Privacy, Property and Personality

Cambridge University Press 0521820804 - Privacy, Property and Personality: Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation Huw Beverley-Smith, Ansgar Ohly and Agnes Lucas-Schloetter Frontmatter More information

The protection of privacy and personality is one of the most fascinating issues confronting any legal system. This book provides a detailed comparative analysis of the laws relating to commercial exploitation of personality in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. It examines the difficulties in reconciling privacy and personality with intellectual property rights in an individual’s identity and in balan- cing such rights with the competing interests of freedom of expression and freedom of competition. The discrete patterns of development in the major common law and civil law jurisdictions are outlined, together with an analysis of the basic models of protection. The analysis will be useful for lawyers in legal systems which have yet to develop a sophisticated level of protection for interests in personality. Equally, lawyers in systems that provide a higher level of protection will benefit from the comparative insights into determining the nature and scope of intellectual property rights in personality, particularly questions relating to assignment, licensing, and post-mortem protection.

H UW B EVERLEY-SMITH is a Solicitor in the Brands, Technology, Media and Telecommunications Department at Field Fisher Waterhouse in London. He is also the author of The Commercial Appropriation of Personality (Cambridge 2002).

A NSGAR O HLY is Professor of Civil Law and Intellectual Property Law in the Faculty of Law and Economics at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. Until 2002 he was the head of the Commonwealth Department of the Max-Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich.

A GNE` S L UCAS-SCHLOETTER is Lecturer in French law at the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany. Until 2003 she was a researcher at the Max-Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521820804 - Privacy, Property and Personality: Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation Huw Beverley-Smith, Ansgar Ohly and Agnes Lucas-Schloetter Frontmatter More information

Cambridge Studies in Intellectual Property Rights

As its economic potential has rapidly expanded, intellectual property has become a subject of front-rank legal importance. Cambridge Studies in Intellectual Property Rights is a series of monograph studies of major current issues in intellectual property. Each volume contains a mix of international, European, comparative and national law, making this a highly significant series for practitioners, judges and academic research- ers in many countries.

Series editor William R. Cornish, Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law, University of Cambridge

Advisory editors Franc¸ois Dessemontet, Professor of Law, University of Lausanne Paul Goldstein, Professor of Law, Stanford University The Rt Hon. Sir Robin Jacob, Court of Appeal, England

A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume.

Privacy, Property and Personality Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation

Huw Beverley-Smith Ansgar Ohly Agne`s Lucas-Schloetter

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521820806

# Huw Beverley-Smith, Ansgar Ohly and Agne`s Lucas-Schloetter 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-521-82080-6 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-82080-4 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

Preface page ix Table of cases xi Table of statutes xxv List of abbreviations xxx

1 Introduction 1 The commercial value of aspects of personality 1 Commercial and non-commercial interests 2 Personality, privacy and intellectual property 3 Competing doctrinal bases of protection 4 Synopsis 11 2 Property, personality and unfair competition in England and Wales, Australia and Canada 13 Introduction 13 Liability based on misrepresentation: the tort of passing off in English and Australian law 15 Liability based on misappropriation: the Canadian tort of appropriation of personality 35 Conclusions 46 3 Privacy and personality in the common law systems 47 Introduction 47 From property to inviolate personality 48 Inviolate personality and the accretion of proprietary attributes 52 Conceptions of privacy 53 Reconciling privacy and commercial exploitation 64 The scope and limits of the right of publicity 68 Privacy in English law 75 Conclusion 93 4 German law 94 Introduction 94 History 96 Substantive legal protection 105 Post-mortem protection 124 Assignment and licensing 129 Remedies 138

vii

viii Contents

5 French law 147 Framework and history 147 Protection of economic interests 156 Protection of non-economic interests 167 Remedies providing for prevention or cessation of the infringement: injunctions 181 Remedies providing for legal redress 185 Transfer 191 6 Conclusions 206 Introduction 206 Common features and contrasts 207 The three basic models of protection 212 Property, intellectual property and personality 214 Privacy, freedom of expression and commercial appropriation under the European Convention on Human Rights 217 Conclusions: A gradual convergence? 224

Bibliography 227 Index 239

Preface

The protection of privacy and personality is one of the most fascinating issues confronting any legal system. It has attracted the attention of a number of distinguished academics, practitioners and judges in the major legal systems and there is an increasingly rich comparative jurisprudence. The relationship between privacy and commercial exploitation of an individual’s attributes in advertising and merchandising is long-standing and provided the background for the developing law of privacy in several jurisdictions. Nevertheless, it has received relatively limited attention when compared to other aspects of privacy and is often regarded as being the more proper concern of intellectual property law. This book provides a detailed analysis of the different ways in which the major common law and civil law jurisdictions have responded to demands for protection of attributes of an individual’s personality and the difficulties in reconciling privacy, personality and intellectual property. Inevitably a balance has to be struck between breadth and depth of coverage and we do not attempt to give a full account of all European legal systems. Rather, we have chosen four jurisdictions, England and Wales, the United States, Germany and France, which represent the most important approaches to the problem of commercial exploitation. Some jurisdictions, most notably England and Wales, are only begin- ning to address the issue of protecting attributes of personality from unauthorised commercial exploitation. Systems that are at a more advanced stage of evolution and offer a higher basic level of protection such as France and Germany have rather more intricate problems to confront in determining the nature and scope of the various personality rights. While a surprising number of common themes and patterns of development emerge the differences in structure and emphasis between the individual chapters reflect both the discrete stages of evolution in each jurisdiction and the fundamental differences between the legal systems surveyed. An awareness of these differences and the challenges faced by neighbouring jurisdictions can only help in identifying the most

x Preface

appropriate conceptual models of protection and the nature and scope of such intangible rights. Our foremost debt of gratitude is to Professor W. R. Cornish for his unfailing support and enthusiasm for the project and for reading and commenting on the draft chapters. We would also like to thank Finola O’Sullivan and the staff at Cambridge University Press for their help, support and patience as this collaborative comparative work, combining the efforts of three lawyers in separate jurisdictions took rather longer than expected to bring to fruition. Any errors, omissions or idiosyncrasies are entirely the responsibility of the authors.

Table of cases

Australian cases Australian Broadcasting Corp.v.Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 185 ALR 1 88

Children’s Television Workshop Inc.v.Woolworths (New South Wales) Ltd [1981] RPC 187 23 Cognagra Inc v. McCain Foods (Aust.) Pty Ltd (1972) 23 IPR 193 16

Henderson v. Radio Corp. Pty Ltd [1969] RPC 218 7, 17, 21, 27, 28, 31, 35 Hexagon Pty Ltd v. Australian Broadcasting Commission (1975) 7 ALR 233 13 Hogan v. Koala Dundee Pty Ltd (1988) 83 ALR 187 25–6 Honey v. Australian Airlines Ltd (1989) ATPR 40–961, affirmed (1990) 18 IPR 185 18, 24, 28 Hutchence v. South Seas Bubble Co. Pty Ltd (1986) 64 ALR 330 18, 23

Moorgate Tobacco Co. Ltd v. Philip Morris Ltd (No. 2) (1984) 56 CLR 414 6, 13

Pacific Dunlop Ltd v. Hogan (1989) 87 ALR 14 18, 24, 33 Paracidal Pty Ltd v. Herctum Pty Ltd (1983) 4 IPR 201 18, 23 Pinky’s Pizza Ribs on the Run Pty Ltd v. Pinky’s Seymour Pizz & Pasta Pty Ltd (1997) ATPR 41–600 28

Sony Music Australia Ltd & Michael Jackson v. Tansing (1994) 27 IPR 649 39

Taco Bell Pty Ltd v. Taco Co. of Australia Inc. (1981) 42 ALR 177 27 Talmax Pty Ltd v. Telstra Corp. Ltd (1996) ATPR 41–535, 26, 31 Tenth Cantanae Pty Ltd v. Shoshana Pty Ltd (1987) 79 ALR 279 18, 24, 28, 35, 39 TGI Friday’s Australia Pty Ltd v. TGI Friday’s Inc. (1999) 45 IPR 43 27 Twentieth Century Fox Corp.v.South Australian Brewing Co Ltd (1996) 34 IPJ 225 26, 31

Uren v. John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd (1965–1966) 117 CLR 118 81

Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v. Taylor (1937) 58 CLR 479 13, 14, 80 Vieright Pty Ltd v. Myer Stores Ltd (1995) 31 IPR 361 27

Willard King Pty Ltd v. United Telecasters Ltd [1981] 2 NSWLR 547 13

Canadian cases Athans v. Canadian Adventure Camps Ltd (1977) 80 DLR (3d) 583, 7, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45 Aubry v. E´ditions Vice-Versa Inc. (1988) 78 CPR (3d) 289, 44

xii Table of cases

Baron Philippe de Rothschild, SA v. La Casa de Habana Inc. (1987) 19 CPR (3d) 114 40, 42, 45

