CEU eTD Collection Reader: Second MaciejProfessor Janowski Supervisor:Professor Balázs In partial therequirements theIn of fulfillment degree for of THE IMAGE SOCIALISTIN OF YUGOSLAVIA CROATIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY Central European University European Central

Trencsényi History Department Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Tomislav Kevo Master of of Arts Master Submitted toSubmitted 2013

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CEU eTD Collection historiography. nation Croatian the of formation the and kidnapping" "Balkan asYugoslavia West, the belongingto of notion legacy Tuđman's i nationalism Croatian of features basic the reflect to tends historiography Croatian that argue I Moreover, too. past the of "normalization" subsequent the and 2000 in changes democratic of tone the on effect an had processes building policies. various through a are importantly more but through, went society Croatian which through phases different the reflect historiography Croatian contemporary the in past socialist the of representations evo it how and of consists re is Yugoslavia the which inten and changes great of period the continuity their of feeling the secure to order Abstract n the 1990's and 1990's the n reflection of Franjo Tuđman's regime's metanarrative regime'sTuđman's Franjo of reflection The c The

Zeitgeist ollapse of socialism socialism of ollapse -

state as a culmination of history of culmination a as state - - rae i the in created the

" of the country can be caught. caught. be can country the of

the the exclusivist conception of national ide national of conception exclusivist thousand years old dream", "all dream", old years thousand lved throughout time. time. throughout lved h p The

ltcl rss euto o te a ad nesv nation intensive and war the of eruption crisis, olitical Croatian push ie nation sive ed

the the historiography . Th . political communities to reframe the reframe to communities political e -

It argues that argues It ulig policies building are the basic tropes which influenc which tropes basic the are se r se the hs hss examines thesis This eshaped image eshaped arto o Ygsai, but Yugoslavia, on narration -

Croat national reconciliation", national Croat , rm h 19s onward 1990s the from

which was imposed in the 1990's the in imposed was which ntity.

those different modes of the of modes different those The f The

are s

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ocal points of Franjo of points ocal n o te ihs in niches the of one o te mg of image the how ir wa it what ,

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CEU eTD Collection in Budapest simply not but Last, help and encouragement when wasmost. support, it needed the constant her for Ria to goes gratitude and thanks Special Domagoj, youBojanAna, for and thankbeing comrades my Iam especially thankful alwaysgreat of go also Thanks Janowski, Maciej professor reader, second support and all thepleasant discussions my thank to like also would I for Trencsényi, Balázs professor which opened supervisor, my thank with constantly to like would I Acknowledgments Anton, Daniel, Marin, Ivan, Mario i Viktor i Mario Ivan, Marin, Daniel, Anton, least, I would like to thank my thank to like would I least, to me

benefit, but but benefit,

valuable suggestions and advices and suggestions valuable o oi Bles m Aaei Wri Academic my Bellers, Robin to

unforgettable.

so many horizons. so new

to my so

were his family

for their love and support throughout this year this and abroad. supportthroughout love for their

e we had njoyable andnjoyable inspiring workshops.

dearest

during Semester. theWinter on ,

but especially on the interesting lectures lectures interesting the on especially but "cimi" Josipa for making this whole whole this making for Josipa "cimi"

this -

t ig ntutr H Instructor. ting hank you once again for all the all for again once you hank

intellectual

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4

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography: Conclusion Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Chapter I Theoretical chapter Introduction Contents Neglected cases of self Narrative on the Second World War inthe works from 1990's Croatian post From Titoism to nationalism Fifty shades of red Memory production in socialistYugoslavia Second World War and all Balkan as Yugoslavia, Yugosla "AntemuraleChristianitatis" and belonging the to the West Croatian statehood tradition and influe Limitations Methodology History, historiography andnation the Post Normalization theof past andsetting the up of s Distancing from the revisionism Nationalistic narration - - Tuđmanist narrative - -

...... Nationalist ideology in the 1990's

Narrative of theCroatian post Historiography between the Party and the

......

......

...... - ...... socialisthistoriography

...... -

Yugoslavian historiography - management and Non

...... - Croat national Croat reconciliation

...... - via asvia Balkan

case Franjoof Tuđman ......

......

......

...... nces theof Party Stateof Rights - socialist historiography

......

...... - alignment movement

...... tandards ...... Nation

......

......

......

......

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24 22 19 19 17 16 11 11 89 86 76 69 63 61 55 55 55 50 43 37 35 35 27

6 5

CEU eTD Collection 49 2002.), ljudskau za Srbiji, prava odbora Helsinški 1 imposed importantly whi through phases different the reflect historiography differ Yugoslavi of image the what historiography, how examine to like would I caught. nation made and itself structure to environment complex the comprehensive." helps society, the of members the between solidarity generates world, outer the from protects identities, collective co the at"stands which past the of certainvision to a are sublimed it under collectiveexperience and In Europe”, forty andYugoslavism. Unity” “return to andCroatia's democ liberal Europe, of Notions of process the underwent transition of period the societyCroatianduring post all in Like case. such one represent it accompanied which wars the and a but past, the with break complete a represent not do ruptures historical These continuity. their of feeling push Yugoslavia, socialist Introduction Todor Kuljić. Todor n mds f representation of modes ent - re of socially integrating knowledge which constructs the various interests, forms the forms interests, various the constructs which knowledge integrating socially of re ulig policies building The r The or USSR the of dissolutions the example for were as ruptures, Historical in the 1990's 1990's the in Prevladavanje Prošlosti: Uzroci I Pravci Promene Slike Istorije Krajem XX Veka XX Krajem Istorije Slike Promene Pravci I Uzroci Prošlosti: Prevladavanje - eshaped

hy are they mere reformulation mere 1

it image of the socialist past socialist the of image a is is s n o te ihs n hc the which in niches the of one is through various various through reflection of reflection consiste ed

political communities to reframe the past in order to secure the the secure to order in past the reframe to communities political

racy and market economy replaced socialism, “Brotherhood socialism, replaced economy market and racy

d of those visions of the pa the of visions those of

of

of the socialist past in the contemporary Croatian Croatian contemporary the in past socialist the of

and how it evolved it how and rno umns regime's Tuđman's Franjo state - 50.

- building in the period of great changes and intensive and changes great of period the in ch Croatian society went, but more more but went, society Croatian ch policies. over over st. The dissolution of Yugoslavia of dissolution The st. Zeitgeist time. My assumption is that is assumption My time.

- metanarrative five years five h p The is a

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Natasa Kovacevic, “Yugosla Kovacevic, Natasa 6. Ibid., 6. Ibid., Kuljić, onalistic and anti and onalistic 3 4

syndrome Yugoslavia, but so but Yugoslavia, Overcoming the Overcoming

extent c The Prevladavanje prošlosti Prevladavanje In differently. a itrse i examin in interested am I phy once it underwent through process of revision from the socialist, Marxist and Marxist socialist, the from revision of process through underwent it once phy The i The ollapse

rbidden word” reflects the prevailing (nationalist) ideology, not just during the turbulent turbulent the during just not ideology, (nationalist) prevailing the reflects is and ties

- mage of the past is "always elastic since it is constantly being adjusted with with adjusted being constantly is it since elastic "always is past the of mage

change

- of the socialist block brought a need to redefine the attitude the redefine to need a brought block socialist the of

the the communist elite in charge, in elite communist the

memories on the on memories ideological did democratic changes in 2000 and the subsequent "normalization" subsequent the and 2000 in changes democratic did via, an ‘Almost Forbidden Word’ Cultural Policy in Times of Nationalism ofNationalism Times in CulturalPolicy Word’ ‘Almost Forbidden via,an nesv nation intensive words of the fa the of words f " of , 50. , . 5 the Womena & Performance: a journal of feminist theory feminist of journal a & Womena Performance:

statehood

epoch newly created independent state, state, independent created newly "a lteration eiin f itr ae rcse cnetd to connected processes are history of revision ing

consciousness

problematic prism. mous writer Dubravka Ugrešić, Yugoslavia Ugrešić, Dubravka writer mous - h efcs f hs prdgai sit i the in shifts paradigmatic these of effects the ulig rcse hd an had processes building 2 of the view the of

Th us, I argue that historiography, that argue I us,

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ae ih the with came

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effect changed the view the changed whole , 17:3 (2007): 302 (2007): , 17:3

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La Lešaja. Ante Kordić,. Snježana hrva usuvremenoj identiteta konstrukcija I ideologija “Pomirbena Albert Bing. growing ura Šakaja, & Jelena Stanić, “ Stanić, & Jelena Šakaja, ura . Albert Bing notes that notes Bing Albert . f h hsoy is history the If Th see I

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istoriography on Yugoslavia was not a to a not was Yugoslavia on istoriography - re amount of literature which deals with such topics; Snježana Kordić's study on the on study Kordić's Snježana topics; such with deals which literature of amount - se policies were mainly focused on the aim of aim the on focused mainly were policies se istoričara 10/1 istoričara text“ text“ Knjigocid Knjigocid ev urva Ugrešić's Dubravka aluate Cultural Geographies Cultural Jezik i nacionalizam Jezik -

socialist) content socialist) , etc , –

Croatian national identity and the common past common the and identity national Croatian

Uništavanje knjiga u Hrvatskoj 1990 Hrvatskoj u knjiga Uništavanje , (ed) Igor Graovac,327 Igor , (ed) . 9

Within the bulk of bulk the Within a

of history Other(ing), self(portraying), negotiating: the spatial codification of values invalues of codification thespatial negotiating: self(portraying), Other(ing), eiig atr o te omto o ntoa i national of formation the for factor defining

the

. (Zagreb: Durieux, 2010.) (Zagreb: Durieux, . process of reshaping national identity took place on several several placeon took identity reshapingnational processof ttmn a oe f h ms powerful most the of one as statement ,

18:4 (2011): 495 495 (2011): 18:4 7

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Serbo - ih

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. (Zagreb: Profil, 2012) . (Zagreb: Profil,

. Fortunately for academia, ther academia, for Fortunately . - whole institutional and institutional whole empt Croatian language Croatian the

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tskoj politici.In: tskoj post 327.

with other South Slavic South other with

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its Hrvoje Matković's "Contemporary Croatian Political Political Croatian "Contemporary Matković's Hrvoje itten from from itten

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Serbian sociologist Todo sociologist Serbian intermezzo orks orks nlecd y ainls discourse nationalist by influenced

199 the intervention the ocal points of Franjo Tuđman's legacy Tuđman's Franjo of points ocal

national identities are formulated are identities national 3 (when the first work which deals with deals which work first the (when 3 o be to zed side" in order to critical to order in side" zed

ed scholars whose scholars ed Croatian

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the most encompassing study on study encompassing most the (Billig, Radclif (Billig, the - . e old dream’ of Croatian statehood by arguing that the the that arguing by statehood Croatian of dream’ old

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The full text of the preamble or of the "Historical Foundations" can be read on thison link: read canbe Foundations" ofthe "Historical or preamble full the of The text 31. Heavy Burden", "The Zakošek, Gorda States." Successor Yugoslav inthe Past Usesofthe ofHistory: Political Burden Heavy "The Zakošek,. Nenad rent social operators offered an alternative way of thinking about national identity, he he identity, national about thinking of way alternative an offered operators social rent oatian history." oatian

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Ibid., 335. Ibid., Nationalism of Encyclopedia Sunny."History" G Roland historiografiji", u objektivnosti Problem povijesti. funkcija "Ideološka TihomirCipek. in: u Hrvatskoj" Republici povijesti "Politike TihomirCipek,

vol. 32 no. 3 no. 32 vol. , The

which is fully controlled by the state, it is nevertheless affected by its policies. its by affected nevertheless is it state, the by controlled fully is which

socialization ey are also attempting to probe thos probe to attempting also are ey aim of the representati the of

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from 1990 onward; Croatian nationalism and and nationalism Croatian onward; 1990 from

. 20

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" ese s expres is , vol. 1, Academic Press, 2001. Academic Press, 1, vol. ,

is thematised is ainl itr, ) pta and spatial 2) history, national

clai Kultura sjecanja: Povijesni lomovi i lomovi Povijesni sjecanja: Kultura

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CEU eTD Collection Kat XX 24 52(2002): 1 no. 32 vol. 23 history inrelation on view a takes which one the is view predominant this since contested be should and can i are theythat but ideology, Tuđman's of refinedversions narrative master new a offer to attempt I do means no By general. in on Croatia in tropes nationalistic the reflectperpetuates further discourse to and narrative” “statehood prevailing the of aspects problematic find themostimportant(see co a on focusing through literature selected the of examination the conduct to intend also I examination, the of scope the into authors six mind. bring in I focus Besides own my with literature selected the through go to is plan my but studies, to period socialist the during written works the section following the in deal largely will I which with aspects, two are closer them bring can which trend in the historiography. f going with dealt they which in Hutinec Goran with work joint a made rehabi and Croatia of State Independent

Ivo & Slavko Goldstein, "Revisionism in Croatia: case of Franjo Tuđman". East European Jewish Affair EuropeanEast Jewish Tuđman". Franjo of case Croatia: in "Revisionism &Goldstein, Ivo Slavko Ivo rain oiis f h 1990s the of politics Croatian z s , 5 t

o G l 9 j o s: - e This examination of the historical works stems from the aim to deconstruct the the deconstruct to aim the from stems works historical the of examination This and lack altogether they what points, reference important are works these of all While examining by depth into urther 73. 73. lds ć a 1) how are how 1)

t – e S

i araj m n , & , o t e i ve, m ve, v Goran o : I to - ns 64 e how muchitcontributedtothe formationhow ofthe nation with connected Croatia independent the in historiography the in changes

t

t o H i

t d u u e t t

ine I z a i a o 24 d c s j th ,

e t “ o c e Ne r i i ” se aspectsMethodologyse the section). in j

u ki i n , ?

2007.

a R itn t bid n h fnig o te afo the of findings the on build to intend I s e pe vi k z

i t certain socio certain ja , i litation of the Ustaša movement Ustaša the of litation

r nor e pr viz o ? š i , and 2) how is how 2) and , lo do do o ni s ti z I argue that all th all that argue I

mau Hrva n a

pr - poli o s to nfluenced by it, that those narratives narratives those that it, by nfluenced tical causes and motives for such a such for motives and causes tical r t im s k a o

j Croatian historiography related related historiography Croatian b his iv uple of key aspects which which aspects key of uple the the še J še t o r e i ug o same topic, but this time time this but topic, same se works just mirror the mirror just works se g o raf

s l a i ji ji . vi 23 d - j

e state. e The s The , v ed e d it ese e rementioned

d

ame author ame t

i b how such such how h y

g V o din e ra ra s, s, a 15 I

CEU eTD Collection 26 25 anal the in neglected be cannot War World Second the of period of thediscussedof features theCroatian national conceptu context the within narrative a such place and period socialist the of synthesis author's the on remarks overall give to try will I examination, the After them. examining when methodology of levels two first the borrow will I Yugoslavia, socialist of period the from issues pattern methodological no above, mentioned works similar In systematic. and developed properly is which one only the is it since it on conducted. is synthesis way the 3) andevents, cau the of explanation 2) events, the of description 1) examination; of levels three for opted he historiography, Serbian and Croatian from works selected the in revisionism the of assessment his In Kuljić. Todor by study aforementioned the in used was certainwhich their iscreatedworks. image by thehistorians in formulated" is identity the which through nation and self of part constitutive a but historians the of domain privileged with Iagree While community. or group particular pa the of vision certain a creates up set are relations causal the way the or described are which events the employed, are which words very the discourse, this above, mentioned As topic. particular Methodology

Ibid., 453. Ibid., Kuljić, lhuh h fcs f h tei i pt n h pro o scait uolva the Yugoslavia, socialist of period the on put is thesis the of focus the Although extract to attempt This T Prevladavanje prošlosti Prevladavanje he image of imagehe st on which general consensus is reached and which acts as a cohesive factor in the the in factor cohesive a as acts which and reached is consensus general which on st

socialist Yugosla socialist , 49. ,

the certain image of the past past the of image certain the

via can be defined as a totality of the discourses on this this on discourses the oftotality a as defined becan via was set up. Since my plan is to select some key some select to is plan my Since up. set was 26

I find this methodology useful and I will lean I will and methodologyuseful this I find the 25

, I will stick to the examination of the of examination the to stick will I , claim a lization of lization

lean that

s the

on the methodology wh methodology the on - conceptio sal relations between the the between relations sal "image of past is not the the not is past of "image history. ysis. Since the Ustaša Ustaša the Since ysis.

n of the groups the of n Kuljić's ich ich 16

CEU eTD Collection of period the within history of Yugoslavia socialist positioning the and Yugoslavia of image the in interest predominating independence proclaimed authorities swing full in already was disintegration of process the when year a as Yugoslavia. Limitatio Yugoslavian phenomena understanding deeper a for attempt span, time long th of they how topics, these to given is attention much how analyze will I are socialism Yugoslavian his "poli the narratives mov Ustaša the those of rehabilitation in echoed reconciliation national of policy the how also but tradition statehood Croatian the of narrative the within fits Croatia of State both general, th because also but 1980's, the in debates movement e world history and what the prevailing attitudes towards these phenomenon these towards attitudes prevailing the what and history world e topics se Croatian Peasant Party, its Party, Peasant Croatian the I would refer in general to the works which were made since Croatian secession from secession Croatian since made were which works the to general in refer would I s The

tics ofwaiting"duringwarare the narrated. it seems important to referto important seems it saa oeet n rgm ae pre are regime and movement Ustaša

ns n te eay f h Idpnet tt o Cota ee th were Croatia of State Independent the of legacy the and

, Thus

cn scin of section econd such

so ; I will deal only with only deal will I ; as I will stick mainly to the to mainly stick will self

evaluated - aaeet n Non and management represented;

leader

the ement ? to

the nlss el wt th with deals analysis

Vlatko Maček, Maček, Vlatko

how that period is examin is period that how and when a full scale war broke out. Because of my my of Because out. broke war scale full a when and

.

broader Croatian one, I wil I one, Croatian broader examination and self works written after 1991 since that can be considered considered be can that since 1991 after written works Connected to Connected is -

management and management

topic is topic author's approach to the to approach author's sen - Ali e, how ted,

the a net movement gnment this divisiv creation of "Banovina Hrvatska" and and Hrvatska" "Banovina of creation

, I would also touch upon touch also would I , and how are those distinctively distinctively those are how and e way the specific features of of features specific the way e h ceto o te Independent the of creation the e factor for Croatian society in in society Croatian for factor e the ed. I am interested in the way way the interestedin Iamed. , especially regarding the the regarding especially , Non l deal only with works of of works with only deal l

are treated in the context the in treated are s - e A

, topics lignment movement. movement. lignment

whe , are e topic of heated heated of topic e

are ra and broad n the Croatian Croatian the n -

was there an there was . I am a am I the way way the

ware ware of a a of 17

CEU eTD Collection Agičić,source: 69) 2000, in in Pavličević 1997, (Perić contributions theirscientific for awards state on seen asrespected be can butauthors those Croatia", of "History Pavličević's Pula. Scienc ofPolitical Zagreb (Faculty of University 27 Goldstein's"Croatia 1918 Ivo lastly and Radelić Zdenko by Yugoslavia" of "History Bilandžić, Dušan by History" Croatian "Contemporary Pavličević, Dragutin by written Croatia" of "History Matković, History" Political Croatian "Contemporary Croats", the of history "A Perić's Ivo works; their and authors different six taken be will consideration w works semi various consideration from universities. atCroatian syllabuses departments in the of works the historians on prominent mostly reflect I authors. respective the of background educational amount ofliterature Yugoslavia) of system welfare the with or Spring Croatian the with example (for Yugoslavia second the of history the of aspects certain with only deal time wider the of part is period particular that which in works the or research of object an as Yugoslavia socialist of period whole the conside into take will I synthesis. historical

Selected works could be found on the syllabuses usually dealing with contemporary Croatian history history Croatian withcontemporary dealing usually theon syllabuses found worksbe could Selected The o The The second factor in considering the limitations of the scope of the research is the the is research the of scope the of limitations the considering in factor second The hich could barely withstand conceptual analysis and thorough scrutiny. In total, into into total, In scrutiny. thorough and analysis conceptual withstand barely could hich nly one which I could not find on the syllabuses are Ivo Perić's "History of the Croats" and Dragutin and Croats" ofthe Perić's Ivo "History are syllabuses the on not find whichnlycould I one

wh

h bln to belong who ich would have to be taken into examination into wouldhave tobetaken ich -

2008".

