were outside Thursday, June 2, 1955 age family in the lower brac~ets a great im the wage-hour. law. He further stated_that Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, last Fri.. provement in their status of living and give the position of these exempt workers was them an opportup.ity to enjoy at least a few dangerously insecure, but also imperiled day, May 27, it was my privilege to ad privileges and necessities of life which they those covered by the 75-cent minimum-wage dress a Memorial Day gathering in West are compelled to forego _under their pr_esent law. It is estimated that there are over Allis, Wis. I stressed the significance low income. It is estimated that the lowest '7,500,000 retail workers and 5 million serv of Memorial Day in our time, particularly income for a family living in high cost areas ice.:.trade workers who are not covered by with respect to.aviation defense. · of the average metropolitan city should be the present low minimum-wage base. The _In my judgment, our country must at least $3,600 to $4,000 per year in order to industries that are covered are often those look to its air age ,laurels if we are to meet the necessary living expenses for a industries in which unions are strong enough family of five. · to enforce a wage rate for _higher than the have· necessary protection for our na Unfortunately, the wage scale in a num legal minimum. The industries exempted tional survival. ber of our States is far below other States, are precisely those where a long tradition I ask unanimous consent that the text particularly those located in the southern of low pay, plus other factors, make it diffi of the address be printed in the CoN~ areas of our country. The economic situa cult for the workers to organize and present GRESSIONAL RECORD. tion in a great many of our Northern States their case effectively. Some folks have the ·There being no objection, the address today has deteriorated by reason of literally false idea that if the minimum-wage rate .was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, thousands of industries and factories moving is increased, there inust be a broader ·ex.:. as follows: into States which have a low wage scale. emption. That in effect, means· that we The Northeast Atlantic Sta:tes have probably must not have a minimum-wage base.in any THE MEANING OF. MEMORIAL DAY IN OUR suffered more than any area in the country industry where the law would have · a useful TIME-THE- NEED FOR : SPEEDING UNITED by reason of "runaway·~ industry closing their effect. Both the A.-F. of L. and the CIO have . STATES AVIATION DEVELOPMENT shops and factories ~nd movi~g in;to cert?,in proposed a $1.25 level and if this minimum• I am proud to be present with you at this Southern States in prder to take advantage wage base is enacted, or something reason outstanding patriotic assembly. · of substandard wages. This situation has ably close thereto, it would have the effect No one could be present today without a been becoming worse during tl)e ~ast 5 or 6 of pumping an enormous buying power into variety of deep feelings in· his heart. 1586 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June -2
OUR FEELINGS TODA T Of course, we do not desire war with Rus ers than the Soviets have, of their advanced There ls, first, a feeling of humility, be sia, particularly in this atomic day and age combat fighters. cause of the sacrifices which have been made when war could result in the most savage Thus, our F-100 ls reported to have been by America's heroes in all of our past nuclear devastation of the victor and van- produced only in a few hundreds. On the conflicts. quished alike. · other hand, the comparable Soviet plane There is, second, a feeling of gratitude for We desire peace with Russia, and all other the Mig-17-already has been manufactured what those who went before us did in our_ peoples; peace with honor, peace with Justice. in over 7,000 units; behalf-of gratitude for their sacrifices, their It must not be, it cannot be, a peace of Now, of course, we are not striving for mere selflessness, their giving of their all. appeasement. ouantity; we are interested in quality. There is, third, a feeling of proudest pa It cannot be a peace in which we sell out • To pile up vast numbers of planes which triotism. This is a pe_riod when Old Glory, the rights of so much as a single citizen. quickly grow obsolete, would be a mistake. with all its rich meaning, takes on deeper That includes the rights of the imprisoned But, at the same time, not to have a meaning still. The red, white, and blue. United States airmen-the airmen whom we sufficient quantity of modern aircraft, at waves more proudly in our hearts than ever will never forsake, whom we will never aban hand at all times, may leave us open to a before, as it waved proudly at Gettysburg don, and whose return we will continue~ single airborne sledge-hammer blow, from and San Juan Hill and.the Argonne and Nor with all the peaceful efforts at our command, which we might ·not recover. · mandy and Inchon. to insist upon. Neither will we abandon any ally, includ WE . MAY NOT HAVE TIME TO MOBILIZE And lastly, there is a feeling of rededi We cannot assume that in the event of cation. ing Nationalist China, which bravely fought There ls a feeling of deepest responsibility and bled in the long struggle against com war, we will have several months in which to munism. leisurely mobilize and tool up for mass pro- to this constitutional Republic, a feeling duction. . that we must truly be worthy of it, that we WE ARE LAGGING IN AIR PROGRESS The planes that we start with, may be the must be faithful to it, that we must never But to preserve peace with honor, we must planes that we have to finish with, or the let it down. be strong, particularly, as Billy Mitchell so There is a feeling that we must show our planes that we are finished with. long warned us, in the air. If we don't have sufficient planes on hand profound appreciation for the most priceless At this Memorial Day occasion, our eyes privilege that any human being can have_on the first day of a war, we may never have any and our thoughts lift inevitably toward the planes at all, and we may not have a country the face of the earth-the privilege of being sky-toward the great ocean of air which a citizen in the grandest, freest, finest nation left at all. washes 3 million square miles of the North. · Right now, the Russians have 20,000 air on earth. American Continent. And so, as you and I pay tribute to the craft in combat formations. We have 12,500 We look to the air, which can be the great in the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps. heroes of America's conflicts, and in particu highway for peace, or the channel of destruc lar, the heroes who died that the Union And we have around 4,000 additional aircraft tion surpassing anything in man's history. among our allies. might be preserved, we take upon ourselves · Within the past 2 weeks, men have shat the renewed responsibility to protect and Much of our aircraft, however, is not avail tered more aviation speed records. A Na able for global missions, as in the instance preserve this country from those who would tional Guard flyer has flown from coast to destroy it from without and/or from within. of Marine Corps planes used in support of coast and back again, between sunrise and the ground units, or naval aircraft which AMERICA'S HOUSE MUST REMAIN UNITED sundown. He bas streaked through the . air must be used simply to protect carriers. Lincoln told us that "a house divided at more than 7½ miles per minute, and this against itself" cannot stand. America must, was in a somewhat obsolete Sabrejet plane. SOVIETS BUILDING ON A CRASH BASIS therefore, be united. . Man bas shattered the sound barrier. What this all adds up to ls this fact: The Labor and management must be basically He is shattering the heat barrier (which Soviet Union has been developing her inter united, even though they do differ on the would otherwise melt metals at highest continental aviation on ·a crash basis. guaranteed annual wage, or some other spe speeds). She has not been going at it leisurely. She cific controversial subjects. Aviation designers and developers are has been going at it-with fullest industrial planning for still faster speeds and still The different regions of our Nation-North resources-apparently as if every single day higher altitudes-5 miles high in the strato counted in the technorogical race for superi- and South and East and West--must be sphere united, even though they differ somewhat on ority. Under these circumstances, we must look On the other hand, we have been build practices and customs in their respective to our aviation laurels. We are still probably ing-with only a fraction of our factory po areas. . _ ahead in air superiority, but our margin, tential-"for the long pull." We have been Men of different religions and races in our. our edge, is shrinking fast. · developing our intercontinental missile pro land must be united, even though they wor The unfortunate fact of the matter is that gram, too, as though we had a good many ship in different temples and even though the Soviet Union has made alarming progress years in which to ·experiment. their forefathers came from different origins. in her own competitive aviation development. While I don't think that war ls around the Men and women of different economic Recently, the Defense Department be corner, while I don't think that war is im groups in our country must. be united, even latedly released grim information concerning minent or even inevitable in the long run, though some have more worldly possessions formations of Soviet intercontinental Jet neither do I think that we can afford to than others. · bombers. The Department seemed to indi arm at this leisurely pace. There are so many things that we sbare in cate that this was new information. But the · WE '.MUST NOT BE SMUG common that we must not allow anyone to fact of the matter is, as attested by such widen the gap on those few issues on which noted observers as Hanson Baldwin,'that for I think that we must, therefore, speed we are apart. · many, many months, aviation experts have up our development. · · I think that there is too much of a tend VIGILANCE TO PRESERVE WESTERN CIVILl'ZATION known about the so-called new develop ments. These experts knew about the Soviet ency in this country to become smug and This house will not be divided, and there self-satisfied. There ls too much of a tend fore it will stand. medium bomber type-39 · and heavy bomber type-37-equivalent to our advanced B-52's ency to boast vainly that we have the "best," This Republic, which was saved at Antie and B-47's. Experts have known, too, that the "biggest," the roost "modern," the most tam, at Gettysburg, at Vicksburg, will not "advanced1' and -to use all the other high fall, must not fall, in some Pearl Harbor-like Soviet engines seem to have even more mod ern thrust than United States jet engines. sounding adjectives. attack in the future. The !ate of western · There is too much of a tendency to assume civilization rides witll Old Glory and the All this was not new; it should not have that anything which we Americans do will banners of Allied Powers . . come as a surprise or shock. It was the grim necessarily be best simply because it is Amer handwriting on the wall for a long, long ican. That ls very definitely not the case. So, the significance. of Memorial. Day 1955 time. ts that we must be alert. We must be vigi In the past, -0ur ·American production lant. We must be strong. We must, as the The only relatively new information which genius has proven the ba_hmce of two major Good Book tells us, "be wise as serpents and has come out is the data concerning a Soviet world wars. But it is only because we had all-weather fighter, a design so relatively new sufficient time to develop it. Now, -we may harmless as doves." that some experts say we may have to change - The fact of the matter is that we face not have time if we squander it any more. some of the concepts of our own Strategic And even in the Second World War, we the greatest menace in American ·history to Air Force. day. It is, o! course, the menace o!'inter found absolutely indispensable the genius national communism: Aggressive, atheistic~ This all-weather fighter is even newer than of Allied.peoples-scientists and inventors. imperialistic, with a hungry appetite to take .the Soviet Mig-17 fighter. It, in turn, was That doesn't mean that we don't take pride over the rest of the world. a more modern version than the tough Red in our own American talent. and ability. Mig-15, which our flyers encountered in vast But it does mean -that unless we really PEACE WITH HONOJl numbers over Korea. . exert our genius, our manpower, our-factory We all know that the Soviet Union ls cur More than 15,000 l\41g-15's have been man ability, we cannot stay ahead. rently engaged In a tremendous peace offen Ufactured, a tremendous production total. There is no automatic rule which says sive. We know that it would like to lull Unfortunately, it is estimated that the that we Americans will be ahead of the Rus the free world to sleep. That must not hap United States has manufactured a far smaller sians, simply because we are free and they pen. we must remain on our guard. number of our most advanced combat fight- are· slaves. To be sure, over the long run, 1.955 CONGRESSIONAL R,ECORO-- HOUSE 7587· free men will out-produce what slave labor meetings and appeared ·on radio and with· law, this· policy has no basis in a ers perform. · . · television programs .to tell how they are situation where one party to a labor dis But the fact of the matter is that the so~ viet Union apparently developed her H-bomb helping protect the Nation's health· and pute has been found by an appropriate at an even faster rate than we did. And there how their profession· has risen to its· tribunal to be in violation of Federal is evidence that she is developing . other' present usefulness and importance. law. weapons at a faster rate than we are, consid Schools of nursing in the hospitals, col My bill, which is substantially the ering the late time at which she began her leges, and universities held open houses same as the one recently introduced by advanced programs, and the somewht earlier for· the public. · Nursing students and Sen_atQr N~ELY,_does not seek to disturb time at which we beg'an ours. · student organizations cooperated with the proper balance between labor and In other words, even slave laborers., work-· enthusiasm. ing on a "crash- basis'' can sometimes out-· management. Barring from Govern produce free men,· working on a relatively . Mr. Speaker, it is most appropriate ment contracts those companies which leisurely basis. that the Nation observe a similar occa have been found to be in violation of the And so, we must look to our laurels. We sion each year. Nurses are performing. National Labor Relations Act and which must not become .smug and self-satisfied. a magnificent- service for their fellow persist in these violations is not a posi We must devote to the t~k of survival fo~ man. Because of the remarkable prog-· tion which c::m be_r~p:resented as favor fuller energies, or else we may not survive. ress of medicine and the- ~evelopment able either to labor or to management. That does not niean that I am assuming of new health programs such as rehabil What this bill does favor, however, is a gloomy, pessimistic· outlook. · itation of the handicapped and preven On the contrary, I have faith and confi-· fairness. dence in our future. But I know that we tion of mental illness, their responsibil For is it fair, Mr. Speaker,_ to place cannot be adequate to that future unless we. ities are increasing rapidly. Community employers who do obey the law at a com work hard-hard in aviation, hard in nuclear. interest and.support will help them meet petitive disadvantag~ py r~warding vio- development, hard in intercontinental mis-. thes.e responsibilities. lators of the·~ederal law who may be able siles, hard in every means of United States A National Week for Nursing also will to underbid their competitors exactly be defense and deterrent ·· strfkirig ··pov.:er. tall public attention to the current need cause of their unfair labor :gractices? · CONCLUSION to improve our schools of nursing be-. The Department Qf Defense has taken_ This, then, is the message-this is the cause ,of n'ew demands.for nursing serv-. the position that its procurement-agen significance for all patriotic. Americans 1:xi ice. and highly specialized nursing skills. cies must remain ne1,1tral in private labor observance of Memorlal Day,· Hf55, It presents an opportunity for nurses and dispute~. But wh~t _s<,>rt of neutrality is other citizens to work together. for .an it when a Federal agency awards a Fed important cause and to establish the eral contract to a violator of the Federal basis for cooperation in other actions in law? _ . ~ !oint ~~~olut~o~ Designa~ing t)i~ Second wh'ich professional and civic interests . The general rule _established by Con each facilitate the other. And it _will Full Week of .October in .Each Y-ear u gress that an advertised contract_~ust help maintain ·and increase enrollment, be a wardep. to the lowest pidder has been Nationai Week for Nur~ing :. ~n the schools; there is no more effective intewr.eted by th~ Comptroller General way · t.Qan a_n .anritial. event pf 'this kind to mean .the· -lowest responsible: bi~der. . to.. keep young people alert to the un But how can a company which has been E;lITENSION OF REMARKS limited opportunities - for · satisfying 'OF ! ound :b.Y. op~ F~d_eral .agency t<;> be in careers 0in the field of nursing. . violation of the Federal law be con~id-. HON. FRANCES P.-BOLTON It is my hope that the Committee on ered by another Federal agency to be re the Judiciary wilf take immedfate action. sponsible? OF OHIO and that ·the joint resoluti'on will be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES One o:( the most :flagrant examples of passed .bY Co?gr_ess without delay. how this administration has rewarded Thp,rsda,11, J~ne 2, )955 ·. · the lawbreaker is the famous Kohler Co. Mrs. FRANCES I>. ·· BOLTON. .Mr ~ case. This company produces home fix Speaker, today I am introducing a joint tures and oth~r products, includi.ng shell resolution to designate the second :full Award of <;overnment Con~act-s cases for military purposes. at a plant at wee~ in Ocfober of e.ach year as National Kohler, Wis. On April 12, 1954, during Week fpr Nursing!. . - EXTENSION OF REMARKS a strike called by the United Automobile I am sponsoring this resolution be-: OF Workers, CIO, the National Labor Re cause of tJ:ie great _success of the first lations Board handed down its' decision National N1J.rse Week, -procla.imed by, HON~ THOMAS .LASHLEY on charges :filed during an ea:rlier dispute President Eisenhower last October. OF OHIO in 1952. This· national obser_vance was _author-. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The Board found that the Kohler Co. ized by a joint resolution introduced by had e:pgaged in a)lum,ber of unfair lal>or me and passed by the-83d Congr.ess. It. Thursday, June 2, 1955 practices, _including several acts of illegal dramatized as never before the impor-: Mr. ASHLEY. Mr. Speaker, 'today I interfer~n~e during an NLRB election tant role.of nurses in every phase of our have-introduced a bill which will prohibit campaign, restraint and coercion, and, health programs. · Government agencies from awarding discrimination. The Kohler Co. took no · Hospitals, .hea1th· agencies; ·military contracts to-companies which have been action to comply with the NLRB order; installations, health organizations, wo-: found guilty-of an unfair labor practice ~lthotigh, of course, the order has the men's auxilia.ries, schools, and churches. by 'the National Labor Relations Board · effect of Federal law. chose· the occasion to pay sincere trib where the violation remains unremedied. l\41". Spea~~r• . in N:ovember, of 1954, just: ute to ·IJ,urses. Qeperp'{J.S cooperation was At the present time the Department 7 months after the NLRB order, the De given by the press, radio, and television.. of Defense and other Government agen partmint of the Army awarded the Civic organizations, businessmen, may cies -have taken the position that there Kohler Co. a $2 .million contract for the ors, governors, and other public officials is no authority for· refusing to ·award a manufacture of shell casings. The a ward gave splendid suppqrt. . · . contract to a low bidder solely because came at a time when the company had The first National Nurse week also re .. of~ his violation of· Federal labor law. still not complied with the Board order ceived the full acclaim of ·nurses ,them-. This position is bolstered by the fact and was still a violator of -the Federal selves. I would like to mention a few tl)at the Qomptroll~r General in the past law. . . of the ways they told the public ~bout the has ruled on several occasions that con-. The procedure whereby a company is progres~ be_ing acbieyed in hospital and tracting ageµcies ca,nnot consider such found -guilty of unfair labor practices by public health · nursing and. in nursing facts as compliance with the National the National Labor Relations Board is a education. Nurses .in the hospitals were i..abor Rel~tions Act in awarding Gov lengthy and tortuous one and no ele hostesses. to high school students, Future. ernment contracts. ment of due process is .denied the em Nurse Clubs, · and Girl Sc6ut troops; · Whi\e it is enti~ely proper for the pro-. ployer. The proceedings might com showing them _the' in_te;resting thing&; cureinent agencie~ of the Federal Gov-. mence, to take an instance, with the fil about their irork and the broad voca-. er;n~~nt to . remain. ne'\ltr.al .in .private ing in a :regional NLRB office of a charge tional opportunities. · Many nurses -a_nct labor disputes ·where both parties are. by a union against an employer. A :field. friends of nursing spoke at civic club exercising their rights in conformance. investigation and attempt at settlement CI~77 . 7588 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ·June 2 follow. If this attempt fails,, the issu give some thought to your amendment. We -its decisions do not conflict with the fun ance of a complaint may be recommend appreciate your efforts. , damental laws of the state. Here is a folder showing a severed hand The vote in Sicily, on June 5, is so im ed. This recommendation is reviewed under a court order in the East. Another by the regional director. Hearings fol picture I have showed 2 hands and 2 feet portant because it may well influence low. There is an intermediate report to dangling on a street corner-the offense was future party alignments on a national which the employer, if the report sus a minor theft. * * • scale. The number of voters on the tains the allegations in the complaint, island of Sicily is about one-tenth of the may file exceptions with the Board in The chairman of the American Legion national electorate. The Christian Washington. Americanism committee in one Texas Democrats in Sicily have maintained, so The Board then analyzes the case, af district telegraphed: far, a slight lead over the other parties. fording, if it wishes, the opportunity for Appreciate your stand to bar use of Amer The Communist party is second strong oral argument. At the conclusion of its ican troops in countries where GI's are sub est. The Communist party, moreover, ject to prosecution under foreign laws. The deliberations, the Board issues its de nefarious Status of Forces Treaty under having reached a so-called saturation cision and final order requiring the em NATO must be rescinded. point in northern Italy, has recently giv ployer to correct the unfair practices it en increasing attention to its propa may have found. A Houston mother says: ganda in the South. The Christian Yet the fact that the National Labor As the mother of two sons, may I express Democrats in Sicily are troubled by the Relations Board finds a company in vio- my appreciation for your stand on the NATO strength of the Communists and of the lation of Federal law after so lengthy a Status of _Forces Treaty in connection with rightist parties, both of which are cam process as this has not deterred the ad the military Reserve bill. paigning strongly to capture and harness ministration from awarding that com From another Texas lady: a new regional consciousness which is pany a handsome contract. - Thank you for your wonderful stand developing in Sicily and which is now de Mr. Speaker, my bill is a moderate bill. against use of our troops in foreign countries manding better social programs for the It does not ask that companies which where they would be subject to prosecution isl~nd. may at some time in the past have been under foreign laws. It is good to see that Christian Democrats in Italy's National found guilty of unfair labor practices but we still have some representatives of the Parliament, now holding only a bare have now corrected those practices shall people who will put America before politi majority of seats, are also apprehensive be prohibited from receiving Govern cal gain. lest an unfavorable vote in Sicily make ment contracts. An Air Force colonel writes from more difficult the delicate balance they This bill asks only that companies El Paso: are seeking to maintain. This is a par which have been found guilty of viola Although I know you only through the ticularly urgent situation since a vote of tion of Federal law and of the national patriotic fight that you are waging to protect confidence in the national government labor relations poiicy established by Con the constitutional rights of every American is scheduled for June 15. gress and which persist in such practices citizen, as well as those serving our country This is also, of course, of very great be denied Government contracts. This in uniform today, I wish to congratulate you concern to ou'r own country, and indeed is not an unreasonable proposal. It seeks and offer my humble support. Your amend to other democratic governments of ment to prevent treaty law from .depriving only that the Federal Government shall the citizens of the United States in uniform Western, Europe. Since. the end of not reward the violator of the Federal of their copstitutional rights must not be World War II, Italy's leaders have been law. lost. strong supporters of the ideals of the I note with ple~ure the amendqient Wesiern democracies. They have taken passed with the majority vote of 174 to 56. numerous measures to weaken the dia House Joint Resolution 309 I have written the able Senators from Lou bolical force of communism in Italy. 'isiana, ·my home State, in an effort to en- - Two of Italy's most active leaders in tbis courage them to support your program to respect have been the late Alcide de EXTENSION OF REMARKS save the Constitution of the 'United States OF of America once and for always. Gasperi and the' present Premier, Mario We have failed to save those who have Scelba. Indicative of the stanch friend HON. FRANK T. BOW fallen prey to the Status of Forces Tre~ty ship between , Italy and the United OF OHIO and now the case must go to the court of States was Premier Scelba's visit to our IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES final arbitrament, the court of American country in March. I had the great public opinion. honor to make a statement for the Voice Thursday, June 2, 1955 Mr. Speaker, this is only a small sam of America on the occasion of Premier Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, the infamous pling of the mail that has been received. Scelba's visit to the Capitol. This mes treaties that permit American soldiers to At a later date I propose to quote addi sage was transmitted by the Voice to languish in foreign prisons, deprived of tional letters, telegrams, and post cards, Italy. The message was as follows: the protection of the Government they so that Members may know how wide To Representative PETER W. RODINO, JR., are sworn to protect and uphold, have spread and enthusiastic is the support of New Jersey. We want you to know that aroused the indignation of good Ameri for abrogation of the Status of ·Forces your American friends are most happy to cans everywhere. Treaty. welcome Premier Mario Scelba on bis visit Letters applauding the action of the to the United States. Prime Minister Scelba has Just been pre House in accepting 174-56, my amend sented to our House of Representatives in ment regarding the status of forces Regional Elections in Sicily : June 5 Washington and I am glad to say that I had treaty, and supporting House Joint Reso the honor of being a member of the official lution 309, directing the President to reception committee that greeted him. This modify or denounce this treaty, have EXTENSION OF REMARKS event is symbolical of the position which come to me from many parts of our land. OF Italy and the Italian people occupy today in Under leave to extend, I include here .. world affairs. Now that the recovery is com HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. plete, we note with satisfaction the contribu with several examples of the mail re OF NEW JERSEY ceived in my office since the status of tion that Italy is making to the cause of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES l)eace and the unity of the free world. forces amendment was accepted 10 days We also note with pleasure that with the ago. Today I shall confine myself to Thursday, June 2, 1955 recent agreement making a quantity of heavy letters from the State of Texas. Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, the im water available to Italy, Italian scientists A Houston attorney writes: pending elections in Sicily on June 5 are will now be able to contribute their skill and The writer is a member of a local draft of great importance at this juncture in technical knowledge to the peaceful uses of board. It is hard enough on these boys to the national politics of Italy. Under atomic energy. take them into the armed service-but when Along with their struggle against we subject them to these foreign courts article 116 of the constitution of the Ital wholly without their own willingness it is ian Republic, Sicily enjoys a special self Communist subversion, Italy's leaders an entirely different matter. governing status. The regional parlia• have not neglected the economic devel There is a very definite feeling against the ment in Palermo, Sicily, has considerable opment of the country. Great strides 1,tatus of forces agreement of parties to the legislative power in matters having to do have been made. The progress in Sicily NATO in Texas * * * I appreciate your ef with local government, agriculture, min is an excellent example of what is hap forts, and believe the Sena;te as a whole will ing, police and other matters, so long as pening in other parts of Italy. In Sicily 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7589 there has been vast -development in the greatest national· asset we have against modest hopes. Almost 30,000 copies of public works, substantial beginnings in attempted Communist subversion from my statement have been requested by industrialization and progress toward within, or open military attack. If we ever foolishly neglect our obligations to these college students, college counselors, re modernizing agriculture. The standard veterans it will be the beginning of a dark cent college graduates, and other per of living has gone up. The regional gov era in American history. sons interested in counseling young peo ernment has not disappointed the Sicil To those who sacrificed their lives in the ple. Many of the requests came from ians. But progress is necessarily slow service of this country, we have, indeed, Ohio but thousands came from other and this is why the people sometimes much more than any mere material obliga States and Canada. I find this espe become discouraged and seek some kind tion. They left their land and homes to cially gratifying because it confirms my of panacea by embracing the ideas of endure terrible hardships, suffering, and faith that our young people do want to death to retain for us the godly dignity of either the extreme right or the extreme individual life and the Christian principles use their talents and their education left. of personal liberty and impartial justice for to serve mankind wherever they are We in America will watch eagerly for all. needed. the returns from these elections. Since Today, these principles are being threat And certainly we need more young the end of World War II we have been ened with extinction here and in the free people in the health professions. Many close to events in Italy-her fight world by atheistic communism. A study of of us understand the Nation's desperate against the Communists, against unem the plan and program persistently pursued need for more doctors and nurses, but by the Kremlin leaders since the end of ployment and for economic recovery, World War II clearly warrants the assump not all of us are aware of the fact that Italy has received from our country very tion that their eventual objective is to re hospitals and health agencies also need substantial amounts in the way of eco duce America and the rest of the Christian medical social workers-men and women nomic aid. Perhaps the greatest thing world to barbaric slavery. While there have who are especially trained to work with we can do for her at the time of these been recent superficial signs of an apparent doctors and nurses to help sick people important elections is simply to reiterate ly changing attitude, we would be tragic.ally and their families handle the personal, our friendship and our recognition of the unwise to embrace any fanciful hopes of economic, and psychological problems complete conversion in . th'e light of their which complicate illness or hinder recov important place which Italy has made past conduct. Let us pray God for their sin for herself in the family of nations, and cerity, but let us remember their frightful ery. Medical social work has been in particular the great contribution she record of devilish duplicity and deceit and rightly called a unique profession in is making now to the western alliance. remain prepared, the world of medicine because it com These, then, are the two high duties we bines knowledge of medical care for the have in remembrance of our war dead-to sick and disabled, with the skills of social perseveringly seek the honorable peace for work. Continuing National and Individual Self which they fought and to be perseveringly According to a study by the United prepared to successfully resist any forceful Sacrifice Is the Price of Honorable States Public Health Service, we will attempt to take away the personal liberties need 3,500 newly trained medical social Peace for which they died. Such persistent prepa ration against the insidious enemy we face workers by 1957. Many of those will may well mean long continuing. burdens be needed in my own State of Ohio. EXTENSION OF REMARKS upo~ private ambitions and personal pur The art of healing, we now know, OF suits. The victorious road ahead for us is often calls for more than medicine and paved with the demands of Christian un surgery. The doctor asks the medical HON. HAROLD D. DONOHUE selfishness and patriotic sacrifice, but there is no other way. The road our comrades social worker to help him work with a OF MASSACHUSETTS were asked .to take led them to their deaths. patient when the social, psychological, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES - This would be an empty ceremony if we did or economic upsets connected with the Thursday, June 2, 1955 not recognize the challenge and consciously patient's illness hinder recovery. The rededicate every retnaining day of our own medical social worker is skilled in help ,Mr. DONOHUE~ Mr. .Speaker, I have lives to the honorable preservation of the ing the patient and his family handle been asked to include, a Memorial Day god-given liberties our dead comrades re personal problems resulting from illness address I delivered on Monday, May 30, tained for us. That is all the personal tribute or disability. With the doctor, the nurse, at the commemorative exercises held on they would. want, and we can do no less without betraying their trust. Let us, there therapists, and other allied profession the Worcester This method so recently employed, to my public works bill to be reported by the House TABULATION OF POSTWAR AID RENDERED OTHER mind, has proved of great value and assist Appropriations Committee this year presents COUNTRIES BY THE UNITED STATES--STATUS ance in getting to the core of the problems for the first time an overall picture of our AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1954 confronted in the proper assessment of the water-resources program of the Nation. War period July 1, 1940, through June 30, budget estimates, requests and, finally, the I cannot tell you, at this time, the over 1945; postwar period July 1, 1945, through appropriation approved. all total of projects to be approved by the December 31, 1954. There is another aspect of our hearings fiscal year of 1956. The committee will work The United States has extended $98,221 which is often overlooked, and I should like up the bill about the first week in June. million in military, economic, and technical to mention this briefly. I can tell you, however, that for the next assistance to foreign countries during the It is our privilege each year to hear hun year and the years ahead-based on approved period July 1, 1940, through December 31, dreds of local witnesses, Members of Con studies for advanced engineering planning 1954. Disbursements comprised $49,223 mil gress, and citizens on projects or problems that our Nation is to move forward and lion during the war years and $48,998 mil in their particular areas. This year our proceed at a greater speed on a great many lion since July 1, 1945. panel-the western section of the Public internal developments within our country our capital investments in the Interna Works Subcommittee-heard more than 200 than at any time during this administration. tional Bank ($635 million) and International witnesses from the local areas concerned The water resources of our country are Monetary Fund ($2,750 million) are not in and more than 50 Members of the House of among our most precious and valued pos cluded in these totals, although they con Representatives. sessions. Our ability to turn the God-given tribute additional foreign-aid measures un The results of this method of examina water of this land to its proper and natural derwritten (reclaimable) by the United tion of witnesses through executive hearing use for travel, power, and support has con States Government. has resulted in expedition of work, coordina tributed beyond measure to the growth and Since the end of the war the United States tion of effort, and a more clear and concise greatness of our country. has disbursed foreign aid per calendar year and complete picture of the problems from If we are to attain greater heights-for as follows: which we all strive--even further steps of every available point of view. Million In the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific development of water resources must be 1946 ______$4, 999 Northwest, for example, the committee had taken. 