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2006 Stratigraphic Column of the Kope and Fairview Formations, Kentucky 445, Brent, Kentucky Steven M. Holland University of Georgia

Arnold I. Miller University of Cincinnati

David L. Meyer University of Cincinnati

Benjamin F. Dattilo University of Nevada-Las Vegas

Sharon C. St. Louis Diekmeyer University of Cincinnati Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u.

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Repository Citation Holland, Steven M.; Miller, Arnold I.; Meyer, David L.; Dattilo, Benjamin F.; and St. Louis Diekmeyer, Sharon C., "Stratigraphic Column of the Kope and Fairview Formations, Kentucky 445, Brent, Kentucky" (2006). Kentucky Geological Survey Map and Chart. 91. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/kgs_mc/91

This Map and Chart is brought to you for free and open access by the Kentucky Geological Survey at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kentucky Geological Survey Map and Chart by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. https://doi.org/10.13023/kgs.mc92.12 1 2

stratigraphic meter-scale 20-m Strophomena Rafinesquina Platystrophia thick bifoliate bryozoan hydrozoans thick ramose bryozoan Fenestella Zygospira scolecodonts thin bifoliate bryozoan thin ramose bryozoan Plectorthis Escharopora lingulids Dalmanella Deceptrix Isotelus Cyclora Ceraurus cryptostomes Modiolopsis Ambonychia encrusting bryozoan cephalopod indet. Flexicalymene Cyclonema odontopleurid ostracode indet. gastropod indet. Craniops Aspidopora graptolites Sowerbyella Iocrinus Cornulites Cryptolithus Ectenocrinus Cincinnaticrinus MAP AND CHART 92 position (m) cycles cycles Series XII, 2006 68 50

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 67 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director 49 66 C2 Figure 2. The lower part of the Kope Formation exposed on the north side of Ky. 445.

Tongue 65

Wesselman 48 64

63 47 46 Fairview 62 45 44 43 61

Stratigraphic Column of the Kope and Fairview Tongue 42 84° 30’ Formations, Kentucky 445, Brent, Kentucky North Bend 60 I-74 41 I-75 3 HAMILTON I-71 59 DEAR- 1 2 2 BORN I-275 Steven M. Holland , Arnold I. Miller , David L. Meyer , I-275 3 2 CLERMONT Benjamin F. Dattilo , and Sharon C. St. Louis Diekmeyer 58 40 I-471 57 C1-4 Ky. 445 N 56 39° 00’ 39° 00’

OHIO BOONE The Upper Ordovician Kope Formation is exposed over Arguments over the origin of these meter-scale cycles 55 39 KENTON a broad area of southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, currently revolve around three hypotheses. In one view, CAMPBELL and northern Kentucky (Weir and others, 1984). Roadcuts the cycles record no significant change in water depth and SWITZER- along Ky. 445 near Brent (Figs. 2–3) and adjacent roadcuts were generated by changes in the frequency and intensity 54 LAND along Interstate 275 expose a nearly complete section of of hurricanes as a result of the changing heat budget of I-71 84° 30’ the Kope Formation as well as the overlying Fairview tropical oceans during Milankovitch climatic cycles (Holland Taylor Mill submember Formation (Fig. 1). and others, 1999). A second view is that the cycles reflect 53 I-75 substantial changes in water depth, possibly driven by GALLATIN The Kope Formation is nearly equivalent to the Latonia eustatic cycles of sea level (Jennette and Pryor, 1993). A 38 52 PENDLETONKENTUCKYBRACKEN Formation or Eden Shale of older literature, but differs in third view argues that the cycles record moderate changes GRANT that the contact of the Kope and Fairview Formations is in water depth that controlled the supply of siliciclastic OWEN now placed about 3.25 m below the older Latonia-Fairview mud to the Cincinnati Arch (Brett and Algeo, 1999b). The 51 contact. As currently defined in Ohio, the Kope and Fairview origin of these cycles is still debated and may represent Figure 3. Location of the Ky. 445 section. The Duck Creek exposure Formations intertongue, such that the main body of the a combination of these processes. 37 mentioned in the text is located at the base of the arrow pointing to Kope is overlain by the North Bend Tongue of the Fairview, 50 the Ky. 445 section. which is overlain by the Wesselman Tongue of the Kope, These meter-scale cycles show systematic changes in McMicken Member which is, in turn, overlain by the main body of the Fairview their thickness (Fig. 5), which have been used to define 36 (Fig. 1). Similar relationships can be recognized in Kentucky, 20-m cycles (Holland and others, 1997). Within each of 49 although the Wesselman Tongue is regarded there as part the four 20-m cycles (C1-1 through C1-4), the lowest of the Fairview Formation. The Latonia of older literature meter-scale cycles tend to be thicker than average and 48 was subdivided into three members on the basis of rich in distal storm-bed facies, whereas the highest meter- distinctive bryozoans and lithologic characteristics scale cycles tend to be much thinner than average and 35 (Economy, Southgate, and McMicken). These members contain mostly proximal storm-bed facies. Faunal and 47 submember