-

professional (often either right wing or heavily biased) biased) heavily or wing right either (often professional

cdmc ice ad hs wrs r pr o the of part are works whose and circles academic es and Faculty of Humanities) and University Juraj Dobrila in Dobrila University Juraj and FacultyofHumanities) es and frame and analysis. and frame ration only the works which are either either are which works the only ration 27

In this way, I am in a position to exclude to aI position Inam in way, this and "History of Yugosl of "History and are Accordingly

excluded since otherwise the otherwise since excluded es since they were receivers of were receivers they es since

would be immense. , the works which which works the , avia" by Hrvoje Hrvoje by

covering covering at

the the 18

CEU eTD Collection 2006) Zagreb, hrvatska, (Matica 29 ( WorkingP 28 kingdom. Hungarian and state Croatian medieval the of union personal the from emerged histo their all “aggregated 20 the in partiesCroatian the all of feature common a was It Cipek. Tihomir by noted as identity, national Croatian of foundation of Croatian consciousness. national st centuries the throughout elites s personal the in 1102 year Croatian supposedly the was origin of territories. land whose origins, common Slavic of notion proto These proto first the of foundation the witnessed centuries so the to kingdom medieval Croatian Rights State of Party of the influences and tradition statehood Croatian reconciliation. West, the with affiliation will them of one each and features basic four distinguished have I 1990's. the of context the to attention specific Chapter I http://fass.kingston.ac.uk/public/ime/

Thomir Cipek. 'Stoljeće diktatura' u Hrvatskoj, in : diktatura'u Hrvatskoj, 'Stoljeće ThomirCipek. modernity pathsto various ofstatethe art: "The Djuraskovic, Vasiljevic, Topic, Insistence on the notion of “Croatian statehood tr “Croatianstatehood of notion the Insistenceon wi I section this In The aper, Identities and Modernities in Europe SSH in Europe Modernities Identities and aper, 28 -

Since the medieval Croatian kingdom, founded in the 10 the in founded kingdom, Croatian medieval the Since nationalists were conceptual were nationalists toa ivso i te eod af of half second the in invasion Ottoman

-

Nationalist ideology

be be th elaborated in elaborated

ry in a small historical term: ban.” Ban was an institution which institution an was Ban ban.” term: historical small a in ry , 286. , century. 3 l oe te ai faue of features basic the cover ll Blait icus o Yugoslavia on discourse Balkanist ) ae no wt te ugra kndm te rain political Croatian the kingdom, Hungarian the with union tate

) (Accessed April 10, 2013) April 10, (Accessed ) u ck to the tradition of tradition the to ck 29

The s The - a called “Reliquiare Reliquiarum”, Reliquiarum”, “Reliquiare called

izing Croatian political identity through the broader broader the through identity political Croatian izing separate section; 1) section; separate ame author in another in author ame Hrvatska politi Hrvatska

in the1990's in

- CT - 2009 - ainl da o te rain nation. Croatian the of ideas national

h 15 the adition” constitutes an importantpart an constitutes adition” - ka u XX. stoljeću u XX. ka the the 215949 215949 rain ainl dooy with ideology, national Croatian Croatian state right as the basic basic the as right state Croatian

C th roatian statehood tradition, 2 tradition, statehood roatian

etr rdcd h former the reduced century text statesfolkthatCroatian text

n 4 all 4) and -

th Croatian case report" report" case Croatian

, Ljubomir , Antić (ed.) century, was from was century, the - ra national Croat following two two following

the the 19 )

CEU eTD Collection 32 31 30 Sta Croatian of ideology the in aspect Important borders. projected those within state a create to right a have they thus lands, of first basis were Croats the acquis”; on “primal Croatia expanded an of vision a such for legitimacy the drew Kvaternik 7 the to back perspective). the on depending borders, “historic” and “natural” its in Croatia (or program political a into Croatia” “Great of idea the articulated have they because history in place prominent holding they statehood, medieval Croatian of topic the with dealt have who ones first the not were they Although ideas. political Croatian of history the for cornerstones the of one is developed example (for extremes respect.” every almost in Illyrianism negated that ideology national Croat integral an “produced Kvaternik and Starčević states; Banac As nobility. projected writings their founders Its consciousness. historical Croatian a “feudal this transformed who Right of Party Croatian Croat the of persistence Traditionally, territories. Croatian the for deputy king’s a was ban Basically,

Ivo Ivo Gross,. Mirjana Cipek,Tihomir. Banac, Banac, Their ideology rested on the idea of idea the on rested ideology Their t The 31 ian statehood tradition was seen in the person and function of ban. of function and person the in seen was tradition statehood ian

the

National question Yugoslavia question in National

wo of them are essential are them of wo th

oeeg wl o Cota fl i te eiin ad cs f h Croatian the of acts and decisions the in folk Croatian of will sovereign

century (time of the supposed arrival of the Croat tribes on the Adriatic coast). coast). Adriatic the on tribes Croat the of arrival supposed the of century(time

Izvorno pravaštvo. Ideologija, agitacija, pokret agitacija, Ideologija, pravaštvo. Izvorno solidified the ideas about Croatian statehood. They were the ones who who ones the were They statehood. Croatian about ideas the solidified Ideja hrvatske države u političkoj misli Stjepana Radića misli Stjepana političkoj u države hrvatske Ideja

in negation of the Serbian existence as a nation), the doctrine they they doctrine the nation), a as existence Serbian the of negation in

te of Right is the coming of Arpadović dynasty as a Croatian Croatian a as dynasty Arpadović of coming the is Right of te

the people who created some sort of statehood on those those on statehood of sort some created who people the ,(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 85. 1993), Press, University ,(Ithaca:Cornell

for understanding the Croatian contemporary history. history. contemporary Croatian the understanding for the 32 state rig state

, lhuh hy il n oe on wn to went point some in will they Although Ante Starčević and Eugen Kvaternik Eugen and Starčević Ante amor patriae amor , (Zagre , ht of the Croat the of ht b. 2000 b. , (Zagreb: Alinea, 2000), (Zagreb: Alinea, ,

), ), 68 of Croatian nobility” into into nobility” Croatian of - s 69

which can be traced traced be can which

30

But it was the was it But 12.

,

with are are 20

CEU eTD Collection 35 34 33 t of components negative the all of renunciation History the is doctrine Starčević's from derived a as state Croatian independent the " to referrals constant Tuđman's the contextualize historical and borders”,also on theirclams but natural “Croatian the their echoing Yugoslavism, are of ideas refutal his Kvaternik and and Starčević’s visions He thoughts. original their of some of follower the were that for th proof Croats of the achievements extraordinary (and Croats of spirit exceptional the about convincement their mind in have to essential is it path, independent Croatian about thoughts spirit. Starčević’s its in but numbers, in lay not does perceptions Hungarians. more and bigger the withstanding secured continuityCroatian the of statehood. perceive were of institutions the mentioned, As dynasty. ruling the of replacement mere a as but territories, Croatia of occupation and conquest of sign a as seen not was it rulers; millennial dream millennial

Ibid, 222. Ibid, 221. Ibid., Gross, This longue duree examination of the statehood narrative was put forward in order to to order in forward put was narrative statehood the of examination duree longue This of way a as orientation Yugoslav Rački’s and Strossmayer’s discarded Starčević " Izvorno pravaštvo Izvorno Tđa peetd i pltcl ltom s snhss f l te oiie and positive, the all of "synthesis as platform political his presented Tuđman .

33 of Croats as a small nation and was of an opinion that the strength of a nation nation a of strength the that opinion an of was and nation small a as Croats of

d as the symbols of persistence of Croatian statehood. That, in their opinion, their in That, statehood. Croatian of persistence of symbols the as d nta, trei avctd idpnet ah. e asl refuted harshly He path”. “independent advocated Starčević Instead, " and to and "

, , 221.

Croats as one of the oldest nations, oldest the of one as Croats

the Muslims fromthe Muslims BiH. powerful ogot history). roughout ocpin f h Croatian the of conception

34

F neighborin or the understanding of Kvaternik’s and and Kvaternik’s of understanding the or e oiia dvlpet f h Croatian the of development political he

35 g

umn a b n exception no by was Tuđman nations nations but

the

strongest mythologem mythologem strongest – tt a the as state

emn, Italians, Germans, Ban

and " End of of End Sabor those 21

CEU eTD Collection 39 38 37 sjećanja:1991 36 affiliation.Catholic right the by the in “East the of development ultimate the brought century idea. Yugoslav of popularity renewed half second the in one predominant the period short some for was politics Their day. present the to up followed be will which framework a up set and statehood Croatian about Europe inextricably (and linked toit ungratefulness", "European W of circle the thought historicalCroatian the in notion persistent another with linked century. twentieth the of decade last the in comeback it countries, European of no by Croatian the means is myth this While times. medieval since thought political Croatian the in present theto West belonging and the Christianitatis" "Antemurale on theantifascism." and Radić Stjepan Starčević, doctrinesAnte the of history,on modern basis the with in nation

Ibid Ibid 4. ofstatethe art", "The Djuraskovic, Vasiljevic, Topic, 1989 stranaka političkih hrvatskih teme u programima "Povijesne Matković,Stjepan. , , 5 ., 5 “notion of incommensurability of Croatian and Serbian national identity.” national Serbian and Croatian of incommensurabilityof “notion

As mentioned above, the polit the above, mentioned As o Christianitatis” “Antemurale of Myth

, ed. Tihomir Cipek, (Zagreb: Srednji put, 2011), 117. 2011), put, (Zagreb: Srednji ed. Cipek, , Tihomir faction of the Party of State Right State of Party the of faction estern civilization". Together with ideas of “European betrayal” and and betrayal” “European of ideas with Together civilization". estern

of the 19 the of 39 36 differentia specifica differentia

th is interesting to examine why such medieval myth made a a made myth medieval such why examine to interesting is t created it

century. By the end of the century it was pushed aside by the the by aside pushed was it century the of end the By century. ics of the Party of State Right State of Party the of ics

a package of ideas which constituted the discourse discourse the constituted which ideas of package a

37 and has its place within so many national narratives narratives national many so within place its has and

- iutnosy ih ht tr o te ninetieth the of turn that, with Simultaneously

Balkan) inthe 1990s. s r about “Croatia as Bulwark of Christianity” is is Christianity” of Bulwark as “Croatia about r ,

it it equalize - West” dichotomy and dichotomy West”

Antemurale d

the Croatian nationhood Croatian the on

the Croatian political scene political Croatian the s

solidified the ideas on ideas the solidified – notion is inextricably inextricably is notion

-

one of "belonging to "belonging of one 1990 " in: " was was 38 Kultura Kultura

Developed expressed and the and 22

CEU eTD Collection 42 41 40 world order. “Slavonic against “Antemurale" of role an asemerged finally centuries, nine after state, Croatianwhich in view a offered interpretation That regime. Ustaša of ideology fascist into packed launched, 1941 in movement Ustaša brought which Croatia of State Independent of regime proxy linguistic ones. and Croatia of Westerness of Easterness nations, two those between differences incommensurable together.” be cannotwe to belong They Albanians. the and Turks the like people Eastern an are They East… the to belong Serbs The tradition… civilization striking a such discourse persistence of on thebasis incommensurable ofthe supposed differences andSerbs. between Croats Party Peasant Croatian the of leader the main bearersIvo during were ideas period of such theinterwar and sociologists Pilar Croatian of variation

Topic, Vasiljevic Topic, 158. identities“, national and histories „National Bracewell, Ibid ,5

hs “East This Tuđman by stated sentence following Thus, o half first the in time, same the at Approximately I was It . 42 Antemurale –

Serbia, inability of being in the same state, rebuttal of any similarity besides similarity any of rebuttal state, same the in being of inability Serbia, from the Serbs… Croats are part of Western Europe, of Mediterranean Mediterranean of Europe, Western of part are Croats Serbs… the from

, Djuraskovic, "The state of the art",, 7. ofstatethe art",, "The Djuraskovic, ,

t a at - et dsore was discourse West”

ie hn h nto o te rain cmbc t Erp” was Europe” to “comeback Croatian the of notion the when time 41

theme was developed as an opposition to the Yugoslav project. The The project. Yugoslav the to opposition an as developed was theme

In one sentence every obstacle is mentioned; is obstacle every sentenceIn one

the Byzantine culture… Regardless of the linguistic similarities, similarities, linguistic the of Regardless culture… Byzantine the

; - “Croats belong to the different culture different “Croats belongtothe Byzantine Bolshevism” within would be a new Nazi Nazi new a be would within Bolshevism” Byzantine – aiaie te ot pn h foundation the upon most the radicalized

Stjepan Radić. They contested the Yugoslav idea idea Yugoslav the contested They Radić. Stjepan

some sixty years later later years sixty some te wnit century, twentieth the f

independent again and took a a took and again independent

civilizational division, civilizational –

ons o the to points to a different a different to to the power the to

40 f Nazi of

one one 23

CEU eTD Collection 47 46 45 44 43 Balkans. violent past”. “oriental the to opponent” and neighbor geographic other”. “Oriental” an against erected “invariably terms”. derogative “Balkan” utilizing of wave “new the again brought reconfiguration of all put European the all encompassed War. Cold of period the during politicians” and journalist Western of vocabulary the from absent “Balkan” and notion geopolitical a as Balkans “the how Balkan as Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Balkan as Croatian findpolitical program. presidentaninspiration for his would the of consisted former the of mostly sympathizers emigration, political Croatian postwar the of circles the within vanished.simply have or suppressed were general dichotomyin Europea about discussions the Yugoslavia,

Ibid Ibid Ibid Todorova,. Maria Ibid 44 , , 20. , 20. , 136. , 9. 47

Violent dissolution of Yugoslavia gave incentives incentives gave Yugoslavia of dissolution Violent Maria of defeat the Following

Instead, the dominant category was that of that was category dominant the Instead,

hm n h sm bl. n o Cl wr and war Cold of End bulk. same the in them oooa n e fmu bo "mgnn te akn" ovnigy s convincingly Balkans" the "Imagining book famous her in Todorova Imagining the Balkans Imagining the explained which approach this of center the in itself found Balkan Term 45

Nineties witnessed the construction of Balkan self Balkan of construction the witnessed Nineties

Croatian fascist state. Still, it was from these circles that future future that circles these from was it Still, state. fascist Croatian

communist regimes, disregarded regimes, communist the , (New York: Oxford University Press.1997 , (New Oxford York: saa eie n h 14 ad h st p f socialist of up set the and 1945 the in regime Ustaša n identity, Western civilization and the East the and civilization Western identity, n 46

the

izing of portions of ones own historical own ones of portions of izing

ht te cud e ayhn fo a from “anything be could other That

“Eastern Europe” “Eastern

as a derogation were conspicuously conspicuously were derogation a as to

the renewal of discussion of renewal the 43

thei

h following the They were only maintained onlymaintained were They and “balkanization” as “balkanization” and and differences mutual r

- ), identities which were which identities

136. which more or less or more which

geopolitical s about s - hows hows West 24 a

CEU eTD Collection 51 Politics." Cultural Yugoslav Recent in Geography 50 931. 49 Društvo essential 48 were Serbs Serbia. and th in component Serbs primarily were renegotiated) were identities past. mere its also but project, political of negation the legitimize to just not used was it mentioned, as and, “Other” government…” the subordinated constantly have when past recent the for except belonged, always which has to it region of central the Croatia]inthe statesEurope, [of Europe (Central) of discourse the exemplifies Croatia in elections multiparty first the winning the after shortly published Community Democratic wh to opposition in "Other" inevitable and necessary as served Balkan it. on memory and project Yugoslav the a as served It context. formula.nineties, proveexplosive tobethe insecure of reality given within discourse heated the in employed when constructs, cultural soci various of revalorization to led then which framework” “neutralizing of destruction a brought Bakic Milica by suggested as Essentially, an as Yugoslavia in conflict Bakić Milica Todorova, Todorova, Bakić Milica u Be "Balkana"/"Europe" Doživljaj Orijentalizam: "Svakodnevni StefJansen,

al categories which simply were transformed from differences to the oppositions. oppositions. the to differences from transformed were simply which categories al , XVIII : XVIII , The Balkanist discourse in Croatia revolved around the concepts of “Self” and and “Self” of concepts the around revolved Croatia in discourse Balkanist The Eu and Balkan on discourse This Imaging the Balkans the Imaging - - Hayden, and Robert M. Hayden. "Orientalist Variations on the Theme 'Balkans': Theme the on Variations Hayden. M. "Orientalist Robert and Hayden, Hayden. "Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of Former Yugoslavia." Yugoslavia." Former Caseof The "NestingOrientalisms: Hayden.

35. 50 ich the national "Self" was constituted. A quote from the journal of Croatian Croatian of journal the from quote A nationalconstituted. "Self"wasthe ich

e

As Todorova where noted,“Europe end.” ends to it want politicians

rcs o te Rtr t Erp” Acrig o th to According Europe”. to “Return the of process

legitimization balkanism , 139. ,

expression “atavistic cultural distinctions and ancient hatreds.” ancient and distinctions cultural “atavistic expression

and the forcibly self forcibly the and

tool rain tt trioy o a to territory state Croatian T

for var for Slavic Review Slavic he “Other” (in contrast to whom the new Croatian Croatian new the whom to contrast (in “Other” he oe ee evl epotd n h post the in exploited heavily were rope

- adn te islto o scait Yugoslavia socialist of dissolution the Hayden, ious policies, particularly for the for particularly policies, ious , no. 1 (1992): 1 no. , –

- Balkan dichotomy: “…the inclus “…the dichotomy: Balkan proclaimed national representatives national proclaimed

9. ogradu i Zagrebu." i Zagrebu." ogradu

Slavic Review Slavic A n at scheme, the path path the scheme, at itc om of form siatic

Symbolic Symbolic , no. 4 (1995): (1995): 4 no. , Yugoslavian

negation of of negation Filozofija i Filozofija - Y 51 ugoslav 49

This ion ion 25 48

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 4.,(2004) no. 18, &Societies Politics European 53 141.) article Constitution, (Croatian kind." any form of Balkanstate states other and Communism 52 population. Croatian wider of minds and hearts in Yugoslavia the bury us well”. as reconstructed is language the article. her in throu just examined was Croatia boundtojoin. was it although ghosts"Yugophobic" up stirred Europe economies the of stimulation again." episode that repeat to not determined are we and history Croatian in episode short a just were 1990 and 1918 between politica Our Europe. of circles Mediterranean and European Central fourteen its of all by C European Southeast of launching the regarding statement following a issued Tuđman 1997 January in Adress Union of State even or Balkans”) the not “Tuđman, (i.e. Yugoslav( viol was which from “family” natural its to back coming re was Europe identity. national Croatian new of markers central the of one is processes integration European the towards

Ibid Ideology“ „Nationalist Uzelak, Nicole " ed such as “Yugoas such ed It is prohibited to initiate any procedure for the association of the Republic of Croatia into alliances with alliances into Croatia of Republic ofthe thefor association initiate procedure any to isprohibited It , , 450. Tuđman’s ideology (and of his party Croatian Democratic Community) can be nicely be can Community) Democratic Croatian party his of (and ideology Tuđman’s slogans election through ways; numerous in expressed was paranoia” “Balkan This

Lindstrom, "Balkan is Beautiful is "Balkan Lindstrom, any to or community state Slav South a of renewal might a to or leads, lead, association such if non 54 -

European) episodes.European) Uzelak notes how in that process of “reconstructing the nation and the state, the and nation the “reconstructing of process that in how notes Uzelak - gh the discourse analysis of analysis discourse the gh communists” and “Yugoand communists”

- century history, by its civilization and culture, Croatia belongs to the the to belongs Croatia culture, and civilization its by history, century

of - discovered and in an almost teleological sense, Croatia is is Croatia sense, teleological almost an in and discovered the : Balkanism in the Political Discourse ofTudman' Discourse Political in the : Balkanism 53 ooperation Initiative (SECI): " (SECI): Initiative ooperation

vn uh a such Even omr communist former

55 : 642.

hog te nlss f constructs of analysis the Through through

- unitarists” we can see the continuous attemptto continuous the seecanwe unitarists” Tuđman's benign

h cntttoa amendments. constitutional the

by no means a political affil political a means no by

regimes in the whole of Southeast Southeast of whole the in regimes initiative which which initiative

speeches, as Gordana Uzelak did Uzelak Gordana as speeches, nl kidna ently By its geopolitical position, geopolitical its By l links with the Balkans Balkans the with links l pped with the two two the with pped a amd t the at aimed was s Croatia" East East Croatia" s umn often Tuđman iation nor nor iation 52

n his In 26

CEU eTD Collection 57 56 probl slightly became hand other a as seen was experiment” “Yugoslav whole the and with of Sign accordance prism. national(ist) narrow in past socialist whole the reframing for opted elites Governing others. above. anti and War World Second andcollective b) revaluation ofthe memorybroader ofthe masses. “Yugounitarists”, discou public the shaping a) “Yugochetniks”, least: at levels ; needed combination two on impacthuge a had connotations fixed with images those Creating “Serbocommunist”. whatever in merged be (“Serbs terms takingdifferent of process aplacewas in viceand versa.Basically,was awhat socialist not is Thus, theother. without gocannotlinked and one ideology. political the signifies terms domestic use." external the for history of politics twofold evil”. is what all of “symbols a as seen were Yugoslavia