Dowell et al.v.Mengen Institute (1983) 72 CPR (2d) 238 40, 42

Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. (1997) 30 OR (3d) 520 44

Heath v. Weist-Barron School of Television Canada Ltd (1981) 62 CPR (2d) 92 40, 42, 45 Holdke v. Calgary Convention Centre (2000) ACWS (3d) 1281 (Alberta Provincial Court) 42, 45 Horton v. Tim Donut Ltd (1998) 75 CPR (3d) 451 40, 41, 44

Joseph v. Daniels (1986) 11 CPR (3d) 544 40, 45

Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd (1972) 25 DLR (3d) 49 36–9, 40, 42–3 Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd (1973) 40 DLR (3d) 15 7, 40, 42

Lipiec v. Borsa (1977) 31 CCLT 294 36 Lord v. McGregor (British Columbia Supreme Court, 10 May 2000) 36

Mackay v. Buelow (1995) 24 CCLT (2d) 184 36

Racine v. C. J. R. C. Radio Capitale Ltee (1977) 35 CPR (2d) 236 40, 42, 45 Roth v. Roth (1992) 9 CCLT (2d) 141 36

Walt Disney Productions Ltd v. Triple Corp. (1992) 93 DLR (4th) 739 27

Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights Burghartz v. Switzerland (1994) 18 EHRR 101 218

Chappell v. United Kingdom (1990) 12 EHRR 1 218 Cossey v. United Kingdom (1990) 13 EHRR 622 220 Costello-Roberts v. United Kingdom (1995) 19 EHRR 112 218

Dudgeon v. United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 149 218

Fressoz v. France (2001) 31 EHRR 28 92

Handyside v. United Kingdom (1979–80) 1 EHRR 737 219 Hertel v. Switzerland (1999) 28 EHRR 534 220

Jacubowski v. Germany (1995) 19 EHRR 64 219 Jersild v. Denmark (1994) 19 EHRR 1 92

Malone v. United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 14 218 Markt Intern and Beermann v. Germany (1990) 12 EHRR 161 219 Muller v. Switzerland (1991) 13 EHRR 212 219 Murray v. United Kingdom (1995) 19 EHRR 193 220

Niemietz v. Germany (1993) 16 EHRR 97 218 Nilsen and Johnsen v. Norway (2000) 30 EHRR 878 219

Peck v. United Kingdom (2003) EHRR 287 225

Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (1979–80) 2 EHRR 245 219

Table of cases xiii

Von Hannover v. Germany Application No 59320, 24 June 2004 104, 107, 218, 220–2

X and Church of Scientology v. Sweden Application No. 7805/77, 16 DR 68 (1979) 219 X and Y v. Netherlands (1985) 8 EHRR 235 220 X v. Iceland, 18 May 1976, (1976) 5 DR 86 218 X v. United Kingdom, Application No. 5877/72 220

Zana v. Turkey (1999) 27 EHRR 667 219

Decision of the European Court of Justice Arsenal Football Club plc v. Reed [2003] 3 All ER (EC) 1 123

Davidoff v. Gofkid [2003] ETMR 534 ECJ 32

General Motors Corp. v. Yplon SA [1999] ETMR 122 32

Parfums Christian Dior SA v. Evora BV [1998] RPC 166 31, 32 Peck v. United Kingdom [2003] EMLR 287 89

SA CNL-Sucal NV v. HAG GF AG [1990] 3 CMLR 571 31

French Cases CA Aix-en-Provence 20.12.1949, Bouchara, Dalloz 1950, jur. 220 200 CA Aix-en-Provence 21.5.1991, Raimu, Images Juridiques 1991, No. 89, p 3 156 CA Aix-en-Provence 30.11.2001, CCE 2003, Comm No 11, p 40 168 CA Bordeaux 9.1.2000, D. 2002, jur. 2372 170 CA Caen 21.7.2000, Le´gipresse 2000, No 175, III, 168 182 CA Grenoble 24.6.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 195, I, 118 204 CA Lyon, 8.7.1887, D. 1888, 2, 180 148 CA Nıˆmes 7.1.1988, JCP 1988, II, 21059 156, 191 CA Paris, 25.5.1867, Alexandre Dumas, S. 1867, 2, 41 195 CA Paris 8.7.1887, Ann.prop.ind. 1888, 287 117, 195 CA Paris 18-4-1888, Sarah Bernhardt, Ann. prop. ind. 1894, 351 1, 154 CA Paris, 27.12.1893, D. 1894, 2, 96 148 CA Paris, 4.8.1896, Ann. prop. ind. 1897, 112 148 CA Paris, 26.7.1900, Ann.prop.ind. 1902, 174 147 CA Paris 16.3.1955, Marlene Dietrich, D. 1955, jur. 295 151–2 CA Paris 26.6.1961, Aiton, Ann. prop. ind. 1962, 82 200 CA Paris 30.6.1961, D. 1962, jur. 208 152 CA Paris 13.3.1965, Ge´rard Philippe, JCP 1965, II, 14223 182 CA Paris 24.3.1965, JCP 1965, II, 14305 173 CA Paris 6.7.1965, Picasso, Gaz. Pal. 1966, 1, 39 152, 185 CA Paris 1.12.1965, Petula Clark, JCP 1966, II, 14711 190 CA Paris 17.3.1966, Trintignant, D. 1966, jur. 749 152, 194 CA Paris 22.11.1966, Gaz. Pal. 1966, 2, 141 184 CA Paris 15.5.1970, Jean Ferrat, D. 1970, jur. 466 170, 192, 194 CA Paris 21.12.1970, Antoine, JCP 1971, II, 16653 185, 192 CA Paris, 13.2.1971, JCP 1971, II, 16774 186 CA Paris 13.2.1971, Belmondo, JCP 1971, II, 16771 13 CA Paris 5.1.1972, D. 1972, jur. 445 184 CA Paris 15.1.1972, Gaz. Pal. 1972, I, 302 185 CA Paris 17.12.1973, Charlie Chaplin, D. 1975, jur. 120 188 CA Paris 16.2.1974, Johnny Halliday & Sylvie Vartan, JCP 1976, II, 18341 186, 188, 192 CA Paris 14.5.1975, D. 1975, jur. 687 183, 185

xiv Table of cases

CA Paris 14.5.1975, Deneuve, D. 1976, jur. 291 186 CA Paris 24.5.1975, D. 1975, jur. 488 171 CA Paris 5.6.1979, JCP 1980, II, 19343 186 CA Paris 9.11.1979, Le pull-over rouge, D. 1981, jur. 109 183 CA Paris 24.6.1980, Citroe¨n, D. 1980, jur. 583 183, 186 CA Paris 27.3.1981, D. 1981, jur. 324 186 CA Paris 13.10.1981, D. 1981, jur. 420 171, 178 CA Paris 28.1.1982, Chantal Goya, D. 1985, inf. rap. 165 174 CA Paris 3.11.1982, D. 1983, jur. 248 202 CA Paris 9.11.1982, D. 1984, jur. 30 156, 191, 194 CA Paris 26.4.1983, D. 1983, jur. 376 187, 188, 189 CA Paris 7.6.1983, Claude Franc¸ois, Gaz. Pal. 1984, 2, 531 CA Paris 14.6.1983, Johnny Halliday, D. 1984, jur. 75 191 CA Paris 24.2.1984, Gaz. Pal. 1984, somm. 370 178 CA Paris 7.3.1984, D. 1984, somm. 333 183 CA Paris 6.6.1984, D. 1985, inf rap. 18 169 CA Paris 8.11.1984, Bordas, Ann. prop. ind. 1985, 14 200 CA Paris 22.11.1984, Le Pen, D. 1985, inf. rap. , 165 174 CA Paris 20.3.1985, D. 1985, somm. 324 194 CA Paris 19.2.1985, Alain Delon, D. 1985, somm. 321 192, 194 CA Paris 26.2.1986, D. 1986, somm. 447 170 CA Paris 13.3.1986, Yannick Noah, D. 1986, somm. 445 175 CA Paris 11.6.1986, Villemin, D. 1987, jur. 107 185 CA Paris 26.6.1986, D. 1987, somm. 136 170 CA Paris 13.11.1986, D. 1986, somm. 139 170 CA Paris 12.1.1987, D. 1987, somm. 386 171 CA Paris 11.2.1987, D. 1987, somm. 385 173 CA Paris 3.4.1987, Fignon, D. 1987, somm. 384 178, 191 CA Paris 19.6.1987, Le Pen, JCP 1988, II, 20957 174, 184 CA Paris 22.10.1987, Isabelle Adjani, D. 1988, somm. 198 175 CA Paris 28.12.1987, D. 1989, somm. 91 183 CA Paris 14.1.1988, Brigitte Bardot, D. 1989, somm.92 188 CA Paris 7.6.1988, D. 1988, inf rap. 224 195 CA Paris 5.7.1988, D. 1990, somm. 239 194 CA Paris 14.9.1988, RDPI 1988, No 20, 89 200 CA Paris 3.10.1988, Johnny Halliday, D. 1988, inf. rap. 260 192 CA Paris 28.11.1988, D. 1989, jur. 410 187 CA Paris 7.2.1989, D. 1990, jur. 124 171 CA Paris, 28.2.1989, Johnny Halliday, JCP 1989, II, 21325 192 CA Paris 23.1.1990, Brigitte Bardot, D. 1990, inf.rap.62 192 CA Paris 2.5.1990, Ann prop ind 1992, 32 200 CA Paris 17.12.1991, D. 1992, jur. 245 183 CA Paris 19.5.1992, JCP 1992, IV, 2345 202 CA Paris 2.2.1993, D. 1993, inf rap. 118 156 CA Paris 8.11.1993, Ann prop ind 1994, 206 194 CA Paris 23.11.1993, Le´gipresse 1994, No 114, II, 132 202 CA Paris 11.5.1994, D. 1995, jur. 186 156 CA Paris 20.3.1995, D. 1995, inf rap. 140 170 CA Paris 17.4.1996, D. 1997, somm. 75 186 CA Paris 10.9.1996, 171 RIDA (1997) 353 156, 167 CA Paris 16.9.1999, 171 RIDA (1997) 345 204 CA Paris 6.5.1997, D. 1997, jur. 597 202 CA Paris 27.5.1997, JCP 1997, II, 22894, D. 1998, somm. 85 203 CA Paris 27.5.1997, Mitterrand, D. 1998, somm.86 175, 202 CA Paris 2.7.1997, D. 1997, jur. 596 203