1947 ______6,221 under consideration requests for funds for · I am confident that working together we 1948 ______5,465 water resources and power projects estimated will be able to promote policies and pro 1949 ______6, 545 to cost in excess of $2 billion. For the fiscal grams for the benefit of all the people and 1950 ______5,109 year 1956 the President requested $163 mil our common country and not just for the 1951 ______4,837 lion in additional funds for further engi benefit of selfish and special interests. In 1952 ______5,006 neering and construction. so doing, we will be serving our future best 1953 ______6, 405 In past years testimony-as far as con interest and conserving our great American 1954 ______4,669 tinuity is concerned-stopped with the Corps heritage. of Engineers. A different group of Congress When discussing the net total of foreign men heard and acted upon the requests of aid reverse grants ( expended largely on be the Bureau of Reclamation and the Bonne .half of United States forces overseas by for ville Power Administration agencies which Tabulation of Postwar Aid Rendered eign governments) should be acknowledged, used and distributed the water and power Other Countries by the United States, not as an offset to the overall totals, but from these projects constructed by the Corps merely to note that other countries have of Engineers. Status as of December 31, 1954 tried in a reciprocal attitude to assist the This year, however, under the functional United States in discharging its worldwide plan, the committee heard witnesses of the responsibilities. Bureau of Reclamation describe to us not EXTENSION OF REMARKS During the war period July 1, 1940, only their great Columbia River develop OF through June 30, 1945, the United States ments but also justify how they were using rendered grant aid worth $48,128,297,000. and were going to use water from the McNary HON. LAWRENCE H. S1\1ITH During these same 5 fiscal years reverse grants amounted to $7,872,637,000. Dam and Chief Joseph Dam, for example, OF WISCONSIN for irrigation purposes. During the postwar period July 1, 1945, This was then followed by testimony from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES through December 31, 1954, gross new grant aid amounted to $41,749,000,000. Reverse the Bonneville Power Administration-the Thursday, June 2, 1955 agency which actually distributes the power grants and returns totaled $1,467,000,000. from these projects. Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak Grant aid is mentioned first because in Later, we were able to hear from Congress er, I am privileged to offer for the REC general no repayment is requested except insofar as these grants may give rise to a men, Senators, and local representatives ORD a tabulation of postwar aid rendered from this area-including also representa possible reciprocal obligation to extend some tives from public and private utilities-as to to other countries by the United States aid to the United States of America or other the needs and plans for use of water and starting July 1, 1945, and ending on De countries to achieve common objectives. power resources in this area. cember 31, 1954. The information I am On the other hand, credits are loans on The result has been that there is available submitting has been prepared for me by other agreements which give rise to specific to Members of Congress and to the citizens the Legislative Reference Service of the obligations for repayment. For the period of this country a concise, full picture of what Library of Congress. Mr. Hermann July 1, 1940, through December 31, 1954, the is going forward in the Columbia River United States of America extended net Ficker, of the International Finance and credits amounting to $16,075,528,000, of Basin. Trade, Economics Division of the Li The same is true with respect to the great which total $15,402,972,000 have been uti Central Valley Basin of California where, brary of Congress, has again rendered an lized. Repayments of these utilizations have for years, conflicts have raged between cer invaluable service to the Congress of the amounted to $3,622,972 so that on January 1, tain Federal agencies. It is true also in the United States by preparing this material. 1955, the total of principal still to be col Colorado River Basin, in the Rio Grande and I am indebted to him. lected amounted to $11,780,000,000. Inci Gulf Basin, where the Corps of Engineers I call attention to the fact that the dental to the repayment of principal the and the Bureau of Reclamation are working United States has extended almost $100 United States of America also collected together on the same rivers. $1,397,296,000 in interest and commissions billion in military, economic, and tech on the loans extended. I do not mean to imply that this newly nical assistance to foreign countries dur During the last 2 calendar years reverse adopted approach to consideration of the ing the period July 1, 1940, through De grants and returns were as follows: programs of these agencies is a panacea for cember 31, 1954. A breakdown of these 1953 ______$165,972,000 all the ills which exist in our national water 1954 ______69,991,000 resources programs. Such is not the case. figures is clearly set forth hereafter. The first section sets forth a summary· Nor would I wish to leave you with the Repayments on loans during the last 2 impression that merely by the reorganization of foreign grants and credits for the calendar years amounted to: we have eliminated all of the duplication and postwar period beginning July 1, 1945. conflicts which exist among the agencies Table I covers foreign grants in the post 1953 ______$479,183,000 working in the field of water resources. war period; table II, foreign grants by 1954 ______503,201,000 We have not achieved this, but we most country and program; table III shows The question of carry-over totals often certainly have made great strides toward foreign credits utilized by program; table arises in discussing the totals to be added to eliminating duplication, and the committee, available aid not yet shipped. On July 1, through its able chairman, has provided a IV, foreign credits utilized by country; table V, foreign loans and other cred 1954, estimated aid still to be fUrnished "Vehicle which, if properly used in the future, from prior authorizations amounted to $12.3 should do away with many of the evils which its. This last table shows the net au billion. Mos.t of this total has, however. are prevalent and of which you are aware. thorizations, utilizations, repayments, already been committed in orders placed but But we may say this, pridefully perhaps and balances outstanding on December not yet delivered. Additions provided by the but also as a fact of accomplishment-the ~1. 1954. 83d Congress totaled $3.6 billion. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7593 Emergency famine relief (title II, Public Thus on July 1, 1954, the estimated availa Notes: All totals are rounded so that ap Law 480), $0.3 billion. bility amounted to $15.9 billion. During parent discrepancies in additions are due to Expansion of Export-Import Bank !end the last 2 quarters of 1954 utilizations rounding. Sources are: Foreign Grants and Credits, ings (Public Law 570), $0.5 billion. amounted to $2.2 billions, so that on Jan Office of Business Economics, United States Mutual security (Public Law 778), $2.8 uary 1, 1955, total availability for foreign aid Department of Commerce, April 1955. Sur billion. amounted to $13.7 billion. vey of Current Business, October 1954. Summary of foreign grants and credits, by program-Postwar period July 1, 1945, through Dec. 31, 1954, calendar years 1953 and 1954 [In millions of dollars] Program Postwar Calendar Calendar Program Postwar Calendar Calendar period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year 1954 Gross grants______41,749 6,339 4,855 New credits______11,892 712 387 Mutual security: 1-----1·-----1----- Military aid______12,075 4,231 3,109 Export-Import Bank______4,338 647 276 . ~conomic ~nd technical aid______16,067 1, 734 1,561 British loan ______3, 750 C1v1han supplies______5,821 137 25 Mutual security------1,758 54 ------94 UNRRA, post-UNRRA and interim aid__ 3,443 !~~~~!a:operty______1, 4~i Lend-lease: Military (China)______679 Other -- _· ------·------488 ------·· 11 ------17 Postwar pipeliues______1,227 Greek-Turkish aid: Plus prior grants converted in to credits. ______i====2==, ==256==!===1,=000==I=__=_==_== __ ==_== __ ==_==_==_ · Military______530 Less: , · Other------122 Export-Import collections______1,781 311 346 Philippine rehabilitation______635 British loans collections______183 46 47 Chinese stabilization______120 Mutual security collections______25 14 10 Chinese military aid______120 Surplus property collections ______.___ 398 73 49 Military equipment loans______220 Grants converted into credits______98 Other ___ . ______----_____ 692 174 41 17 18 62 59 Lend-lease payments______60 6 14 l=====l=====I===== Other repayments______631 12 20 Less: l=====l=====I===== Prior grants converted to credits_------2,256 1,000 Net credits______10,972 1,233 -116 Mutual security counterpart funds: Military______32 8 8 Net grants_------38,026 5,172 4,785 Economic and technical aid______754 103 62 Net credits______10,972 1,233 -116 Reverse lend-lease_------133 TotaL. ______· 48,998 Cash lend-lease settlements______120 6,405 4,669 Return of lend-lease ships______423 53 ------Return or civilian supplies______1 Return of military equipment loans ______l====4=l=====3=l=--=-=-=--=-=--=-==-=- Net grants______38,026 5,172 4,785 I TABLE !.-Foreign grants, postwar programs-Postwar period, July 1, 1945-Dec.31, 1954, calendar years 1953, 1954 [In thousands of dollars] Program Postwar Calendar Calendar Program Postwar Calendar Calendar period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year 1954 Grand totaL------~-- 41,749,474 6,338,592 4,854,863 International agencies-Continued 240,766 .J Mutual security ______28,141,774 5,964,996 4,729,732 ~~Wa::~-======:= :: :: : : : : :: =:::::::::::: _. 97,231 9,814 ------Post-UNR RA_. ___ • ______._. ___ ~ ______• ____ _ Interim aid ______: ______298,748 Military aid: 555,684 Military supplies______11,841, 714 4,140,175 3,099,925 Lend-lease: Construction contributions______232, 732 90,550 69,008 Military (China) ______679,073 Other aid: Postwar pipelines ______1,226,516 General security support ______:- 15,290,544 1,581,060 1,067, 765 Greek-TurkishMilitary ______aid: _ Wheat for Pakistan______67,403 66,535 868 Other ______530,202 Famine and other relief.______45,490 1,897 43,593 122,484 Direct forces support______386, 799 ______386, 799 Philippine rehabilitation: Chinese-Korean students______7,363 448 301 Private claims._------397,540 International agencies ______Surplus property ______• 100,000 Migrants______23,553 6,790 7,813 Reconstruction_._------137,035 Multilateral technical assistance___ 53,451 12, 792 17, 133 Chinese stabilization ______119,594 Palestine relief______108,450 9,000 18,000 Chinese military aid ______119,732 U. N. Korean Reconstruction Military equipment loans ______219,508 174, 154 41,390 Agency______84,276 55,750 18,526 Donations of agricultural products through private relief agencies ______148,031 37, 460 55, 901 Civilian supplies: Foot-and-mouth disease eradication ______93,685 2,314 3,284 Relief in Korea ______409,766 127,983 21,477 Technical assistance __ • ______51,378 Relief in liberated and occupied areas ______Yugoslav aid ______5,276,718 8,975 3,024 Aid to American Red Cross ______37,560 Lend-lease supplies.------134,444 Berlin investment fund ______10,435 International agencies: 12,857 12,857 ------UNRR.A. __ ------2,588,659 Reconstruction Finance Corporation ______53 TABLE IL-Foreign grants, by country and program-Postwar period, July 1, 1945-Dec.31, 1954, calendar years 1953, 1954 [In thousands of dollars] Foreign country Postwar Calendar Calendar Foreign country Postwar Calendar Calendar period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year 1954 American Republics______481, 940 110,613 80,332 Brazil______17, 557 2,892 2, 242 1-----1------1----- 1-----1------1----- Mutual security_------330,391 107, 802 76, 515 Mutual security __ ------7, 562 2,892 2, 242 Lend-lease______5,770 Lend-lease.------3,616 Agricultural commodities______1,039 496 --- 533 Technical assistance______6,050 Foot-and-mouth disease eradication______93, 685 2,314 3,284 Reconstruction Finance Corporation______329 Technical assistance______51,003 l=====l=====I===== Reconstruction. Finance Corporation. __ ----l====53=I=-=-==-==·-==-=--=-==·==--= I==-·=-==-==--==-==--==-==-=· Chile.------8,439 1,581 1,116 Argentina ______.______198 Mutual security __ ------3,736 1,581 1, 11~ Technical assistance. ______i----1-93- 1·_-_-_-__-_- __-_-_- __-i- __-_-_- __-_- __-_- __ Agricultural commodities______6 Reconstruction Finance Corporation______5 Technical assistance______4,697 l=====l=====I===== Bolivia.------20,852 2,511 14,424 Mexico._------103,685 3,007 3, 965 Mutual security ______i---17-,-9-34-i·---2,-27-0·1---l-4,-4-24 1-----1------1----- Mutual security.------21,170 693 681 Agricultural commodities.______249 240 Lend-lease ___------553 Technical assistance______2,645 Foot-and-mouth disease eradication.______93,685 2,314 3,284 Reconstruction Finance Corporation______25 'l'echnical assistance______7,277 l=====J,=====I====== • 7594 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 2 TABLE IL-Foreign grants, by country and program-Postwar period, July 1, 1945-Dec.31, 1(}54, calendar years 1953, 1954-Continued [In thousands of dollars] Postwar Calendar Calendar Foreign country Postwar Calendar Calendar Foreign country period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year rn54 Nicaragua ____ ------2, 436 518 624 Austria-Continued 1-----1-----1:---- Post-UNRRA_ ------86, 055 Mutual security______2,041 518 624 Interim aid ______------68,291 Technical assistance______395 ------______Agricultural commodities______4,431 1, 599 1,886 I=====:======!===== l=====l======I===== Panama ______· ______4, 145 946 1, 102 Belgium-Luxembourg and Congo______578,093 4,882 3, 488 1-----1------1----- 1-----1------1----- Mutual security______3,518 930 1,051 Mutual security_------517,421 4,874 3,469 Agricultural commodities______67 16 51 UNRRA______1,137 ta 560 59 4 Technical assiS nce_ ------· 1===== ::=_=_=_-=-=-=--=-=-=--= I=--=-=·-=-=·=--=-=-=- t~i~~Yf~~al ccirriiiio-cffties======' : 20 Paraguay______6,327 1,416 1,043 American Red Cross ______:. ____ _ 17 1-----1------1----- l=====l======I===== Mutual security______3, 753 1,416 1,043 British Commonwealth______3,856. 775 422,221 203, 480 Lend-lease ____ ------2 ______------United Kingdom __ .. ------3,656,478 301, 418 163, 149 1 1 1 Technical assistance. ------·------1===2='=57=1= ,=_=_=_ -=-=-=--=·=-=--=!=--==-==·==·-=-=- -==-=- - Mutual security ______._. ___ .... __ ... __ -3-,-3-06-,-4-G9_ ___3_0_1,-4-1_6_ ___1_63_, 1-1-1 Peru._------10, 888 1, 915 1, 673 UNRRA __ ------. 8, 369 1-----1------1----- Lend-lease______341,462 2 Mutual security______5,830 1, 755 1,617 Agricultural commodities______130 ------38 Lend-lease______237 ______American Red Cross______49 Agricultural commodities______216 160 55 l=====:======I======Technical assistance ______l===4='==60=5= I=_=_=__ =_==_==_-==-=-=--=I=--=·=-=--=-=-·==-=- - Australia_.______12, 539 Uruguay______1, 740 219 234 UNR RA __ ------2:39 1-----1------1----- Lend-lease______12,300 Mutual sccmity______827 219 234 l=====l======I======Technical assistance______903 ______British Guiana______23 ______Reconstruction Finance Corporation______10 ------1-----r------1----- l=====l======I===== Mutual security ______19 ------Venezuela______1,963 119 152 Agricultural co=odities ______4 1-----1------1----- l======I=====!===== Mutual security______469 119 152 British Honduras, agricultural commodities___ 62 16 Technical assistance ______:______1,493 ______Canada, military equipment loans______3,964 l=====l======I===== Ceylon______55 ------, __ _ Unspecified______266, G91 !JO, 139 4G, 816 1-~---1------1----- 1-----1------1----- Mutual security ______50 ------Mutual security______263,171 90,139 46,816 Technical assistance ______5 Technical assistance______3,836 Reconstruction Finance Corporation______Cr. 316 Federation of Malaya ______l=====l=====I===== 59 ------Colombia ______4,869 1,124 1,221 1-----1------1----- MutualAgricultural security commodities __------______1 ------Mutual security_------2,631 1,124 874 49 Agricultural commodities______348 347 'l'ecbnical assistance ______9 Technical assistance______1,879 l=====l======I===== Lend-lease ______------______11 Federation of Rhodesia, technical assistance____ 1 l=====l=====I===== Gold Coast, agricultural commodities______4 3 ------Costa Rica______5,407 596 781 Hong Kong______289 1-----1------1----- t-----l·-----1----- Mutual security______3,217 596 781 Mutual secm-ity ______11 Technical assistance______2,190 Agricultural commodities______278 l=====l=====I===== l=====l=====I===== Cuba_------1,022 145 242 India_------83,995 37,395 28,003 1-----1------1----- Mutual security ___ ------576 145 242 Mutual security______77, 721 36,093 26,402 Technical assistance______446 Lend-lease ___ ------3,000 1,302 l====!====I==== Agricultural commodities______3,254 1,607 Dominican Republic______1,464 347 275 'l'echnical assistance_------20 l-----1·-----1----- ===:=l=====I==== Mutual security __ ------965 347 275 Jamaica, American Red Cross______3 Technical assistance______496 Malta, agricultural commodities______205 24 51 Lend-lease______3 N~w ~ealand, lend-lease______2,300 l====l=====I==== N1gena ______------____2_ _-_-_--_-_-_--_-_-_--_-_-_-_--_-_-_--_-_-- 1 1 1 Ecuador_------6, 603 1,052 1,116 Agricultural commodities ______Mutual security______3, G80 1,052 1,116 'I echnical assistance ______Technical assistance______2,923 Pakistan ______------_-----______96, 795 83,364 11,905 El Salvador______3,210 699 698 Mutual security._------27,866 16,205 10,180 Mutua security.______1,969 699 698 Wheat for Pakistan______67,403 66,535 8G8 __ ,.. ______Technical assistance______1,242 Urgent relief______397 397 l=====:=====I===== Agricultural commodities______1, 119 625 4(il Guatemala______4,977 131 339 Technical assistance _------11 l=====l======i===== 1 . Mutual security------888 131 332 Sierra Leone, agricultural commodities______20, 506 Technical assistance______2,734 Burma ______.______5,323 1,551 Lend-lease______1,347 Agricultural commodities______8 ______8 Mutual security_------20,501 5,323 1,551 l====l=====I==== Agricultural commodities______1 HaitL______6, 179 738 1,268 Technical assistance______4 Mutual security______2,888 658 1,202 China-Taiwan (Formosa)______1,898,073 91, 756 89,627 Agricultural commodities______146 80 66 . 1-----1------1----- Technical assistance______3, 145 Mutual security______502,622 91,109 79,119 Chinese-Korean students______7,297 433 297 Honduras ___ ---_------______l===3==, ==288=l=====51==9=l===== l,==00=1 UNRRA------362,897 Post-UNRRA______43,919 Mutual security______2,566 619 1,001 Lend-lease______729,418 Technical assistance______722 Chinese stabilization______119,594 Chinese military aid______119, 732 Afghanistan______1, 720 187 1,228 Military equipment loans______9,380 9,380 1-----1------1----- Agricultural commodities______1,325 215 831 Mutual security______1,702 187 1,228 American Red Cross______1,889 Technical assistance______18 Czechoslovakia. ______l==1==84==,=0=79=I=_==_=__ =_=_== __ =_=_= __ =r ====6=26 f=====l=====I===== Albania, UNRRA______20,444 Austria______1,048,816 39,508 17, 134 Famine relief______626 ______626 1-----1------1----- UNRRA_ ------183, 374 37,909 13, 195_ Lend-lease______2 ~~!~~lr!'IT~~~t-=-~~======725, 973 2,052 Agricultural commodities______2 GARIOA______8i: ~~~ American Red Cross______75 UNRRA______72,696 • 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE TABLE IL-Foreign grants, by country and program-Postwar period, July 11 1945-Dec. 31 1 1954, calendar years 1953, 1954-Continued [In thousands of dollars] Postwar Calendar Calendar Foreign country Postwar Calendar Calendar Foreign country period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year 1954 Ireland ______Denmark______247,353 9,092 1,117 18,346 13 1-----1------1----- 1-----1------1------1\futual security ____ ------247,349 9,092 1, 117 Mutual.American security Red Cross __ ------______18,324 13 ~------l! NRRA ____ ------4 22 ------l=====l=====I======Egypt_ __ ------,_____ 7,085 ,______2. 341 ,_____3,335 IsraeL ------,-----,---218,495 44,885 57,193 Mutual security______5,713 2,141 3,071 Mutual security ______180,379 35,470 46,797 UNRRA ______------342 ______- ______.Agricultural commodities ______38,116 9,415 10,397 Agricultural commodities______1,030 200 265 Italy______I=====!=====!===== l=====l======I===== 2,468,514 144,850 110,210 Ethiopia______,_____ 4,852 ,__ __ 1,407 1,666 1-----1------1----- CivilianMutual securitysupplies ______------_ 1,488,114 138,388 88,340 Mutual security_------4,409 1,407 1,666 244,391 ------UNRRA __------439 Post-UNRRAUNRRA ___ ------______409,754 ------Agricultural commodities______3 117,414 ------· !