Cipek, "Ideološkapovijest", 17. Cipek,"Ideološkapovijest", Ibid - Fascism and Yugoslavia bec Yugoslavia and Fascism , , 451. are

Thus, it was impossible to get rid of one one of rid get to impossible was it Thus, Key to understanding of of understanding to Key co widespread and used Often

ue; n sgiis gop f epe f ot Sai origin Slavic South of people of group a signifies one fused; anti , ”, “Yugoslavia”, “communism”, “ “communism”, “Yugoslavia”, ”, 57

-

fascist struggle was one of the pillars of the Yugoslavian regime and it it and regime Yugoslavian the of pillars the of one was struggle fascist audience

ematic how to revise revise to how ematic , while the Serbian nationalism was instrumentalized for the the for instrumentalized was nationalism Serbian the while , of the Serbian political elite where elite political Serbian the of

al

l - the T Croat national reconciliation national Croat ame inseparable, inseparable, ame he notion he

equality was drawn between Yugoslavia and “Serbianess” and Yugoslavia between drawn was equality treatment of treatment inage “Yugocommunists” is a is “Yugocommunists” inage rse through the use of communication mechanism mechanism communication of use the through rse

s created is it

Č of the of the in etniks”, ”unitarism”) as clusters which can can which clusters as ”unitarism”) etniks”, it is impossible to have a Yugoslavia which tohave isimpossible a it as a socialist past is the fact that communism that fact the is past socialist

mere

exemplified in the Tuđman's discourse discourse Tuđman's the in exemplified e cnet Ygsain anti Yugoslavian context. new

component that those that 56

tool fo tool

This was also perpetuated also was This Yugoslavism was Yugoslavism r Serbian hegemony. On the the On hegemony. Serbian r

s two

without discarding all the the all discarding without

s good lso

terms are inextricably inextricably are terms while example. Two example.

another one one another propagated - fascist fascist by the by 27 ,

CEU eTD Collection Croatia of State Independent created newly of head April the in Yugoslavia Mussolin in camps in stationed in banner. Ustaš former of sons the of effort collective the nation Croatian independent ( Community scheme which nation. Croatian the of conception the from Serbs Croats the division ideological the bridging a) society; Democratic Croatian Tuđman's fascist struggle. "all an for call a) practices: can who man society World Second countries, other the in as Moreover, again partisans as together fought Croatians and Serbs the because picture big new the into well that fit not did struggle

society. Members of the Ustaša the of Members society. won Second World War, like in other European countries, brought a long lasting division division lasting long a brought countries, European other in like War, World Second by propagated reconciliation) (national trajectory ideological This

and it was necessary to overcome this problematic period. problematic this overcome to necessary was it and of

( the major support in the first multiparty elections in Croatia in 1990. In this grand grand In this 1990. in Croatia in multipartyelections first the in support major the which necessarily led to the rehabilitation of fascism of rehabilitation the to led necessarily which itr dvlpd y Tuđman by developed history Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica Demokratska Hrvatska

bridge this ideological cleavage. cleavage. ideological this bridge

of st the Nazis, Italians and their collaborators their and Italians Nazis, the st 1941. 1941. - Croat national reconciliation", and b) nationalization of the anti the of nationalization b) and reconciliation", national Croat - state i's Italy i's

Community

Leader of the movement the of Leader a issued was movement, banned in the fir the in banned movement,

since, came to power to came since,

stemming

and had two basic consequences for the Croatian Croatian the for consequences basic two had hc wud be would which

-

as and Partizans united under the Croatian Croatian the under united Partizans and as

HDZ in the following text), a call for the the for call a text), following the in HDZ propag This was done through two discursive discursive two through done was This It was his conception of Croatian nation Croatian of conception his was It

( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska Država Nezavisna War from the Second World War between War World Second the from td y i Cota Democratic Croatian his by ated

w bogt mjr iiin in division major a brought two -

Ante Pavelić was installed was Pavelić Ante

up st Yugoslavia from the 1929, the from Yugoslavia st ultimately on ) Tuđman saw himself as a as himself saw Tuđman , and ,

the fall of the Kingdom the of fall the –

Ustaše and Četniks. Četniks. and Ustaše b) exclusion of the the of exclusion b) civd through achieved

h Franjo the

-

NDH in in NDH as a as 28 -

CEU eTD Collection 59 58 ideas 1990, February the in convention party wa rehabilitation limited the for belonging. national their by extent some to exculpated were units" while movement, partisan the within units Nazism." NDH the to aligned were families whose Croatia of parts different from people were there but minority, a were Ustašas rather kil people Croatian thousand hundred one were there Bleiburg statehood its NDH the of crucial. was evaluation component the in while remained, essence national the and and Ustašas to linked inextricably was Tuđman which are suddenly atrocities communist the of one the is It introduction of text following the

Cipek, "Politike povijesti", 19. povijesti", Cipek,"Politike 456. Ideology", "Nationalist Uzelak, ideologically opposed, their common national identity became the became identity national common their opposed, ideologically

als could be found in found be could o a big them bring can epniiiy o te c the for Responsibility N 's primary intention primary 's

ational reconciliation policy was ideological axis of axis ideological was policy reconciliation ational linked to linked 58 became one of the new sites of the of sites new the of one became

their the racial

supporters. The Ustaša movement was stripped was movement Ustaša The supporters. the ) .

one n became They

oehr n oecm te past. the overcome and together

Tuđman's idea about Jasenovac about idea Tuđman's laws olwn Tuđman Following of

( ht process that considering his partisan his considering the broken taboos in the wake of the dissolution of Yugoslavia of dissolution the of wake the in taboos broken the

and ommunist ommunist

s signified by Tuđman's notorious speech at the first HDZ HDZ first the at speech notorious Tuđman's by signified s the committed committed genocidal attempts s to as tros o their for otorious but

since it was necessary to ease the burden of the the of burden the ease to necessary was it since atrocit

the h oe algdy omte b te "Croatian the by committed allegedly ones the 's h Cota sae ad o t fsim o to or fascism, to not and state, Croatian the lieu de mémoire de lieu

statement embodies such such embodies statement first attempts for practical for attempts first ies n the in

were generally ascribed to the Serbian Serbian the to ascribed generally were biography)

immediate

. According to the plans, Jasenovac Jasenovac plans, the to According . during the escto of persecution Although the Tuđman's the . In a situation wher situation a In , rehabilitation of the fascists fascists the of rehabilitation , led, and not only Ustašas, Ustašas, only not and led,

59

of ota pro. Bleiburg period. postwar

four years four O

the that

pening up of the space the of up pening common

fascist components components fascist

reasoning

realization of realization certainly political platform. platform. political eb ad Jews and Serbs

long

d en e the poles poles the e

reign. "on ; ominator ominator a not was such

the the 29 - ,

CEU eTD Collection (Spain) Seville National WarWorld and the Second and History „Shared 62 61 60 was HSP Milošević, one ofthecritics Tuđman's harshest ofregime. the Interestingly, o figures prominent salute Homeland!" the for "Ready with themselves greeted Legion)), (Black blac wore party the of wing paramilitary offices, party the in adorned were Pavelić Ustaša Ante the of photographs used iconography; and movement Pavelić's the of heirs the as associated openly members dis former the by renewed was finally until parties smaller of - poli Croatian in radicalstances most reconciliationpolicy, abandoned future." the in evi similar overcome to appeal an together, bringing of reconciliation, of place a be can that ideas major two between world the and Europe S oppos War World Second become would

pain. Croatian Party of Right. Right. of Party Croatian Vjeran Pavlakovic „Flirting with Fascism: The Ustaša legacy and Croatian Politics in the 1990s “. 1990s inthe Politics Croatian and legacy Ustaša The „Flirtingwith Fascism: Pavlakovic Vjeran Heil!" the of "Sieg equivalent Croatian greet and Ustaša'sofficial "Nation Uzelak, s itional voices in Croatian medias Croatian in voices itional

While Tuđman's regime allowed the rehabilitation of Ustaše due to the national national the to due Ustaše of rehabilitation the allowed regime Tuđman's While In t h meetings. the at Tuđman later on. later . 2008: 2008: . 60 but alist ideology", 456. alist ideology", a

This idea caused outrage both in domestic and international circles and was and circles international and domestic in both outrage caused idea This place were all the victims will be buried, from all the involved sides involved the all from buried, be will victims the all were place

12. iial t te ae f xrm rgt n eba n hi rltos with relations their in Serbia in right extreme of case the to similarly s words 's

f Ustaša regime, for example, the one of army general Rafael Boban. Boban. Rafael general army of one the example, for regime, Ustaša f . This "mixing of the bones" procedure, as it was labeled by the the by labeled was it as procedure, bones" the of "mixing This .

62 F

"aeoa ws h cneune f n dooia dvso of division ideological an of consequence the was "Jasenovac ; ounded in 1861 in ounded lo name Also, k uniforms (similarly to the Ustaša elite unites unites elite Ustaša the to (similarly uniforms k

banned in the in banned

iet n Yugoslavia in sident , was similar to the Franco's "Valley of the Fallen" in Fallen" the of "Valley Franco's the to similar was , s

f the of

("Party of State Rights"), State of ("Party Kingdom of Kingdom

Question in Yugoslavia “, Tres Culturas Foundation, Foundation, Tres “, Culturas Yugoslavia in Question -

fascism and communism. … A place like like place A … communism. and fascism paramilitary

- Yu

tics can be found in one other party party otherone in found becan tics Dobroslav Paraga. Party and its its and Party Paraga. Dobroslav goslavia in 1929. 1929. in goslavia

nt br name bore units

over the split in couple in split the over

61

or - had

In the 1990's it it 1990's the In "Crna Legija" "Crna s h fascist the

conference conference fe the after

in the in 30 ls

CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 63 Tu why reasons Movement Liberation Croatian ti with individuals war the Ustaše for nostalgia the regime andto Yugoslavcommunism Milošević'sGreater anti as experienced primarily was revival Ustaše the Croatia "in how soldier Croatian as thing same forty who soldier Croatian that to respect and image the restore to spremni!" dom "Za with other each greet we that honor and pleasure with is It it. of proud we then state, Croatian independent an for fighter a and soldier Croatian a being means Ustaša an if but Ustaše, not are we then Nazi, a or fascists a being means Ustaša an "if view: a such illustrates 1990's the throughout HSP the vice the of Statement "Croatiness". its of because but orientation, fascist its of because not exculpated was regime Ustaša 1990s; the of nationalism Croatian the embodying dis was certain While other. the on component, N to closeness its negating

Pavlaković, "Flirt", 5. "Flirt", Pavlaković, Argentinain 1956. in Ustašaleaders other and Pavelić Ante by founded Organization 20. Ibid, 14. "Flirt", Pavlaković,

Although was regime Ustaša the of fetishizing this in discussion the for significant is What regarded and it was exculpated was it and regarded due to their extreme right factions within the party the within factions right extreme their to due fascist -

ie icmtne an circumstances time and đman was "white was đman

o oel pro openly not s o saa oeet o a encouraged was to movement Ustaša to es racial

was tolerated because it was perceived as a desirable element in in in in element desirable a as perceived was it because tolerated was

components azism or fascism on the one hand, and venerating of the national national the of venerating and hand, one the on fascism or azism

s fight for today for fight s 65 a a dam a as d it -

- sae HDZ Ustaše, washing" Ustaša regime, but did not go further than that that than further go not did but regime, Ustaša washing" s oiia pry n rai ws allowed. was Croatia in party political as is quite obvious quite

and by

stress developed Rightists

o te eba ultra Serbian the for -

for a Croatian state." Croatian a for a abgos stances ambiguous had ing - Serbia project

that Ustaša regime was was regime Ustaša that

the

( inherent "Pravaši") are all Ustaše and we are are we and Ustaše all are "Pravaši")

national component. Such views are are views Such component. national . While not sympathizing op sympathizing not While . - . anti " five years ago fought for the the for fought ago years five

64 and even a registration of of registration a even and

- Semitic orientation, that that orientation, Semitic - 63 nationalists. nationalists. - Serbian and a reaction a and Serbian

Pavlaković concludes Pavlaković

oad te Ustaša the towards per se per 66

president of of president n o the of One

having the the having R tr of eturn enly, 31

CEU eTD Collection 1896 Hrvatskoj u filma whenow Croatia, newborn the of symbol as a it waterblessed and with it sprinkled that cardinal understood people else, something or homeland the represents byth in brought moment before which a was ofbread load the down laid whichinTuđman stage the on brought was craddle peasant "The May1990: theon May30th session theon parliamentary power to the HDZ ceremony of 69 68 67 Croatia andagainst turnedthestate. them population) Serbian de and acts such many regime, the of phase initial the In population. Serb of parts the among hysteria up stirred that flag dateshistorical backto11 symbol which identical because itlooked among Serbs fears Thatup centre. stirred chessboard inthe leaving the only symbolism. religious as such symbolism, around Croatia. populationin overall 12% ofthe which group ethnic Serbian of members policy proclaimed this of effect the of aspect important second the is This forgiven." been have Ustaše the that sense the creates reconciliation national proclaimed Croatia from Serbs of party political exclusion war the in Croats between divides Yugoslav(JNA). Army People's of general army of rank end, the in had, He past". "partisan a had himself he because was

Following inscerpt from Škrabalo's book describes nicely the part o part the nicely describes book fromŠkrabalo's inscerpt Following 8. Ibid., 8 "Flirt", Pavlaković, e beautiful girl dressed in the folk costume. Without any explicit explanation whether the craddle the craddle whether explanation explicit any Without thecostume. folk in girl dressed beautiful e pn iig h eetos n h 19', uh motne a gvn o h state the to given was importance much 1990's, the in elections the wining Upon could policy reconciliation national While

s h oe f the of one the as and antagonization of the Serbian population Serbian the of antagonization and -

1997 the which, intentionally or not, have antagonized the Serb population within within population Serb the antagonized have not, or intentionally which,

69

change of coat of arms or the highly pompous mani highly the pompous or arms ofcoat changeof Sea with rising sun and red star were removed from the coat of arms, of coat the from removed were star red and sun rising with Sea . (Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globu , 1998.), 1998.), , Globu zavod . (Zagreb: Nakladni D rgm. Although regime. NDH

cisions were made (constitutive downgrading of the status the of downgrading (constitutive made were cisions

- ie period, time n the democratic changes occured." (in: changes occured." nthe democratic -

th oa Rašković; Jovan

at the beginning of the Yugoslav crisis constituted crisis Yugoslav the of beginning the at

century, it was exactly the similarity with the NDH with the NDH century, thesimilarity exactly was it

67 have had have

h cneune f t was it of consequence the

h cesor a sc i originally is such as chessboard the . As emphasized by the leader of the the of leader the by emphasized As . f the atmosphere following the official the official following fthe atmosphere "for the Serb people, the publicly publicly the people, Serb the "for 449.

help to ov to help

ercome the ideological the ercome Ivo Škrabalo. Škrabalo. Ivo festations -

effects on the the on effects

h further the 101 with the with

godina godina

32 of 68

CEU eTD Collection 113 Milosavljević, Olivera Cipeakand Tihomir In godine" 71 70 Ustaš of rehabilitation the tolerating while heard. be could state" Croatian that one as such Statements between relation any occasions, such solely almost clarify interethnic relations." or symbols, Ustaša made which Croatia destabilize to Belgrade of efforts concerted ambigious and NDH, the and on position reconciliation national Croatian of policy Tuđman's memory, collective such which in context the more was it relationship, interethnic the deteriorated which symbols minor this just not was it Overall, Croats". Great the of "Square the to Zagreb in Fascism" of Victims the of "Square language of "purification" the evoked that vocabulary official using currency, kuna""hrvatska (re)introduction as ofexample the the such symbolic stepsincludes very become time the by which influential andwhich radical represented often most element the circles émigré the of support Croatian the the win closer and bring population to order in tolerated was it encouraged, openly not Although

Vjeran Pavla Vjeran the 1941. in ofCroatia State momentthe Independent of founding was as the date taken That

the "nationalistic turn" "nationalistic the nul ommrtos hc to pae n h 10 the on place took which commemorations Annual A

"behind NDH was not some particular ideology, but only the will for achieving the achieving for will the only but ideology, particular some not was NDH "behind tmosphere Kultura sjećanja: 1941 1941 sjećanja: Kultura ković, "Opet "Za dom spremni!" dom spremni!" "Za ković,"Opet

by the most radical elements ofradical elements most the by

"NDH was not anti not was "NDH perceived Ustaša symbols, a significant component in the deterioration of deterioration the in component significant a symbols, Ustaša perceived n h pbi sae was space public the in

from the Serbian te Serbian the from symbolical acts happened; it was the "combination of traumatic traumatic of "combination the was it happened; acts symbolical -

Povijesni lomovi i savladavanje prošlosti i savladavanje lomovi Povijesni in Croatia in 71

eid uh htrc a te at ht umns regime, Tuđman's that fact the was rhetoric such Behind - Semitic", - h fsim n Utš movement Ustaša and fascism the -

129. (Zagreb: Di 129.

Desetotravanjske komemoracije u Hrvatskoj nakon 1990. nakon 1990. u Hrvatskoj komemoracije Desetotravanjske in the 1990's. the in a regime, allowed actually radical right groups to groups right radical actually allowed regime, a Croatian

rms and expressions and rms etd p ute b t by further up heated language language "fascism never "fascism

political scenepolitical sput, 2008), sput,2008), 70

They were organize were They practices of of practices th s on the political scene. s onthe political Other

existed in the Croatia" or the the or Croatia" the in existed edited by Sulejman Bosto, Bosto, by Sulejman edited f Ap of 121.

or even the renaming of renaming the even or

-

e Utš nostalgy". "Ustaša he HSP. Interestingly, on HSP. ril every year further further year every ril the

Ustaša regime, regime, Ustaša a discarded. was d and attended and d

33

CEU eTD Collection 74 73 72 rightand minded the partytoattractallthe potentialvoters Ustaša which symbolic." moderna European itself into totransform for HSP were hard making which it all thebarriers conventi party Fourth the on abandoned definitely were iconography modern Ustaša a party. right into European themselves transform to need they that realized elites political since role t of abandoning the toprocessesled integration societyEuropeanUnion of and society.Croatian Democratization criminal ofthem state"and statedthat 21,4% was it both. was "NDH that statement a with responded 22,2% state", independent own their for people Croatian the of yearnings historical the of expression "an was NDH that stated respondents fr pool public one of Results statehood. achieved nominally the of prism the and belonging rec national of policy Tuđman's which aim whose prism nationalists abovementioned the is aspect problematic potentially the But day. that on commemoration of kind any against were people and discarded usually were a had never general in HSP the 1990's." the of chaos war of midst the in charming especially them make to and anticommunists and nationalists misunderstood the to Ustaše "transform

om 1996 shows have much such views were grounded in the mainstream, 45,2% of of 45,2% mainstream, the in grounded were views such much have shows 1996 om Ibid. 122. Ibid.,, 122. Ibid., , , 128. As with many things, elections in 2000 marked a new beginning in many aspects for for aspects many in beginning new a marked 2000 in elections things, many with As on of HSP in 2001 when party when 2001 in HSP of on

he rhetoric from the 1990s. In that sense, European Union played a key key a played Union European sense, that In 1990s. the from rhetoric he

s were s

justified, but not their means. their not but justified, ny significant support within the Croatian population. They population. Croatian the within support significant ny onciliation onciliation

leader -

eaiiig h U the relativizing Anto Đapić stated: "We would like to remove to like would "We stated: Đapić Anto 73

T hat is the ultimate effect of the of effect ultimate the is hat 72

staše through their national national their through staše Such commemorations and commemorations Such sees

Ustaše as as Ustaše 74

34 a

CEU eTD Collection scene.wasa in shown path" ofa werethe"Cross cinematography timeYugoslav in was it first the him"(1988) not love did Schmidt's"Sokol while the Branko in as the "Informbirovci", accussed with persec dealt from 1985 trip" awaybussiness wason father "When his in Kusturica 75 sphere. public the in exist to allowed not was them on memory the and recognized not was suffering who victims the for existed memories" „family state, the by encouraged widely struggle antifascist heroic the acknowledged. on memory official publicly this to not Parallel were and suppressed were it about discussions and victims si of objects the were revolution” the of betrayers and enemies “people’s as seenwere what against revenges scale large These 1948. in Cominform the from Yugoslavia of expulsion the after supporters Stalin's of persecution the about or collaborators processions, and everything tofurtheremployed was perpetuatean image such past. ofthe commemorations public academia, system, education culture, society; polished was Yugoslavia of image This community. political anti glorious on remembrance and socialism of non the Unity", and "Brotherhood of notion a such system Yugoslavia's called) officially was Th War. World Second the during enemies” internal and external “people’s against struggle fascist Yugoslavia in socialist production Memory Chapter 2