Table of cases xv

CA Paris 5.12.1997, D. 1998, inf rap. 32 170 CA Paris 24.2.1998, Erignac, D. 1998, jur. 225 179–80 CA Paris 18.6.1998, D. 1998, inf rap. 204 170 CA Paris 10.10.1998, D. 1998, inf rap. 259 171 CA Paris 5.12.1998, D. 1990, somm. 239 187 CA Paris 22.3.1999, CCE 1999, comm. No 35, p 25 194 CA Paris 15.9.1999, D. 2000, jur. 801 171 CA Paris 20.6.2001, CCE 2002, comm. No 49, p 35 190 CA Paris 27.9.2001, D. 2002, somm. 2764; CCE 2002, comm. No 15, 39 181 CA Paris 31.10.2001, CCE 2002, comm. No 50, p 36 183 CA Paris 7.11.2001, D. 2002, jur. 2373 170 CA Paris 7.11.2001, Le´gipresse 2001, No 187, I, 158 177 CA Paris 4.4.2002, CCE 2003, comm. No 11, p 40 194 CA Pau 22.1.2001, D. 2002, 2375 168 CA Toulouse 10.12.2002, Fabien Barthez,Le´gipresse 2003, No. 202, III, 103 193 CA Versailles 14.9.1989, Gaz. Pal. 1990, 1, somm. 123 178 CA Versailles 31.1.1991, Belmondo, Gaz. Pal. 1992, 2, 534 174 CA Versailles 6.3.1991, Ann prop ind 1991, 153 200 CA Versailles 30.6.1994, D. 1995, jur. 645 169 CA Versailles 2.10.1996, D. 1998, somm. 79 183 CA Versailles 7.12.2000, Caroline de Bendern,Le´gipresse 2001, No. 179, III, 35 179 CA Versailles 11.10.2001, Le´gipresse 2002, No 189, I, 21 194 CA Versailles 22.11.2001, Depardieu c. Paris-Match,Le´gipresse 2002, No 189, I, 29 175 CA Versailles 22.11.2001, Le´gipresse 2002, No 189, III, 37 177 CA Versailles 31.1.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 192, I, 68 173 CA Versailles 21.3.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 193, III, 137 156, 190 CA Versailles 2.5.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 192, I, 69 156, 191 CA Versailles 27.6.2002, Epoux de Hanovre c. Hachette Filipacchie,Le´gipresse 2002, No 194, I, 110 175 CA Versailles 16.1.2003, Le´gipresse 2003, No 203, I, 106 170 Cass. civ. 16.3.1841, S. 1841, 1, 535 148 Cass. civ. 14.3.1900, Whistler, S. 1900, I, 489 183 Cass. civ. 27.11.1963, Rothschild, JCP 1965, II, 14443 182 Cass. civ. 12.7.1966, Ge´rard Philippe, D. 1967, jur. 181 182 Cass. civ. 19.12.1967, D. 1968, jur. 277 171 Cass. civ. 26.5.1970, D. 1970, jur. 520 171 Cass. civ. 2.1.1971, Gunther Sachs, D. 1971, jur. 263 15, 152 Cass. civ. 18.5.1972, Les e´crous de la haine, JCP 1972, II, 17209 185 Cass. civ. 3.12.1980, D. 1981, jur. 221 174 Cass. civ. 13.2.1985, D. 1986, somm. 51 174 Cass. civ. 17.11.1987, Bull civ 1987, I, No 301 189 Cass. civ. 31.1.1989, D. 1989, inf rap. 48 184 Cass. civ. 20.11.1990, JCP 1992, II, 21908 179 Cass. civ. 28.5.1991, D. 1992, jur. 213 171 Cass. civ. 20.10.1993, D. 1994, jur. 594 171 Cass. civ. 16.7.1998, D. 1999, jur. 541 153 Cass. civ. 6.10.1998, D. 1999, somm. 376 170 Cass. civ. 14.12.1999, JCP 2000, II, 10241 203 Cass. civ. 25.1.2000, D. 2000, somm. 271 153, 173 Cass. civ. 30.5.2000, Johnny Halliday, JCP 2001, II, 10524 193 Cass. civ. 30.5.2000, D. 2001, somm. 1989 194 Cass. civ. 12.12.2000, JCP 2001, II, 10572, D. 2001, jur. 2064 173 Cass. civ. 12.12.2000, Consort Smet c. Prisma Presse, D. 2001, somm. 1987 187 Cass. civ. 20.12.2000, Erignac, JCP 2001, II, 10488 5, 179–80

xvi Table of cases

Cass. civ. 20.2.2001, Attentat Saint-Michel, D. 2001, jur. 1199, JCP 2001, II, 10533 5, 177, 180, 181 Cass. civ. 12.7.2001, D. 2002, jur. 1380; JCP 2002, II, 10152 5, 177, 181 Cass. civ. 3.4.2002, Ste´phanie Grimaldi,Le´gipresse 2002, No. 195, III, 170 193 Cass. civ. 9.7.2003, Chandernagor,Le´gipresse 2003, No. 205, I, 142 174 Cass. civ.13.11.2003, Le´gipresse 2004, No 208,1, 5 5, 181 Cass. civ. 20.11.2003, Le´gipresse 2004, No 209, I, 32 203 Cass. civ. 11.12.2003, Le´gipresse 2004, No 209, III, 28 177 Cass. civ. 18.12.2003, D. 2004, inf rap. 254 172 Cass. com. 12.3.1985, JCP 1985, II, 20400, D. 1985, jur. 471 200 Cass. com. 27.2.1990, JCP 1990, II, 21545 200 Cass. com. 6.5.2003, Ducasse, D. 2003, jur. 2228, JCP 2003, II, 10169 156 Cass. crim. 28.2.1874, S. 1874, 1, 233 149, 170 Cass. crim. 27.5.1972, D. 1972, somm. 179 186 Cass. crim., 21.10.1980, D. 1981, jur. 72 203 Cass. crim. 16.3.1994, JCP 1995, II, 22547 172 Cass. crim. 20.10.1998, D. 1999, jur. 106; JCP 1999 203 Conseil d’ E´ tat, 23.12.1815, S. 1815–1818, 2, 83 148