=====i=====;===== Interim aid __ ------176,006 ------Finland ______------2,054 18 ______Military equipment loans ______10,670 ------10,670 1-----1------1----- .Agricultural commodities ___ .______21,975 6,462 11,200 Mutual security------18 18 ______.American Red Cross ______191 UNRRA______1,840 ------Japan and possessions ______!===== !=====!===== Agricultural commodities______32 Japan ______2,533,239 136,598 3,766 .American Red Cross______163 2,314,151 127,807 617 l=====;======I===== 1-----1------1----- France and possessions ______, ______3,881,644 350,447 461,512 Mutual security_------24 ------24 France______3,880,898 350,317 461,287 0 .ARI O A ____ ------______2,184,569 ------Post-UNRRA ______------178 ------Mutual security______3,164,744 324,813 460,487 Military eqt. loans ______------.Agricultural commodities ______127,469 127,469 UNRR.A __ ------3,061 1,910 338 593 Post-UNRRA ______------60 Ryukyu Islands ______l===== l======I===== Interim-Aid __ ------311,388 219,076 8,791 3,148 Lend-lease______372,441 1-----1------1----- Military equipment loans ______25,345 25,345 ------0 ARIO A ______------·------218,869 8,772 3,024 Agricultural commodities______1, 714 159 800 Post-UNRRA ______12 .American Red Cross______2, 146 .Agricultural commodities ______183 ------19 ------124 !=====!=====!===== .American Red Cross------~------13 ------Algeria ______.------____10_1_ _-_-_- -_-_-_--_-_-_--_,_--_-_--_-_-_--_-_-- 1=====1=====1===== 1 1 Miscellaneous Islands-G.ARIO.A______13 UNRRA __ ------97 ------Jordan ______------12, 796 3,940 6,800 .American Red Cross ______10 1-----1------1----- l=====l=====I===== Mutual security------~------11,333 3,648 5,768 French Morocco ______------• -, 444 , 107 , 171 .Agricultural commodities______1,463 291 1,032 ______l=====~=====I===== Mutual sccw·ity ______5 2 1 Korea______1,022,843 204,097 126,441 .Agricu..tural commodities ______439 105 170 !=====!=====!===== 1 Tunisia ______-_- _. _- _------196 23 53 ~~&:~ ss~;~lr;_~::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~t:: 1~; g~ ~: fJ 1-----1------1----- UNRRA __ ------546 Mutua'. security_------12 7 5 Post-UNRRA ______------72 .Agricultural commodities ______184 16 48 Agricultural commodities______3,502 1,100 2,313 l=====l======I===== l=====l======I===== Germany, East: Mutual security, relief______14,743 8,304 6,439 Lebanon______8,336 2,996 3, 59' Federal Republic of Germany------3,734,428 74,264 72,889 1-----1------1----- Mutual security ______1-----1 ------1------Mutual security_------6,488 2,225 2,608 1,473,431 48,898 59,697 Agricultural commodities______1,847 769 986 GARI OA ______- ___ ------2,205,781 203 ------Technical assistance __ ------1 3,616 l=====l======I===== Post-UNRRUNRRA /\. __ ------______------2,086 ------Liberia ___ ------·-- 4, 542 1,407 1,293 Agricultural commodities ______36,657 12,306 Berlin investment funds ______13,192 12,857 12,857 ------Mutual security ___ ------~-- 4,372 1,407 1,280 l=====l======I===== .Agricultural commodities______37 13 1,600,804 79,558 Greece_ ------1-----1------1-----55,597 Technical assistance __ ------133 Mutual security_------780,115 78,992 52,386 Libya______,_____ 5,924 ,______1,403 ,____ 2, 67~ _ UNRRAPost-UNRRA ___ ------______279,755 ------37,255 Mutual security __ ------5,908 1,403 2, 67~ Lend-lease ______------5,956 ------Agricultural commodities______16 Greek-Turkish aid ______------493,630 ------l=====l=====I===== .Agricultural commodities ______------.American Red Cross ______4,058 566 3,211 Nepal, mutual security __ ------921 278 428 35 ------Netherlands __ ------~------913, 27_8 43,716 15,644 !=====!=====!===== 1-----1------1----- Hungary______3,825 ------1,466 Mutual security______825,582 22,376 15,644 1-----1------1----- UNRR.A __ ------1,899 Famine relief_ ___ ---·------1,466 ------1,466 Lend-lease______64,334 21,340 ------' UNRRA __ ------2,359 Military equipment loans______21,340 .Agricultural commodities______2 Iceland, mutual security______29,290 6,322 831 .American Red Cross______122 ------~ Indochina______127, 414 32,191 57,999 I=====!=====!===== ------1------1 ----- Norway______231, 924 10, 199 15,047 Cambodia, mutual security------12 ------12 1-----1------1----- Laos, mutual security------4 ------4 Mutual security __ ------230, 952 10, 199 15,047 Viet-Nam______29,040 ------29,040 UNRRA __ ------771 Undistributed __ ------98,359 32,191 28,944 Agricultural commodities______30 ------1------1 ----- .American Red Cross______171 Mutual security______97,729 32,159 28,347 l=====l=====l====:::::a Agricultural commodities______630 32- 597 Palestine, agricultural commodities______175 l=====l=====I===== Philippines ______------, __73_4..;_, _858_ __2_7-'--, 2_55_ , ___1_;4,_7_1!» Indonesia______106, 749 5,290 5,321 1 1 Mutual security __ ------63, -969 27,168 14,547 OARIOA______28,345 Mutual security __ ------102, 535 5,258 5,263 OARIO.A______4,106 • UNRRA ______·------7,700 - 39 65 Agricultural commodities______88 32 - - 56 Philippine rehabilitation______634, 576 Technical assistance______20 Agricultural commodities______202 48 117 Technical assistance __ -·------55 l=====J=====!===== .American Red Cross______11 56,666 65,217 Iran __ ------138,657 Poland ______l===== l======l======a Mutual security______137, 720 56,666 65,168 364,978 ------1 Lend-lease______750 UNRRALend-lease ______------· .______364 .Agricultural commodities______147 49 'l'cchnical assistance______40 .American Red Cross ______l=====l,=====1-===== Iraq______4,458 1,747 2,201 Portugal______14,525, ======108 ======2,948 1 1-----1------1----- 1-----1------1-----:ti Mutual security______4,456 1,747 2,201 Mutual security __ ------.Agricultural commodities______2 .Agricultural commodities ______14, 52f ------~~~- ______2,948 I l=====l=====I===== l=====l======I======- '.7596 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 2 TABLE IL-Foreign grants, by country and program-Postwar period, July 1, 1945-Dec. 31, 1954, calendar years 1953, 1954-Continued [In thousands of dollars] r . Postwar Calendar Calendar Postwar Calendar Calendar Foreign country period year 1953 year 1954 Foreign country period year 1953 year 1954 Saudi Arabia ______3,903 1,170 764 Turkey-Continued Military equitable loans ______21,340 ' 21,340 Mutual security_------2,290 1,170 764 Agricultural commodities ______83 78 Lend-lease ______------1,691 ======I===== 'l'echnical assistance ______22 U.S. S. R------·--·· 465,434 Spain______14,280 1,479 12, 759 1-----r------1----- UNRRA------·------·--····-·---·----··-- 186,380 Mutual security------·------10,272 1,479 8, 793 Lend-lease______277, 254 Agricultural commodities______4,008 ------3,966 American Rod Cross ______-··-______1, 800 l=====J:=====I===== l=====l=====I===== Sweden ______•• -·------_ - 87, 135 Cr. '1:27 Yugoslavia______643, 861 109,679 47, 823 1-----1------1----- Mutual security______86,536 Cr. 227 Mutual security______291,628 108,759 47,539 UNRRA __ ------549 UNRRA______298,054 American Red Cross______49 Lend-lease ______' ------76 Agricultural commodities______15, 824 Switzerland, UNRRA______1,803 ------1----' ______Yugoslav aid______37,560 920 284 l=====l=====i===== American Red Cross______719 Syria_------743 41 245 l=====l=====I===== 1-----r------r----- Trust Territory of Pacific Islands, GARIOA __ _ 4,444 Mutual security_------107 ______19 International organizations: Agricultural commodities______636 41 226 European Payments Union ______238,084 l=====i=====I===== European Productivity Agency ______500 Thailand______21,043 6,470 4,274 Intergovernmental Committee for Euro- pean Migration ______. ______23,553 6,790 7,813 Mutual security______21,018 6,470 4,274 Intergovernmental Committee on Refu- Agricultural commodities______1 gees ______3,650 Technical assistance ______., _____ 24 ,__------International Refugee Organization ______237,116 Organization of American States ______3,414 921 - -- 976 Trieste______47, 194 625 468 United Nations ______------·---- 158,486 20, 871 34, 158 United Nations Children's Fund ______97,231 9, 814 ------Mutual security______32,046 176 37 UNRRA __ ------·------273,505 GARIOA______3,008 Unspecified areas: Post-UNRRA______11,047 South Asia ______Asia and Pacific ______14,527 13 Agricultural commodities______1,093 349 430 2,163,991 652,497 763,837 l=====l=====I===== 8,789,396 3,181,738 Turkey______388,846 48,788 69,431 NearEurope East ______and -- Africa_- --_------______; ______------_ 2,039,705 Other areas ______1,183,480 329,836 321,945 ,-----,------,----- 336,357 . 44,317 66,337 Mutual secu_rity ______208,848 48,788 48,013 Greek-Turkish Military Aid______158,575 'l'otaL ______------41,749,474 6,338,592 4,854,863 TABLE III.-Foreign credits utilized, by program-Postwar period, July 1, 1945-Dec. 31, 1954, calendar years 1953, 195.t,. [In thousands of dollars] Program Postwar Calendar Calendar Postwar Calendar Calendar period year 1953 year 1954 Prograip period year 1953 year 1954 TotaL ______14,147,769 1,711,716 387,318 Strategic materials development______31,758 10,559 16,914 l=====l:=====I===== United Nations headquarters loan ______65,000 Export-Import Bank______4,338, 126 647,040 276,497 Philippine funding loans ______37,498 British loan------~------3,750,000 Institute of Inter-American Affairs ______32 Mutual security loans______1, 758, 010 ' 53, 847 93, 908 Reconstruction Finance Corporation ______70,102 Surplus property sales______1, 487, 251 Occupied areas commodity programs ______271 ------Natural fibers revolving fund ______229,113 Prior grants converted to credits______2,256,266 1, 000, 000 ------54,043 Lend-lease______70, 572 TABLE IV.-Foreign credits utilized, by country-Postwar period, July 1, 1945-Dec. 31, 1954, calendar years 1953, 1954 [In thousands of dollars] Country Postwar Calendar Calendar Country Postwar Calendar Calendar period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year 1954 Total.______14, 147, 769 1,711,716 387,318 British Commonwealth______5,366,295 59,311 64,403 l=====I===== American Republics______1, 167, 219 399,440 114,962 United Kingdom______4,782,476 6,740 Argentina______101, 675 2,888 1,612 Australia______14, 120 1,701 4,169 Bolivia_------37,209 1,861 2,004 British East Africa______2,324 1,391 42 Brazil______507,929 337,718 53,544 British Guiana______128 Chile______121,046 Colombia ______. ______60,917 4,850 2,500 British Honduras______13 4,919 5,045 Canada ______· ______163,119 5,251 8,194 Costa Rica______85 Federation of Rhodesia______33, 335 7,337 11,713 5,694 2,023 India______234,212 EcuadorCuba __ ------______·------20,94524, 513 El Salvador ______; ______576 1,212 3,612 Jamaica ___ ------20, 930 Haiti. ______• 10, 075 ~r;rf:Sland______4, ~~ 2,484 7,020 400 -- --- 354 Honduras ___ ------__ 223 Pakistan______15,136 8,442 ------NicaraguaMexico __ ------______• 224,621600 23; 630 37, 230 Union of South Africa______95, 414 34, 789 33, 191 123 ------l=====l=====I===== Panama_------4,000 Burma______5,043 Paraguay_------795 China______229, 357 Peru______21,596 9,691 82 Czechoslovakia.------29, 583 Uruguay ______. ______11,554 Denmark______54, 341 Venezuela ______• __ •• ______• 13, 301 254 ------3, 290 Egypt.._------17, 934 Unspecified______5, 558 ~? -- Ethiopia-Eritrea______Finland ______.______126,3, 399102 l=====l=====I===== J. Cgbanistan.------21,934 3,527 1,607 l=====l=====I===== Austria __ ------30, 107 3,372 1,842 France and possessions______2,486,864 129, 148 4, 470 Belgium______234, 972 2,760 1-----1------1----- France______2,461, 977 126, 282 4, 470 .iJ:,~:n~~~go::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: r:·m .Algeria ______------__ 680 l=====l======I===== French Equatorial Africa______4,368 746 ------1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7597 TABLE lV.-Foreign credits utilized, by country-Postwar period, July 1, 1945- Dec. 31, 1954, calendar years 1953, 1954-Continued [In thousands of dollars] Postwar Calendar Calendar Program Country Postwar Calendar Calendar period year 1953 year 1954 period year 1953 year 1954 Liberia ______France and possessions-Continued 23,287 435 998 French Morocco______18,338 1,440 ------Netherlands __ ------__ 436,032 · New Caledonia______1,501 Norway ______Philippines ______140,604 9,875 1, 109 Germany ______· ______l=l=,=34=5=, 5=7=8=l==l,=00=1=,=90=5= l====l,=7=86 130,525 7,555 6,083 Poland ___ ------77,720 Greece______114,639 269 379 Portugal______• ______Saudi Arabia ______50,723 5,387 9,674 Hungary------15, 917 Spain ______19,112 Iceland __ ------5,659 271 ------Sweden ______77,587 20,178 16,078 Indonesia______143, 886 13, 200 19, 100 24,200 Thailand ______- ______- _- - - _- _- _- -- Iran ___ ------34,384 Turkey ______7,255 Iraq ___ T ______------889 U.S. S. R ______128,100 761 128 Ireland_------128, 200 222,493 Israel.______134, 817 Yugoslavia ______11,982 2,770 55,900 893 ------Italy______441, 478 1,498 2,661 International Organizations: , Japan______460, 506 39,950 80,169 European Coal and Steel Community __ __ _ 59,100 59, 100 Korea______24, 928 United Nation's headquarters ______65,000 Lebanon______1,550 TABLE V.-Foreign loans and other credits-Net authorizations, utilizations, repayments, and bala,nces outstanding on Dec. 31, 1954- Period, July 1, 1940, through Dec. 31, 1954 [In thousands of dollars] Outstand- Net author- Utiliza- Repay- Net author- Utiliza- Repay- Outstand- Country izations tions ments ing on Dec. Country ingonDec. 31, 1954 izations tions ments 31, 1954 16,075,528 15,402,972 3,622,972 )1, 780,000 China ______------•• ----- 347,858 347,858 192,481 155,377 Total._--·------··- Czechoslovakia ______•• __ Denmark ______30,377 30,377 25,507 4,870 American Republics ______1,887,841 1,558,516 632,267 926,250 54,341 54,341 5,416 48,925 EthiopiaEgypt ______------_- - • ------17,934 17,934 12,859 5,075 Argon tina ______---______---• - 104,585 102,065 10,795 91,270 7,757 7,757 3,701 4,056 Bolivia ______••• __ 42,115 41,720 7,258 34,462 Finland ______•••• ___ ._ 152,313 152,313 48,841 103,472 B raziL __ • _. ______••• ______• -• 737,255 603,622 145,661 457,960 Chile ______• __ .• -• - 144,836 143,513 66,815 76,698 France and possessions ______; ___ 2,493,803 2,486,864 618,000 1,868,864 Colotnbia ______85,212 83,353 52,125 31,228 Costa Rica ______5,971 France. ______•• ------Quba______8,160 7,260 1,289 2,463,407 2,461,976 607,245 1,854, 731 80,168 70,192 56,169 14,023 Algeria ______680 680 54 626 Dominican Republic ______3,284 3,000 3,000 ------French Equatorial Africa ______9,826 4,368 182 4,186 Ecuador ______• __ . ______. -- 34,970 26,511 7,327 19,184 French Morocco ______:______18,.389 18,338 9,018 9,320 El Salvador ______1,476 1,476 1,173 303 New Caledonia ______1,501 1,501 1,501 Haiti. ______--_ 24,891 20,395 7,059 13,336 ------Honduras ______1,118 1,118 1,118 ------GermanY------~---- 1,345,582 1,345,582 152,492 1,193,086 Mexico______- 281,845 240,388 107,782 132,605 Greece ______----- __ ------116,832 Nicaragua______Hungary ______114,639 37,630 77,009 5,250 5,250 4,745 505 Iceland ______15,917 15,917 3,198 12,719 Panama ______6,488 6, 488 5,275 1,213 Indonesia ______6,249 6,249 622 5,627 Paraguay:. ______13,400 6,200 5,146 1,054 180,886 143,886 8,107 135, 779· Peru ______Iran ______------128,396 21,596 3,684 17, 732 Iraq ______87,846 34,846 10,609 24,237 Uruguay ______21,813 18,640 7,395 11,245 889 889 889 Venezuela ______Ireland ______------18,445 18,445 12,445 6,000 128,200 128,200 -- ... ------128,200 Unspecified. ______--- 144, 135 137,002 125,541 11,461 Israel. ______------134,998 134,817 12,102 122,715 Italy ______Afghanistan ______Japan ______454,854 454,854 165,049 289,806 40,934 21,934 ------21,934 Korea ______500,206 460,507 375,490 85,017 Austria ______30,107 30,107 18,908 11,199 27,428 24,928 3,978 20,950 Bahrein ______--- 17,048 17,048 17,048 ------Latvia ___ ------11 11 11 ------Lebanon ______1,550 1,550 1,550 Belgium-Luxembourg ______Liberia ______239,528 239,523 85,254 154,269 Netherlands ______29,773 26,621 4,516 22,105 Belgium ______234,972 83,931 151,041 472,169 472,169 163,008 309,161 234,978 Norway ______140,830 140,731 38,345 102,485 Luxembourg ______--___ -- 3,000 3,000 3,000 Belgian Congo ______1,550 1,322 228 PhilippinesPoland ______------141,887 130,525 52,230 78,295 1,550 81,268 81,268 13,145 68,123 British Commonwealth ______5,973,756 825,494 5,148,262 6,076,093 Portugal and possessions ______59,530 52,059 1,990 50,069 United Kingdom ______4,592,571 5,216, 757 5,216,757 624,186 Portugal. ______Australia______22,492 22,492 2,969 19,523 59,465 51,994 1,957 50,037 British East Africa ______2,394 2,324 82 2,242 Angola_-----~ ______65 65 33 32 British Guiana______128 128 128 British Honduras ______--- 482 Saudi Arabia ______482 482 ------Spain ______31,826 31,826 ·8,900 22,926 Canada ______199,759 195,904 181; 332 14,572 102,261 91,268 65,285 Federation of Rhodesia ______60,713 33,335 1,789 31,546 Sweden ______------28,3ll 28,311 2~:lm 20,400 India ______365,767 365,767 4,607 361,160 Thailand ______---______7,255 7,255 5,689 1,566 Jamaica _____ ------20,930 20,930 5,265 15,665 TurkeyU.S. S. ___R ______------134,597 128,100 34,543 93,557 3,241 1 20,333 4,333 1,092 Yugoslavia______222,493 222,493 ------222,493 ~r;rra~-~~~:~:::::::::::::::: 799 754 6 748 55,900 55,900 1,889 54,011 Pakistan ______::______15,136 15,136 136 15,000 International organizations: Union of South Africa ______150,404 95,414 3,549 91,865 EuropeanCommunity Coal______and Steel 100,000 59,100 59,100 Burma ___ • ___ ------· ------5,0431 5,043 2,312 j 2,730 United Nations·------~---- 65,000 65,000 5,000 60,000 Mr. Speaker, it is my opm1on that ness of purpose which has existed among expressed their overwhelming wish for the statistical information above is the Western democracies has become in a democratic form of government. This timely because this body will soon have creasingly evident in their planning to in itself gave considerable strength to for consideration another request for gether for the security of the free world. the cause of the free world. Leaders foreign aid. The focal point of this planning has been in many countries considered it one the creation of institutions which are of the most important events in Europe now serving the free world as instru following the war. The 9 Years of the Italian Republic ments of cooperation-militarily, eco · The new Government of Italy has nomically, and in many other impor functioned well for 9 years; the parlia EXTENSION OF REMARKS tant ways, mentary system which the Italian peo or Among those nations with which our own country in recent years has been ple set up has proved to be one of the HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. most firmly allied in carrying out these most stable in Western Europe. This purposes has been the Republic of Italy. has been true despite the alarming OJ' NEW JERSEY strength of the leftist parties. During IN TIIE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES For some years after the war Italy was hardly in a position to contribute any the early years of Premier de Gasperi's Thursday, June 2, 1955 material strength to neighbors or allies. leadership of the Christian Democrats Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, since However, even in that early period the the Government was hanicapped by the World War n the remarkable single- people of Italy, in a public referendum, growth of Communist organizations. 