For example, if we take cinematography, first time those taboos were problematized were in the 1908's; Emir werein Emir the 1908's; were problematized taboos those time first cinematography, we example,if take For 75 tl, hr wr sm tbo lk te ota rtiuin gis te fa the against retribution postwar the like taboos some were there Still, was Yugoslavia Socialist e very project of Yugoslavia is thus achieved by the People's Liberation War Liberation People's the by achieved thus is Yugoslavia of project very e

But following Tito's death in 1980 and 1980 in death Tito's following But

-

Historiography b

and socialist revolution parallel to it. The distinctive features of of features distinctive The it. to parallel revolution socialist and s Tito's cult of personality of cult Tito's s

publicly legitimized through the image of the heroic anti heroic the of image the through legitimized etween - Alignment movement, the self the movement, Alignment - fascist resistance served as the pillars of the of pillars the as served resistance fascist the

economic decline, which led into a deep a into led which decline, economic , the split from the Sovie the from split the , the ee n h „rn sd“ Their side“. „wrong the on were Party and y l te opnns of components the all by ec. eois n those on Memories lence.

ution of the people people ofthe ution

the - managed branch managed ts in 1948, the 1948, in ts

Nation

(as it it (as scist scist 35

-

CEU eTD Collection 83 pp. 1945., sjećanja Kultura 76 Yugoslavian tensionswere historiography the nationalistic andinit. reflected how new a to birth t burying when loosed, were constrains Party's the after later, also the but (LCY) Yugoslavia of Communists of League the preserving by prescribed Yugoslavia of image in both important very was past Yugoslavian the of aspect this regarding remembrances.” community different those all of imagination public controling of capable longer no was it when away withered which state a was it and remembrance collective construing on up gave it when moment the at exist to cease to began wh example an is Yugoslavia “…because remembrance; national produce state’s to capability the on importance existential the to points it because “inspirational” very is case of th as acted Tito, by personified which memory, collective Yugoslav the on effect corroding a had and surface the Yugosl the as of guardians act to supposed were who elites political the from even culture, journalism, academy, numerous spheres attacked from society. were founding myths Theconfronting narratives in in longer no was regime crisis, political

Đerić, Gordana. „Označeno i neoznačeno u narativima društvenog pamćenja: jugoslavenski slučaj“ in: slučaj“in: jugoslavenski pamćenja: društvenog u narativima i neoznačeno „Označeno Gordana. Đerić, e whichthe bloodycivilcountry war from emerged. Gordana Đerić notices in her study about Yugoslav memory production that Yugoslav that production memory Yugoslav about study her in notices Đerić Gordana nationalistic nationalistic glue and and glue

av memory. In such a condition, previous taboos finally appeared on on appeared finally taboos previous condition, a such In memory. av - 92, (Zagreb: Disput, 2009.), 2009.), (Zagreb: Disput, 92, was holding together the republics and suppressing the memories memories the suppressing and republics the together holding was ones. In the following section I will outline the basic trends of the the of trends basic the outline will I section following the In ones.

a position to control to position a 86.

his official narrative and giving and narrative official his

76 these

h rl o role The

different memories and and memories different historiography f

ich ich 36 -

CEU eTD Collection LCJ. or Party text; the in abbreviations ofboth use the steems fromthere 80 Review 79 i historija, 78 Struggle"). Liberation ("People's used also was element which theclass signifes borba" "Narodnooslobodilačka Term officiallyWar called. World theSecond 77 interpretations certain regarding confrontation the to due but published, be to supposed was Yugoslavia" of Peoples the of "History sponsored state the of volume third the 1960's, the r systemic the on views opposing the within streams Party opposing two when period a were sixties The historiography. the on He state. actu the precluded historiography Yugoslavian the in consensus the of narratives various historians. of in tensions national the reveals which one the nuances; the of one with only briefly deal will I red", of shades "fifty its of all with deal will which study a awaits still historiography interpr different offer and past the renegotiate to ways finding still were historians framework, given the of constraints the Within objectivity. of sense any from divorced works ideologized highly as evaluated during written historiography the all that argue to want not do I essentialism, of dose a carrying are remarks introductory these that Aware Yugoslavia. in revolution and pub were volumes edited and articles monographs, thousand thirty than PLW. the on narrative official the perpetuate of red Fifty shades

Communist Party of Yugoslavia was renamed into the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in the 1952, so so 1952, in the ofYugoslavia ofCommunists League the into was renamed ofYugoslavia Party Communist Yugoslavia" Europe: ofEastern ofthe Countries "Historiography Banac,. Ivo pepela iz Holm"Feniks Sundhaussen, r of the antifascist as was theperiod rat") ("Narodnooslobodilačka War Liberation People's 80

vol.

Ivo to employed was historiography Yugoslavian above, hinted as times, socialist During

rsalzd fdrls v. etait lc i woe etr f ipt wr the were dispute of center whose in blocs centralist vs. federalist crystallized; argues that tendencies which emer which tendencies that argues ed. Maja Brkljačić and Sandra prlenda, 241 241 prlenda, Sandra and Brkljačić Maja ed. 97 no. 4 (Oc 4 no. 97 Banac's short study on the Yugoslav historiography Yugoslav the on study short Banac's t. 1992): 1084 1992): t.

-

Yugoslavian hi Yugoslavian etations, as much as it was allowed. While the topic of Yugoslavian Yugoslavian of topic the While allowed. was it as much as etations,

78

- Accordingly, historiography reflected historiography Accordingly, 1104 eform and administrative decentralization of Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia. of decentralization administrative and eform -

Druga Jugoslavija i njezini utemeljujući mi utemeljujući i njezini DrugaJugoslavija

storiography ged in the 1960's had an immediate repercussion repercussion immediate an had 1960's the in ged 77 -

281. (Zagreb: Golden Marketing, 2006)., Marketing, (Zagreb: Golden 281. For example, only between 1945 1945 between only example, For the socialist period should be discarded and discarded be should period socialist the

79

reveals how the dissolution the how reveals The American Historical Historical American The the official the tovi" in: tovi" lished about the war war the about lished al dissolution of the the of dissolution al essistance during essistance Kultura pamćenja pamćenja Kultura - 248.

taboos too. taboos 1965 more 1965

the 37

CEU eTD Collection 82 81 ban the to led which members prominent its persecutionof thesubsequent "Croatian and spring" exactlyIt was the circles thecontractions upper within Yugoslavian spheres of politics. of con 1974 the if as seems it Finally, structures. Party the in potential reformist the weakened and steam the released the of structures upper the within brought 1972 in leadership" "liberal Serbian the of removalTito's and 1971 in spring""Croatian The Yugoslav politics. within blocs opposing Croatian historiography ishaunted by the that: stating as far as went even who Kulundžić Zvonimir historian and publicist by done Serbia. Thiswas voicescounter certaincomingfrom due nationalistic totheirthe hesitancy to h were circles academic of members Moreover, circles. academic to belong not did they appeared, Macan Trpimir and Tuđman Franjo of works the While establishment. academic the to belonged who ones the not least at historians, Croatian by up "chance the notes Banac historiography. in also but sphere, public the in just not unitarism, and centralism of notions particular criticizing for space further a up opened manifeshistoriography"atLCY the Eighth inBelgrade Congress ofthe in1964. "nationalist the on concerns some raised had himself Tito that wonder no is it tension, national of appearances of kind any on sensitivity system's the to Due all. at inter the of

Ibid., 1088. Ibid., 1087. Banac,"Yugoslavia", h ery eete bogt cliain f h ogig esos ewe two between tensions ongoing the of culmination a brought seventies early The 1966 in Ranković of removal Tito's following society the of liberalization Limited war period, it was being constantly postponed and in the end it was not published published not was it end the in and postponed constantly being was it period, war

ig f h Tpmr aa' "itr o Cot epe. codn to According People". Croat of "History Macan's Trpimir the of ning

stitution was Tito's final offer which aimed to put an end to those those to end an put to aimed which offer final Tito's was stitution

LCY the "selfthe . The pressure cooker, in this case personified by Tito, Tito, by personified case this in cooker, pressure The . - imposed Ustaša complex." imposed to the public surface the ongoing processes processes ongoing the surface public the to eavily criticized by others others by criticized eavily 81

82

" was not picked not was " ain in tations 38

CEU eTD Collection 85 84 83 90's." counter proved connection symbiotic That linked. inextricably t and War World Second "The Sundhaussen; by stated As history. a on disputes just term long were the it of culmination to references and history of notions with saturated speeches Tuđman's or Thu decade. following the in Tito's during meetings Committee's Central historical the of above, agenda the demonstrated to up briefly way their as made occasionally If, representations debates. political the of content sole the be can it then history, in issues certain to sensitive just was era" "Titoist the If Yugoslavia. of whole the in nationalism of rise the witnessed which period a was 1980s the of decade The vacuum. political subsequent the and federalism." of late of atmosphere "History oppressive the the in debate historical on major "last debate a thus was This Yugoslavia" republics. various from reactions negative provoked camp", "decentralist the of narratives the counter to Aiming Dedijer. Vladimir biographer personal Tito's was which of editors the of one Yugoslavia" of "History the of [Fran reviewer and author the of liabilities political known the with do "the to more had offense book's Instead, controversial. something constituted hardly book the of content the Banac,

S 1092. Ibid., 1089. Ibid., undhauseen, "Feniks", 243. "Feniks", undhauseen, jo Tuđman] than with its biases. its with than Tuđman] jo 85

The new controversial, revisionist works did not appeardid unt works revisionist controversial,new The

84

he "Second Yugoslavia", its founders and its founding's myths are are myths founding's its and founders its Yugoslavia", "Second he

reign, history adopted a more prominent place in the public discourse public the in place prominent more a adopted history reign,

s, Slobodan Milošević's constant referrals to the myth of Kosovo Kosovo of myth the to referrals constant Milošević's Slobodan s,

83

argued for the post the for argued

The following year (1972) witnessed the publishing the witnessed (1972) year following The - Titoist period that history became became history that period Titoist - productive during the 80's and and 80's the during productive il Tito's death in the 1980's the in deathTito's il the book book the 39 -

CEU eTD Collection 89 88 87 86 to lead then numbers the of inflation This around. proliferated killed million 1,1 of number vari the myth, Jasenovac whole the of handling Croatian and Serbian the clashed. which have on memories battlefield became Jasenovac level. new whole a J in killed people the of number the of inflation centralized administration favorable interests." national toSerb the undo Kosovo, "pacify" to inability party's and developments postwar and the with frustrated public, Serbian the among resentment of sense growing the to wartime contributed of interpretations established the weakened regime.the ofphase initial the Party'sterrorin the with dealt which Čavoški Kosta and Koštunica Vojislav president) Serbian (later of work the to up movement" Četnik the of redefinition "ideological Petranović's from ranged Serbia in The dissidents. fellow and loyalists party by both written history, Yugoslavian from issues controversial upon touched which ones, fictional and scientific works, other many Cominform. the with relation his and 1943 in Germany with negotiations Tito's War, World First the during front Austro Serbian the the on in army Hungarian participation his revealed he personality: of cult Tito's on taboos former m with broke Dedijer it, In opened. was narrative official the of revision for space the that signified 1981 in Tito" Broz Josip of Biographythe to Contributions "New of Publishing w controversy

Sundhaussen, "Feniks", 271. "Feniks", Sundhaussen, 1094. Ibid., 1094 Ibid., 1093. "Yugoslavia", Banac, Still, it was the later formulation of the thesis about Croats as a "genocidal nation" and and nation" "genocidal a Croats as about of thethesis was formulation it thelater Still, public caused Dedijer biographer his again once death, Tito's after Shortly -

1096. ith his writings. This time it was about his former patron patron former his about was it time This writings. his ith

89

n h hae amshr ad u t te ytm insensitive system the to due and atmosphere heated the In

constitution of 1974, and reconstruct a strong strong a reconstruct and 1974, of constitution asenovac which elevated the "discussions" to "discussions" the elevated which asenovac 87 ous exaggeration appeared and even the the even and appeared exaggeration ous

Banacst 86

This publication w publication This ates how "their parallel activities"theirparallel how ates 88

- as followed by followed as

io himself. Tito se works se any 40 -

CEU eTD Collection 93 92 91 90 memorandum. the in those to similar stances expressed and nationalism embraced fully Milošević years following the in because prominence and notoriety it gave which developments later the was Serbs. the for solution new daily Serbian one in published optimal was it time a at controversies raised it an Although as Yugoslavia of questioning its in was novelty the pub SANU the is example notorious most the Certainly, Yugoslavia. monarchic of conquest quick a such for responsibility and betrayal Croatian the force partisan the in andYugoslavia of Kingdomformer the in both officerTerzić's (militaryVelimir of edition new the of republishing are examples notable Other employed. more and more academia publications. their in daring more increasingly "became who historians Serbian some with case the not was that seems it works, their in Marxism of lack apparent the of because historians Croatian up whipped also Šuvar from voices rising the counter to autorities Croatia by attempt an Itwas IdeationalControversies". Light of in Production Feuilleton and Publicistic, Memoir "Historiography, name the under 1983 in conference a summon to ideologist) Party the as perceived was but system the within positions office various a held had towards writ those of Crown crimes. Ustaša's the for Croats the of responsibility collective the about thesis the of formulation the

SANU 1098. Ibid., 1097. "Yugoslavia", Banac, 271. "Feniks", Sundhaussen, lished in September of 1986. While in the Memorandum many issues were reflected on, on, reflected were issues many Memorandum the in While 1986. of September in lished Such a situation on the Serbian historiographical scene provoked Stipe Šuvar (who (who Šuvar Stipe provoked scene historiographical Serbian the on situation a Such

- the

Srpska akademija nauka i umjetno naukai akademija Srpska

genocidal acts.

s) book on the April war in Yugoslavia in which he repeated old theses on on theses old repeated he which in Yugoslavia in war April the on book s)

90 ings was Vasilije Kresti Vasilije was ings

" 92

As the overall political situation was worsening, so was so worsening, was situation political overall the As sti (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts) and Sciences Academyof sti (Serbian 93 ć study on the Croat's genetic Croat's the on study ć

the Serbian historiography. Serbian the Memorandum written in the 1985, and 1985, the in written Memorandum

Croatian chief chief Croatian 91

inclination

But whileBut spaper, it it spaper, 41 -

CEU eTD Collection 96 95 145 Milosavljević, Olivera and 1941 sjećanja: Kultura 94 contemporarynarrative historical isderived. also but attemp an where as serve also will and case his with deal will section president Croatian future the was discussions those in previous decades. the in avoided were which topics with or histories national from topics the with dealing are which works the of numbers the of rise the through examined be can historiography Croatian confrontations. heated and direct the in employ to ready not Terzić, Velimir of edition republished the to also but published, historians Serbian with polemics the certain the regarding ones inte than rather misconducts, professional other and factual into Institute the of cases in Interestingly, countered. was 1980's the in historiography Serbian the which from Institute) text: following of platform the from a If colleagues. Serbian their to ball the returned academia Croatian the when eighties late the until not was it historians", "genuine not were who people by interventions of couple a Besides Banac. to according late", and "inadequate

Ibid., 151. Ibid., 150. Ibid., & Najbar Damir Agičić, rpretations and theses. and rpretations Nevertheless, one of tho of one Nevertheless, Serbia from tendencies these to reaction Croatian The o cnetaie further contextualize too

staff ts is made to dig up further into the roots of historical revisionism in Croatia,in revisionism historical of roots the into further up dig to made is ts

96 which was criticizing those publications. Still, these critiques were packed packed were critiques these Still, publications. those criticizing was which

-

Povijesni lomovi i savladavanje prošlosti i savladavanje Povijesni lomovi

the Institute for the History of Worker’s Movement of Croatia (in the (in Croatia of Movement Worker’s of History the for Institute the - Agičić, Magdalena "Hrvatska historiografija o 1941. 1941. o historiografija "Hrvatska Magdalena Agičić, both "Encyclopedia" and "Dedijer's" "History of Yugoslavia" it was was it Yugoslavia" of "History "Dedijer's" and "Encyclopedia" both - 94

155. (Zagreb: Disput, 2008.), (Zagreb: Disput, 155.

While in the 1980's the in While

se few historians from the Croatian side which were involved were which side Croatian the from historians few se the

- imposed

epne t te ok o Vslj Ketć were Krestić Vasilije of works the to responses

cademia was silent, as Banac argu Banac as silent, was cademia

Institute staff became relati became staff Institute nepeaie rmwr fo wih the which from framework interpretative

150. 150.

an edited by Sulejman Bosto, Tihomir Cipeak Tihomir Bosto, Sulejman by edited

introduction to the following parts parts following the to introduction -

rno umn Te following The Tuđman. Franjo nta te tiue f the of attitude the Instead 95 -

Polemika bez dijaloga?" In dijaloga?" bez Polemika Croatian historians were historians Croatian n historiography was was historiography n vely engaged in engaged vely es, it was was it es,

42

CEU eTD Collection 99 98 moreincli were they whether wholethediscussions 97 Memorandumembodiments ofsuch asan tendencies withinthe socialist Yugoslavia. SANU and Ranković with Milošević, with ends and"Načertanije" with starts politics Serbian lin same the is it because interesting are remarks Pašić. Nikola of politics the and "Srbobran" journal "Načertanije", in attitudes such exactly locating on proceeds he then But army. royal Yugoslav the of officers imprisoned pro alleged about the argues thatthethesis he at that time; writingway onhistory insight theof in thesis. a such against proof historical ultimate the case this in speech Tito's responsible. was clique"governing "Serbian the Yugoslavia the of Kingdom of fall the for that remarks Tito's cited (1961) 1941" in posture Croatian the on hi Croatian 1941, previous subchapter. the in hinted as appeared, academia in tendencies nationalistic such occasionally accusations, s to trying was regime the Although historiography. "accusations" regardingcertain in sixties inthe debatesofhistorians narratives from taken the Party the and historiography Yugoslavian the between relation the of example symptomatic history. the writing of process the in guidelines as or truths" "absolute an as either taken were LCY the from coming Statements one. Party's the following generally nationalism to Titoism From

Ibid., 147. Ibid., 147. Ibid., and War World Second the massesduring Croatian ofthe attitude meansthe hereoverall posture" "Croatian - D ad pro and NDH When trying to "defend" the image of the "Croatian posture" "Croatian the of image the "defend" to trying When was historiography the of narrative time, Tito's the during above, described As

storian Vaso Bogdanov in his "Origins and aims of the chauvinistic thesis chauvinistic the of aims and "Origins his in Bogdanov Vaso storian - emn tne o Cotas ae rm the from came Croatians of stances German

-

case of Fra of case ned to ustašas or partizans. ustašasor to ned e of thought which is updated in the 1990s; 1990s; the in updated is which thought of e njo Tuđman 98

Bogdanov's article offers an interesting an offers article Bogdanov's prs ay neehi tnin and tensions interethnic any uppress

97 émigré government and and government émigré

during the April war inwar April the during

Here follows one one follows Here 99

These

was was 43

CEU eTD Collection 100 ultimatelyInstitute from the dissident. lead1967and into expulsion turnhim tohis in whi Partyofficialand the fromdeviatednarrative which controversialstatements some by marked be will directorship his Also, control. Party's the under still although Croatia, Institut the in Instituteof the for Hisdirectorship theHistoryWorker’s of ofthe Croatia Movement in1961. first director as appointed the was Belgrade he when leavedecided to Despite he hisprogress, th within ranks in progressing Gradually career. military and historian his both began and Academy Military the finished he on, Later Armija" Narodna ("Jugoslavenska Army People’s Yugoslav the of administration second his finished he where Belgrade to moved he war, the After War. World Second the during Croatia central of region the in movement otherce hand, a the with "betrayers". own collaborated its had nation typically every and occupiers who bourgeois national the was it since classes certain "specifi the of terms in written be not should it that argued Bogdanov War. World Second the during posture Croatian the issue one on stances differing had they initiallythat seems it life, private the on both depending glorified, was and who ridiculed figure, another with companionship his of because in interesting Humanities is of Zagreb, Faculty the at school" "positivist his and Šidak Jaroslav with disputes

Ibid., 149. Ibid., rno umn a a omsa o te oa scin f h cmuit resistance communist the of section local the of commissar a was Tuđman Franjo slight figure a although Bogdanov, Vaso

e marks the beginning of the wider scholarship on the contemporary history in in history contemporary the on scholarship wider the of beginning the marks e ntral featureearlyntral ofTuđman's writings.

city" of any Yugoslav nation in general but only in terms of terms in only but general in nation Yugoslav any of city" e JNA, he succeeded up to the rank of the general. the of rank the to up succeeded he JNA, e

perspective, ly ridiculed at the time because of his his of because time the at ridiculed ly ary education and got employed in the the in employed got and education ary 100