TGI Aix-en-Provence 24.11.1988, Raimu, JCP 1989, II, 21329 156, 204 TGI Bordeaux 19.4.1988, D. 1989, jur. 93 187 TGI Lyon 17.12.1980, D. 1981, jur. 202 156, 191 TGI Marseille(re´f) 18.1.1974, Gaz. Pal. 1974, I, 282 184 TGI Marseille 29.9.1982, D. 1984, jur. 64 171 TGI Marseille 8.6.1984, D. 1985, somm. 323 156 TGI Marseille 11.10.2002, Le´gipresse 2003, No 198, I, 6 194 TGI Nancy (re´f) 15.10.1976, Giscard d’Estaing, JCP 1977, II, 18526 178 TGI Nanterre 18.1.1995, Gaz. Pal. 1995, I, 279 179 TGI Nanterre 15.2.1995, Gaz. Pal. 1995, I, 284 194 TGI Nanterre 6.4.1995, Cantona, Gaz. Pal. 1995, I, 285 156, 178 TGI Nanterre 12.8.1996, D. 1998, somm. 79 182 TGI Nanterre 24.8.1996, D. somm. 79 182 TGI Nanterre 3.3.1999, Le´gipresse 1999, No 162, I, 75 193 TGI Nanterre 15.7.1999, D. 2000, somm. 272 177 TGI Nanterre 8.2.2000, Le´gipresse 2001, No 182, I, 78 170 TGI Nanterre 12.7.2000, Princesse Caroline de Monaco et Prince Ernst-August de Hanovre c. Ste´Hachette Filipachi Presse, CCE 2001, comm. No 69, p 36 183 TGI Nanterre 12.12.2000, Le´gipresse 2001, No 180, I, 45 170 TGI Nanterre 20.12.2000, Claire Chazal,Le´gipresse 2001, No. 179, I, 30 193 TGI Nanterre 27.2.2001, Le´gipresse 2001, No 182, I, 78 189 TGI Nanterre 27.3.2001, Le´gipresse 2001, No 184, 108 171 TGI Nanterre 24.4.2001, Le´gipresse 2001, No 183, I, 94 179 TGI Nanterre 29.10.2001, Le´gipresse 2002, No 188, I, 13 177 TGI Nanterre 5.11.2001, Le´gipresse 2002, No 188, I, 13 175, 181 TGI Nanterre(re´f) 12.11.2001, Odispo c. Prisma Presse,Le´gipresse 2002, No. 188, I, 14 189, 192, 193 TGI Nanterre 12.12.2001, Alain Delon,Le´gipresse 2002, No. 189, I, 30 193 TGI Nanterre 3.6.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 194, I, 101 177, 181 TGI Nanterre 1.7.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 197, I, 158 177 TGI Nanterre 23.10.2002, Le´gipresse 2003, No 199, I, 23 156 TGI Nanterre 28.10.2002, Le´gipresse 2003, No 200, I, 42 181 TGI Nanterre 15.1.2003, Le´gipresse 2003, No 200, I, 45 192 TGI Nanterre 26.2.2003, Le´gipresse 2003, No 200, I, 42 181 TGI Paris 24.11.1965, Bardot, JCP 1966, II, 14521 167 TGI Paris 18.3.1966, D. 1966, jur. 566 152

Table of cases xvii

TGI Paris(re´f) 27.2.1970, Papillon, JCP 1970, II, 16293 185 TGI Paris(re´f) 4.4.1970, Pompidou, JCP 1970, II, 16328 178, 183, 184 TGI Paris 8.7.1970, Les e´crous de la haine, JCP 1970, II, 16550 174, 183 TGI Paris(re´f) 23.1.1971, JCP 1971, II, 16758 185 TGI Paris 19.5.1971, 75 RIDA (1973) 143 171 TGI Paris 16.2.1973, D. 1973, inf rap. 212 194 TGI Paris 28.2.1973, JCP 1973, II, 17401 183 TGI Paris 11.7.1973, JCP 1974, II, 17600 194 TGI Paris 22.11.1973, D. 1975, jur. 168 184 TGI Paris 27.2.1974, 83 RIDA (1975) 114 167, 170, 173 TGI Paris 8.5.1974, Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Berkin, 83 RIDA (1975) 116 192 TGI Paris(re´f) 28.6.1974, Alain Delon & Mireille Darc,D.1974,jur. 751 170, 184, 192 TGI Paris 3.7.1974, JCP 1974, II, 17873 177 TGI Paris(re´f) 24.2.1975, Leprince-Ringuet, D. 1975, jur. 438 174 TGI Paris(re´f) 3.12.1975, Pie´plu, D. 1977, jur. 211 3, 156, 169, 191 TGI Paris(re´f) 22.12.1975, JCP 1976, II, 18410 183 TGI Paris 26.12.1975, JCP 1976, II, 18385 182 TGI Paris 26.2.1976, JCP 1977, IV, 257 194 TGI Paris 2.6.1976, D. 1977, jur. 364 186 TGI Paris 12.11.1976, JCP 1977, II, 18695 183 TGI Paris 11.1.1977, JCP 1977, II, 18711 202 TGI Paris(re´f) 25.1.1977, Gaz. Pal. 1977, 2, somm. 276 184 TGI Paris 20.4.1977, D. 1977, jur. 610 188 TGI Paris(re´f) 11.7.1977, Le´on Zitrone, D. 1977, jur. 700 184 TGI Paris(re´f) 3.9.1980, 107 RIDA (1981) 174 184 TGI Paris 14.11.1980, D. 1981, jur. 163 184, 186 TGI Paris(re´f) 27.3.1981, D. 1981, jur. 324 184 TGI Paris 8.7.1981, Faurisson, D. 1982, jur. 59 174 TGI Paris 21.10.1981, JCP 1982, II, 19794 184 TGI Paris 19.5.1982, D. 1983, jur. 147; JCP 1983, II, 19955 202 TGI Paris(re´f) 31.1.1983, D. 1984, jur. 48 183 TGI Paris 20.4.1983, JCP 1985, II, 20434 178 TGI Paris 27.4.1983, Revue critique du droit international prive´1983, 670 186 TGI Paris 6.5.1983, Papon, D. 1984, jur. 14 174 TGI Paris 25.5.1983, D. 1984, somm. 332 183, 186 TGI Paris(re´f) 30.11.1983, D. 1984, jur. 111 185 TGI Paris 21.12.1983, Noah, Gaz. Pal. 1984, 2, somm 360 178, 191 TGI Paris(re´f) 31.1.1984, D. 1984, jur. 283 189 TGI Paris 3.5.1984, D. 1985, somm. 14 194 TGI Paris 4.7.1984, D. 1985, somm. 16 170 TGI Paris(ref) 17.9.1984, D. 1985, somm. 16 174 TGI Paris, 17.10.1984, Ge´rard Depardieu, D. 1985, somm. 324 169 TGI Paris 19.12.1984, Jane Birkin, Gaz. Pal. 1985, 2, somm. 398 192 TGI Paris 16.1.1985, Isabelle Adjani, Gaz. Pal. 1985, 2, somm. 399 192 TGI Paris(re´f) 14.5.1985, Giscard d’estaing, D. 1986, somm.52 183, 184 TGI Paris 23.10.1985, Gaz. Pal. 1987, 1, somm. 128 167 TGI Paris 8.1.1986, D. 1987, somm. 138 170 TGI Paris(re´f) 4.2.1986, D. 1987, somm. 140 185 TGI Paris 19.3.1986, D. 1986, somm. 446 175 TGI Paris 30.4.1986, Platini, D. 1987, somm. 137 156, 178, 191 TGI Paris 19.11.1986, Gaz. Pal. 1987, I, 18 183 TGI Paris 17.12.1986, Gaz. Pal. 1987, I, 283 188 TGI Paris 25.3.1987, D. 1988, somm. 198 178 TGI Paris(re´f) 17.6.1987, Le Pen, JCP 1988, II, 20957 174 TGI Paris 4.11.1987, D. 1988, somm. 199 178

xviii Table of cases

TGI Paris 18.11.1987, D. 1988, somm. 200 194 TGI Paris 1.6.1988, D. 1993, somm. 117 200 TGI Paris 25.1.1989, Gaz. Pal. 1992, 1, somm. 66 156 TGI Paris 8.3.1989, Christophe Lambert, Gaz. Pal. 1992, I, somm. 225 192 TGI Paris 2.6.1993, Robert Doisneau, Gaz. Pal. 1994, 1, 133 169 TGI Paris 5.7.1995, Yves Montand case, D. 1996, jur. 176 201 TGI Paris(re´f) 4.8.1995, 167 RIDA (1996) 291 156, 202, 204 TGI Paris(re´f) 18.1.1996, JCP 1996, II, 22589 203 TGI Paris 13.9.1996, D. 1998, comm. 79 182 TGI Paris 23.10.1996, Mitterrand, JCP 1997, II, 22844 188, 202 TGI Paris 13.1.1997, Mitterrand, D. 1997, jur. 255 187, 202, 203 TGI Paris 24.3.1997, Le´gipresse 1997, No 144, I, 99 171 TGI Paris 13.10.1997, Yann Piat, D. 1998, jur. 154 175 TGI Paris 5.5.1999, D. 2000, somm. 269 189 TGI Paris 8.9.1999, Prince de Hanovre, D. 2000, somm. 271 193 TGI Paris 22.9.1999, CCE 2000, comm. No 59, p 28 156 TGI Paris 12.9.2000, Le´gipresse 2001, No 180, I, 36 191 TGI Paris 14.3.2001, CCE 2001, comm. No 43, p 43 177 TGI Paris 14.5.2001, Le´gipresse 2001, No 184, I, 108 167, 170, 177 TGI Paris(re´f) 13.12.2001, CCE 2002, comm. No 50, p 36 183 TGI Paris 25.2.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 192, III, 109 179, 181 TGI Paris 13.3.2002, Barthez,Le´gipresse 2002, No. 193, I, 86 190 TGI Paris 3.4.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 197, I, 150 181 TGI Paris 16.10.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 197, I, 151 194 TGI Paris 4.12.2002, Le´gipresse 2003, No 204, I, 115 194 TGI Paris 11.12.2002, Petrucciani et Flory c. Prisma Press,Le´gipresse 2003, No 200, I, 50 193 TGI Paris 10.3.2003, Le´gipresse 2003, No 201, I, 68 170 TGI Paris 7.7.2003, Arielle Dombasle,Le´gipresse 2003, No. 207, III, 196 167 TGI Seine 9.10.1963, Gaz. Pal. 1964, I, 173 – Soraya 171 TGI Seine 4.10.1965, JCP 1965, II, 14482 174 TGI Seine 24.11.1965, Brigitte Bardot, JCP 1966, II, 14521 TGI Seine 23.6.1966, Blier, JCP 1966, II, 14875 152 TGI Seine(re´f) 2.11.1966, JCP 1966, II, 14875 195 TGI Strasbourg(re´f) 31.5.1989, D. 1989, somm. 357 202 TGI Toulouse(re´f) 8.3.2002, Le´gipresse 2002, No 191, I, 53 181 Trib. civ. Havre 9.2.1924, Gaz. Pal. 1924, 1, 643 148 Trib. civ. Nantes 18.12.1902, Gaz. Pal. 1903, I, 432 190 Trib. civ. Seine (re´f) 11.4.1855, Soeur Rosalie, Ann. prop. ind. 1860, 167 182 Trib. civ. Seine 16.6.1858, Rachel, D. 1858, 3, 62 147, 183, 202 Trib. civ. Seine 15.2.1882, S. 1884, 2, 22 148 Trib. civ. Seine 20.6.1884, Alexandre Dumas, Ann. prop. ind. 1888, 284 147, 148 Trib. civ. Seine 28.1.1896, Ann. prop. ind. 1897, 89 149 Trib. civ. Seine 30.4.1896, D. 1896, 2, 376 147 Trib. civ. Seine 11.3.1897, D. 1898, 2, 359 149 Trib. civ. Seine 10.2.1955, JCP 1955, II, 8678 190 Trib. com. Seine 8.6.1886 & CA Paris 18.4.1888, Sarah Bernahardt, Ann. prop. ind. 1894, 351 1, 154 Trib. com. Seine 26.2.1963, JCP 1963, II, 13364 173