7598 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 2 Although de Gasperi, a stanch sup National Women's ·Press Club. I have en I made three points in my reply to his porter of Western ideas of government, joyed speaking at some of them in the past charge. The first point I made was that I although I enjoy listening much more than regretted that I was not in a position to dis acted vigorously in numerous ways to speaking. cuss the Soviet note of October 23 because try to curb the Communists, leftist gains This is the first time that I have had the I had been unable to find an American news in ItaJy in the years 1950, 1951, and 1952, honor of addressing the bosses of the ladies paper for sale at newsstands in Moscow and while not spectacular, were clear-cut. of the Press Club. It is my first opportunity therefore had not had a chance to read it The drift away from the center parties to speak to the editors. or be aware of its contents. toward the extremes of both left and I have mixed feelings about this. Rarely The second point I made was my expres right was disquieting. Since 1953, how does one have such an opportunity to reply sion that I had full confidence that Ameri ever, with an improvement in the eco to the editorial pages. But then, rarely have can papers would not only publish the full I ever had an occasion to be tempted to do text of the Russian note but also that Ameri nomic picture, there has been no sub so. For the vast majority of the editors of can papers would give prominence to the stantial gain made by the Communists. the country have been quite generous to me note. Italy's leaders since De Gasperi's resig in their editorial remarks. I want to take I made these first two points during the nation have been no less vigorous in the this occasion to express my sincere thanks to talk with Mr. Molotov. It was not until the :fight against the Communist menace. you. After all, when the going gets tough, next day that I made my third and most Like his predecessors, the present all of us are human enough to like a pat effective point in reply to Mr. Molotov. I Premier, Mario Scelba, has met head-on on the back. wrote him a short letter in which I stated: I have not been immune to editorial "Late yesterday afternoon, approximately the challenge of Communist subversion criticism. I'm not perfect and readily admit 3 hours after the conclusion of our talk, I in Italy. He has expressed time and it. So that I have not resented the relatively asked the American Embassy for a copy of time again his Government's stand with few unfavorable editorials because they have, the latest issue of any American newspaper · the Western democracies. In March he for the greater part, been constructive criti-· it had. In response to my request, the Em paid a visit to the United States and cism by which I can improve. Rarely have bassy gave me the enclosed copy of the Paris thereby strengthened the close bond that I found an editor or editorial writer taking edition of the New York Herald Tribune of exists between our two countries. In re advantage of his position to give vent to his Monday, October 25, 1954, which not only cent weeks when the Soviet Government personal dislikes or to assume the role of a gives the full text of your Government's stern teacher meting out discipline. note of October 23, 1954, but also accorded called upon Italy to become a part of And so tonight I want to pay my personal it prominence. I am pleased to send this neutral barrier zone between East and tribute to the editors of our Nation-to the copy to you as it corroborates the assurance West, Scelba categorically denied that editors of a truly free press dedicated to that I gave you of the nonsecrecy policy Italy would take such a position. jealously guarding the freedoms of our of American newspapers." Italy has much to be proud of in the people. Here was living proof not only of the free agricultural and industrial advances I speak from considerable personal experi dom of our American press but as well of which the country has made in 9 years. ence about editors. I have known them as its conscientiousness in printing the news. personal friends. I have known them as The story on the note was on the front page. Land reform and new industry have pro It has been suggested to me that I frame vided new jobs for large numbers of un critics. I have known them as bosses from the time when I worked on a Maine weekly the copy of my letter to Mr. Molotov and employed. This is not to say that the newspaper in my hometown to a few years put on it the caption "Touche." serious problems of unemployed and land ago when I was writing a nationally syndi I shall never forget the 2 trips that I distribution have been completely solved. cated column. made during the past 6 months. I am con They have not; but the standard of fident that I shall never again learn so much From that experience over the years, I say in so short a time. One reason that I won't living is slowly rising and the whole eco that nowhere will you find men and women is because never again will I have the op nomic picture is improving. who are more fair, conscientious, hard work portunity to talk and confer with practically And so on this June 2, 1955, we take ing and Joyal to their convictions and their every leader in the world; not only govern great pleasure in extending our own con country than American editors. ment leaders but leaders of various political gratulations and best wishes to the I am glad that I can say that. I am glad parties. _ Italian people, congratulations for the because the editors hold at the tip of their Another reason is that in such a short pe remarkable past 9 years, and best wishes typing or scribbling fingers a tremendous riod of time--4 weeks on each of the trips power to do good or evil, justice or injustice, I talked with more of the common people for the more favorable future for which in influencing, shaping and leading public in the various countries I was in. I spent they are continuously striving. opinion. To that extent, they possess the parts of days with families in their homes. opportunity to guide the destiny of our great I attended community meetings in small country. And in the possession of such villages. I sat in the classes in schools and power and opportunity, I am sure that you heard the schoolchildren recite. I tramped Address by Hon. Margaret Chase Smith, editors feel the gravity of the awesome re through refugee camps. I attended sessions sponsibility that accompanies such power of parliaments; I inspected soldiers in the of Maine, Before National Women's and opportunity. field; I talked with patients in hospitals and You have a freedom of action that is not with children in nurseries; I talked with a Press Club enjoyed by a public official. You do not Fascist leader and a Communist leader. have to make an accounting to the people. Even my assistant did some involuntary EXTENSION OF REMARKS You do not have to Justify your position with research work behind the Iron Curtain where the people because your position is not de- he was held prisoner in a Communist jail. OF .pendent upon the people. You do not have These are a few of the things I did on my to say why you write the editorials you do. trips which brought down upon me bitter HON. ALEXANDER WILEY You do not have to give justification for denunciation from the Communist press in OF WISCONSIN your editorials to the people. Russia. They called me an Amazon war IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES In short, the only thing that you are ac monger hiding behind a rose. Apparently countable to is your conscience. And that they haven't changed their opinion of me Thursday, June 2, 1955 is good enough for me--because I am confi from 6 years ago when they called me a war Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, on April dent that living with your conscience is far monger but did not award me the degree of 21 it was a pleasure to be a guest of the more important to you than being account Amazon warmonger or associate me with National Womens Press Club. There I able to the people. Because the editors of anything as lovely as a rose. I must have America are men and women of conscience, done some good for my country on these heard a very remarkable address deliver our country is a free nation. trips for the Russian press to make such ed by our associate, the distinguished That is true in a decreasing number of na bitter denunciation of me. Senator from Maine [Mrs. SMITH]. I tions around the world. I know from what Your president, Elizabeth Carpenter, asked ask unanimous consent that the address I saw in some 2 dozen nations that I have me to talk about my trips. But I do not want be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. visited in the past 6 months. Some_of those to bore you with a travelog. You have There being no objection,. the address nations were behind the Iron Curtain like been to these places yourselves." You don't was ordered to be print_ed in the RECORD, Russia and Czechoslovakia. need me to tell you about them. You know as follows: When I talked with Foreign Minister Molo more about them than I · do. And you cer tov in Moscow last October 26, he charged tainly are better experts on the subjects .ADDRESS BY HON. MARGARET CHASE SMITH AT that American newspapers did not print news than I. NATIONAL WOMEN'S PRESS Cura, ANNUAL about Russia-that specifically the American Perhaps you would be interested in check EDITORS' DINNER, WASHINGTON, D. C., APRIL newspapers would not publish anything ing my opinions and my impressions from 21, 1955 about the Russian Government's note of. my trips. I shall make them brief. These Madam President, members of the Na October 23 to the United States, Great are by no _means all o:( my impressions. tional Women's Press Club, editors and Britain, and France in reply to our note of 1. Is America liked or disliked? The an guests, I always enjoy the dinners of the September 10. swer is that America and Americans are liked. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE .7599 · What may be even more important is that 6. Even in Communist Russia the com only . specifically responded . to the request we are respected. We may not be liked as mon people want to be friends with us. We of the President for the Formosa resolution. much as we would like to be in nations should answer the coexistence talk that Had the Congress rejected the Presidential throughout the world-but America and Russia puts forth by simply pointing out request, the repercussions around the world Americans are much better liked and re that their foremost form of coexistence is would have been obvious. spected in these foreign countries than I inside Russia where the attitude of the For example, who would accuse Senator think we realize. I did not find the defeat common people of Russia with communism WALTER GEORGE of dodging responsibility in . ism, dislike, and resentment that I had been is merely one of internal coexistence-where the Formosa resolution? Who would accuse ' led to believe existed for America and Ameri they merely coexist with communism him of abjectly surrendering and delegating cans all over the world, instead, I was sur where they are simply resigned to it power that he should not to the President? prised at the warm feeling and friendship with no enthusiasm to resist it or defend it. Yet, it was Senator GEORGE who led the fight shown me by the little people as well as the We should counter the Communist co for passage of the Formosa resolution. leaders in every non-Communist country existence talk with the question of "If you Yes; and it was Senator GEORGE who rose that I visited. And even in Russia the little really believe in coexistence, why then don't above partisanship and said that the deci people were warm and friendly to me. you let the rest of the countries of the world sion was rightly that of President Eisen 2. There is too much unjustified pessi exist with their free governments-why have hower and that both sides should stop trying mism here at home-almost to the point of you destroyed the free governments of your to pressure the President. it becoming fashionable, either politically or . slave colonies?" Yes; my position on the Quemoy-Matsu journalistically, to be excessively pessimistic. 7. In the future our foreign policy must issue is simply this: The decision is properly There is a great deal for us to be optimistic be based on confidence in our own demon that of the President, not only constitution about-we have fairly well secured Western strated strength and rightful objectives in ally but also from a practical standpoint. Europe and the Mediterranean area against stead of stemming from fear of Russia. We There is no Representative or Senator who the threat of communism-and we are mak must accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative, and latch on to the affirmative knows as much about the facts and condi ing headway in southeast Asia. OUr position tions surrounding the controversy as does in southeast Asia is somewhat like our posi more. We must shift from a policy of de President Eisenhower. No Representative tion was in Western Europe before the Mar fensive countermoves to bold and confident maintenance of the initiative. or Senator could possibly know. There is no shall plan. We have a long way to go but we Representative or Senator as equipped with are starting even belatedly. We had a long Now your members who invited me to the objectivity and freedom from future po way to go in Western Europe but we have speak here tonight, asked me to say some litical ambitions as President Eisenhower for come through successfully there-and we are thing about Quemoy and Matsu. So many people have had so much to say on this making a nonpolitical decision on the issue. respected and liked there. Finally, I ask you if there is anyone who 3. The past few days of the Bandung Con subject that I think it has Just about been can match the military genius of Dwight D. ference have proved that we are liked and exhausted. Surely there is nothing I can Eisenhower, the man who led us to victory respected in many areas of southeast Asia; add to what the really great minds have al in World War II? Would you pit the eval that we do have friends there. The basic ready said about it. uation and Judgment of anyone on this problem in Asia is the Asian hate of colonial But lest you think I'm attempting to dodge military situation against the judgment of ism and the tendency to accept communism stating my position on the issue I will say Dwight D. Eisenhower? Would you pit the as the foremost foe of colonialism. We have something on the subject. judgment of anyone on the foreign-relations been failing to use the most effective means My position on Quemoy and Matsu is this: consideration of this issue against that of of combatting this problem. We are failing Back in January of this year, the Members Dwight D. Eisenhower? to drive home to the Asians that communism of Congress by an overwhelming margin Well, I wouldn't. And I certainly wouldn't is nothing less than Russian colonialism. I voted to give full authority for the decision presume to say that I have access to enough am gratified that some of our allies like Iraq on whether to defend Quemoy and Matsu to information to second-guess the President are driving this point home at the Bandung President Eisenhower. They did for more and commander of our victorious World War Conference. We should convince the Asians than one reason. Such a decision has his II forces. that we feel that the decisions on Asians torically and constitutionally been the pre Instead, I say that he is best equipped to should be made in Asia by Asians rather rogative of the President of the United make the decision-to make it whenever he than in London or Paris, as they have been States. deems it wisest to--that I place full confi in the past. Thus, from a constitutional standpoint his dence in him and that I shall support him We must point out to Asians that unless request for the Formosa resolution was un in his decision and the timing of it. they oppose communism, the modern drastic necessary. Rather he made it from a psycho WALTER GEORGE, the dean of . the Senate form of colonialism, those decisions in the logical standpoint of unity between the Con and a member of the opposition party to the future will be made in Moscow rather than gress and the President on whatever action President, has said it so frequently, abun in New Delhi, Rangoon, Saigon, or Jakarta. he should take. dantly, and eloquently that frankly I think We must point out to them that the deci The Congress made that overwhelming it needs no elaboration. sions for Peiping are being made in Moscow decision for another very important rea Now, that leads me into a point that I do instead of Peiping, for Hanoi in Peiping and son-the Senators and Representatives want to make with you. First, let me ob Moscow instead of Hanoi, for Budapest in r'ealized that no one but the President could serve that the 15th of April has come and Moscow instead of Budapest, for Prague in be 1n possession of the necessary facts with gone-and the Chinese Communists have Moscow J'lstead of Prague, for Warsaw in which to make the decision, much less 435 not made an attempt to take Quemoy and Moscow instead of Warsaw. Representatives and 96 Senators in an area Matsu, contrary to the gloomy military pre We must call their attention to the Com of unlimited debate. dictions that we heard a short time ago. munist colonial empire in which Russia's The President asked for advance congres That doesn't mean they won't at any time. Kremlin masters rule over the slave colonies sional commitment to support whatever de But here is demonstrative proof o! the of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bul cision he made. The great majority of the wisdom and knowledge of the President. He garia, Estonia, Latvia, Albania, Red China, Senators, however reluctantly, voted to give disagreed with the militarists who were mak and Viet Minh. We must drive home the him that advance commitment. I did-and ing that prediction. Time has proved h<' fact to them that Russia seeks to make a I expect to keep that commitment. I think was right and the militarists wrong. slave colony out of every Asian country and I, for one, am weary of either militarists every country of the world. every Senator who voted against the amend ments that were offered concerning Quemoy on one side or politically motivated groups 4. We are liked and respected in Spain. · on the other side trying to pressure the Spain should be taken into NATO without and Matsu are bound by that commitment President to their concept o! foreign policy, further delay. The past prejudices against and estopped from trying to force the Presi a field in which they obviously are not Spain because of her neutrality in World dent to a commitment either for or against qualified. I am weary of the Quemoy-Matsu War II, which seemed to be benevolently on defense of Quemoy and Matsu. matter being made a political football. the side of Hitler and Mussolini must be dis I don't think that they are estopped from I do not mean that the President is im carded. After all, NATO is for ' the purpose voicing their personal opinions-but I don't mune to criticism and political attack from of mutual defense against aggressive com think they can in good conscience try to political opponents. · Nor do I mean that munism-Spain is a bitter foe of commu pressure the President into a commitment the militarists are barred from making vig nism-and if we can take a Western Ger prior to such time as he decides to make his orous suggestions and recommendations to many and Italy, who were our active ene decision. him. But I do mean that this is no time mies in World War II, into NATO, then there You may say that such a position would !or politics, under the guise o! patriotism, is no excuse for barring Spain. be tantamount to the Senate delegating on the part of civilians and civilian groups. 