Stress on the specificity was, on the on was, specificity the on Stress -

Franjo Tuđman. While friends in in friends While Tuđman. Franjo -

the "specificity" of of "specificity" the

–

ch willch JNA). JNA). 44

CEU eTD Collection 102 101 his “su in the b) about and conviction occurred it where region the on dependent was struggle partisan of nature the that a) arguments: two in persistent was He Yugoslavia). of parts other to comparison evalu topics; same the with dealing more and more onward, nationalist interpretations came intobeing. point this From connotations. Croatian had which something Yugoslavia). of parts other the to comparison (in region Zagorje in occurred revolution socialist the and ressistance the both which under partisans Zagorjethe of appropriateassesement the “For name the under article anwrote he when 1954 to back traced be can “deviations” first his biographer, his to According Croatia. "defend" i the stressing were and warfare guerilla of importance the undermining were which JNA, within generals of works the to response a as just not seenbe should Croatia in NOB the natureof the about works His ranks. horizon broader a within seen be of should course, ressistance, partisan the regarding topics These War". of "Horrors book notorious his in too regime NDH notorious the degree extent some to revaluated and camp concentration the within least controversi (at the in dissident involved known became he well frame) Yugoslavian a already was he when carrer, his of phase Cvetković the interpret official the surrounding debates the to transfuse will Croatia

Ibid., 261. Ibid., Darko. Hudelist, His first two books “War against War” and “The creation of socialist Yugoslavia” are Yugoslavia” socialist of creation “The and War” against “War books two first His in resistance partisan the of importance and nature the about debate a as started What

involvement in the NOB”. In it, he made an argument about “specific conditions” conditions” “specific about argument an made he it, In NOB”. the in involvement

- Maček agreement and the creation of Banovina Hrvatska in 1939. In the latter latter the In 1939. in Hrvatska Banovina of creation the and agreement Maček Tudjman Tudjman

-

eirt” f h NB n h Cota regions. Croatian the in NOB the of periority” Biografija

mportance of the frontal struggle, but within his attempts to attempts his within but struggle, frontal the of mportance . (Zagreb: Profil International, 2004.) 2004.) International, (Zagreb: Profil . ation of the guerilla partisan warfare in Croatia (in (in Croatia in warfare partisan guerilla the of ation

101

It was his first public attempt to attempt public first his was It of the ongoing disputes within the Party's the within disputes ongoing the of l eae aot h Jasenovac the about debates al 243 - 244. ation and evaluation of evaluation and ation

102

n hs initial these In “defend” 45

CEU eTD Collection 105 104 stage. theon international developments offorthcoming wakein the peace thesecure internal to was also aim ofthe in agreement War 1939, World ofSecond outbreak werepredominantly which ofterritories consisted kingdom, withinthe unit autonomous large a whichcreated monarchy and the in division internal resolve 103 His forces. Axis the of creation the as or Yugoslavia of Kingdom the during tyranny Serbian of outcome the as it depicting either by regime NDH the of nature the regime,relativizing NDH the in involved point some to were who people Croatian the of responsibility overall reducing range of the source andwarammunition ofmaterials.” constant and “reliable as depicted were they because light positive a in perceived were hand formations. Ustaša’s the on exclusively blame the put he troops), the to similar forces special (Ustaša’s vojnica" “ustaška (regular, the and forces) mobilized “domobrani” between distinction the on insisting By regime. NDH the by War Worl Second the in committed atrocities the for people Croatian the of blame the remove) to (or relativise to attempt persistent his of beginning a was that note to is here important is the in factor move partisan overall decisive the were units partisan local small of warfare guerilla that argued also He forces. occupation with confrontation scale large of absence the of because different socialist of nature the that argued he where victory the movement antifascist ofYugoslavia.” of “g a as government of creation the Cvetković the appear; to started topic important another one works,

Ibid., 262. Ibid., 263. Ibid., "Cvetković The hs sih toe o rltvzto ae hrceitc o te et f i career; his of rest the for characteristic are relativization of tropes slight These so the defended Tuđman war”, against “War his In

- Maček agreement" was a political agreement from the First Yugoslavia which attempted to to attempted which Yugoslavia theFirst fromwas agreement political a agreement" Maček aoia Hrvatska Banovina overning clique” while the April coup d'état was regarded as a “first big “first a as regarded was d'état coup April the while clique” overning

ment. To avoid the exposition of the tactical warfare of the PLW, what what PLW, the of warfare tactical the of exposition the avoid To ment. responsibility exclusively to the Ustaša “special forces”, relativizing the “special theUstaša forces”, responsibilityexclusively to

. 103

inhabited by Croats. Signed couple of months before the before months of couple Signed Croats. by inhabited 105 t h tm, e tl prevd Cvetković perceived still he time, the At revolution in the northwest region of Croatia was was Croatia of region northwest the in revolution

104

- ald“rnil f dispersity”, of “principle called Domobrani - Maček agreement and and agreement Maček

on the other other the on Waffen SS Waffen - Maček

the the 46 d

CEU eTD Collection 108 107 106 o One given. were general and Maček Vlatko Party, Peasant Croatian the about remarks positive Cvetković extent It a large deviatingof to was Croatia. revie Institute’s was it judgments unpleasant some had it besides (and Croatia about part the writing of process the in Institute wrote about (and supervised the “Overview” he them). Institute the of staff which reviews the from arose controversy real the but magazines, and of Communists rev of (negative) League the of History the text). following the in of Yugoslavia”(“Overview” “Overview the was one other the O career. further his of development the for important were which published were books two (1963), year light. positive a in Serbs and Croats between text) following the in (BiH Herzegovina that confessed himself Tuđman perspective. Marxist the over dominance acquired view national the that considered be can “Titoist” toCroatian nationalist. he decades four those In career. intellectual long decade the four throughout almost inquires intellectual his of crown the be will War” of “Horrors book last

Ibid., 318. Ibid., 317. Ibid., Ibid ., ., 324. h “vriw isl ws problem was itself “Overview” The it when 1963 around was it how notes Hudelist Darko author biography, Tuđman’s In - ae areet a gvn oe oiie onttos Bsds l ta, some that, all Besides connotations. positive some given was agreement Maček –

following the old track of minimizing the Croatian contribution to NOB). to contribution Croatian the minimizing of track old the following iews of Terzić’s book which were then published in various Croatian journals journals Croatian various in published then were which book Terzić’s of iews ne was the already mentioned book written by general Velimir Terzić and Terzić Velimir general by written book mentioned already the was ne

w which actually shocked the leadership of the League of Communists Communists of League the of leadership the shocked actually which w f the problematic parts was a statement that the whole agreement agreement whole the that statement a was parts problematic the f

then already he saw the possibility of dividing Bosnia and and Bosnia dividing of possibility the saw he already then

from the official stances. It was first time that the that firsttime It the the official stances. was from tc eas ter dtr dd o cnut the consult not did editors their because atic 107

He employed staff of the Institute to write to Institute the of staff employed He

Banovina Hrvatska Banovina il hf fo the from shift will 106 108

That

But

47 in in

CEU eTD Collection 110 109 kno is English in book the Although historians. of "disputes" those to contribution Croatian major the was it published, and 1987 the in Written book. last his with p political own his organizing started and circles émigré Croatian with touch in came he and “Great are “Nationalism Contemporary in Europe” (1981). important most the which of out history, Croatian contemporary with mostly deal which works of couple a publish would he 1989, in work last his to up 1967 in retirement his of moment the From station. TV Swedish becaus 1981 in again imprisoned and arrested be He would activities. (subversive) his of because prison to sentenced be would he when 1971 in spring Croatian the surroundingevents the in Itculminate would dissident. abecame Tuđman reti a to sent be would Tuđman and Institute the in position his from LCH the of leader the with dispute a into got where point the also was That criticism. harsh of target w he There Croatia”. of Communists of League the of Committee Central the of History brightlynot look because national appropriately. the question notsolve uponit itdid that fact the due positively evaluated be not could agreement the Moreover, interest. of spheres agreement an was it view of point their from because critical very was agreement that towards Party question”. national the solving in ahead step a “was latform. While the book aspects of those activities are important, I will briefly deal only only deal briefly will I important, are activities those of aspects book the While latform.

Ibid, 321. Ibid, 321. Ibid, Banovina Hrvatska Banovina During the 1980's, he became involved on two "fronts"; he worked on his last book last his on worked he "fronts"; two on involved became he 1980's, the During for “Commission the of meeting a to invited was Tuđman “scandal”, this Following –

between Croat and Serbian bourgeoisie which had divided between themselves the themselves between divided had which bourgeoisie Serbianand betweenCroat

ldmr aai. cul o yas ae, aai wud n h ed ak him sack end the in would Bakarić later, years of couple A Bakarić. Vladimir

had concentration camps for communists, for camps concentration had

da ad ml Ntos (99 and (1969) Nations” Small and Ideas 109

The official stance of the Communist the of stance official The o te neve h gv t the to gave he interview the of e 110 rement. From then one, one, then From rement.

wn as “The Horrors of of Horrors “The as wn but the Party also di also Party the but

as a a as 48 d

CEU eTD Collection 112 Katz,59 stoljeća XX 111 historiography. be also can it than state”. independent historical of “statement a also but crime” th occasion that at stated 1990. Tuđman February the in HDZ of assembly general First the on statement notorious already now was, point regime.Culmination NDH overall the of rehabilitation lightand relativization relativizati a as started What War. World Second ill Review." the in reviews positive some even him brought which perpetrators. Croat the of guilt the relativizating or victims of number the minimizing inappropriately another by either in extreme; went also he Jasenovac, about fame the demystify degree large a to manages W Jasenovac. about myth the crush to attempt b) and history the throughout genocide and violence mass of analysis a) book; that in dominating are themes main two Nevertheless, history. about knowledge the regarding off showing signifyin characteristic Tuđman's Reality” Historical of “Wastelands be would translation literal the War”,

Kuljić, Prevladavanje prošlosti, 452. prošlosti, Prevladavanje Kuljić, godina devedesetih historiografiji u Hrvatskoj revizionizma “Neki aspekti Hutinec & Ivo Goran Goldstein, - 73. (Sarajevo: Institut za istoriju, 2007.), 2007.), istoriju, za Institut (Sarajevo: 73. of motives the to regards with finished was stances his of revaluation whole of Circle 112 –

motive, metode I odjeci” in: odjeci” metode I motive,

If Serbian historiography pawed the way for Milošević for way the pawed historiography Serbian If ad that said

T đa peae te ground the prepared uđman 111

at NDH “was not just a bare quisling creation and fascist and creation quisling bare a just not “was NDH at

Revizija prošlosti na prostorima bivše Jugos bivše prostorima na prošlosti Revizija oevr te ok a certa had book the Moreover, 194.

yearnings on of “domobrani” ended up as a notion of of notion a as up ended “domobrani” of on

f h Cota pol fr t own its for people Croatian the of o the for - ae "ora o Historical of "Journal famed n anti in eiins i Croatian in revisionism lavije - eii escapades Semitic hile he allegedly he hile 's rise to power to rise 's , (ed.) Vera (ed.) , g the the g 49 ,

CEU eTD Collection 3(2002): 115 114 113 socialism." the after superstructure democratic collapsed the of European part as genocide, and evil of "symptom the to reduced was NDH while struggle, antifascist the in merits its and Party Communist the of role historical the about w approach Marxist former the approach; reductionist their Both were Yugoslavia. marked by patterns wasémigré in mostly inaccessible literature which the to refers one second the Yugoslavia, the during knowledge scientific of production the "Nostalgic b) and "Marxist", a) socialism; during topic this to approaches prevailing two distinguished Croatia of State Independent of period forpoliticians decades." nearly five scho communist by vilified been had they because simply rehabilitated being were Two War World of losers and collaborators fascist Ustaše, Suddenlythe soundness. scholarly rejected, that meant was system communist the with associated everything where atmosphere an in revisionism, historical of flurry "a 1990s: the of context the in historiography communist the brought system former the with allegiance its of notion very the historiography, Yugoslavian the of partisanship the of banners." ideological changing to loyalties o historiography Yugoslavian of "dissolution post Croatian

Nada Kisić Kolanović. "Povijest NDH kao predmet istraživanja" istraživanja" predmet kao NDH "Povijest KisićKolanović. Nada P 1104. "Yugoslavia", Banac, avlaković," Croatian historian Nada Kisić Kolanović in her study on the state of research on the the on research of state the on study her in Kolanović Kisić Nada historian Croatian the that argues Banac historiography, Yugoslav the on study his of conclusion the In 684.

115

a priori all communist historiography was inherently flawed as irrespective of its its of irrespective as flawed inherently was historiography communist all priori a

Flirt On the other hand, émigré literature was marked by its approach to the NDH as NDH the to approach its by marked was literature émigré hand, other the On - ", 4. ", socialist historiography socialist

the question to Croatian academia on how to deal with legacy of of legacy with deal to how on academia Croatian to question the

114

113

While one can argue about the "actual" extent "actual" the about argue can one While ccurred because of the continuity of partisan partisan of continuity the of because ccurred

- apologetic one". While "Marx While one". apologetic ratruh f acs ad national and fascism of breakthrough Časopis za suvremenu za Časopis as focused on the task of writing writing of task the on focused as

povijest ist" refers to to refers ist"

vol. 34 no. no. 34 vol. lars and and lars 50 -

CEU eTD Collection 118 117 116 her in scholar Bulgarian One traditions. (democratic) previous the all to alien government of form an as or foreigners the by imposed system a as socialism direction, wrong the in turn chapter; previous the in kidnappi violent an shown as of past communist as forms varied, The past the feelings. of national orientalization) (or the denunciation homogenizing for tool important was countries demoniza chapters, previous the in mentioned As the with continuity much how of quest Yugoslavian his the is next comes which questions Logical but historiography, the in and especiallyof the1990sgavean thebeginning impetus for historica scene political the on both 1980's the in tendencies and processes the reflecting more and more were NDH of "creases"." political modern 1969 of1990 period inthe theNDH articles on povijest suvremenu za Časopis Croatia from journals historical prominent most the of most one in it to devoted articles num the observing from noticeablejust is it as topic, this on research the to impetus 1990. legitimization basis. its for search constant in and state" Croatian independent the of realization "historical the to

Ibid., 679. Ibid., 691. Ibidi., K isić Kolanović "Povijest NDH", 687. NDH", "Povijest isićKolanović - 1989. Last decade of the 20 the of decadeLast Such were conditions in the Croatians histori Croatians the in conditions were Such t Those

117

The past of NDH "did not become the past as any other, rather it reflects the reflects it rather other, any as past the become not "did NDH of past The o setal rdcins apoce wr dmntn te ieaue p to up literature the dominating were approaches reductionist essentially wo toriography remained inoverall, 116

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119 past was was past

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CEU eTD Collection Brunbauer, (in: nation. Croatian the of thefor establishment most period as the important was considered it since research 126 2004.) Verlag, LIT 125 Europe Eastern 124 (2 Hrvatske, Republike 123 122 century.was thefirst left demolish Thus,notmuchin place. to historians Yugoslav politicized the in entrapped become to historians discussions for risk less was there were haven War World Second the to up histories national in less or more was What period. socialist the during value of thecertainevents." historical historical increased in result not did efforts "T reality. of sense any from detached was socialism the under revised be to had Picture their reputations. built and system previous the under wrote historians the of majority overwhelming importance." eminent Croatian the of picture incomplete the or history." wrong obtained youth their in who people book: his reading after reader one As untrustworthy. became and suspicion soc complete the abandon to themselves out taken

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Sundhauseen,, "Feniks" 263. "Feniks" Sundhauseen,, Tito the during Stalin sympathizersof and supportters alleged The

o decades for f the First Yugoslavia since as since Yugoslavia First the f Instead, previous t previous Instead, v context, focus was put on the war and immediate postwar immediate warand the on put wasfocus context, v Bnvn Hrvatska Banovina , , the problem became the the became problem the ,

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n te eod ol War World Second the and it

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CEU eTD Collection under not still were Croatia of areas territorial large when time a during circumstances, war of context the in Written past. distant the from life nation's a of continuation a is history view, his in on various topics from early and modern 19 focusing mostly system, previous the in career his of most spent who Institute the of member (1 War World Second the of end the to up century seventh the in Croats" of "arrival the from centuries: fourteen almost of span time the covers awarded was edition an 2007), and 2002, (2000, editions more three in republished was work This 1994. on theSecond written War World inthe period exam will I chapter this of part following the in Thus, began. interpretation literature émigré and regime Tuđman's country ravaged war space up Bleiburg and Jasenovac the narr Nationalistic 1990's from works the in War World the Second on Narrative historiography Chapter 3

The author's strict primordial conception of the nation instantly becom instantly nation the of conception primordial strict author's The in written Croatia" of "History Pavličević's Dragutin is examine will I work first The While

for a new and different interpretation of the period of the Second the of period the of interpretation different and new a for the Vladimir Žerjavić's study temporar study Žerjavić's Vladimir

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CEU eTD Collection 130 thenation serve way to as profession historian's a saw who and works 129 the of frame ideological inherent the from stem legislation racist clearly such did practices: orientati ideological This powers. Axis the from support receive Italy, proces the through went movement the the general, throughout emerged which movements wing right of put would which approach theoretical future writings onustaše the foreshadowed ustaše on discourse a Such aim. ultimate their as imputed is state Croatian anti O movement. Ustaša the of orientation ideological the of after came which works the of rest the for symptomatic less East the from coming was aggression the way, systematic centu "for that fact the from comes struggle the course, Of survival". for struggle "millennial a actually is which continuity" statehood old century "thirteen chapter; previous intensive nationalistic atmosphere. Historiography, seems, alsoaffectedby it was present then many discourse

Kisić Kolanović, "Povijest NDH", NDH", "Povijest KisićKolanović, in their wereclearlyrepresented inclinations nationalist whosehistorians for label as a understood Often - Ustaše belong on the on belong Ustaše ebaim n anti and Serbianism whether aty th Partly the in outlined ideology Tuđman's of mythologems the all embodies book The Croatian - day spirit of a country torn by four years of war that has undergone a period of of period a undergone has that war of years four by torn country a of spirit day

t ha it državotvorni povjesničari državotvorni is

historiography lacks such a study. a such lacks historiography

phenomenon can be attributed to the overall avoidance to use any any use to avoidance overall the to attributed be can phenomenon d on often leads to different interpretations of Ustaša's widespread terror terror widespread Ustaša's of interpretations different to leads often on

fascist components inherently or was just just was or inherently components fascist - -

uolvs ae etoe ad h ceto o te independent the of creation the and mentioned are Yugoslavism far unwillingn right side of the political spectrum, it remains unclear whether whether unclear remains it spectrum, political the of side right

704.

ess to map their ideological ess maptheir to position. the the o "aczto" uig hi eie n Mussolini's in exile their during "fascization" of s 129 Ustaše

("state indecisiveness

within the broader comparative framework framework comparative broader the within - 130 building historians") used. It reflects the reflects It used. historians") building

While there is a clear consensus that consensus clear a is there While uoe n h itra pro. In period. interwar the in Europe - ". One particular feature is more or or more is feature particular One ". state. ften their ultra their ften

-

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ries and in a in and ries it.