German Cases Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) BVerfG, 24 February 1971, BVerfGE 30, 173 – Mephisto 126 BVerfG, 14 February 1973, BVerfGE 34, 269 – Soraya 102, 103, 208 BVerfG, 5 June 1973, BVerfGE 35, 202 – Lebach 117

Table of cases xix

BVerfG, 3 June 1980, BVerfGE 54, 148 – Eppler 115 BVerfG, 14 September 1989, BVerfGE 80, 367 – Tagebuch II 115 BVerfG, 15 December 1999, BVerfGE 101, 361 – Caroline von Monaco 104, 221 Reichsgericht (Supreme Court until 1945) RGZ 41, 43 – Wagnerbriefe 125 RGZ 45, 170 – Bismarck 99 RGZ 51, 369 96, 99 RGZ 69, 401 216 RGZ 74, 308 – Graf Zeppelin 1, 3, 94, 95, 99–100, 110, 212 RGZ 79, 397 – Felseneiland mit Sirenen 112 RGZ 125, 80 – Tull Harder 100, 106 Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Supreme Court) BGH, 25 May 1954, BGHZ 13, 334 – Schachtbrief 95, 100, 211 BGH, 8 May 1956, BGHZ 20, 345 – Paul Dahlke 102, 106, 140, 141, 143 BGH, 14 February 1958, BGHZ 26, 349 – Herrenreiter 101, 106, 118, 141, 144 BGH, 20 May 1958, BGHZ 27, 286 115 BGH, 5 December 1958, BGHZ 29, 33 135 BGH, 18 March 1959, BGHZ 30, 75 – Caterina Valente 3, 110, 118, 143 BGH, 9 October 1959, GRUR 1960, 144 – Bambi 120 BGH, 19 September 1961, BGHZ 35, 363 – Ginsengwurzel 118, 141, 145 BGH, 10 November 1961, GRUR 1962, 211 – Hochzeitsbild 106 BGH, 3 March 1963, BGHZ 39, 124 – Fernsehansagerin 118 BGH, 27 February 1963 – Micky Maus-Orangen 120 BGH, 20 February 1968, BGHZ 49, 288 – Ligaspieler 107 BGH, 20 March 1968, BGHZ 50, 133 – Mephisto 125–6 BGH, 19 June 1970, BGHZ 54, 188 – Telefonwerbung 1 115 BGH, 4 June 1974, GRUR 1974, 797 – Fiete Schulze 128, 139 BGH, 2 July 1974, GRUR 1975, 561 – Nacktaufnahmen 106 BGH, 10 May 1975, BGHZ 24, 200 – Spa¨theimkehrer 106, 114, 115 BGH, 6 February 1979, GRUR 1979, 425 – Fussballspieler 107 BGH, 26 June 1979, GRUR 1979, 732 – Fussballtor 106, 107, 141 BGH, 18 September 1979, BGHZ 75, 160 127 BGH, 27 November 1979, GRUR 1980, 259 – Walhlkampfphoto 118 BGH, 20 January 1981, NJW 1981, 1366 – Wallraff 115 BGH, 26 June 1981, BGHZ 81, 75 – Carrera 102 BGH, 9 February 1982, GRUR 1982, 318 – Schwarzer Filz 139 BGH, 8 November 1984, GRUR 1985, 876 – Tchibo/Rolex I 120 BGH, 14 October 1986, GRUR 1987, 128 – Nena 134, 141 BGH, 10 March 1987, GRUR 1987, 464 – BND-Interna 115 BGH, 8 June 1989, BGHZ 107, 384 – Emil Nolde 126 BGH, 14 April 1992, NJW 1992, 2084 – Joachim Fuchsberger 102 BGH, 23 September 1992, BGHZ 119, 237 – Universita¨tsemblem 109, 110, 132 BGH, 12 July 1994, GRUR 1994, 913 – Namensliste 117 BGH, 15 November 1994, BGHZ 128, 1 – Caroline von Monaco I 103–4, 139, 146 BGH, 14 November 1995, GRUR 1996, 195 – Gedenkmedaille 107 BGH, 19 December 1995, BGHZ 131, 332 – Caroline von Monaco II 103, 116, 220 BGH, 30 January 1996, NJW 1996, 1131 – Lohnkiller 142 BGH, 26 November 1996, NJW 1997, 1148 – Chefarzt 142 BGH, 1 December 1999, BGHZ 143, 214 – Marlene Dietrich I 4, 10, 102, 104–5, 106, 108, 120, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 144, 211, 216 BGH, 1 December 1999, GRUR 2000, 715 – Der blaue Engel 104, 106, 120 BGH, 27 January 2000, GRUR 2000, 818 – Telefonwerbung IV 115 BGH, 23 November 2000, GRUR 2001, 242 – Classe E 123 BGH, 2 November 2000, GRUR 2001, 329 – Gemeinkostenanteil 144

xx Table of cases

Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Supreme Court) BGH, 22 November 2001, BGHZ 149, 191 – shell.de 111 BGH, 20 December 2001, GRUR 2002, 637 – Werbefinanzierte Telefongespra¨che 115 BGH, 14 May 2002, BGHZ 151, 26 – Marlene Dietrich II 104, 108 BGH, 13 June 2002, GRUR 2002, 1072 – SYLT-Kuh 123 BGH, 26 June 2003, BGHZ 155, 273 – maxem.de 109 BGH, 19 February 2004, GRUR 2004, 619 – kurt-biedenkopf.de 109 Oberlandesgerichte (Courts of Appeal) Kammergericht (KG=OLG Berlin), 30 September 1980, UFITA 90 (1981) 163 – Rocksa¨nger 107 KG, 8 February 1983, GRUR 1983, 507 – Totenmaske II 106 KG, 8 June 2002, AfP 2003, 434 115 OLG Dresden. 4 April 2000, NJW 2001, 615 – Johann Sebastian Bach 122 OLG Frankfurt, 23 February 1984, GRUR 1984, 520 – Schlu¨mpfe 120 OLG Hamburg, 21 May 1981, AfP 1982, 41 115 OLG Hamburg, 8 May 1989, GRUR 1989, 666 – Heinz Erhardt 119, 126, 209 OLG Hamburg, 8 December 1994, AfP 1996, 69 103 OLG Hamburg, 13 January 2004, MMR 2004, 413 – Oliver Kahn 106, 107 OLG Mu¨nchen, 21 December 1981, AfP 1982, 230 – amerikanische Liebesschulen 130 OLG Mu¨nchen, 28 July 1983, ZUM 1985, 448 – Sammelbilder 130 OLG Mu¨nchen, 6 July 1995, NJW-RR 1996, 1260 – The Beatles 123 Landgerichte (District Courts) LG Hamburg, 25 April 2003, ZUM 2003, 689 – Oliver Kahn 106, 107 Bundespatentgericht (Federal Patents Court) BPatG, 25 November 1997, BPatGE 40, 6 – Mona Lisa 122 Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) BVerwG, 8 February 1974, BVerwGE 44, 351 109