5. It would be wise for us to concentrate away its authority and responsibility. But And I do mean that it is not for militarists, our aid on such countries as Spain and that is not the case. In the first place, the on the other side, to us~p policymaking Turkey instead of gambling that a.id with authority is already vested by the Constitu powers. Their mission is to carry out the such question marks as Yugoslavia. It tion in the President. In the second place, policy decisions of the President-not to would be wise for our aid to be made on the Senate and the House for that matter, formulate them. the businesslike basis of loans instead of did not shirk its responsibility on expressing This is a time for cool heads-not hot gifts-if only for the respect it would bring such confidence in. the President to make heads. This is a time for calm, considered us. the decision-for the Senate and the House judgment-not bellicose tam:. This is a .7600 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE J-une 2 time for realistic optimism-not belligerent forward to a life of greater opportunity to A nation may become rich and powerful, pessimism. This is no time for militaristic serve himself and others. Furnished with but if it is careless of its moral fiber, the badgering of the civilian head of our Gov the love of home and neighborhood that dry rot of decay has already set in. ernment. makes a people strong and good. On Memorial Day we pay tribute to those Now is not the time for making political "For we the dead have faith in you who who shunned the easy way, they met and hay on such a vital 1955 national security live." conquered the sternest test of manhood. issue in and out of Congress with partisan Their voices fade away like the gentle Some we knew by name, because they once Epeeches aimed at the 1956 political cam breeze that whispers among the leaves, and lived in the neighborhood where we grew up. paign. then is gone. Others we memorized from our study of Now is not the time for all good men to But they did speak to us a moment ago- American history. come to the aid of their political party. as they do, on every Memorial Day-ever One-who is the symbol of all-rests in Now is the time for all good men and reminding us of the great truths that gave the tomb of the unknown soldier-at Arling women to come to the aid of their country birth to out Nation, and have nourished it ton National Cemetery close to the Nation's with nonpartisan, optimistic, and positive through its young and wonderful history, Capitol. thinking-like Senator WALTER GEORGE., up to now. We bow our heads in reverence to their And there is no better time for you editors The truths now in our keeping, for us to immortal faith and courage. to respond to sucl~ a call than now. I am perpetuate with honor, or cast away-if we For the miracle cord of memory unites fully confident you will, as you have in the break faith with those who died. them with us, and with the children of past. Not many miles from here, the first t-oday, who will grow up to become the pioneers stepped ashore to build a brave new responsible Americans of tomorrow. world out of the wilderness, enduring every And we pray that we may become worthy Annual Memorial Day Exercises-Revere hardship for the chance to be free. of our kinship with the heroes of Bunker Hill, They suffered and died for this faith, that Gettysburg, the charge at San Juan Hill, Ladies Auxiliary Post, No. 940, Revere, first grim winter in 1620. Chateau-Thierry, Bastogne, Iwo Jima, Heart Slowly but surely, never yielding to doubt break R idge, who gave beyond all giving Mass. or difficulty, they worked hard to malce a that freedom might live. dream come true. So close to us in spirit on this day, whis EXTENSION OF REMARKS They were men and women who wanted pering to us: "Be unafraid to live up to the OF to succeed by their own efforts. best that is in you, for brave men never die." Because they respected themselves, and HON. THOMAS J. LANE respected their neighbors, they began to de velop a system of government that would OF MASSACHUSETTS always be responsive to the will of the people. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · From the Minutemen of Concord and Lex Enrico Fermi Thursday, June 2, 1955 ington, to the career men of our Armed Forces today, the voluntary spirit is the key EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to our Nation's greatness. OF to extend my remarks, I wish to include From the Tories in the Revolution who the following address which I delivered sided with Britain; through the rebels and HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. at the annual Memorial Day exercises on the carpetbaggers of the Civil War era, the OF NEW JERSEY profiteers of World War I, and the draft Monday, May 30, 1955, Revere Ladies dodgers of World War II-there were always IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Auxiliary to Veterans of Foreign Wars a few who failed us, but they were a lonely Thursday, June 2, 1955 of the United States, Post No. 940, Re few. vere, Mass.: · The United States is strong, not because Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, it is very On Memorial Day, through the miracle of of the material things it inherits from the :fitting that the new Atomic Energy remembrance, the dead seem to live again. past, for there were no things left. to them Building to be erected in the District So near, it seems, that we might almost by others to help the men and women who of Columbia, or in this vicinity, should touch them. landed at Plymouth Rock. Only their heads, be named in honor of tbe late nuclear The smile, the voice, the mannerisms of a and hands, and hearts. With these, they physicist, Dr. Enrico Fermi. As. one of loved one. conquered the wilderness. several cosponsors of a measure to bring Faces from the past that are with us today. Even as their more fortunate descendants Visitors from eternity. of today must build character before all about this desirable result, I wish to call Side by side with us, as surely as there is else. · to your attention those achievements of everlasting life beyond the grave. Honesty, truthfulness, intelligence, cour Dr. Fermi's career which forever connect Through the tender and moving cere age-these cannot be bought in the marl{et his name with the development of atomic monies of Memorial Day, we feel the pres place. energy for war and for peace. ence of those who once lived and breathed Tl,ey can only be developed, from within. Upon Dr. Fermi's untimely death in as we do. In every emergency, our people can draw Chicago, November 28, 1954, the coun Joining with us for a few steps along the from this great reservoir of strength. try's leading newspapers referred to him way, in the mystical reunion that gives us Because the men and women who are so greater strength to face tomorrow . . close to us in spirit on Memorial Day, were as "the Columbus of the atomic era" and They come, whispering to us: "Be un brought up in homes where examples in the "architect of the atomic age" and afraid to live up to the best that is in you. spired them with deathless devotion to the "the father of the atomic bomb." For brave men never die." principles of freedom. Dr. Fermi was one of a long and ever The bugle sounds "taps" over their graves, Where parents taught their children that increasing line of Italians who have come hut the echo comes bacl{ to us like an an the honor of their immortal souls should to this country and have become bene swering voice. As if the dead were waking never surrender to material temptations. factors of America and of the world. He us from our earthly trance. Asking us to In 1955, there is national concern about was born in Rome, Italy, September 29, make each moment count, for God and the problem of juvenile delinquency; of humanity. boys who have become cowardly bullies, and 1901. He was educated at the University . We pause and listen. of girls who disgrace themselves. Bringing of Pisa and in Germany and the Nether "Once we were like you, the living. heartache to their parents, and danger to lands. He lectured at the University of . "And then we left for distant battlefields the life of the community. Florence and was professor of theoreti where we fought the fight from which there And we ask, "Where, and how, did they cal physics at t~1e University of Rome is no return. lose themselves?" for 12 years. "In our last moments on this earth, ,-,e Running away from the sound traditions that have moulded youngsters into good citi Dr. Fermi received the Nobel prize in yearned for the country of our birth. physics in 1938. This was awarded "Reaching out a hand as if we might zens since the beginnings of our Nation. bridge the thousands of miles, reaching for Perhaps we must share part of the blame, largely because of Dr. Fermi's success -in home. because, in our pursuit of material ends, we producing artificial radioactivity by "We who were about to die, remembered have neglected to provide them with the bombarding substances with slow neu friends and families and happy times. right example. trons. When he went to Stockholm to "Then, knowing we could never come. bacl{ Too busy ~o be the living embodiment of receive this prize he took with him his to the life that was, our last thoughts on those virtues that we remember today. wife and two. young children and never earth were of you. As the dead would say: "To you we pass "Of how you might fulfill our plans that the torch. Be yours to hold it high." returned to the rule of Mussolini and somehow went astray. Most of our youngsters are strong and true, fascism. He arrived in New York Janu . "Serene, at that final moment, knowing building the wholesome lives that are a ary 2, 1939, and was welcomed to a posi that you would go on building the house continuation of all that ls best in our past. tion on the physics faculty at Columbia where freedom dwells. A house of prosperous Trying to guide the delinquent few of their University. There he had the advantage cities and farms where every child can look own generation to the right road again. of associates with similar interests and 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7601 skills. In less than 1 month from his Broadcasters. First of all, I want to con of republican government is dedicated to landing in New York the first splitting gratulate this 33d annual convention of your that principle. It emerged in this country association for the recognition received this as a natural and profound reaction to a of the uranium atom in America took morning by the appearance here of the Presi tyrannical ;English sovereign. Thus, among place in the basement of Pupin Hall on dent of the United States. President Eisen the grievances enumerated in the Declara the Columbia University campus. With hower, I believe, is the first President to ad tion of Independence we find the following: in 3 months he was trying to convince dress your association, and I feel this recogni "He has erected a multitude of new offices, the Navy Department that an atomic tion comes to you because of the very vital and sent hither swarms of officers to harass bomb was practical. part your industry is playing in the lives of our people, and eat out their substance." Dr. Albert Einstein reported Dr. all Americans. I consider it a great honor Bureaucracy ls as old as government Fermi's work to President Roosevelt and to be a part of the Eisenhower team, and I itself. The problem has always been, and can assure you it is a team dedicated to ren still is, to keep government within its proper persuaded him to allow the far-reaching dering a public service. I suggest that this bounds. Assuming that some sorts of con and costly experiments which resulted in precedent be adopted as the standard order trols of business, as few as possible, are the atom bomb and in the vast peace of procedure and that you bend every effort necessary, what are they? That's the heart time uses of atomic power. to have President Eisenhower address you of the matter. Research activities were transferred for the next succeeding 5 years. In the field of communications by radio to the University of Chicago, and there, When I was asked to address you, I in and television, the Congress of the United under the west stands of Stagg Field, the quired of one of my contemporaries at the States established the Federal Communica Commission what I should say. His reply tions Commission and made your industry first experimental nuclear reactor was was: "Why don't you be yourself and not say a truly open, competitive free enterprise, built. The atomic age opened with the much of anything. All these people want delegating to the Federal Communications success of this atomic pile on December to do is just see what a funny looking bird Commission as an arm of Congress certain 2, 1942. Many scientists worked on this you are." Well, here I am and there you are. functions necessary for orderly operations experiment, but, more than any other Since this is the first opportunity I have of this enterprise. one man, Dr. Fermi has been credited had of appearing before you folks I will Your industry should not be, in my judg with its success. He later was made briefly give you niy philosophy of govern ment, regulated, but should be kept healthy chief of the ,advanced physics depart ment as related to the individual. This is by open, free competition so long as it oper not a newly acquired philosophy on my part ates in the public interest. ment at Los Alamos, N. Mex. He re and I will underline statements which I have Every license granted by the Federal Com ceived the Medal of Merit from Presi previously made on this subject. munications Commission is a public trust dent Truman, and shortly before his Traditionally, freedom of the individual in to be used in the public interest. This can death, last November, Dr. Fermi was the United States was an outgrowth of the not be overemphasized. Broadcasters, in given the :first $25,000 special award by political, religious, and economic oppression their efforts to solve their financial and tech the Atomic Energy Commission. of the European nations. The earliest col nical problems, may at times tend to forget His fame is secure and he will never onists who settled here were dedicated to that their license to operate is like a de freedom of the individual. The demand for terminal grant--"to be used so long as it be forgotten, whether we name the new political freedom was the major factor in the is used in the public interest and no longer." Atomic Energy Building for him or not. American Revolution and was clearly ex So you can see that a licensee does not have But this seems to me, and to many oth pressed in the founding documents of the an absolute property right, but holds his ers, the most logical and fitting way to new nation-the Declaration of Independ privilege to broadcast so long as his enter erect a permanent memorial to him who ence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. prise is conducted -in the public interest and led the way to the successful production Support for the desire for economic free no longer. In other words, his license should and use of atomic power. A building dom was found in the new economic philoso terminate when he ceases to operate in the devoted to that phase of science to which phy of Adam Smith and other members of public interest. the so-called classical school of economics. This is not a sermon on public service but his whole life was dedicated would be his This philosophy, known by such names as is a statement of the criteria which wm en most appropriate monument; and would laissez-faire or competitive free enterprise, able us all to see how well we measure -up long serve as another reminder of the emphasizes the independence of the indi to the ideal standards. There is no one who contribution which Italians have made vidual from the State in the determination appreciates more the fine work that the to America. of his own economic fortune. broadcasters have done in the past than my Thus, under those philosophies, the United self: This is evidenced by the fact that the States became the world model for economic people of the United ~tates are the recipients and political individualism. The rights of of the finest programs in all the world. In Today's Problems Can Be Tomorrow's the individual and the rights of property deed, I want to salute and congratulate you were relatively unrestrained. The functions on an outstanding job admirably done. Accomplishments of government were limited to certain speci Certainly one of the purposes of this meeting fied activities necessary to avoid anarchy. is to devise means and methods for increas EXTENSION OF REMARKS The economic system was predicated on the ing your ability to furnish better public OF belief that the maximum production of service. This tends to promote refinement wealth and the greatest social welfare would and progress in your art. HON. JOHN W. BRICKER be achieved when men were free from all Shortly after I was appointed by President OF OHIO forms of control except those of police Eisenhower as a member of the Commission, power. I received a congratulatory letter from Dr. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Under this system, competition became the Norman Vincent Peale, who hails from my Thursday, June 2, 1955 guiding hand which regulated economic ac section of southern Ohio. In the letter, Dr. tivity by turning the self-interest of indi Peale, as a friend, pointed out to me what Mr. BRICKER. Mr. President, I ask viduals into channels that would result in he considered a great opportunity to render t:nanimous consent to have print3d in the production of the maximum goods and a truly worthwhile public service to the the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an address services, and therefore, at least in theory, people of this country in a most vital indus delivered -:Jy Mr. George C. Mccon the greatest social welfare. The rapid de try. I trust I will be able to make some naughey, Chairman of the Federal Com velopment of industry and the concurrent worthwhile contribution in this important munications Commission, at the annual improvement in the American standard of field of communications. It would be pre living were nurtured by the freedom of eco sumptuous for me as a newcomer to attempt convention of the National Association nomic action allowed under this system of to lecture you concerning the operations of of Radio and Television Broadcasters, free enterprise. Even today, after 176 years, your business. That I do not intend to do. at the Sherat~n-Park Hotel, Washing the philosophy of the freedom that was a With your permission, however, I would ton, D. C., May 24, 1955. cornerstone of our Nation's foundation still like to address myself to some of the prob There being no objection, the address holds a predominant place in the ideology lems facing the Federal Communications was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, of the American system. Commission and report to you on our opera as follows: Let me say at once that I believe in having tions. Considering the tremendous respon as few government controls as possible. My sibility placed upon the Commission with a TODAY'S PROBLEMS CAN BE TOMORROW'S own experiences as a controller and regu relatively small staff, I feel my fellow Com ACCOMPLISHMENTS lator, both as a member and chairman of missioners and the hard-working personnel (Address by George C. Mcconnaughey, Chair the Ohio Public Utilities Commission over a of our Commission have performed an out man, Federal Communications Commis span of years, and more recently as Chair standing public service. To be sure, mis sion, at the annual convention of the Na man of the Renegotiation Board, and also takes have been made but they have been tional Association of Radio & Television my experience as a practicing attorney for honest mistakes. I wonder how many of Broadcasters, Sheraton-Park Hotel, Wash 30 years, all confirm that as my credo. you realize how devoted many of our people ington, D. C., May 24, 1955) My conviction is that government should are to public service. It has been my privi Mr. Fellows, ladies and gentlemen of the exert a minimum of interference with the lege in the past 6 months since coming to the National Association of Radio and Television lives and fortunes of its citizens. Our form Commission, to observe how many of our ,.602 (:ONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 2 people work long hours attempting to keep yiew that to obtain optimum benefits from more significant than frequency in apprais abreast with the daily operations of the Com such a study it should not be limited to lng program quality? mission for the good of the public. It has networking but should be concerned with Until recently our big job has been proc likewise been my privilege to be able to place the entire economic structure and operation essing new applications and major changes some new people in positions of importance of the television industry. We