remain only in informal usage. More recent work has lithologic changes suggest that the 20-m cycles record Avenue Grand recognized eight informal submembers within the Kope, changes in water depth, with the upper parts reflecting 34 and all but the basal Fulton submember are exposed in shallower water conditions than the lower parts. These 46 the Ky. 445 composite (Brett and Algeo, 1999a). The Fulton 20-m cycles have also been correlated for long distances submember is visible nearby in Duck Creek, adjacent to across the Cincinnati Arch (Miller and others, 2001) and 45 33 Ky. 1998 and 0.5 mi southeast of the Ky. 445 outcrop. have in part led to the informal submembers of the Kope (Brett and Algeo, 1999b). 4 The Kope Formation consists primarily of three distinctive 44 32 lithologies. Mudstone comprises the majority of the Kope. As a whole, the Kope Formation and part of the basal Thick mudstone intervals are in detail composed of a series Fairview Formation represent the C1 sequence of Holland of 2- to 5-cm, graded mudstone beds with thin, slightly and Patzkowsky (1996). The basal contact of the Kope 43 silty or shelly bases. Mudstones are generally weakly Formation is inferred to be a surface of subaerial exposure burrowed and sparsely fossiliferous, but locally contain with a significant unconformity. Based on lithologic and Grand View submember 42 articulated trilobites and crinoids. Siltstones consist generally faunal changes, approximately the lowest third to quarter 31 of 1- to 10-cm-thick beds of silt-size fossil fragments and of the Kope indicates net deepening upward of the 400 quartz with a diversity of trace fossils and physical transgressive systems tract, with the remainder reflecting 41 sedimentary structures, including small-scale hummocky the net shallowing of the highstand systems tract. The cross lamination, wave-ripple lamination, planar lamination, contact between the North Bend and Wesselman Tongues 30 graptolites tool marks, gutter casts, and millimeter-scale “ripples.” is also inferred to be a surface of subaerial exposure with 40 Bioclastic limestones, chiefly packstone and grainstone, a significant unconformity (Holland and others, 1999). consist of abundant whole to broken skeletal fragments, 29 39 with erosional bed bases. Many beds of grainstone contain The Kope contains a highly diverse and well-preserved megaripples and large-scale cross-stratification. assemblage of brachiopods, bryozoans, mollusks, trilobites, and crinoids (Holland and others, 2001; Meyer and others, 38 28 The type Cincinnatian Series was deposited in tropical 2002). Multivariate analysis of Kope assemblages has Zygospira latitudes on a north-dipping, storm-dominated ramp (Tobin, demonstrated their utility in reconstructing changes in C1-3 300 cephalopods 1982). Some of the best evidence of storm deposition water depth (Holland and others, 2001; Miller and others, 37 hydrozoans occurs within the Kope Formation, which was deposited 2001). In the section at right (Fig. 1), taxa recognized in in an offshore environment affected only by the strongest the Ky. 445 section are sorted from left to right, from 27 Ceraurus 36 storms (Anstey and Fowler, 1969; Hay, 1981; Tobin, 1982). shallowest to deepest, based on multivariate ordination Glyptocrinus Isotelus This evidence includes erosional bed bases with bipolar (Fig. 4). This multivariate ordination, produced by detrended ostracodes lingulids tool marks and gutter casts that indicate strong waves, correspondence analysis, suggests two interpretable axes, 35 26 normally graded beds, wave-ripple lamination, and the first of which correlates with other indicators of water gastropods scolecodonts hummocky cross-stratification. The overlying Fairview depth and the second of which appears to reflect substrate calymenids