United Kingdom Cases A v. B plc [2002] EWCA Civ 337; (2002) 2 All ER 545 77, 86, 87, 88, 93 American Cyanamid Co v. Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 18 Anheuser Busch Inc v. Budejovicky Budvar NP [1984] FSR 413 16 Annabel’s (Berkeley Square) Ltd v. Schock [1972] RPC838 28 Argll v. Argyll [1967] Ch 302 86 Arsenal Football Club plc v. Reed [2003] 3 All ER 865 (CA) 22, 32 Arsenal Football Club plc v. Reed [2003] 3 All ER (EC) 1 123 Associated Newspapers Group plc v. Insert Media Ltd [1991] FSR 380 28 Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109 77, 85, 86, 91 AUDI-MED Trade Mark [1998] RPC863 32 Barrymore v. News Group Newsppaers Ltd [1997] FSR 600 86 BBC Worlwide Ltd v. Pally Screen Printing Ltd [1998] FSR 665 22 Berkoff v. Burchill [1996] 4 All ER 1008 82, 83 Bernstein v. Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] QB 479 80 Blair v. Associated Newspapers plc (QBD), 13 November 2000 86 Blennerhasset v. Novelty Sales Services Ltd (1933) 175 LT 392 British Diabetic Association v. Diabetic Society Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 812 17 British Legion v. British Legion Club (Street) Ltd (1991) 48 RPC555 20, 30 British Telecommunications plc & Others v. One in a Million Ltd (1999) FSR 1 15 Bulmer (H P) Ltd & Showerings Ltd v. Bollinger S A [1978] RPC79 19 Campbell v. MGN Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1373 79, 88, 225, 225 Campbell v. MGN Ltd [2004] UKHL 22 77, 79, 86, 87, 87, 88, 88, 90–2, 91, 221, 225 Chandler v. Thompson (1811) 1 Camp 80, 170 ER 1312 80

Table of cases xxi

Charleston v. News Group Newspapers [1992] 2 WLR 450 82 Chocosuisse Union des Fabricants Suisses de Chocolat v. Cadbury Ltd [1999] RPC 826 13 Clark v. Associated Newspapers Ltd [1998] 1 All ER 959 17 Clark v. Freeman (1848) 11 Beav 112 17, 18, 29, 37 Clock Ltd (The) v. The Clock House Hotel Ltd (1936) 53 RPC 269 15, 20, 21, 27 Coco v. A N Clark Engineers Ltd [1969] RPC 41 86 Consorzio del Prosicutto di Parma v. Marks & Spencer plc [1991] RPC 351 15, 16 CORGI Trade Mark [1999] RPC 549 32 County Sound plc v. Ocean Sound Ltd [1991] FSR 367 15 Cowley v. Cowley [1901] AC 450 56 Cream Holdings Ltd v. Banerjee [2003] All ER 318 91 Creation Records Ltd v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [1997] EMLR 444 87, 88 Debenham v. Anckorn, The Times, March 5 1921 83 Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers [1993] AC 536 91 Dockrell v. Dougall (1989) 15 TLR 333 17, 29, 37, 82, 83 Donaldson v. Beckett (1774) 2 Bro PC 129 48 Douglas v. Hello! Ltd (No 1) [2001] 2 WLR 992 77, 85, 88, 89, 91 Douglas v. Hello! Ltd (No 2) [2003] EWHC 786 (Ch) 79, 88, 91, 92, 93 DuBoulay v. DuBoulay (1869) LR 2 PC 430 56 Durant v. Financial Services Authority [2003] EWHC Civ 1746 79

ELIZABETH EMANUEL Trade Mark [2004] RPC 293 17 ELVIS PRESLEY Trade Marks [1997] RPC 543 4 ELVIS PRESLEY Trade Marks [1999] RPC 567 22, 23, 123 Erven Warnink BV v. Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd [1979] AC 731 15, 20 Ewing v. Buttercup Margarine Ltd [1917] 2 Ch 1 20 Forbes v. Kemsley Newspapers Ltd [1951] 68 RPC 183 17 Garbett v. Hazell, Watson & Viney Ltd & Others [1943] 2 All ER 359 83 Halliwell v. Panini (Unreported, High Court, Chancery Division, 6 June 1997) 18, 21 Harrods Ltd v. Harrodian School Ltd [1990] RPC 697 30, 32 Harrods Ltd v. R Harrod Ltd (1924) 41 RPC 74 20, 28 Harrods Ltd v. Schwartz-Sackin & Co Ltd [1986] FSR 490 13 Hayward & Co v. Hayward & Sons (1887) 34 Ch 198 82 Hellewell v. Chief Constable of Derbyshire [1998] 1 WLR 804 86 Hickman v. Malsey [1900] 1 QB 752 80 Hines v. Winnick (1994) 64 RPC 113 17 Hodgkinson & Corby Ltd v. Wards Mobility Ltd [1904] 1 WLR 1564 13 Honeysett v. News Chronicle Times, 14 May 1935 82, 83 Hood v. W H Smith and Son Ltd, The Times, November 5 1937 82 Hulton Press Ltd v. White Eagle Youth Holiday Camp Ltd (1951) 68 RPC 126 30 Hunter v. Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] 2 WLR 684 80

Imutran Ltd v. Uncaged Campaigns Ltd [2001] 2 All ER 385 91 Inter Lotto (K) Ltd v. Camelot Group plc [2004] RPC 171 16 IRC v. Muller & Co’s Margarine Ltd [1901] AC 217 16 Irvine v. Talksport Ltd [2002] All ER 414 18, 20, 23, 26, 31, 33, 33 Irvine v. Talksport Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 423 18, 31 Kaye v. Robertson [1991] FSR 62 18, 19, 55 Kean v. McGivan [1982] FSR 119 17 Khodaparast v. Shad [2000] EMLR 265 83 Landa v. Greenberg (1908) 24 TLR 441 17 Lego System Aktieselskab v. Lego M Lemelstrich Ltd [1983] FSR 155 20, 30 Lennon v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [1978] FSR 573 86, 225 Lyngstad v. Anabas Products Ltd [1977] FSR 62 7, 18, 20, 21 Mail Newspapers v. Insert Media (No 2) [1988] 2 All ER 420 13

xxii Table of cases

McCulloch v. Lewis A May (Products Distributors) Ltd (1968) 65 RPC 58 7, 20, 30 Mills v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [2001] EMLR 145 87, 91 Mirage Studios v. Counter-Feat Cothing Co Ltd [1991] FSR 145 20, 22 Modern Fiction v. Fawcett (1949) 66 RPC 230 17 Monson v. Tussauds Ltd [1894] 1 QB 671 83 O’ Shea v. MGN Ltd and Free4internet.net Ltd [2001] EMLR 943 83 Oasis Stores Ltd’s Trade Mark Application [1991] RPC 631 32 Parker & Son (Reading) Ltd v. Parker [1965] RPC 323 17 Parmiter v. Coupland (1840) 6 M&W 108 82 Plumb v. Jeyes Sanitary Compounds Co Ltd Times, 15 April 1997 83 Poiret v. Jules Poiret Ltd (1920) 37 RPC 177 17 Pollard v. Photographic Co (1839) 40 ChD 345 93 Prince Albert v. Strange (1848) 2 DeG & Sm 652, 64 ER 293 49, 85 Prince Albert v. Strange (1849) 1 Mac & G 25, 41 ER 1171 49, 85 R v. Broadcasting Complaints Commission, ex parte Barclay [1997] EMLR 62 80 R v. Department of Health, ex parte Source Informatics Ltd [2001] QB 426 86 R v. Home Secretary, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 91 Radcliffe v. Evans [1892] 2 QB 524 82 Reckitt and Colman Ltd v. Borden Inc [1990] 1 WLR 491 7, 15 Reddaway v. Banham [1896] AC 199 15, 19 Reynolds v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1999] 3 WLR 1010 81, 91 River Wear Commissioners v. Adamson (1876) 1 QBD 551 63 Rodgers (Joseph) & Sons Ltd v. W N Rodgers & Co [1924] 41 RPC 277 17 Rookes v. Barnard [1964] AC 1129 81 Routh v. Webster (1849) 10 Beav 561 (50 Eng Rep 698) 29 Scott v. Sampson (1882) 8 QBD 491 82 Sheimer (M) Sdn Bhd’s Trade Mark Application [2000] RPC 484 32 Shelley Films Ltd v. Rex Features Ltd [1994] EMLR 134 87, 88 Sim v. HJ Heinz Co Ltd [1959] 1 WLR 313 17, 29, 82 Sim v. Stretch (1936) 52 TLR 669 82 Spalding (AG) & Bros v. Gamage (AW) Ltd (1915) 84 LJ Ch 449 15, 19, 27 Star Industrial Co Ltd v. Yap Kwee Kor [1976] FSR 256 16, 27 Stephens v. Avery [1988] Ch 449 86 Stockwell v. Kellog Company of Great Britain Times, 31 July 1973 83 Stringfellow v. McCain Foods Ltd [1984] RPC 501 28 Tapling v. Jones (1865) 11 HLC 290, 11 ER 1344 80 Tattinger SA v. Allbev Ltd [1993] FSR 641 32 Tavener Rutledge Ltd v. Trexapalm Ltd [1977] RPC 275 20 Theakston v. MGN Ltd [2002] EMLR 398 86 Tolley v. Fry & Sons [1930] 1 KB 467 82 Tolley v. Fry & Sons [1931] AC 333 3, 83, 98 Venables v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [2001] WLR 1038 87 Wainwright v. Home Office [2003] UKHL 53 63, 76, 77, 86, 89, 93 Walker v. Brewster [1867] LR 5 Eq 2 80 White v. Jones [1995] 2 AC 207 211 Wombles v. Wombles Skips Ltd [1975] FSR 488 20 Woodward v. Hutchins [1971] WLR 760 225