recognized in station licenses. From here on out the at the Commission and they have done an that this would be a big job and would re emphasis will have to shift to license re outstanding job. I personally know that quire more staff and more time than con newal. Our problem is how best to discharge some of our employees have no regard for templated by the House bill. However, we our responsibilities in this critical area. Your a time-clock operation. Many of them work expect that this initial $80,000 appropria suggestions would be most welcome. not only 5 days during the week but very t ion will enable the Commission to £;stab , Judging from the volume of correspond often 6 and 7 -days and many nights. lish the staff necessary to initiate the study, ence at the Commission the daytime skywave You are entitled to know what this Com graw up the detailed procedures, and make :proceeding is second to none in public in mission is doing in attempting to meet your substantial progress in the first, or factfind terest. We are now reviewing the record in problems and to render an outstanding pub ing, phase of the study. After we have ob this proceeding so as to make a final determi lic service. Let us be specific and face up to tained comprehensive information concern nation as to the standards to be used in some of these problems confronting the ing the respective roles played by the net allocation to give explicit recognition to the Commission. One of the most difficult is to works, advertisers, agencies, talent, film pro phenomena of daytime skywave and as to devise ways and means of enabling UHF sta ducers, and distributors, and other major the manner in which these standards should tions to be able to operate on a comparable elements in the television industry, the Com~ be applied. Ever since I have been at the basis with VHF stations. We have taken the mission will be in a position to identify Commission I have understood that daytime following steps in that direction: and evaluate the problems affecting the fur skywave is related to clear channel, both are (1) We have recently put out rulemaking ther expansion of television outlets and make related to the Mexican agreement and proposals looking to the possibility of de appropriate recommendations to the Con NARBA. I have further heard much discus intermixture of UHF and VHF in certain gress or, if we already have the requisite sion that one of these questions cannot be cities. authority, take steps directed tow~rd their decided alone and that it is extremely diffi · (2) Further rulemaking proposals have solution. This study, I hasten to assure cult to consider them together, but if there been put out for low-power stations which you, will in no way retard other steps which is one thing that I want to see done it is a may serve small cities. It is apparent that we are taking to aid in the solution of your complete, final, and simultaneous disposition if an appreciable number of small commu problems. made of all these questions which will take nities are to have their own stations, they Not the least of the television matters into consideration the interests of all parties must be in the UHF band. with which we are now concerned is sub concerned and fina,lize these proceedings so (3) We have proposed a booster plan scription television. From the volume of as to eliminate confusion, uncertainty, and which should go a long way toward improv comments received by the Commission and enable the parties concerned to use the ing the coverage of UHF stations where na comments in the public press, it is no exag facilities involved for the benefit of all. ture has put obstacles in the path of the geration to say that this is one of the major It is exceedingly important to you, to the signal. issues facing broadcasters today. And I am general public, and to us in the Commission (4) We are carefully studying the special sure that I do not have to tell you that peo as well, that the work of the Federal Com munications Commission be carried on with needs of stations in communities far re ple have very strong feelings on this matter. moved from network lines. One possibility It seems that almost everyone is adamantly maximum efficiency and that our procedures under consideration is to extend the use of on one side or the other. The authorization be as simple and effective as possible. Those of such a service involves a basic change in private intercity relay stations so that pro of you who have been involved in hearings grams may be obtained at lower cost and so the system of broadcasting which. we have before the Commission know of the con known for some 34 years. In our notice of structive changes made in our rules to sim that stations that do little or no local pro proposed rulemaking we urged all interested graming may connect with other program plify and expedite hearing procedures. One parties desiring to file comments regarding of these changes, the expanded use of pre sources such as large stations originating the proceeding to direct their attention to a hearing conferences, has proved to be of their own programs. series of questions we sent out in the notice. real benefit to all parties concerned. (5) We have instituted a rulemaking pro In this matter there are many vital questions Recently, I appointed a committee from the ceeding which looks toward the setting of and issues relating to public interest con Commission to work with a committee of a 5-mile limit from the boundary of the siderations. Would it encourage a larger the Federal Communications Bar Association city to be served where a television station and more effective use of the radio spectrum? to draft a manual to be used as a guide for may place its transmitter, with provision What impact would it have on advertised hearing examiners. I am confident that for exception upon a proper showing of pub sponsored broadcasts? What safeguards their efforts will bring about more uniformity lic interest. would be required to insure the broadcast of in rulings on basic evidentiary matters and (6) We have recommended to Congress well-balanced programs to the public with thus cut down on the delay and confusion that all-channel receivers be relieved from out charge? What safeguards, if any, are that sometimes arise. excise tax in order to encourage greater cir necessary to prevent the possible monopolis We have done many things to improve our culation in all-channel receivers. tic control of subscription television opera operations but it is · not always possible to (7) Last week the Federal Communica tion? Should a way be provided so that all take the steps, which in our opinion, would tions Commission instructed its staff to initi stations will be able to utilize subscription result in maximum efficiency. One reason ate a rulemaking proceeding looking toward television broadcasts on a nondiscrimina why this is so is the complex and detailed increasing the m aximum radiated power out tory basis? These are tough questions but requirements of the Communications Act.· put for UHF stations to 5 megawatts. The they and many others will have to be an-. We have studied these requirements which Commission also suggested to the staff that swered. cause problems to you and to us and we 1t obtain information concerning the possi Now let me make a few brief observations have submitted to the Congress several bility of improving the sensitivity of UHF about license renewals. Here, it seems to recommendations for amendment of por receivers and the tuning mechanism of UHF me, we are applying what may be outmoded tions of the act. sets. This was authorized in an effort to tools to a contemporary problem. As you One of our proposals concerns the pro explore the practical possibilities of making know, we do not monitor your programs or visions of section 309 (c), adopted in 1952, UHF and VHF comparable. This rulemaking check your scripts. And I am sure it will which established the so-called "protest rule proceeding will offer indust_ry the opportu never come to that in America. What we and procedure" applicable to grants without nity to provide practical assistance. These try to do when license renewal time comes heari:µg. In my opinion, and I believe my proposals, if successful, offer a potentially around is to make a general appraisal of a fellow Commissioners will agree with me, more efficient use of the authorized spectrum station's overall performance in the past this provision has been used in many cases space. as a guide to its probable performance in solely as a device to delay broadcast station In the preliminary report which the ma the future. For this purpose we've had to grants and to keep competitors off the air Jority of the Commission submitted to the devise the program log analysis, the counting as long as possible, rather than to raise sub Sena".ie Interstate and Foreign Commerce of spot announcements, and other techniques stantial questions as to the validity of the Committee last month concerning VHF-UHF designed to provide in quantitative terms a Commission's action. We have recommend and television network problems, we empha limited measure of quality of performance. ed to the Congress that this section be sized the need for an overall study by the I said these tools may be outmoded. I had amended to give the Commlssion discretion Commission of the economic structure and in mind particularly the program log analy to deny a stay in those cases where it cannot operation of the television industry. We sis. Since introduction of this device, tele_; find on the record reason why the public have requested funds for such a study from vision has made its mark and radio has ad interest requires such action. both the House and Senate Appropriations justed itself to the impact. But is the pro We also intend to ask the Congress in the Committees. As you may know, the House gram log analysis, originally designed for near future to amend section 5 ( c), which has included in the pending independent radio, suitable for television, or should it be creates the review staff, so that there will be offices appropriation bill for 1956 some retailored for television? Is the traditional no question at all as to its role in assisting f80,000 for our study of radio and television concept of a commercial program realistic the Commission in adjudicatory matters. We network broadcasting. In my statement be in the face of a trend in radio away from also intend to propose changes which will fore the Senate Appropriations Committee, sponsored progranis to commercial an permit us to consult with staff officers such I pointed out that it was the Commission's nouncements? Is length of announcement as our General Counsel, Chief Engineer, and 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7603 Chief Accountant when they are not en dice you against having women speakers 'in Russia-to a refugee camp in Vietnam-to gaged in the investigation or prosecution of the future. libraries in Burma and the Philippines-'to an adjudicatory case. I think that both Your very genial and affable president, nurseries in Formosa and Russia-to villages these changes will enable us to handle our Bob Considine-with whom I have served and community meetings in India, Spain, work more efficiently, more effectively, and several times on the panel of "Who Said and Turkey-to sessions of legislatures and more quickly. That"-in extending to me the honor of parliaments in the Philippines, Italy, and In closing, I am aware that I have only addressing you tonight suggested that you India-to a political convention in Great touched on a few of our common problems. might be interested in my observations from Britain-to a textile mill, a farmer's rice mill, Working together we can face up to these two recent trips I made overseas. a medical dispensary in Formosa. I inspect problems and lick them. And until they are It is with considerable misgiving that I do ed Chinese soldiers in the field in a whipping, satisfactorily resolved, the American people so. For me to tell you of the overseas press, dusty wind in the southern part of Formosa. will not have the best broadcasting service what I saw, and my impressions overseas, is These are a few of the things I did on my which our American system of free enter like Gravel Gertie telling Marilyn Monroe trips which brought down upon me bitter prise can provide. I am optimistic about how to be glamorous-or Republicans tell denunciation from the Communist press in their solution. You broadcasters were beset ing Eisenhower how to win elections. Russia. They called me an Amazon war with many baffling and complex problems in During the past 6 months I made two monger hiding behind a rose. the infancy of broadcasting and you solved overseas trips-the first last October, the America and Americans are far better liked them-in most cases without the interven second this past late February and early and respected throughout the world than tion of Washington. And I am sure you will March-to 23 countries covering 50,000 miles. I thought. Perhaps we are not liked as rouch continue to do so in the future. In those I made the trips in search of first-hand as we want to be liked. But I am sure that areas where we in the Commission have been knowledge-knowledge that I wanted to get we are much better liked abroad than the given the responsibility of assisting the in with my own eyes and ears instead of American public realizes. dustry for the public good, we pledge our through the eyes and ears of someone else. Many people and many nations may have wholehearted cooperation and assistance. They were unofficial, personal trips. some concern about us. They may fear that With very little help, you have come a long Perhaps it was the adopted strains of jour we are impetuous, immature on world di way toward reaching the common goal of all nalism in me-perhaps it was the fascination plomacy, too impatient and too inclined to of us-of providing a broadcasting service some politicians have for getting down to the fly off the handle, so to speak. But they still that fills the needs and desires of the Ameri grassroots and feeling the pulse of the pub respect and like us. can people. lic-but I wanted to try to get even a slight They do because they recognize that while Yours is a young, virile, rapidly changing bit of that knowledge a Senator can't get our impatience can be a weakness, it has industry. Your opportunities to render a on an official committee trip. surely been a great source of strength in great public service to the people of Amer For example, I talked with a Communist the past. They know that it was partily on ica are fabulous. I am positive that I be leader in France because I wanted to try to impatience that we built our Nation into speak the sentiments of the members of the find out why he, a former Catholic, became the greatest and most powerful country in Federal Communications Commission and a Communist. I thought I could get a better the history of the world. We were not con the staff, when I say that we not only con insight of how great might be the danger of tent to let nature take its course at a slow sider it our duty but a privilege to work with France going Communist by talking to this speed. you to the end that this country will con man than in just receiving the official brief They know deep down in their hearts that tinue to enjoy the greatest broadcasting ings that a senatorial committee would ordi tied inalterably with our impatience has been service in the world. narily get. our generosity. We were impatient with the And in these past few years when too many rate of recovery in Western Europe, but we of us have been afraid of our shadows and were generous. So our impatience and gen live in mortal fear that someone might call erosity produced the -Marshall plan that us a Communist or pro-Communist merely literally took Western Europe up off the flat Address by Hon. Margaret Chase Smith, because we had known at some time anyone of its back and on to its feet so that it could of Maine, at Overseas Press Club who was even slightly nonconformist, what begin to stand alone. chances are there of a senatorial committee They know that this combination of im Dinner officially talking to a French Communist? patience and generosity defeated communism In Germany I talked to an alleged Nazi and stopped the Communists dead in their EXTENSION OF REMARKS considered by many to be the political heir tracks in Western Europe. to Hitler-because I felt such a talk would OF They know that if we had not been im give me a better feeling about the chances of patient for Western Europe to get off the HON. ALEXANDER WILEY fascism or nazism rising again to rule Ger financial. crutch we have provided until she many. I am sure that I would not have had could walk again on her own feet that she OF WISCONSIN the opportunity to do it if I had been on an would never have learned to walk on her IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES official committee trip. own feet again. In talking with Molotov in Russia I stressed They can see now that our refusal to give Thursday, June 2, 1955 the fact that I was not in Russia on any offi the unlimited patience to Russia they advo cial committee mission-I did so because I cated, that our adherence to impatience has Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, there did not want anything I said or did to be came to my attention recently an ad produced NATO, the London and Paris interpreted or seized upon as a commitment pacts-and more recently literally forced dress delivered by the distinguished Sen by the United States Government. In all of Russia into the position of at long last agree ator from Maine [Mrs. SMITHJ before my contacts there, both I and the American ing to an Austrian peace treaty. the Overseas Press Club annual awards Embassy took great pains to see to it that They know that our impatience with dinner on April 19, 1955, at the Waldorf the American Embassy had nothing whatso France's rejection of the very EDC she origi Astoria Hotel in New York City. In this ever to do with my contacts with the Rus nally proposed-that such impatience on our sians. part finally brought France to her senses address she gave an account of what she In these two trips I think that I saw nearly found on her trip around the world. It and to ratification of the proposed rearma all of the leaders of the world. But I talked ment of Western Germany. is an interesting and illuminating ad with others than Government officials. In dress. I recommend it as good reading They know that our. impatience with London I debated with radical Laborite Italy's procrastination on the goal of self material for all. Aneurin Bevan and Punch editor Malcolm reliance and less dependence on American Muggeridge as well as talking with historian There being no objection, the address economic aid is gra-dually bringing Italy to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Arnold Toynbee and Churchill and Eden. ward the self-respecting position to which In Paris I talked with the leaders of all of as follows; the French major political parties, Socialist she aspires. ADDRESS BY HON. MARGARET CHASE SMITH AT Mollet, General de Gaulle, Catholic Bidault, They know that our impatience with the OVERSEAS PREss CLUB ANNUAL AWARDS DIN Communist Bonte as well as Mendes-France way things were going in the eastern end of NER, APRIL 19, 1955, NEW YORK and Faure. the Mediterranean led to the Greek and ·Tur Mr. President, officers, directors, and mem I went to the common people spending key aid programs-one or the boldest and bers of the Overseas Club, and guests, there parts of days with farm families in Russia, wisest acts in all of the history of our foreign is the Biblical saying of "The first shall be Japan, and France, a middle-class working policy. last and the last shall be :first." That saying family in London-the father of the family . They know that on the western end of the is most probably prophetic of this phase of being a Turf accountant. I went through Mediterranean our impatience has led to the your 1955 awards dinner. For I am told the stores in East Berlin. My