Alexandria submember Aspidopora Formation also displays abundant evidence of storms, but consistency (Holland and others, 2001). 34 Schizocrania 25 Modiolopsis was deposited in a somewhat shallower environment more Lepidocoleus Ambonychia frequently affected by storms. Patterns of faunal abundance (Fig. 1) are not random, but 200 Iocrinus Merocrinus reflect systematic up-section changes in water depth. At 33 cryptostomes Southgate Member Cyclonema nuculoids The Kope displays well-developed meter-scale cyclicity the coarsest scale, faunal variations record overall Acidaspis (Jennette and Pryor, 1993; Holland and others, 1997; shallowing upward within the Kope, from assemblages Stomatopora Cornulites Escharopora 32 24 Cincinnaticrinus Prasopora Cyclora Miller and others, 1997; Brett and Algeo, 1999a, b). Although rich in Sowerbyella, Flexicalymene, and Cryptolithus in Rafinesquina authors have differed on how such cycles are defined, the lower part of the Kope to assemblages dominated by Parvohallopora Cryptolithus Craniops Strophomena most recent work suggests that the meter-scale cyclicity Rafinesquina, Platystrophia, and bryozoans near the Kope- 31 is defined by alternations of a proximal storm-bed facies Fairview contact. See Holland and others (2001) and Miller Ectenocrinus encrusting bryozoans and a distal storm-bed facies. The proximal storm-bed and others (2001) for a more definitive description and Plectorthis Kope Formation Platystrophia facies is dominated by beds of skeletal packstone and interpretation of these faunal variations. 30 DCA axis 2 grainstone with only minor amounts of mudstone and 23 At a somewhat finer scale, variations in faunal abundance 100 thin ramose siltstone, whereas the distal storm-bed facies is dominated 29 proetids bryozoans by mudstone with abundant, very thin beds of siltstone mirror the 20-m cycles, with the lower shale-rich parts and skeletal packstone. Meter-scale cycles have been (e.g., Alexandria submember) containing a deeper-water Sowerbyella correlated for tens of miles across the Cincinnati Arch fauna and the upper limestone-rich parts (e.g., Grand 28 22 (Jennette and Pryor, 1983; Brett and Algeo, 1999b). Given Avenue submember) containing a shallower-water fauna. thin bifoliate the approximate 2 m.y. duration of the Kope Formation Analysis of meter-scale cycles indicates no relationship fenestellids (Holland and Patzkowsky, 1996), the 50-m-scale cycles between the facies of meter-scale cycles and changes in 27 bryozoans faunal abundance, however (Webber, 2002).