Youssoupoff v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures Ltd (1934) 50 TLR 581 82

United States Cases Abdul-Jabbar v. General Motors Corp,85F 3d 407 (9th Cir 1996) 70 Allison v. Vintage Sports Plaques 136F 3d 1443 (11th Cir 1998) 68 Atkinson v. John E Doherty & Co 80 NW 285 (1899) 64 Barber v. Time Inc 159 SW 2d 291 (1948) 55

Table of cases xxiii

Bi-Rite Enterprises Inc v. Button Master 555F Supp 1188 (1983) 71 Bonito Boats Inc v. Thunder Craft Boats Inc 489 US 141 (1989) 13 Booth v. Curtis Publishing Co 15 AD 343 74 Cain v. Hearst Corp 878 SW 2d 577 (Tex 1994) 85 Canessa v. J I Kislak Inc 97 N J Super 327, 235 A 2d 62 (1967) 72 Carson v. Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets Inc 698F 2d 831 (6th Cir 1983) 7, 70 Central Hudson Gas & Elec Corp v. Public Service Commission of New York 447 US 557 (1980) 73 Cheatham v. Paisano Publications Inc 891 F Supp 381 (W D Ky 1995) 69 Cher v. Forum Intern Ltd 692 F 2d 634 (CA Cal 1982) 72 Comedy III Productions Inc v. Gary Saderup Inc 106 Cal Reptr 2d 126 (Cal 2001) 73, 75 Compco Corp v. Day-Brite Lighting Inc 376 US 234 (1964) 13 Corliss v. Walker 57 Fed Rep 434 (1893) 64 Costanza v. Seinfeld 719 NYS 2d 29 (NY AD 1 Dept, 2001) 71 Douglass v. Hustler Magazine Inc 769F 2d 1128 70 Dun and Bradstreet Inc v. Greenmoss Builders Inc 472 US 749 74 Edison v. Edison Polyform Mfg Co,67A 392 (1907) 1, 9, 52 Elvis Presley Enterprises Inc v. Capece 950 F Supp 783 (S D Tex, 1996) 69 Estate of Presley v. Russen 513F Supp 1339 (1981) 71 Factors Etc Inc v. Pro Arts Inc 579 F 2d 215 (1978) 214 First Victoria National Bank v. United States 620 F 2d 1096 (1980) 215 Flake v. Greensboro News Co 195 SE 55 (1938) 9, 53 Florida Bar v. Went for It Inc 515 US 618 (1995) 73 44 Liquormart Inc v. Rhode Island 517 US 484 (1996) 73 Gautier v. Pro-Football Inc 106 NYS 2d 553 (1951) 53, 64 Grant v. Esquire Inc 367 F Supp 876 (SDNY 1973) 69 Griswold v. Connecticut 381 US 479 (1965) 54 Haelan Laboratories Inc v. Topps Chewing Gum Inc 202 F 2d 866 (2nd Cir 1953) 9, 41, 64–6, 70, 71, 214 Henley v. Dillard Dept Stores 46 F Supp 2d 587 (N D Tex, 1999) 69, 70 Hirsch v. S C Johnson & Sons Inc NW 2d 129 (1979) 70 Hoffman v. Capital Cities/ABC Inc 255 F 3d 1180 (9th Cir 2001) 75 Hogan v. A S Barnes & Co Inc 114 USPQ 314 (Pa Comm Pl 1957) 66 Howell v. New York Post Co 612 NE 2d 699 (NY 1993) 51 International News Service v. Associated Press 248 US 215 (1918) 13, 66, 67 Lake v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 582 NW 2d 231 (Minn 1998) 85 Landham v. Lewis Galoob Toys Inc 227 F 3d 619 (6th Cir 2000) 69 Lerman v. Chuckleberry Publishing Inc 521 F Supp 228 (SDNY 1981) 69 Lugosi v. Universal Pictures Cal 603 P 2d 425 (1979) 59 Martin Luther King Jr Center for Social Change Inc v. American Products Inc 694 F 2d 674 (11th Cir 1983) 41, 71 Matthews v. Wozencraft 15 F 3d 432 (5th Cir 1994) 75 Melvin v. Read 297 P 91 (1931) 56 Memphis Development Foundation v. Factors etc Inc 616 F 2d 956 (1980) 71 Messenger v. Gruner & Jahr Printing and Pub 208 F 3d 122 (2nd Cir 2000) 51, 74 Morris v. Danna 411 F Supp 1300 (1976) 54 Motschenbacher v. R J Reynolds Tobacco Co 498 F 2d 821 (9th Circ 1974) 40, 66, 69, 70 Newcombe v. Adolf Coors Co 157F 3d 686 (9th Cir 1996) 81 O’ Brien v. Pabst Sales Co 124 F 2d 167 (5th Cir 1941) 64 Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association 436 US 447 72 Palmer v. Schonhorn Enterprises Inc A 2d 458, 462 (NJ Super 1967) 66, 69 Paramount Pictures Inc v. Leader Press Inc 24 F Supp 1004 (1938) 64 Paulsen v. Personality Posters Inc 299 NYS 2d 501 (1968) 74 Pavesich v. New England Life Insurance Co 50 SE 68 (1905) 9, 51–2, 58, 62, 64, 209, 210 Pirone v. MacMillan Inc 894 F 2d 579 (2nd Cir 1990) 72

xxiv Table of cases

Renwick v. News and Observer Publishing Co 312 SE 2d 405 85 Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co 171 NY 538 (1902) 50–1, 51, 52, 64, 82 Roe v. Wade 410 US 113 (1973) 54 Rogers v. Grimaldi 875 F 2d 994 (2nd Cir 1989) 7, 69, 75 Rosenberg v. Martin 478 F 2d 520 (1973) 54 Ruffin-Steinback v. dePasse 82 F Supp 2d 723 (E D Mich 2000) 75 Russell v. Marboro Books 183 NYS 2d 8 (1999) 81 Schuyler v. Curtis 15 NYS 787 (Sup Cy 1891) 64 Sears, Roebuck & Co v. Stiffel Co 376 US 225 (1964) 13 Shields v. Gross 461 NYS 2d 254 213 Sperry Rand Corp v. Hill 356 F 2d 181 (1966) 81 Stanley v. Georgia 394 US 357 (1969) 54 State of Tennessee, ex rel The Elvis Presley International Memorial Foundation v. Crowell 733 SW 2d 89 (1987) 41, 71 Stephano v. News Group Publications 485 NYS 2d 220 (Ct App 1984) 71 Stricker v. National Broadcasting Co 167 F Supp 68 (SD Cal 1958) 66 Time Inc v. Hill 385 US 374 74 Time Inc v. Sand Creek Partners 285 F Supp 213 92 Titan Sports Inc v. Comics World Corp 870 F 2d 85 (2nd Cir 1989) 74, 75 Uhlaender v. Henricksen 316 F 2d 821 (1974) 66 Waits v. Frito-Lay Inc 978 F 2d 1093 (9th Cir 1992) 69, 70, 72 Waring v. WDAS Broadcasting Station 35 USPQ 272 (1937) 66 WCVB-TV v. Boston Athletic Association 926 F 2d 42 (1st Cir 1991) 215 Wheaton v. Peters 26–33 US 1055 (1834) 48 White v. Samsung Inc 971 F 2d 1395 (9th Cir 1992) rehearing denied 989 F 2d 1512 (9th Cir 1993) 70, 74 Winters v. New York 333 US 507 (1948) 73, 222 Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co 433 US 362 (1977) 67–8, 73, 222 Zim v. Western Publishing Co 573 F 2d 1318 (1978) 72

Other Cases

Jamaica Robert Marley Foundation v. Dino Michelle Ltd (Unreported CLR115/1992, judgment 12 May 1994) 41