assistant, Bill establishment of bases in Spain and that we that I have the honor of being the first wom Lewis, inadvertently and involuntarily ac have realistically taken Spain as an ally. an to ever give the principal address at this commodated my search for knowledge when In short, they know that our impatience famous dinner of yours. I shall probably be he spent a short time in an East Berlin jail in the form of the Marshall plan, aid to the last for I fear I shall be a disappointment on an unjustified arrest for which the East Greece and Turkey, the London and Paris to such a brilliant array of journalistic pun Berlin authorities later apologized. pacts, NATO, and association with Spain has dits and foreign correspondents. I beg of I went to schools in Russia, Thailand, and literally secured Western Europe and the you not to let your disappointment preju- Turkey-to food- markets in Thailand and Mediterranean from the once seemingly CI-478 7604 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 2 overwhelming Communist threat in those The most important thing about Russia is American foreign policy being designed to areas. to distinguish between the Russian common take over where Britain leaves off on colon And they know that our growing impa people and their rulers in the Kremlin. The ialism. tience with developments in Asia has led to common people of Russia are neither for nor SPAIN the commitment of the defense of Formosa; against communism-they are simply re Spain is a source of strength to our side to the building up of the strength of Japan, signed to it--with no enthusiasm to resist it on the western end of the Mediterranean. the Philippines, Pakistan, and Thailand; to or defend it. We never have to worry about Spain being a heroic, if seemingly hopeless, task of sal Actually the position of the common opposed to communism. But prejudice vaging what is left of Viet-Nam, and to the people of Russia on communism is a policy of against Spain's neutrality in World War II formation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Or coexistence-they merely coexist with com has blocked her admission to NATO because ganization. munism. In other words, the status of some believe her neutrality was benevolently What they really fear is that we may be communism with the great mass of Russian in favor of Hitler and Mussolini. come so impatient with the cold war that we people is summed up simply in two words This doesn't make sense. It is not real will start a hot war. Their fear is not sur "internal coexistence." ism on mutual security. Western Germany prising.. It is understandable when one JAPAN under Hitler and Italy under Mussolini were reads the various bellicose and contradictory Coming out of the occupation status, Japan active enemies in World War II against us public statements made here almost every and our western allies-but that has not day. is like the teen-ager anxious to show his independence from his foster parents. Un prevented Western Germany and Italy from But what they don't understand is that less Japan sells her goods to us at the sacri being admitted to NATO. If we can do that our ·President himself is impatient, impa fice of our higher-waged labor and indus with former active enemies like Germany tient with such bellicose talk. Recently he tries, she will turn to her historical and and Italy, then why can't we do the same in gave them a demonstration of that not by traditional enemy, Russia, and her cultural the interest of real mutual security with a mere words but rather by his specific act of cousin, China, for trade. Spain that was not an active enemy but cracking down on those in his administra Japan is clearly the industrial pearl of the rather a neutralist? tion who were indulging in war talk. Orient most coveted by agricultural Red TURKEY Perhaps it is this sort of thing which ex China and Russia. plains the way that leaders and people in for In some respects the biggest inspiration eign nations regard President Eisenhower in FORMOSA of all that I saw and heard on my trips a separate light from the bulk of the other The hope of the free Chinese is in the came in Turkey. That tough little country leaders in our country. They are convinced pulse beat of Chiang Kai-shek. When Chi that neighbors on to Russia and lives under of his dedication to peace; of his patience ang goes, all their hopes go for retaking the the very threatening shadow of the giant with trying everything to achieve peace; of mainland. But Chiang will never have the Russian bear. The Turks have refused to his intolerance with everything that smacks chance to retake China unless the Chinese let the Russian Communist freighten or of war. Communists attempt to take Formosa and intimidate them. They have defied Com But they themselves have evidenced a type the United States is drawn into an expanded munist threats. of impatience with President Eisenhower. conflict. The question is what will happen Our past aid to Turkey was one of the They want him to exercise more world lead to Formosa when Chiang is gone-and more wisest foreign policy investments we ever ership. During my October trip people re pointedly what will happen to our person made in mutual security. It paid off real peatedly said to me that they wished Presi alized foreign policy on Nationalist China? dividends in combatting communism in that dent Eisenhower would give the world more part of the world where Europe meets Asia. vigorous leadership and that they were al INDIA It is in sharp contrast to the uncertain re most hungry for him to do so and· that they . . India is Nehru-at least for the present. sults with countries like Yugoslavia. In our would quickly follow. His neutralist policy on communism is con foreign loans we had better concentrate more During my February trip I found a-change fusing. Nehru successfully fights and de on nations like Turkey and less on nations in this attitude. Now people in the various feats the Communists internally in India. like Yugoslavia. countries are encouraged by the manner in But externally he is quite friendly with Now to my points of impatience. First, I which President Eisenhower has been assert Communist China and Communist Russia am impatient with all the talk of gloom and ing world leadership. They want him to and he says he admires Communism but pessimism. It is true that in these troubled deplores its methods. times we must be realistic and face un continue to do it and in even greater degree. pleasant facts. But should we permit such I, too, have my points of impatience · We have vacillated too much between the extremes of lavishly catering to Nehru and realism to degenerate into a phobia of pessi justified or not--based upon what I saw and mism? Should we permit such realism to heard on my trips. But before I get to those,· bluntly offending him. Neither approach will win his respect or friendship. He as blind us to justified optimism? Have we I would like to give you some of my capsule reached the point where it is fashionable, comments on some of the nations. pires to be the leader of Southeast As·ia and he has realized his aspiration to a certain either politically or journalistically, to be ex WESTERN GERMANY degree-at least enough for us to be smart cessively pessimistic? The brightest spot for us in Europe ls enough to seek his opinion and advice about I have listed some accomplishments in Western Germany. The free German people Asian matters. If we should show him that overseas areas which justify considerable have done an amazing comeback job. West courtesy on the Presidential level as well as optimism on our part. I have spoken of ern Germany will steadily become the back Ambassadorial level, I feel he would cooperate achievements which should create great con bone of our resistance to communism in more with us. fidence in our Nation and our allies. In our Europe. BURMA adherence to realism, it is. only realistic to BRITAIN In a smaller edition, the same things remember the causes for optimism as well as can be said about U Nu of Burma that are the causes for pessimism. For pessimism is While Britain is a trusted ally, she ls a not the synonym for realism. tired ally whose shrinking empire creates an said about Nehru. He has fought and de feated the Communists inside Burma-de To put it one way, realism is nothing more economic weakness that makes her more vul than a proper balance between optimism and nerable to economic compromises with that spite his relatively friendly attitude toward Red China and Russia. Some people make pessimism. But today there is too much of modern colonial power, Communist Russia, a misconception of realism-not enough con and all of her satellite colonies. the mistake of considering him a puppet and disciple of Nehru. He is not. sideration given to justified optimism for a FRANCE He is an independent little man-just as proper balance. France's heart is good-but her will is Burma is an independent little nation that I am impatient with the manner in which weak. She has not toughened up under ad has come through the greatest internal strife we just wring our hands and fret about the versity like Western Germany has. of any of the Southeast Asia nations with way in which the Communists exploit Asian and African hate of colonialism instead of ITALY growing strength and with having rejected communism. doing the obviously most effective thing in Italy's people are perhaps the most friendly EGYPT combatting communism in Asia. of all to us. But Italy's Government is not You know what that obvious move ts learning fast enough how to throw away the For. the time being Egypt ls Nasser, an merely to show to the Asians that com economic crutch of American aid and stand alert, mtelllgent young soldier who has had munism is, as I stated last month in my re on her own feet. a successful career of conniving. I do not port to Maine weekly newspapers, actually mean connivance in a disparaging form-for RUSSIA Russian colonialism-that communism is surely his internal conniving has been for If there is any perceptible change in Rus the great improvement of Egypt. the modern day colonialism-that Poland, sia, it may be in her recent reversal of stand Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, on the proposed Austria Peace Treaty-an But he now finds himself in a political Estonia, Latvia, and Red China are nothing arena larger than Egypt-he can be a pow less than Communist colonies of Russia indication that Russia feels we have gotten erful leader in the Middle East but not so strong in Europe that her tough talk, and that Russia seeks to make a Communist through external connivance. colony out of every Asian country and every bluffs, and dilatory tactics will no longer pro I think he ultimately wants Egypt to be duce the results she desires-but rather that country in the world. alined with the United States but that he I am impatient with the manner tn which she wlll have to start giving in a little in the feels he will have to lead his people grad future. we seem to be unable to cope with talk of ually away from their suspicions about coexistence. We could throw such talk right 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 7605 back at the Communists with one simple ob We should broadcast a message beamed I am impatient with the continued block servation. We could observe that the little directly at Bandung that we approve of the ing of the admission of Spain to NATO. people of Russia knew most about coexist conference in the objective of raising the When we take Western Germany and Italy, ence since their own attitude about com world prestige and position of the people of who were our active enemies in World War munism at home in Russia is merely one of Asia and Africa, that we are in full accord II, into NATO and exclude Spain, a bitter internal coexistence. with their opposition to colonialism; and enemy of communism, one wonders if NATO We could say to them, as Menderes of Tur that we support their aspirations for inde really is for the purpose of mutual security key has said, "If you really believe in co pendence and self-reliance. and defense against aggressive communism. existence, why don't you stop trying to grab Yes, instead of pouting and fretting with The time has come when our leadership off country after country? Why don't you let a negative attitude, we should seize the in world affairs must increase in boldness them coexist instead of demanding that they initiative with such a positive and direct and firmness if we are to cope successfully e;dst only as you dictate? approach. We should show them that we with the threat to the freedom of the world. I am impatient with the greatly professed are the opponents of colonialism; that the The time has come when the very basis fears about the Afro-Asian Conference at Communists are the present-day advocates of our foreign policy must change. It must Bandung. Instead of muddling in pessim of colonialism; and that such Russian co shift from the past negative basis of fear ism about that conference, let us look at the lonialism would have decisions concerning fear of Russia-to a positive basis of con opportunities we actually have on this con New Delhi, Rangoon, Cairo, Jakarta, Saigon, fidence in ourselves and nations friendly to ference. After all we do have a few friendly Adis Ababa, and Johannesburg made in Mos us. We have every reason for confidence in countries attending that conference-Thai cow by the men in the Kremlin instead of ourselves. We should start acting that way land, Turkey, the Philippines, Viet-Na.m, each of those cities. instead of indulging in pessimism. Iraq, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Japan. We should warn them that attempts by We must start charting our course in the They will not be mere mutes there. They the Communists to have this conference re confident realism that we are the greatest will talk realistically and constructively. sult in banding brown men together to hate Nation in the world-and the world's great They may be outnumbered-but they will be and fight white men are but another step in the Communist evil design and pattern of est hope for peace-that we are through with heard. letting Russia scare us-that we are plenty We should not stop with reliance upon "confuse, divide, and conquer." For proof them to carry the responsibilit y for the free we need only to point out the obvious fact capable of taking care of ourselves-and that half of the world. The point is that we that through the "confuse, divide, and con we must strive for positive construction in should not be trembling mutes ourselves. quer" pattern, Moscow now makes the deci stead of fear-minded, negative defensive We should seize upon a golden opportunity sions for Prague, Budapest, Warsaw, Hanoi, ness that stresses countermoves instead of of taking advantage of this conference. and Peiping. maintaining the initiative. The legislative clerk read as follows: to them. On the one hand, exchange SENATE UNITED STATES SENATE, aliens must return to the country from OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, which they came. On the other hand, MONDAY, JUNE 6, 1955 June 3, 1955. the United States must not permit Hon. RICHARD M. NIXON, either immediate reentry or other eva (Legislative day of Monday, May 2, President of the Senate, sion of the return rule. Otherwise, the 1955) Washington, D. C. DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: On today, during the countries from which our exchange visi The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, recess of the Senate from yesterday until tors come will realize little or no bene on the expiration of the recess. Monday next, there was received by me the fit from the training and experience The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown attached sealed envelope, addressed to the received in the United States, and we Harris, D. D., offered the following President of the Senate of the United States, shall fail to promote good will toward prayer: said to contain a veto message on S. 143, an and better understanding of our way of act for the relief of Kurt Glaser. life. Our Father God, this sacred altar at I am herewith delivering to you the said Unfortunately, the United States In which our spirits bow at another week's message for presentation to the Senate at formation and Educational Exchange beginning with all its draining demands its session on Monday next. Very respectfully, Act does not specifically obligate ex is the witness of our weakness, of how FELTON M. JOHNSTON, change personnel to return to the coun fruitless are our quests, and how futile Secretary of the Senate. try from which admitted and to remain are our arguments and discussions if we The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Fri there for a minimum period before being turn not to Thee in the humility of eligible to regain admission to the prayer. In these fateful dayi:;, for whose day, June 3, 1955, being the last day of the period prescribed by the Constitu United States. Administrative require decisions the future will judge us, by ments have. been imposed to compen Thine enabling might· may we maintain tion for action by the President on the bill, the Secretary of the Senate, under sate for this lack of a specific statutory our integrity unsullied by animosities, requirement. Within the last year, how prejudices, or personal ambition, regard a decision of the Supreme Court, was authorized to receive the veto message ever, a number of cases have arisen in ing always public office as a sacred trust. which humanitarian and equitable con As our frail hands and fallible judgments for action by the Senate thereon. The clerk will read the veto message siderations have argued so persuasively have a part in the shaping of the world against imposing such a requirement that is to be and which our children's of the President. The legislative clerk read as follows: that the Congress has been willing to children will inherit, give to us the vision, consider and to enact a number of pri the wisdom, and the courage that will vate bills to adjust the status of ex make for both justice and lasting peace To the Senate: I return herewith, without my ap change personnel. By permitting them peace with honor and human dignity to remain in the United States for per vindicated, and social justice the canopy proval, s. 143, for the relief of Kurt Glaser. manent residence, these bills have of all the nations. In the Redeemer's granted them immigration status with name we ask it. Amen. The bill would accord permanent resi dence immigration status to a native of out regard to the normal procedures Czechoslovakia who entered this country under our immigration laws. THE JOURNAL in July 1951 from Austria as an ex Up to the present time, most of the On request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, change visitor under one of the pro circumstances which have led to the en grams authorized by the United States actment of each bill have been excep and by unanimous consent, the reading tional. Even though I have recogniz~d of the Journal of the proceedings of Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948. that the principle underlying each bill Thursday, June 2, 1955, was dispensed was at variance with the basic concept with. All of the exchange programs are founded upon good faith. We can main and philosophy of the exchange pro tain them as effective instruments for grams, I have not been willing to require KURT GLASER-VETO MESSAGE promoting international understanding deportation at the possible risk of creat (S. DOC. NO. 47) and good will only if we insist that the ing undue hardship and, in several cases, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The participants honor their commitments of jeopardizing the safety of tpe indi Chair lays before the Senate a letter to observe the conditions of the exchange vidual concerned. from the Secretary of the Senate, dated in the same way that they expect the Such considerations are not present in June 3, 1955, which the clerk will read. United States to honor its obligations the case of Mr. Glaser. I am satisfied