56

CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 Second W World during Ustaša the by committed crimes The victimhood. Croatian of emphasis the and crimes of their controversial content. heavycr to subjected wasand regime, Tuđman's ofphases 20 19 the in region Dalmation the and Dubrovnik on focus professional a with Sciences, of branch Dubrovnik the for historian a as working career his of most spent Perić Pavličević. as argumentation of line same the essentially follows on, European. greater of o rid getting greater of years twenty after first the in experienced oppression the Yugoslavia to due regime the welcomed initially Croats Ust the of reception Croat's of portrayal The Pavlaković. the Croatia." fascism works. some in supported nevertheless was it th all), at plausiblenot (or plausible least the seems against the latestexplanation offered While regime? uprising the to reaction a it was or pressure Nazi's the by induced movement

th Pavličević, Pavličević, Dragutin. Pavličević, 1998. Zagreb: CTT, Croats, theA Ivo. Historyof Perić,

Ustaša as "misunderstood nationalists and anticommunists" as suggested suggested as anticommunists" and nationalists "misunderstood as Ustaša century. Alongside Pavličević, he was the author of historical textbooks in the initial initial the in textbooks historical of author the was he Pavličević, Alongside century. However, two tendencies became more evident in his book: the relativization of war of relativization the book: his in evident more became tendencies two However, publish Croats" the of History "A Perić's Ivo

132 s xlcty denied explicitly is 133 - eba sae hc ws niiaig vrtig ht a Cota, eortc and democratic Croatian, was what everything annihilating was which state Serbian ut of the Yugoslavian framework was the most important because behind it was a project a was it behind because important most the was frameworkYugoslavian the of ut :

Such narrative echoesSuch narrative widespreadof simply thenineties consensus the saw which Povijest ar

(1st ed.), 365. ed.), (1st are inawaythatputallethnicities depicted inthesame category Povijest Hrvatske Povijest

- Serbian violence, the majority of the Croatians was also thinking that thinking also was Croatians the of majority the violence, Serbian

by liig ht sc a ideolog an "such that claiming . Zagreb:Naklada Pavičić, (1 Pavičić, Zagreb:Naklada . 131 aša regime usually goes with an argument that that argument an with goes usually regime aša

In Pavličević's case Pavličević's In ed in 1998, the second work I will I work second the 1998, in ed the iticism iticism st edition 1994, 2 1994, edition Croatian Acade Croatian by , y never had a root in in root a had never y

other historians because because historians other Ustaša's nd edition 2000), edition365. 2000),

my of Arts and Arts of my affiliation with affiliation earlier by by earlier :

th focus

and

57 e

CEU eTD Collection 138 137 136 135 134 Croatiantheir nationality. partisanssinglereasonwerekillingofthe mistreatingbySerb for instances There Croats of and the of on harsh especially were Serbs the partisans, the Among and partisans. četniks; the and by ustaše also by Italians, and Germans by killed were Croats many years war the During partisans: Par and Ustaša of enemy common "the were who četnik's to addition in antagonists, the as portrayed always were Serbs Ustaša, an or partisan a being person that of regardless evaluation of indicator educators, well of full antifascists. Add th seems it Serbs, with line same population the of part "part a onlyif Also, th in included not were Serbs the why explanation any provide not did author the T the of approve not did who Croats those population, Serb policies, the of part a terrorized also They Gypsies. and Jews the against genocide committed and policies racist German followed Ustaše hus while admitting that genocidal practices were aimed at Jews and the Roma population, Roma the and Jews at aimed were practices genocidal that admitting while hus

Ibid., 218. Ibid., 216. Ibid., I 213., Ibid. Perić, bid. 216., bid. toal, h ato did author the itionally, The second layer is the victimhood of the Croatian nation; "The Ustaša prisons were prisons Ustaša "The nation; Croatian the of victimhood the is layer second The AHistory were

and

- communists and antifascists nw Cota wies pitr, cltr, opsr, scientists composers, sculptors, painters, writers, Croatian known , 213. 213. , tisans." athletes."

of the Serbian population" was targeted, it remains unclear how the other the how unclear remains targeted, it was population" Serbian the of

was 138 136

135

treated utemr, h epai ws u o te iue f Serbian of figure the on put was emphasis the Furthermore,

eie tkn Cota ntoaiy s h ms important most the as nationality Croatian taking Besides

n o .

mk a la dsicin ewe cmuit and communists between distinction clear a make t Moreover, by mentioning the persecution of Croats in the in Croats of persecution the mentioning by Moreover, e se two groups were equally targeted by the regime. regime. the by targeted equally were groups two se . 134

Croatian civilians Croatian priests, , is Ustaša's

group. . 58 137

CEU eTD Collection 141 140 139 th for support of independent Croatian state". was 1941 in NDH the and 1939 "End the as 1990s the in state Croatian independent the of vision tTuđman's echoes simply introduction This completely not was Republic, Czech and Poland France, of occupied. part Norway, Serbia, unlike NDH, political and geographical the all in charted was it maps Europe, had of it all the institutions state a usuallyyears, besides the has elected four for existed [NDH] it that is fact the and "émigré auth The offer to attempt slight a with and way detailed more a in written expanded, was book the although Th 2000. in published edition second the in discourse nationalist less and representati normalized a expect could one propaganda, nationalist everyday of atmosphere the in and war the of midst the in written was it because standards academic killed, raped, and plundered. and Srijem from westwards moved 1945, of spring the in arm partisan the in colors true their shown have They […] Catholic. or Croatian everything četniktheir c of partisaninto the army. changed the They just signs on hats,their installing the red partisan starinstead drafted were četniks Mihajlović'sDraža the of many 1944, of fall the in over taken was Serbia When characteristic Serbo This

Ibid. 400. Ibid. Pavličević, 218. Ibid., a more nuanced and objectiveand more approach. nuanced The Rome Agreement with Italy is seen as a factor which largely determined the level the determined largelywhich factor a as seenItaly is with Agreement Rome The to according unacceptable was book Pavličević'sof edition first the of discourse the If 140 or acknowledged the different approaches in evaluation of t of evaluation in approaches different the acknowledged or

- "), butthe Povijest partizan of ockcade,insidedeepremainedbut expansionists,Croats theySerb ofand the haters of

the nationalistic narrative:the nationalistic e NDH, but even more importantly, it is perceived as a crucial factor which factor crucial a as perceived is it importantly, more even but NDH, e

of History", in his own words: own his in History", of (2 -

nd enk mla ws ute preutd y nte mythologem another by perpetuated further was amalgam četnik državotvorna državotvorna ed.), 400. ed.), 139 141

a ( " further step toward the ultimate aim: creation of the the of creation aim: ultimate the toward step further statehood") prismremained inescapable;

"the

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59 in in

CEU eTD Collection 145 144 143 142 statehood of theNDH. t crimes fascist the of relativization and movement antifascist the of nationalization the through past by problematic the exculpating eased were orientation communist partisans' and War World Second the surrounding give to Perić's,andPavličević's as such representation of modes the through managing but crimes, the deny to attempt any hardly was there because discou such legitimizing ultimately Th credentials. past the into it projected and chauvinistic writing way history of victimhood necessarily and of thenational, political,economicconfl and territorial of history the as centuries two last the th between permanentstruggle of history the sees which one the is general in "Četnik discourse a such to relation in Muslims)." (and Croats against struggle the of aim amal whichmotivations) determ w it that possibility the for space parties; involved the of minds the into projected is which partisans the join to Croatians the pushed

Ibid., 419 Ibid., 442. Ibid., 416. Ibid., Ibid.,406. gam; by stating that in the initial phases th phases initial the in that stating by gam; Consisting Serbo a created also edition second the in Pavličević Perić, Like

-

420.

is

was the ultimate success of Tuđman's regime, not in disclaiming the past the disclaiming in not regime, Tuđman's of success ultimate the was

of

all sorts of revisionist tropes bolstered with the inescapable eth inescapable the with bolstered tropes revisionist of sorts all

ined the individual's choosing - centered perspective, Pavličević's book is an example of a a of example an is book Pavličević's perspective, centered

e se nations. Thus, the Second World War is just a continuation a just is War World Second the Thus, nations. se as

- hrough their "Croati their hrough maybe the ideological the maybe

the author summed up the public discourse of the decade decade upthepublicdiscourseof author summed the - partisan insurrections." partisan . 142

Again, it is the centrality of the Croatian state Croatian the of centrality the is it Again, e se two sides collaborated with collaborated sides two se 143

Moreover, he even names a subchapter a names even he Moreover, legitimacy to such narratives. Tensions narratives.Tensions such to legitimacy ict from the first Yugoslavia. a ness" and ness" a side. the convictions author simply does not does simplyauthor 144

The narrat The the

notion of the achieved the of notion (or any other different different other any (or s wt academic with rse ive on the Serbs the on ive - partizan the

145 "foremost nocentric

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Četnik Četnik 60

CEU eTD Collection 146 examined least the is Yugoslavia socialist of period the while book, by Maček referringfamily tothe fateof and his b caught Cr and Maček Vlatko of figure the is writing his of centre the in examine: to niches some offers still case his Nevertheless, intact. remained language unbiased and technical moderate, (1993 years author five span inthe anythingtime So, of new. exactlyandcopied offer didnot the sentences same the History"; Political "Contemporary the in as same the exactly are Yugoslavia" publishers the of one was Interior)alongside (which SciencesandPolitical theMinistryof Faculty of inZagreb. Criminology of Faculty the at taught he courses the (2 (1 History" Political Croatian "Contemporary 1990s; the in written works his of two with dealt I facts. and objectivity the th for specific approach, academic Matković's is apparatus scientific a without but literature, scientific on based approach The period. socialist the from alm years hundred last the of representation to the normalize attempt the represent works Matković's Hrvoje 1990's, the in historiography Croatian revisionism the from Distancing

nd oatian Peasant Party. Party. Peasant oatian Matković, ost deprived from the evaluative the from deprived ost

edition 1998). His first work f work first His 1998). edition The part part The th on views his Interestingly, are Perić and Pavličević While etween two totalitarian systems totalitarian two etween

Suvremena (1 Suvremena - 98, th 1998), which covers covers which

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e period of the Second World War in his "History of of "History his in War World Second the of period e remarks in line with the positivist approach positivist the with line in remarks od of the first Yugoslavia constitutes two thirds of the the of thirds two constitutes Yugoslavia first the of od embodying

( even the section on the Second World War finishes War World Second the on section the even

h taey f rai ad rain democracy Croatian and Croatia of tragedy the ) nd . 146

edition 1995) and "History of Yugoslavia" of "History and 1995) edition

the extremely nationalist narration nationalist extremely of

e above mentioned obsession with obsession mentioned above e Croatian history. His disc His history. Croatian one.

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to histor to ourse is ourse

in the in the the 61 y

CEU eTD Collection 150 149 148 147 an impression thatBleiburgwas t theultimate Such events. Bleiburg on Tolstoj Ustaša of memoirs books: other from excerpts two with chapter particular that endssuffering"), tremendousand to exposed theywerewhich on cross" a of "Way the on go to had field Bleiburg the on killings the survived have who people." thousand hundred three to does heJasenovac, they as ofcertain were members targeted unfav because not and opponents, political as imprisoned all were there up ended who ethnicities A approach to him constrains facts pure follow to insistence the movement. the of features fascist other and example) for Pavelić Ante anti inherent the example, for certain out point to fails language "distanced" his authors, two other of case the in as impassioned, not is language Matković's While Nazi's. from over taken was and Jews it states Germany" Nazi and Italy fascist the imitated NDH regime the regards, of lot a "in movement; Ustaša the on discussions the in caught getting is NDH of ki examination any from restrained His paradigm. totalitarian the for opts he Yugoslavia socialist impression n

Ibid., 15 Ibid., 154. Ibid., 131. Ibid., 131. Ibid., Finally, while he neglects to point out the number of of number the out point to neglects he while Finally,

was "concentration camps for political opponents." political for camps "concentration was 5.

s left is that

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- Semitism of the Ustaša movement (elaborated in the works of works the in (elaborated movement Ustaša the of Semitism quotes necessarily provoke not just empathy but also create also but empathy just not provoke necessarily quotes 149 ). Moreover, he d he Moreover, ). ragedy War. the Second of World orable groups. orable fie Dnjl rjn n bo o Nikolai of book and Crljen Danijel officer 147 escribes the e the escribes

or when he talks about Jasenovac about talks he when or 148

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in the case of of case the in 150

targeted only targeted

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62 he

CEU eTD Collection 151 Military finished and war the during forces partisan the of member a was he Tuđman; 1924, the in Born politician. and historian a as both career time long his to due examination, for example remarkable a offer personality whole hi ofthesespirit "new times". wo the historiography; in seen be the w and rule Tuđman's the of facade nationalistic challenged were interpretations accepted previously the normalized, somewhat was past recent the of representation the which in period fresh a marked which government coalition a and party, successor communist the Croatian of defeat a to Croatia, of Party led Democratic Social The 2000. January in elections 1999 the in Union Democratic of end the by death Tuđman's alongside conditions w disappointment gradual a to led rule Tuđman's the of nature and decline past the of Normalization centric the reveals readers fromempathy the provoke to decided th of image nuanced more offer to attempt movement. Četnik of factions various between partisan no is there discussion; tra ad cdmc ua Blnžć perd n h bosevs Hs ok n his and book His bookshelves. the on appeared Bilandžić Dušan academic and storian

Ibid., 15 Ibid., " In the late summer of the 1999 "Croatian Modern History" written by the renowned renowned the by written History" Modern "Croatian 1999 the of summer late the In decade, the of part second the in threat war the of Disappearance authors, previous two with comparison In

perspective brought another layerfor significant perspective theexamination. another brought

international isolation in which Croatia slipped meanwhile and the authoritarian authoritarian the and meanwhile slipped Croatia which in isolation international

-

četnik amalgam, četnik and the setti and rks of Croatian historians Croatian of rks as e past, but his selection of the parts where he he where parts the of selection his but past, e gradually debunked. debunked. gradually ng up of up standards ng of part of 151 moreover and moreover

akvćs w bos ersn te first the represent books two Matković's he brings more due nuanced view the the view nuanced due more brings he t o some point he had a simila a had he point some o ies gathered ies authors bias authors

written after 2000 also reflect the the reflect also 2000 after written

he acknowledges the struggle struggle the acknowledges he ith the ruling elite. These These elite. ruling the ith T around it formed the new new the formed it around hos in text and his and text in

e changes e

overall economic overall

could also also could r path as path r " Maček 63 -

CEU eTD Collection 152 insights belonged. the world into he Matković's book. the of sevenths six a made Bilandžić overall covers 1991 to up 1941 from socialist period of the period Yugoslavia; the with deals book the of centrality the 1995, in accords Dayton the period the covers it Although universities. Croatian the at published focus to going am I Kuljić, in done already was that Since analysis. for case unique syst political different completely two within years twenty the of range the in written books, two These 1979. in Yugoslavia" of RepublicFederalist Socialist "Historyof of poles two on thehistorical context. between balancing regimes, both in "Croatianism" spheres political highest the to BelgradeCroatian deputy in afterthe of sign a as it disease". "societal labeled he census, the in "Yugoslavian" of category national the against Republ Socialist the of presidency the ofmember a as well as Constitution 1974 the drafting in participated who parliament Croatian the of member a asframework socialist the within traces bigger left he Tuđman, unlike but career, political a Bilandžić and Institute the from sacked was Tuđman when 1967 in diverged path Their time. some for employed was he where Belgrade in Academy

Dušan Bilandžić. Bilandžić. Dušan i cs i epcal futu fr xmnto de o h fc ta h pbihd the published he that fact the to due examination for fruitful especially is case His

patriotic positivist approach, combining vast amount of literature and his personal personal his and literature of amount vast combiningapproach, positivist patriotic -

one of the Bakarić and one of the Tuđman, attracted to each pole depending depending pole each to attracted Tuđman, the of one and Bakarić the of one Hrvatska Moderna Povijest Moderna Hrvatska end of of end clear break from the nationalist narration nationalist the from break clear 152

In the 1990's, he was associated with Tuđman's regime Tuđman's with associated was he 1990's, the In

Tuđman's

oey on solely

rule

war broke out. In short, he was a person who had access Inaccess a whohadwas person short,he broke out. war . (Zagreb: Golden Marketing, 1999.), Marketing, (Zagreb: Golden .

n bcm a uaodbe at f h slai in syllabi the of part unavoidable an became and h lte book latter the from ic of Croatia. In 1981 he publicly spoke publiclyspoke he In1981 Croatia. of ic

the second half o half second the the "rain M "Croatian . s like Perić's and Pavličević's and Perić's like s replaced him. replaced a forementioned

12. odern odern

f 19 f

Biland ems are offering a a offering are ems

study th -

H century up to to centuryup he became a became he žić also had also žić istory" was was istory"

by Todor Todor by and and 64

CEU eTD Collection 157 156 155 154 153 neglect Cro the persecution of He practices. racial those of proof are which officials NDH the the of to statements times of couple refers he Moreover, numbers. the nor liquidations and laws racial Italy." one "typical was NDH the while foWar World Second the of narration His 1919. the from history Party's the offering explication, visions. Croatian independent and possible" as clean "ethnically tooth". a for tooth eye, an for "eye notion Biblical the to everything simplifies He Yugoslavia. First the in dictatorship" monarchic of terror and served." belonged he politics and ideology movement, the in skepticism of "virus" a "carried always he that stated he preface; the in acknowledged also is pole Tuđman to Bakarić from communism of fall the with cond "historical the words, own conditions." his In 1999. political in belief those that abandoned in written be not could history based scientific a that ofCroatia""HistoryLeague eightieshe inthe ofCommunists mid "was convinced because the Already

Ibid., 124. Ibid., 109. Ibid., 108. Ibid., Ibid.,14 12 Ibid., 157 llows the classical division theclassical division llows According to him, the Ustaša the him, to According and "crude a as movement Ustaša of foundation the sees Author 156 154

-

15 eadn te tai sds o ND of sides" "tragic the Regarding

For the partisans, he gives a more nuanced approach and goes a bit further into further bit a goes and approach nuanced more a gives he partisans, the For

preface of the book is book the of preface

;

"the necessary historical distance was created overnight". created was distance historical necessary "the

ats too - party dictatorship under the informal rule of Germany and and Germany of rule informal the under dictatorship party -

u very . A st

movement aša gain Maček becomesgain thetragicsymbol: Maček interestin s , p artisans, Croatian Peasant Party. rgm, e os o nget o eto the mention to neglect not does he regime, H

was organized on the "Nazi the on organized was g; While he While g; 155

e rus ht eie n da of idea an beside that argues He state, they did not have any other other any have not did they state, stated that he refused to refused he that stated itions have appeared" have itions cruel reaction on the the on reaction cruel -

fascist" pattern pattern fascist"

also does not does 153 write write S he , hift 65

CEU eTD Collection 162 161 160 159 158 overall the and Yugoslavia četnik's of renovation ofstatus Croats the Croatia and the in liberated antifascist Europe to contribute that would much how fact the b one with not end would the war of end to the to up would NDH of regime war of phase initial the in side of massacre communists the on war the in participation massive imperative categorical a argumentationfollowing; is longer no is case this in antifascism that) to inextricablylinked statehood its (and nation important it see I but redundant, seems history catastrophe platform its around Croats the all attract to managed option neither that luck is it end the in Maybe CPP. crushed which delusions big two were … ideologies totalitarian infiltratedthemselves withpolitical own their plat Nazi Croats, of majority by adopted widely was which republic" bef history the in peasant"peaceful of idea them.Never Radić's the Along … divided.ideologically so way.and much so Croats the on were tragic imposed most the was in which itself between war divided the became nation in Croatian casualties human huge avoiding thus and developments fr itself anchored CPP identification ofexplicit scrutiny expectancy" of "politics his and Maček on writing Bilandžić's and population Croatian u the while population, October in already camp Jasenovac in Maček Vlatko 1941 leader their sent they that Croatian factthe of the attitudes is and will people the towards regime Ustaša the of disrespect the of indicator Best

Ibid., 134. Ibid., 134. Ibid., 134. Ibid., 133. Ibid., 125. Ibid.,

CPY movement, bothofwhichCPY attacked them." . 158 Maybe to stress the ethnocentrism in the book which deals with the modern Croatian modern the with deals which book the in ethnocentrism the stress to Maybe T

he formula in the narration is: CPP = overwhelming majority of of majority overwhelming = CPP is: narration the in formula he here ."

Croatian people as it happened in Serbia, on the other hand, continuous siding with the with siding continuous hand, other the on Serbia, in happened it as people Croatian 161 Mtoi' "Maček Matković's .

-

m h bgnig f h wr n h srtg o wiig o te further the for waiting of strategy the in war the of beginning the om in the years of 1941 and 1942 found itself between the NDH regime NDH the between itself found 1942 and 1941 of years the in staša the

s CPP CPP

a

nd communists are the extremist the are communists nd with - centrism" got a continuation in the Bilandžić with an an with Bilandžić the in continuation a got centrism"

the Croat nation; form and visionsCroatiantheformofand state.

at this point this at 159 became

. 162 ut with couple of Bleiburgs, let alone let Bleiburgs, of couple with ut -

fascist and bolshevist ideologyhave bolshevist and fascist

the main criterion for evaluation; evaluation; for criterion main the

since the focus of the Croatian Croatian the of focus the since -

it would lead even to the bigger the to even lead would it minority; "CPP minority; il e bet of object be will .

ie of Line hs id of kind this 160 -

majority of of majority

These These Croatian Croatian

special special both ore 66

CEU eTD Collection their and youthfulness their through communists for support the explaining state, Croatian E notions. persistent other some are as troubling as is bystander the as CPP the on perspective of lack This too. be to has CPP the so scrutiny, scientificmoraland both of objectare the partisans and ustaše Ifčetniks, parties. the involved important is it but task, easy seem may for and targeted thepersecutionRoma Jews of Serbs, by regimefrom day? the the initial hesita his and expectancy" of "politics his NDH, of support for call initial Maček's of consequences the are what regime; NDH the by persecuted were who people the for it of implication the consider and Maček of politics a such test the on put seem authors of None masses. Croatian the with CPP of identification of formula Maček the with happens it approach. as victims, the often are bystanders the Moreover, books examined the of any in lacking completely is bystander of perspective the but author, the of perspective the nation), (Croatian present always is victim typology Hilberg's whi aspect more one the us brings This end. the in prevail necessarily will which force ahistorical of notion a antifascism an giving thus beginning; mere the from defeated be to destined was fascism slight a in result would that since antifascist bit slightly a was it if Europe of whole the for greater be Thus, theoverallwhat mattered, end is notthe mean Judging actors, their motivations and acts from the historical distance of seventy years seventyof distance historical the from actsand motivations their actors, Judging the to due completely lacks Party Peasant Croatian the of examination Critical it would above; suggested terms the in think even to unreasonable it found may One ly less number of people kil people of number less ly

ch is completely absent from the from absent completely is ch -

the interpretation of the CPP as the bystanders. The perspective of the of perspective The bystanders. the as CPP the of interpretation the led ? This argumentation follows the presumption that the that presumption the follows argumentation This ? o o fl sot f rtcl examinatio critical of short fall not to xculpation of Ustaša through their opting for opting their through Ustaša of xculpation Croatian historiography Croatian s through which the end is achieved. is end s through which the ncy to join the antifascist struggle antifascist the join to ncy perpetrator -

to borrow Raul borrow to depends on depends o al the all of n s to dare to dare to s - centric

the the 67 .