New Zealand Tot Toys Ltd v. Mitchell [1993] 1 NZLR 325 27, 31

Table of Statutes

Table of Canadian legislation British Columbia Privacy Act 1996 35 Manitoba Privacy Act 1987 35 Newfoundland Privacy Act 1990 35 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 35, 44 Quebec Civil Code 36 Saskatchewan Privacy Act 1978 35

Table of French legislation Code civil (Civil Code) Art 9 153, 167, 170, 202, 208 Art 9(2) 181, 182 Art 16 180 Art 1382 6, 11, 97, 149, 151, 162, 163, 164, 167–168, 191, 208, 209, 215 (Code of Intellectual Property) Art L 711–4 199 (Criminal Code) 149 (Freedom of the Press Act 1881) Art 13 186 Art 29 149 Nouveau Code de proce´dure civile (NCPC)(New Civil Procedure Code) Art 809 182, 183 (Press Act 1868) 149 s11148

Table of German legislation Bayerisches Pressgesetz (Bavarian Press Act) Art 10 140 Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (Data Protection Act) x 4 117 Bu¨rgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)1900 (Civil Code) 96–98 x 12 94, 95, 98, 109, 109–112, 114, 118, 207, 209 x 12(1) 110 x 22 99 x 104 134–136 x 107 136 x 138 113 x 242 113 x 243 150

xxv

xxvi Table of Statutes

Bu¨rgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)1900 (Civil Code) (cont.) x 249(1) 142 x 253(2) 101, 144 x 276(2) 142 x 687(2) 142, 146 x 812(1) 140 x 818(2) 140, 142 x 823 138, 210 x 823(1) 10, 97, 97–98, 110, 142, 150 x 823(2) 97, 98, 117 x 824 97, 117 x 825 97 x 826 97 x 831 97 x 847 101, 144, 144–145, 150 x 903 96, 216 x 1004 138, 139 x 1004(1)(1) 138, 139 x 1004(1)(2) 138 x 1922 128 Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Ku¨nste und der Photographie (KUG)1907 (Act on Copyright in Works of Art and Photography) x 22 94, 95, 99, 102, 105–108, 114, 118, 125, 128, 207, 209 x 22(2) 136 x 23 99, 105–108 x 23(1) 99, 114 x 23(2) 107, 223 x 37 140 x 38 140 Gesetz gegen den Unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG) 1909/2004 (Act against Unfair Competition) 6, 119 x 1 95, 119, 120 x 2 119, 121 x 3 95, 113, 119 x 4 8, 119, 120 x 5 119 x 6 119 x 7 119 x 8(3) 120 x 14 117 x 15 117 x 17 117, 119 Grundgesetz (GG) 1949 (Basic Law = German Constitution) 100, 208 Art 1 10, 100, 102, 108, 125, 145 Art 1(1) 114 Art 2(1) 10, 100, 108, 114, 145 Art 5 223 Art 5(1) 108, 114 Art 5(3) 125 Art 6 104 Art 11 101 Art 21 101, 102 Markengesetz (MarkenG) 1994 (Trade Marks Act 1994) 109, 121 x 4 109, 122 x 5 109

Table of Statutes xxvii

x 5(2) 121 x 5(3) 122 x 9 122 x 10 122 x 11 122 x 12 122 x 13 122 x 13(2) 122 x 14 109 x 14(2) Nr 3 111 x 15 109 x 26 123 x 27 129 x 30 129 x 49 123 x 50(1) 122 x 126 122 Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) 1871 (Criminal Code) x 185 98, 117, 118 x 186 98, 117, 118 x 187 98 x 202 116 Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG) 1965 (Copyright Act) 129 x 11 112, 129, 216 x 12 112 x 13 112 x 14 112 x 29 133 x 29(1) 129 x 31 129 x 31(1) 133 x 31(2) 133 x 31(3) 133 x 31(5) 133 x 34(1) 133 x 42(1) 133 x 42(3) 133 Zivilprozeßordnung (ZPO) 1877 (Code of Civil Procedure) x 935 139 x 940 139

Table of United Kingdom legislation Consumer Protection Act 1987 s 2(2)(b) 29 Copyright Act 1911 s3148 Copyright Act 1956 s478 Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 s8417 s 85(2) 78 Data Protection Act 1998 78–79 s379 s779

xxviii Table of Statutes

Data Protection Act 1998 (cont.) s1179 s 13(1) 80 s 13(2) 79 s 32(1) 79 Human Rights Act 1998 77 s2222 s 12(1) 91 s 12(4) 91, 92 Trade Marks Act 1994 s 2(2) 32, 121 s 5(3) 32 s 10(1) s 10(3) 32 s5616

Table of United States legislation California Civil Code (Astaire Celebrity Image Protection Act) x 3344 71, 74 x 3344.1 71 Copyright Act 1976,17USC x 301 48 Indiana Code x 32-13-1-8 72 Lanham Trademark Act 1946,15USC x 1125 x 43(a) 7 V 43(c)(1) 32 New York Civil Rights Law x 50 71 Restatement, Second, Torts (1977) x 564 69 x 652 E 84 Restatement, Third, Unfair Competition (1995) x 38 13 x 46 7, 15, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 x 47 15, 73, 74 x 48 15 x 49 15, 72 x 652 57 Tennessee Code x 47-25-1104 (Personal Rights Protection Act 1984) 72 US Constitution 1st Amendment 73, 75, 91

Table of EU Directives 84/450/EEC 8 89/104/EEC (Trade Marks Directive) 32, 121 Art 4(3) 32 Art 5(2) 32, 111 95/46/EU 78 97/55/EC 8

Table of Statutes xxix

Table of International Instruments European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 208 Art 8 12, 77, 79, 89, 91, 104, 153, 175, 217, 223 Art 8(1) 220 Art 8(2) 220 Art 10 77, 91, 92, 173, 175, 180, 187, 217, 218 Art 10(2) 187, 219 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 Art 19 173 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1968 Art 10 bis 6 Art 10 bis (3) 6 Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 Art 19 173

Abbreviations

2nd Cir Second Circuit A Atlantic Cases A 2d Atlantic Cases (Second Series) AC Appeal Cases AcP Archiv fu¨r die civilistische Praxis ACWS All Canada Weekly Summaries ACWS (3d) All Canada Weekly Summaries (Third Series) AD 2d Appellate Division Reports, New York Supreme Court, Second Series AfP Archiv fu¨r Presserecht ALJ Australian Law Journal All ER All England Law Reports ALR Australian Law Reports Anh. Anhang (annex) Ann. prop. ind. Annales de la proprie´te´ indus- trielle, artistique et litte´raire ATPR Australian Trade Practices Reports Beav Beavan’s Rolls Court Reports (48–55 ER) 1838–66 BGB Bu¨rgerliches Gesetzbuch (Civil Code) BGH Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Supreme Court) BGHZ Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Zivilsachen (Decisions of the Bundesgericht- shof in Civil Cases)

xxx

Abbreviations xxxi

BPatG Bundespatentgericht (Federal Patents Court) BPatGE Entscheidungen des Bundespatentgerichts (Decisions of the Federal Patents Court) Bro PC J Brown’s Parliamentary Cases (1–3 ER) 1702–1800 Brooklyn L Rev Brooklyn Law Review Bull Copyright Soc’y Bulletin of the Copyright Society BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) BVerfGE Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht) C. civ. Code civil CA Cour d’Appel Cal Rptr 2d California Reports, Second Series CalifLRev California Law Review Can Bar Rev Canadian Bar Review Cardozo Arts & Ent LJ Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal Case West Res L Rev Case Western Reserve Law Review Cass. civ. Cour de cassation, chambre civile Cass. com. Cour de cassation, chambre commerciale Cass. crim. Cour de cassation, chambre criminelle CCE Communication – Commerce Electronique CCLT Canadian Cases on the Law of Torts CCLT (2d) Canadian Cases on the Law of Torts (Second Series) Ch Law Reports, Chancery Division ch. corr. chambre correctionelle chr. Chronique CIPR Canadian Intellectual Property Review

xxxii Abbreviations

CLJ Cambridge Law Journal CLP Current Legal Problems CLR Commonwealth Law Reports CMLR Common Market Law Reports coll. collection Colum L Rev Columbia Law Review Comm & L Communications Law comm. commentaire CPR (2d) Canadian Patent Reporter (Second Series) CPR (3d) Canadian Patent Reporter (Third Series) Ct App Court of Appeal D. Dalloz DA Droit d’auteur (Revue de l’OMPI) DeG & Sm De Gex & Smales’ Chancery Reports (63–4 ER) 1846–52 DePaul-LCA J Art & Ent L De Paul-LCA Journal of Art and Entertainment Law DH Dalloz hebdomadaire DLR Dominion Law Reports DLR (3d) Dominion Law Reports (Third Series) doct. Doctrine DP Dalloz Pe´riodique DR (see p. 17, 11. 14, 17) ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECJ European Court of Justice ECR Reports of Cases before the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance, Court of Justice of the European Communities ED Mich Eastern District, Michigan EHRLR European Human Rights Law Review EHRR European Human Rights Reports EIPR European Intellectual Property Review