in the Kope average 40 k.y. in duration, and thereby offer Snag Creek submember the potential for very high-resolution correlation. 21 26 thick ramose 0 bryozoans 1 Dalmanella Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 25 20 2Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013 24 19 3Geoscience Department, University of Nevada–Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4010 18 DCA axis 1 thick bifoliate 23 bryozoans 17 22 0 100 200 300 400 16 21 Figure 4. Sample scores along detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) axes 1 and 2. Ordination based on samples from the Ky. 445 section as well as four other sections of the Kope Formation in northern Kentucky, southeastern Indiana, and southwestern Ohio (localities given in Holland References Cited and others, 2001). Several taxa shown above did not occur in the Ky. 445 section, and are therefore not indicated in the measured section in Figure 20 15 1, but did occur in at least one of the other four studied Kope exposures. Axis 1 has been shown to correlate with water depth; higher values along axis 1 correspond to shallow-water environments and lower values correspond to deeper-water settings (Holland and others, 2001). Axis 2 may Anstey, R.L., and Fowler, M.L., 1969, Lithostratigraphy Holland, S.M., Miller, A.I., Meyer, D.L., and Dattilo, B.F., reflect substrate consistency; firmer, more stable substrates are at low values of axis 2 and unstable muds are at high values. and depositional environment of the Eden Shale 2001, The detection and importance of subtle biofacies 19 14 (Ordovician) in the tri-state area of Indiana, Kentucky, within a single lithofacies: The Upper Ordovician Kope and Ohio: Journal of Geology, v. 77, p. 668–682. Formation of the Cincinnati, Ohio region: Palaios, v. 18 13 16, p. 205–217. Brett, C.E., and Algeo, T.J., 1999a, Event beds and small- scale cycles in Edenian to lower Maysvillian strata Holland, S.M., and Patzkowsky, M.E., 1996, Sequence 17 (Upper Ordovician) of northern Kentucky: Identification, stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change 12 origin, and temporal constraints, in Algeo, T.J., and in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the eastern C1-2 Brett, C.E., eds., Sequence, cycle, and event stratigraphy United States, in Witzke, B.J., Ludvigsen, G.A., and 16 of Upper Ordovician and Silurian strata of the Cincinnati Day, J.E., eds., Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: Views Arch region (field trip guidebook in conjunction with the from the North American craton: Geological Society of 15 5 1999 field conference of the Great Lakes Section, America Special Paper 306, p. 117–130. SEPM-SSG (Society for Sedimentary Geology) and the 11 Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists, October Jennette, D.C., and Pryor, W.A., 1993, Cyclic alternation 14 8–10, 1999): Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, of proximal and distal storm facies: Kope and Fairview Pioneer Valley submember C1-1 C1-2 C1-3 C1-4 C2 Guidebook 1, p. 65–92. Formations (Upper Ordovician), Ohio and Kentucky: 5 Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, p. 183–203. 13 Brett, C.E., and Algeo, T.J., 1999b, Stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician Kope Formation in its type area Meyer, D.L., Miller, A.I., Holland, S.M., and Dattilo, B.F., 12 4 (northern Kentucky), including a revised nomenclature, 2002, Crinoid distributions and feeding morphology 10 in Algeo, T.J., and Brett, C.E., eds., Sequence, cycle, through a depositional sequence: Kope and Fairview and event stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician and Silurian Formations, Upper Ordovician, Cincinnati Arch region: 11 strata of the Cincinnati Arch region (field trip guidebook Journal of Paleontology, v. 76, p. 725–732. in conjunction with the 1999 field conference of the 3 Great Lakes Section, SEPM-SSG (Society for Meyer, A.I., Holland, S.M., Dattilo, B.F., and Meyer, D.L., 10 9 Sedimentary Geology) and the Kentucky Society of 1997, Stratigraphic resolution and perceptions of cycle Professional Geologists, October 8–10, 1999): Kentucky architecture: Variations in meter-scale cyclicity in the Geological Survey, ser. 12, Guidebook 1, p. 47–64. type Cincinnatian Series: Journal of Geology, v. 105, 9 2 p. 737–743. 8 Economy Member Hay, H.B., 1981, Lithofacies and formations of the 8 Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician), southeastern Miller, A.I., Holland, S.M., Meyer, D.L., and Dattilo, B.F., 7 Indiana and southwestern Ohio: Oxford, Ohio, Miami 2001, The use of faunal gradient analysis for 1 University, doctoral dissertation, 236 p. intraregional correlation and assessment of changes 7 in sea-floor topography in the type Cincinnatian: Journal 6 Holland, S.M., Miller, A.I., Dattilo, B.F., Meyer, D.L., and of Geology, v. 109, p. 603–613. 0 Diekmeyer, S.L., 1997, Cycle anatomy and variability 6 5 in the storm-dominated type Cincinnatian (Upper Tobin, R.C., 1982, A model for cyclic deposition in the Cincinnatian Series of southwestern Ohio, northern 10 20 30 40 50

Ordovician): Coming to grips with cycle delineation and Mean Cycle Thickness (m) 5 Cumulative Departure from genesis: Journal of Geology, v. 105, p. 135–152. Kentucky and southeastern Indiana: Cincinnati, Ohio, 4 University of Cincinnati, doctoral dissertation, 483 p. -1 Cycle number Holland, S.M., Miller, A.I., and Meyer, D.L., 1999, Sequence 4 C1-1 stratigraphy of the Kope-Fairview interval (Upper Weir, G.W., Peterson, W.L., Swadley, W C, and Pojeta, J., 1984, Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata Ordovician), Cincinnati, Ohio, area, in Algeo, T.J., and 3 -2 Brett, C.E., eds., Sequence, cycle, and event stratigraphy exposed in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey 3 Kope Fairview

of Upper Ordovician and Silurian strata of the Cincinnati Professional Paper 1151-E, p. 1–121. Brent submember Arch region (field trip guidebook in conjunction with the 1999 field conference of the Great Lakes Section, Webber, A., 2002, High-resolution faunal gradient analysis 2 SEPM-SSG (Society for Sedimentary Geology) and the and an assessment of the causes of meter-scale cyclicity 2 Figure 5. Fischer plot of Kope and lowermost Fairview meter-scale cycles, showing systematic changes in cycle thickness. Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists, October in the type Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician): 1 8–10, 1999): Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Palaios, v. 17, p. 545–555. Guidebook 1, p. 93–102. 1 0 shallower deeper

rare (one to two specimens per 1,000 cm2)

siltstone common (three to 10 specimens per 1,000 cm2) mudstone grainstone

packstone & abundant (more than 10 specimens per 1,000 cm2)

Figure 1. Composite measured section through the Kope and Fairview Formations along Ky. 445 and adjacent exposures along Interstate 275.