CEU eTD Collection 165 164 163 his remarks that f accepts and large en Nikolić theVinko quotes he 1979 from book towards the in while betrayers", native CPY the of attitude "humanistic the about wrote Bilandžić 1979 from book the through rich getting for chance a simply serve to others saw ones third ordersandfollow were inclinedattracting regimewhoto was sole others.expropriationof Thepeople sinecures, took others regime, sertheir of because sins" "exculpatingthe were them of Somebenefit.personal of corruptionregimeoffollowed immediately. wascreated,ofit When lota people forsake joinedin the understanding who joined t for thepeople people." the manipulating of ways various practiced regime responsibility constantly some for was author the It whenMaček. seems people, about persecuted Roma talking mentioned and itis Serbs, Jews past. bal more offering of aim the in further step first the is War World Second of period the examining in stakes the all and fact very that noticing the guess I tower, ivory the of chairs comfort the from with that like speak to easy it mayfind one While certainconsequencesfor segments dire optingofsoci thus CPP's the hada for passiveness too, collaborationof form a is and choice a is Passivityparties. involved the of anyfor opting critic the of short fails majority the of stances passive the for understanding the finding adventurism, to inclination

Ibid., 456. Ibid., I 125. Ibid., bid., 125. bid.,

p were People of context the in mentioned not is Jasenovac while Bilandžić, in trail that Following ujć n i book his in Kuljić

. . Moreover, he exculpates the supporters of the regime by stating: "Ustaša "Ustaša stating: by regime the of supporters the exculpates he Moreover, . 164

or the atrocities the atrocities "yugoor the

tet n hpd ht eie il eortz. oee, h poes of process the However, democratize. will regime that hoped and atient al examination of the whole period and the consequence of someone's someone's of consequence the and period whole the of examination al

note

to ifrn apoce t te sus f liug i the in Bleiburg; of issues the to approaches different two s eiat o eoe a devote to hesitant he regime; - partizans" areculprits"."mainpartizans" the

anced and nuanced picture of the the of picture nuanced and anced 163 infcn sae o th to space significant

He also offer quite amount of amount quite offer also He vice to the previous the to vice 165

e ustaša's ustaša's e ety. 68

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 166 it. of neglect precisely more or War; World Second the of topic the of handling author's the is differentiation of point Other examination. the of focus sole the is it synthesis; broader Yugoslavia. socialist of period the with deals strictly split to unity P the finaluntil formation ofthe nation anti the with it replacing and consensus antifascist European the of abandonment of trend broader the echoes stance Such movement. communist the with together group" "totalitarian the in it putting by also and examination critical the neglecting through movement Ustaša the normalizing identity. national and statehood of Croatian position the strengthening the of perspective the from revaluated are history Croatian from dates important most the all past, whole the revaluate radically not did he While orientation national contemporary the and communist unsurpassed the of neutralization t nonrenewable, dead, that is admit it their andhistorical thatthey defeat… now aware are ofthose people reactionmost because expect furious ILeft not do calledCroatian from the so he anticipatedreactions ofthe the found 1990s, the one. another to system ost Ibid. Ibid., 454. Ibid., Kuljić, 128. Ibid., - , , 15. Tuđman dno aei' bo "rai i Ygsai 1945 Yugoslavia in "Croatia book Radelić's Zdenko "mutual the on rests range" medium of "revisionism Bilandžić's how notes Kuljić Author's Prevladavanje prošlosti Prevladavanje

- p i a i dfeet rm the from different bit a is up"

ist

tne i te ok r rfetn hs career his reflecting are book the in stances the idea of insurrection as "avanturistic" as insurrection of idea the a cmuim a pae is itrcl oe n ta tdy t is it today that and role historical its played has communism hat

narrative

Bilandžić, from the perspective of the independent Croatian state in state Croatian independent the of perspective the from Bilandžić, , 454. ,

- oaiain n. n occupatio One one. totalitarian

"Croatian Left""Croatianas following; - state in the 1990's.state inthe 169

previously n oa, iadi floe te oml of formula the followed Bilandžić total, In S

166 oci xmnd book examined , while in the preface of the book the of preface the in while , alist period is not a part of the the of part a not is period alist - n is followed by another one one another by followed is n

and the transition from one one from transition the and 91 wt a utte "from subtitle a with 1991" 167 s

in a sense sense a in

of the Ustaša the of ht it that . " the the 168 69

CEU eTD Collection 173 172 171 2006.), 170 persecutionandthe discrimination chauvinistic that stated becan "it image;i.e. their polish to noticecanare where some hisattempts points one movement, sympathies Ustaša for there the an Reich, Third to ready were they defeat, military after that are features with and orientation traditional system" parliamentary paradigmexamination his in all of tenets the constituting are property private on right the and democracy multiparty minorities, and individuals the of past. the of sides dark and bright its with deal to hesitancy their due approaches both criticizes he introduction the in and society Croatian the in divide" "great the acknowledges he aspects; noticeable some on out point nevertheless Thus, period. war the on Croatian society period. inthis restra he general, In the NDH. of examination deeper any into going avoided author period, war the during position of overview it to chapter the devotes he While

Ibid. Ibid. 15. Ibid., Radelić, Zdenko , , 29. , 15. 15. hl te omnss r dfnd s snun fgtr aant multiparty against fighters "sanguine as defined are communists the While with deal to intention noticeablehis Itis

the the development of the partisan movement and short section about the CPP CPP the about section short and movement partisan the of development the

cult of Croatian state and anti and state Croatian of cult Hrvatska U Jugoslaviji 1945 1945 Jugoslaviji U Hrvatska ti - democracy and racism. While author makes a breakaway from the the from breakaway a makes author While racism. and democracy

172 h se utšs s h "iiat ainls wt conservative with nationalist "militant the as ustašas sees he ,

nd rm iig n dtie rmrs n h dvsos n the in divisions the on remarks detailed any giving from ined while

("previous regimes unscrupulously those have negated them.")

h mdr dmcai regime democratic modern the

itntv atcmuit notion" anticommunist distinctive

his book is not not is book his under a section "Conquest of the power", besides a brief brief a besides power", the of "Conquest section a under -

1991 170 become . (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, Hrvatski institut za povijest, povijest, za Hrvatski institut knjiga, (Zagreb: Školska . - Serbanism. Author acknowledges their intent their acknowledges Author Serbanism.

strictly Adh ering to a liberal position a ("civic rights("civica position liberal a to ering offering much much offering

the allies of the of allies the Yugoslavia and avoid any discussions discussions any avoid andYugoslavia s " 171 , e dps totalitarian a adopts he ), 173 for this this for

n woe w main two whose and W est, to abandon the the abandon to est, chapter, will I 70

CEU eTD Collection 177 176 175 174 statement written is as late as of theSeptember 2008. i Croatia in history of burden the acknowledges also but written, was book which development." c they instead, interests, personal the or group some of benefits the to relation be in not evaluated should past near the from events historical big that "necessary is it that statement and period socialist the from differs that way a "in century 20 the historyof Croatian the present to was book the of aim the that states he preface Inthe significantly hisapproach authors. representative only "Ustašo the combat to order in sphere public the discussion the book Goldstein's Ivo groups other "de or persecuted long the in state Croatian the stabilize to aim their in regime Ustaša the of solutions original the were Serbs of ould explained objectively only in relation with the circumstances and conditions of their of conditions and circumstances the with relation in only objectively explained ould

Ibid., IX. Ibid., Goldstein,. Ivo 57. Ibid., 30. Ibid.,

then persecution, even in the context of Jews. Jews. of context the in even persecution, then ; The narrative on the Second World War comes to comes War World Second the on narrative The

Jews, Serbs, but also the in Serbs, but Jews, His

focus s 177

Hrvatska 1918. 1918. Hrvatska on the on -

term" - hs rmsn peae elcs h nw post new the reflects preface promising This nationalized." Also, it is noticeable author's h author's noticeable is it Also, nationalized."

from the from n h hsoia rvsoim n te eaiiain f ustašas of rehabilitation the and revisionism historical the on from the revisionism of the nineties." the of revisionism the from

"Croatia 1918 "Croatia

174 historical revisionism in Croatia in revisionism historical

or while stating that Croats in general were not in danger of being of danger in not were general in Croats that stating while or and those -

2008. Faculty of Humanities in Zagreb in Humanities of Faculty

(Zagreb: Novi Liber & Liber (Zagreb: Novi case

influences are clearly book. inthis visible -

2008". Ivo Goldstein Ivo 2008".

of the partijnost

expelled - nostalgi

[party

It

Europapress holding, 2008. holding, Europapress

Germans. is employed is due to his numerous interventions in interventions numerous his to due a", as he often portrays it. He it. portrays often he as a", - an minded 176

is often known often is

end with an exami an with end

Moreover, he proceeds with a with proceeds he Moreover,

within this group of selected of group this within - 175 essist umns evrnet in environment Tuđmanist - es priasi] f the of partisanship] ness,

in ancy to employ terms terms employ to ancy the context of all of context the

in the context of context the in ), IX. ),

nation of the the of nation

f such a a such f marked

is the the 71 th

CEU eTD Collection 180 179 178 promoted ofnew, some elements pro magazine the of publication the mentions ( leader a of concept a with together democracies, western glorif state, the of glorifying and exclusivity national besides Nazism, and fascism from over taken have "ustaše that remarks he points other the on while fascism" and Nazism of influence state he conclusions; clear from hatred. derived is which content ideological not is it versa; vice not and basis ideological some has the While speech. of hate notions mere the of content the analyzing at stops he publications, their pre their into insights the providing (finally) While veng ahow "indoctrinatedtheyandwerein texts their brutality the mostlyin on reflects He movement. the of trajectories ideological the into deeper go to attempt an without to accession the Secondaquarter inYugoslavia book. War World almost constitutes whole of the it outline very the up sum the from to Still, independence. Croatian of attempts period short the and book Yugoslavia two of experience the 2008, to 1918 from years, 90 of period the Covering

Ibid., 149. Ibid., 147. Ibid., 146. Ibid., cto o te obt n wr ngtv attd twrs omns, oils and socialism communism, towards attitude negative war, and combat the of ication A one In uthor

hatred and revenge are the attributes of every of attributes the are revenge and hatred

power. It is focusing (again) mostly on the political history of the movement, movement, the of history political the on mostly (again) focusing is It power.

is noticeable the author's main con main author's the noticeable is section author examined the development of Ustaša movement before their their before movement Ustaša of development the examined author section ice aon h acs trbts ftemvmn adi hstn t give to hesitant is and movement the of attributes fascist the around circles

s "beside national exclusivism which can be related to the indirect the to related be can which exclusivism national "beside s

- fascist andfascist pro aa gruda Naša cern; section which covers the covers which section cern; - - Nazi ideology." 1941 world by referring to the texts in texts the to referring by world 1941

"u ntv ln" wih "openly which land") native ("Our fascist movement, often that hatred that often movement, fascist Fuhrer , Duce 180

)…" 179

eful spirit."eful

Later he also he Later four years of years four

178 72

CEU eTD Collection 182 181 within factions and groups different of promulgation statehood Croatian br the into put the carefully and before long announced was system realexam a into developed was which terror Moreover,claims reaction thatterror refutes he the asimple was toth groups, different the of functioning persecution the of exposition manner detailed quite a in offers Goldstein Jews. of persecution the to devoted were two or sentence a Usually examined. w Holocaust, to related fascistand movement. doctrine Ustaša between connection a make to fails he then but Fascism" of Doctrine "The Mussolini's to poi one At organization. fascist inherently they were or Italy and Germany of support the receive to order in flirting they were fascism, of aspect certain with flirting just of whole stric Europe, the in fascism of rise the of context broader the to movement Ustaša the relate

Ibid., 211. Ibid., 268. Ibid., NDH ined itcannot beexculpated withclaims onthe delirium ofwar. What is different from other works is that author does not offer any exculpation for exculpation any offer not does author that is works other from different is What On first the was book this Although

regime; he defines them as "Croatian extremists" "Croatian as them defines he regime;

h ohr ad ato as gvs seil teto t te es n te issues the and Jews the to attention special a gives also author hand, other the

t ideological orientation of orientation ideological t of ackets signifying author's position that NDH should not be seen be not should NDH that position author's signifying ackets h poaad sse ad o te err a ognzd rm above. from organized was terror the how and system propaganda the continuity

hich is actually a a actually is hich

. Author also stresses the heterogeneity of the movement, movement, the of heterogeneity the stresses also Author .

the novum ie oe f h slce hsoin ee tried even historians selected the of some time Ustaša

in comparison to the other works previously previously works other the to comparison in

movement still movement the

movement and the crucial role of role crucial the and movement 182 , even the term independent is independent term the even ,

remains unclear; were they they were unclear; remains 181 e atrocities; previous

nts he even refers refers even he nts in the light of of light the in

73 to

CEU eTD Collection not would certainly there and by themselves, deportations the organize wouldto have theeither Germans Roma or ofJews and deportation a not be would thereeither to weresimilar which and practice and ideology withtheir them will suit whichthey knew for they group the power brought to 187 186 185 184 183 the Croatian people for give remark, following the mai arethe Superficialobservations the certain sympathies for Church's regime. theUstaša sa for actions his (both Stepinac Alojzije of portrayal balanced a bringing by relations church Catholic Ustaša the upon touches he hand, other the On CPP. the of politics overall the problematize f different the years. acknowledging following the in partisans the joined and regime Ustaša the from themselves distanced have members CPP the of number that logical, especiallybecause st he repercussion…" broader have not did 1941 of September the in insurrection for call a such that logical is "It states: he ground), (wh 1941 of September the in front popular the of creation the for CPP to appeal communist's the on writing while Interestingly, deteriorating. was situation the as party the of layering gradual the and party the within factions various the examines the members heregime, takesBilandžić's of the over three became and NDH the supported people why reasons about talking while Still, Pavelić. Ante

Sometimes his superficial observations are on the brink of completely invalid arguments, ie; "Germans have have "Germans ie; arguments, invalid ofcompletely brink the on are observations superficial his Sometimes 231 Ibid., 23 Ibid., 229. Ibid., 226. Ibid., Author also gives a special attention to Maček and his CPP and more or less c less or more and CPP his and Maček to attention special a gives also Author 0. -

233. them (if they were, for example, brought Maček and CPP to power, as some wanted and planed, planed, and wanted power, as some to CPP and Maček brought example, were,for they them(if ving the innocent lives, but also some controversial statements) of and proofs of of proofs and of statements) controversialsome also but lives, innocent the ving

each of the involved parties; each ofthe involved parties; n when he tried to sum up the discussion on the level of support of of support of level the on discussion the up sum to tried he when n

cin wti te P ad hi oinain, e os not does he orientations, their and CPP the within actions 184 n weaknesses of Goldstein'sbook ofweaknesses n ates shortly after that already by the end of the 1941 great ofthe end 1941 alreadybyafter thatthe ates shortly

Readers are spared from any further explanation why is why explanation further any from spared are Readers 185

iia t Blnžć n Mtoi, while Matković, and Bilandžić to Similar be a persecutions of the Serbs)." persecutionsofthe a be

186

- step rational choice theory.step rational ich did not fell on the fertile fertile the on fell not did ich . 187

One such instance isinstancesuch One

183 learly learly

74 -

CEU eTD Collection 1918 Goldstein's"Croatian before 190 189 188 which historiography the in tendencies different and works recent most the to up 1990 from toe Ustaša, wouldfind away of rehabilitation the rebutting in contribution his for renowned Goldstein, why explain tohard quite seems "Vichyit the Otherwise, ofdiscussionsyndrome". the of versionCroatian a still Ustaše the on discussion the why reason the is remaindero d any historians, is it because nationalist start the from rebutted is Serbian crimes Ustaša the for responsibility the surrounding from came thesis a such Since nation. formulated was it but study, Goldhagen's actual for nation Croat issue an is what Aside remark. this with agree clear. especially is people Croatian of responsibility collective the about blinded by theories." racial and other "numerous who culprits, that real the states of tool he unconscious the executioners often were mere butchers and the executioners for units, military the of leaders the in participated who those of more evenresistance. relatively and atrocities in other participated the who people of native majority than differentiated more was u NDH or occupation the of under countries territory the in population all, in All

Kuljić, Kuljić, 236. Ibid., 236. Ibid., b This part of part This Gol in that argues Kuljić and associates closest his Pavelić, on crimes the for blame the of most puts he While ook Prevladavanje prošlosti Prevladavanje 188

f

-

the attempt of the Serbian historians to put a stigma on the Croatian nation. Th nation. Croatian the on stigmaa put to historians Serbian the of attempt the in the works of Serbian historians. Not historians. Serbian of works the in

here is that "Goldhagen's thesis" about the collective responsi collective the about thesis" "Goldhagen's that is here saas rms culy rlfrtd dcd before decade a proliferated actually crimes ustaša's the

thesis served to outline the main narratives on the Second World War War World Second the on narratives main the outline to served thesis - , 453. , 2008". Thus, he was reffering to his earlier works earlier his to reffering was he Thus, 2008". xculpate thewillingxculpate (but executioners. apparently unconscious)

f rom nder the influence of Nazi Germany: there was a relatively more relatively a was there Germany: Nazi of influence the nder

It is important to note that Kuljić wrote his book in 2002, six years inwrote 2002, book his Kuljić that note isimportant to It dstein's case the dissociation dissociation the case dstein's

Goldhagen's thesis and the certain fallacies certain the and thesis Goldhagen's 189

-

the

notorious nearly waits a full blown full a waits

thesis about Croats as Croats about thesis as sophisticated and extensive as extensive and sophisticated f rom

.

"Goldhagen's thesis" thesis" "Goldhagen's 190 Historikerstreit Daniel Daniel

Partially, I would I Partially, of it, I argue I it, of

Goldhagen's bility of the of bility a

genocidal iscussion iscussion

were

or a or the 75 is a

CEU eTD Collection Since regime? socialist the of features other the to given was attention much How rest? the about what Tito, and otok Goli Bleiburg, than more much was Yugoslavia since But period. Second World colored thediscussionson the socialist period and case Neglected features ofthe regime Yugoslavian historiographyCroatian of syndrome" Stepmother sin", "original Yugoslav and opponents and collaboration of examination the responsibility masses the War. duringWorld broader theSecond of to approach critical more the halt 1980's F out. left are past the of period problematic statehood politics. Maček's regarding especially parties, involved the all national quite to and fighters antifascist the to amalgam Serbo the from evolved meanwhile Partisans Goldstein. and Bilandžić of narration nuanc more the to up patriotism positivistic Matković's through approach, revisionist and history. of politics 1990s; the of context with also but historiography, Yugoslavian the in disputes and developments thro appeared The p The incept the of period the covered section this While - reconciliation policies are still visible and are blocking t blocking are and visible still are policies reconciliation remained revious chapter demonstrated how the socialist past affected past socialist the how demonstrated chapter revious ughout the eighteen years. eighteen the ughout s

The g The

of s

the the metanarrative imposed by Tuđman, his national ideology and the state's state's the and ideology national his Tuđman, by imposed metanarrative elf eneral narrative eneral main reference and thus other possible possible other thus and reference main - management and N and management -

self

- evolved from Pavličević's and Perić's heavily biased biased heavily Perić's and Pavličević's from evolved The narrative in th in narrative The management and management the inally, the writing of the Serbian historians in the in historians Serbian the of writing the inally, a et etos il el ih h "Wicked the with deal will sections next n

extent respected Croats. The effects of the of effects The Croats. respected extent - on

the neglect of the research of the distinct distinct the of research the of neglect the - alignment ion of the Yugoslavian regimes, its its regimes, Yugoslavian the of ion the e se books se non

he more critical reflection of of reflection critical more he h e The War andWar -

Alignment movement. Alignment critical

movement

thnocentric prism and and prism thnocentric was influenced by the the by influenced was

immediate postwar postwar immediate writing on the on writing remarks on this this on remarks

the

political - četnik četnik

pre

the the ed ed 76 -

CEU eTD Collection 195 1 no. 32, vol. Europe Central East 194 used were version international 193 perso 192 of lack 191 historiography; Croatian of situation in finds thepostwar researchhe for period lack on this of Spring." Croatian … the as such topics controversial hot, even encompassed the with dealing historiography Croatian on impact significant processes constitution 1974 the for 1971 the ( 1991 in actors leading the became reasons research extensive about topic a and 1990s the in events the for points focal the of of noted inthecase Hungarian post of o microhistory the with combined focus the in are macrostructures the period during structure Party the in embodied research historical of principle organizing major the as function prev their within stayed them w historians the of majority how didall th was general in experience Yugoslav overall the

Zubak, "Croatian Spring", 191. Spring", "Croatian Zubak, " Marko Zubak, the term whilethe Yugoslavia during underthat term, known InCroatia 52. Narratives, Trencsenyi, Brunbauer, this discussion. Th discussion. this T socialist the Since

at least why one could expect a big interest in it; in interest big a expect could one why least at he research on the on research he

f h 1980's. the of (Re) Writing (Re) is

reflect features some distinctive ofthe on Yugoslav socialism? The Croatian Spring: Croatian The , the ,

is ,13.

topic w topic is

B very thoroughly very -

topic of the of topic mass movement.mass t a Zbk notes, Zubak as ut, itrorpy a bsd n oiia hsoy n since and history political on based was historiography -

ere 2 (2005): 190 190 (2005): 2

as

os ehdlg ad approach. and methodology ious th within raised heavilyneglected Interpreting the Communist Heritage in Post Heritage Communist the Interpreting - dissidents socialist historiography. ,

which to a quite an extent extent an quite a to which the socialist period, in the examination of the socialist the of examination the in period, socialist the so -

225 -

analyzed call

became the political elite), b) the importance of importance the b) elite), political the became ed refuted along the lines of Tuđman's rhetoric, Tuđman's of lines the along refuted at system, it is understandable that most of most that understandable is it system, at the " Croatian spring Croatian

in Croatian historiographyCroatian in

in collapse

Marko Zubak's study. Zubak's Marko the n a) the fact that the actors of 1971 of actors the that fact the a) e ad omnctos with communications and nel 192 following reasons; 1) the overall 1)thefollowingreasons; overall of Yugoslavia did not have a a have not did Yugoslavia of

maspok socialist per socialist " fetd h disintegrating the affected 193 h nto cniud to continued nation The . which which

191

("masovni pokret") its and pokret") ("masovni in 1971 in - Communist Croatia", Croatia", Communist

ic te ain is nation the Since n cud expect could one iod; "silence had had "silence iod; 194 f

195

. is symptomaticis

the Party, as is is as Party, the

There are t are There Although oneAlthough

The reasons The wo wo the 77

CEU eTD Collection 197 196 and Hebrang Andrija of topic the it to related and S the on was Yugoslavia of system political whole superficial extreme and discourse their with line In all. at given not was attention thesis. this giv be can assessment appropriate fully no and broad are topics the of works the in neglected were it to given be will space much how asymmetry the reflect also will subchapter this Thus, examine the to related directly not issueofsensitive self a nation; were which Yugoslavia of features distinct two the to given Yugo of topic the againprevailed;Yugoslavia ofnation theneglect focus isacertain within there ofthe topic of later, revealed be will as but examination, of centre the in period socialist the put that books predominating the such as not is Yugoslavia of Yugoslavia an conditions war unfavorable the conservativism, methodological countries, other of historiographies

Perić, Perić, 192 Ibid., t hs on, it point, this At th Since trend These AHistory

oviet model "with inherit "with model oviet if the attention was given at all at given was attention the if -

193. . 196 d subsequent authoritarian rule and the and rule authoritarian subsequent d

e , 223 , se slavia.

s are also visib also are s phe - 224.

nomena

is Following that, in this section, I examine I section, this in that, Following

rbby eudn to redundant probably

- non management andthe are ed Serb supremacy". Serb ed le in the selected literature for the thesis. the for literature selected the in le of a longer time span time longer a of selected selected . Th . is to them to

reduced to the centralized comm centralized the to reduced is not coming just from the fact that th that fact the from just coming not is historian

one and how th how and note . Exceptions are Bilandžić's and Radelić's and Bilandžić's are Exceptions .

the

rejection s from the selected literature in terms in literature selected the from , but it also reflects the fact that th that fact the reflects also it but , 197

that in Pavličević's and Perić's book book Perić's and Pavličević's in that - topic of Goli otok went through went otok Goli of topic Alignment movement. movement. Alignment

While the topic of Tito of topic the While , I , is do

of the historical heritage historical the of fits into into fits

not go into details but just just but details into go not en within the limitations of of limitations the within en how much importance was was importance much how the the The whole period period whole The overall narration. narration. overall unist state, based state, unist

- Stalin split Stalin e se topics topics se ity, the the ity,

- from from time time e the the

78 of of se se

CEU eTD Collection 203 202 201 200 199 198 self the Still expanded. bit a was it although first, the less or more replicated (1995) book mentioned, not with split the by caused crisis the to a The yearningthe regime's for neglec much pretty is practice period the of rest other the measures), oppressive and nationalization property, private of confiscation "thestate the essence("partijska Partychang didnot of država") state) Party's the and postw the period to than rather 1945 to up events the to given was space more lot "a preface: the in remarked he As Yugoslavia. of period whole the neglected completely apparatus" not was"farce";the "Yugoslav a version" practiced was and antiquity in existed It original. the with siding patriotic

Ibid., 159. Ibid., 157 Ibid., 157 Ibid., Matković, Pavličević, 223. Ibid, - management was management uthor devotes only a small paragraph to self to paragraph small a only devotes uthor " since the since " Europea the from i.e. Europe, Western and Central the from them detached and countries Yugoslavian Actually, the of period the examines he While With

itr te self the filter;

Suvreme Povijest

Matković, barely a step forward was made. Matković's approach "literature, but "literature, approach Matković's made. was forward step a barely Matković, n civilization circle soviets anymore.soviets xet for except

the the political stage after 1945 after stage political na ,

… (1

nrdcin f h cmuit ytm moe ttltraim upon totalitarianism imposed system communist the of introduction again reduced to its national dimension, but the part which deals with deals which part the but dimension, national its to reduced again st " - ed.),VI aaeet a ivne js t poe o h wrd hy r not are they world the to prove to just invented was management 200 the

He does not give any importance to the Tito the to importance any give not does He the missed Europeanmissed past:

198 n snec i the in sentence one 202

Moreover; the Moreover; the

in the end always chargein the endwas theparty infull Soviets " is much simpler (it is one is (it simpler much is , 203 -

osldto o pwr ( power of consolidation "self management. It is often seen as a reaction reaction a as seen often is It management. by some medieval city medieval some by

while is edition. first - management was nothing particularly nothing was management the Non e even after theclash."e after even - h s The ted. Moreover, he echoes he Moreover, ted. alignment movement was movement alignment - cn eiin f the of edition econd - party totalitarianism totalitarianism party wih eid on relied which s Stalin - communes collectivization,

split ."

199 because issue of issue " while " 201

79 ar ar

CEU eTD Collection 208 207 206 205 204 createexperiment to something examined. still s of mechanism the in interest primary the not was it Still, examined. are republics between relations the it of prism the through management was and symbolic was of level the overall that notes he e later." even that noted of foundations the way rest fromexcluded the of it found elite ruling the after invented was which model a as described was management w subchapter separate a even attention, some editions the conomic one. conomic

Ibid., 335. Ibid., 309. Ibid., 308. Ibid., Matković, Matković, mechanism of it of mechanism

eue t the to reduced 205 his in hand, other the On

One of the of One of his "Contemporary Croatia" History Political of

He argues that that argues He 208

Povijest Jugoslavije Povijest Suvremena

N 206 ro i gvn o h itrrtto ta sc a ytm a ide an indeed was system a such that interpretation the to given is room o th

just just Although Although is repeats the claim from claim the repeats main

" was t was ,(2

one designed system designed a façade. nd such such

reasons why reasons such a model of organization of organization of model a such ed.), 226. ed.), the of possible possible of aken from Bilandžić. from aken , 308. , the socialist bloc. It socialist bloc. a

207

path, new and simply new was onehegemonic more tool; author offered a brief overview how that system functioned, system that how overview brief a offered author

the

"History of Yugoslavia", th Yugoslavia", of "History

real but without going into particular depth particular into going without but " self prism uch a system which drove authors drove which system a uch , carried ,

worker's - management received some attention was because because was attention some received management the s

outlines hog wih the which through 204 previous book that book previous as given to each of them. them. of each to given as " within it weaknesses which will be revealed be will which weaknesses it within

self Yugoslavia remained neglected in all three all in neglected remained Yugoslavia

- more or less in an objective and neutral and objective inan orless more management .

the

e whole society, not just of just not society, whole received finally topics two se

oiia dynamics political the

in

the production the whole s whole to examine it examine to h p The . The a The ystem of self of ystem

t t self to ath uthor still uthor

process , it was it , can be be can self the 80 - -

CEU eTD Collection 211 210 209 left politic Although insights economic reforms1965. in was and Syndicate Federal the in worked self the in mechanism market of applicability of topic i educational economy and politics between intersection the on period Yugoslav whole the examining on based is approach self of issues the general, and managerial the of "slaves" the be to forever comply not in "instructive" come can which experiences" of "reservoir the self that stated he Moreover, system. socialist the of features the all with deal history make to order in necessary was intervention book his anwith the Soviets A s

Ibid., 12. Ibid., Bilandžić, 343. Ibid., eparate c eparate off

state. same the to lead end the in alwaysamendments constitutional the decisionfreemakingwas strictlyworkers the directed controlledandalland of Party the from h t The many with As the horizon

no h Prys microcosm Party's the into e wr he

Hrvatska 209 hapter is devoted to foreign policy too. Still, it deals it mostly foreignrelations toforeignStill, isdevoted hapter with policy too. background and political career; he defended his doctoral thesis in 1965 on the on 1965 in thesis doctoral his defended he career; political and background pc of opic

ts against ites s is in the centre always, this specificity of the Yugoslavian system is never never is system Yugoslavian the of specificity this always, centre the in is s . d thehotand cold phases ofthis , 14 ,

other

self

is examined is - 211 aaeet aial dmnts h book the dominates basically management -

things, Bilandžić things, aaeet n fdrls dominat federalism and management the

rn of trend - hc constitutes which

history

often

"anticommunism" in historiography. It seems this this seems It historiography. in "anticommunism"

a

m 'sbook

referring ember of the team which draft which team the of ember elites and that and elites

relations

offered a breakthrough a offered

legitimate

to economic indicators. economic to the udrtnal given understandable s - aaeet ytm bt e also he but system, management hip ot aube at f h book the of part valuable most

is the prism through which through prism the is . bureaucratic

the future the as a scientific discipline to discipline scientific a as e

n iadi' bo. H book. Bilandžić's in -

strengthening of the Party the of strengthening combined . since

structures." I ed - n the preface of of preface the n mana

H proposals for for proposals " is emphasis is people will will people Bilandžić's

gement is is gement ih his with 210

the the

81 In is .

CEU eTD Collection 216 215 214 213 212 to Africa, and Asia of path ambitiousness egregious n the in involvement the describes He in abelittledway; behalf"Yugoslavian of occasional mentioned; are policies the places a borders. state the of inviolability the and blocks the between peace of idea promulgated broader 19 in Belgrade in conference official first the the that conse pure the to reduced not was uthor also pays attention to th to attention pays also uthor

Ibid., 284. Ibid., 283. uHrvatska Jugoslaviji, Radelić, 379. Ibid., 374. Ibid., 366 Ibid., "

Yugoslavia's support ofYugoslavia's theliberation movements support gradual development of the idea up to from the early 1950's to to 1950's early the from to up idea the of development gradual

extensively on it, the broad factors were taken into consideration into taken were factors broad the it, on extensively in

third worldthird and was satisfying ambitions the of its leaders connected It importance. international bigger any have Non Radelić th with line In

the nentoa situation, international

- eas acin fo the from sanctions hl peoea f non of phenomena whole Alignment ing , on the other hand, other , onthe

of

the

the

is movement, despite everyday propaganda about its crucial importance, did not importance,did crucial everyday itsmovement, about despite propaganda

bad sides bad revisionism. uolvas essec n creati in persistence Yugoslavia's ,

Cold war divisions war Cold of the Yugoslav communists. Yugoslav the of the

uneasy situation of the Yugoslav communists communists Yugoslav the of situation uneasy e Yugoslav denunciation of the imperialism of both sides and and sides both of imperialism the of denunciation Yugoslav e West West

of it of e lo brings also he

d quence of the Tito the of quence " id not pay special attention to it. M attention toit. payid not special

214

r the or are the occasional economic sanctions which were due due were which sanctions economic occasional the are - Alignment Alignment

on -

lgmn mvmn as movement alignment and the economic cooperation with the countries the with cooperation economic the and attacks 61.

ios esnl miin, u as the also but ambitions, personal Tito's 212 there.

from and countries terrorism inthose -

Stalin split. Altho split. Stalin eie tkn it cnieain the consideration into taking Besides While While 213

Yugoslavia aiu cmuit parties communist various ng

. 215 Also, he

the sees the sees Non the the with .

n mr sign more one

oreover, w he The a The - mlctos f such of implications movement alignment Bandung summit and and summit Bandung

ugh he did not wr not did he ugh g

poor countries of the of countries poor oo uthor d sides d

u t the to due also traced traced also

of such of rote on it it rote on . "

216 n the on of the the of

The The i 82 te a

CEU eTD Collection 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 enterprises were which created were subjects economic inte differing centr management all theknown toquestion they state intended models." communist Yugoslav the of motivation the regarding author the of stance ambiguous an is there all after h where of lot a gives system,he socialist of issues the Since The causal relations are again interesting interpretation; inhis countrycommunist endanger to introduction." socialism" Yugoslav Regarding e examines the leaning of communists on Marx's Civil War in France. in War Civil Marx's on communists of leaning the examines e

Goldstein, Goldstein, 290. Ibid., 285. Ibid., 287. Ibid., 284. Ibid, 284 Ibid., 284 Ibid., xli the explain e, as in Bilandžić's case. H case. Bilandžić's in as e, the Goldstein detach Yugoslav communism from communism the USSR. the of non the from But, Stalin. with comply to want not did it wa Yugoslavia

author refers to the Marxist classics and employs some sort of intellectual history; history; intellectual of sort some employs and classics Marxist the to refers author .

s " Hrvatska self

223 rpretations up to this day. For tself For day. this to up rpretations ih hi itouto of introduction their with 218

- hl h sae that states he While aggressiveness of the USSR and find a theoretical explanation why one one why explanation theoretical a find and USSR the of aggressiveness management, Radelić acknowledges that it it that acknowledges Radelić management,

Still, the determining factor wa factor determining the Still, found , 469. , the the 217

s not expelled from the communist group because it was different but because but different was it because group communist the from expelled not s

worke

while the "desire to find a new ideology was the main motive of its of motive main the was ideology new a find to "desire the while also a place for th for place a also s

r's council and syndicalism were Radelić's were syndicalism and council r's

the other one e does not go into details and he acknowledges that there are there that acknowledges he and details into go not does e

attention to those phenomena those to attention

i was "it self e se issues in his book, although book, his in issues se . " - 219 at least at an management:

- s that it was invented because because invented was it that s motn se frhr n oe f h main the of one and further step important management he states that states he management partially pressured pressured partially wt te introdu the "with - compliance the desire was born to born was desire the compliance

.

ws n o te rns of brands the of one "was Moreover, it is the onlythe is it Moreover, 222 220

221 to act to main

they are not in not are they Still, it seems that seems it Still, "the independent "the to o self of ction the as responsible as interest in the the in interest Party work "

had the 83 -

CEU eTD Collection 229 228 227 226 225 224 constella the and relations national of unworthy neglected completely almost is movement Alignment the authors selected by approached and solidify themovement a as it in participation non distanc and position in towards authors bro the position. postwar Yugoslavian the of outcome policy foreign Yugoslav with the real world self seventies self of phenomenon the of examination the in noticeable is approach bureaucratized has it that decades" following the in development economic fast the of reasons

Ibid., 506. Ibid., 485. Ibid., 485. Ibid., 469. Ibid., 469. Ibid., the - cnmc model. economic Alignment movement movement Alignment

long

This subchapter served to demonstrate how how demonstrate to served subchapter This T 577. dr nentoa cnet n h sae te iprgn apoc of approach disparaging the shares he and context international ader he relations he

-

term" although in the initial phases it it phases initial the in although term" research, self research, - aaeet eae h mr poac om wih lce ay connection any "lacked which form" prosaic mere the became management

the . " e 226 Yugoslavian path Yugoslavian

o

from the Soviet sphere of dominance." of sphere Soviet the from f Yugoslavia f complete failure since failure complete

n eea, h d the general, In and over time and in it he sees he it in and time over . - 229 management was again mostly examined through the prism of the the of prism the through examined mostly again was management as

the

an regarding author uiprat factor" "unimportant

with in o the of tions . He He .

perceives the Non the perceives saaig approach isparaging the its sees USSR it

227 two distinctive features; its foreign policy and and policy foreign its features; distinctive two was "exhausting itself" "exhausting was

this politics a politics this

His examination examination His

" " are put in the cent the in put are

allowed Yugoslavia allowed eeait s cnrls blocs centralist vs. federalist the roots for its failure. its for roots the

in

s topic a as - the Alignment movement as a logical a as movement Alignment ol politics world s a "strategic a s 228 pre Yugoslav

Moreover, he perceives the perceives he Moreover, oiae; hl te non the while dominates; does not go deep regarding deep go not does - , management; "from management; 224 r and e of the part about the about part the of e in the attempt to build build to attempt the in

he a ian

and more ind more is miss and harmful harmful and miss 225 shares the notion the shares

socialism approached as as approached

A d A h Yugoslav the many " isparaging Besides . e pendent pendent

other was was the the 84 -

CEU eTD Collection formotivations suchcom ideas Bilandžić, citizens as nation the the and World Third the with self of mechanism ties economic the both of benefits economic potential was world bipolar the in way third a find to regime management Bilandžić were 's the

and Radelić and

s opeey omitted completely is

an authors do not pay any attention to the sphere of ideas and the possibility that that possibility the and ideas of sphere the to attention any pay not do authors matd ih uh oiis s oty neglected. mostly is policies such with impacted uooos n tasedna atr ay exa any actor, transcendental and autonomous - management are completely disregarded. While the focus is allegedly on on allegedly is focus the While disregarded. completely are management 's case, the attempt the case, 's e

from actors. orientation the ideological ofthe main Aan h parochiali the Again .

to theoretically examine the phenomenon of self of phenomenon the examine theoretically to

often often m dominates; sm aee a labeled iain f o ordinary how of mination s delusional. Even the the Even delusional. s Moreover, except for for except Moreover, the tep o the of attempt

85 -

CEU eTD Collection lo to historiography of task further the is It examination. for selected historian the of works the in visible remained nevertheless 1990s the in regime Tuđman's by imposed metanarrative the of tropes basic some past, the about narration the state intensive the of termination "orientalizediscourse w movement Ustaša the d the evaluated. and examined impacted the wrote way onthe historians past reconciliation, all for call narrative, statehood the of Traces historians. Croatian of narrative an socialis the towards attitude the redefine to just historiography. Croatian in approached subsequent the and c 20 the of decade Conclusion ollapse of communism in Europe and the and Europe in communism of ollapse idely proclaimed "Return to Eur to "Return proclaimed idely tifascism. iscourse While the normalization of everyday life, everyday of normalization the While s The Croatia,of context Inthe I thesis this In

aeod rdto remained tradition tatehood of the

national reconciliation, resulting mainly in various levelvarious mainlyin reconciliation,resulting national

th notion of belonging to Europe and the and Europe to belonging of notion

etr hv afce te artv o Cota historiography. Croatian of narrative the affected have century d period period attempted to attempted " whole period the of and The n The

n h iaiiy o critical to inability the in of

arrative on the Second World War was heavily influenced by by influenced heavily was War World Second the on arrative nesv state intensive I outlined - building policies also brought the gradual normalizati gradual the brought also policies building ope" by Tuđman's regime accompanied wit accompanied regime Tuđman's by ope"

demonstrate The c The dissolution an four specific features specific four the . inescapable prism through which the past is is past the which through prism inescapable

-

ollapse of socialist states brought a need not not need a brought states socialist of ollapse how Yugoslav past. ulig oiis matd h wy t was it way the impacted policies building m the

and its past, but also about fascism and and fascism about also but past, its and

the various political processes in the last the in processes political various the disappearance of the war threats and the and threats war the of disappearance ly

of Yugoslavia, of

xmn te olbrtv past. collaborative the examine

Balkanist discourse on Yugoslavia on discourse Balkanist

which the the were all echoed in thein echoed all were s

of rehabilitations of of rehabilitationsof outbreak of the war the of outbreak cate and further further and cate h the Balkanist the h - Croat national Croat s

hm I whom on of on The The The 86

CEU eTD Collection mythologems. deconstruct those

hc ae udnd ih h tobe peec o te nationalist the of presence troubled the with burdened are which 87

CEU eTD Collection

88

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, no. 1 no. , Slavic ti b

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