N NOVEMBER 2017, up to one-third leading to personnel starting as early as 2011, of the US shortages and were other key factors. F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and maintenance backlogs. A third reason for EA-18G Growler eets were By early 2018, when the full extent of the the backlog was not mission capable, with their situation became apparent, the problems the naval e orts operational employability had escalated to crisis proportions. undertaken in the war Ireaching a de nitive low point. Several Most of the aviation services within the against terrorism. critical reasons had contributed to this US military have been struggling to keep Budget cuts resulted maintenance backlog and signi cant their existing inventory of aircraft and in reorganization, with decrease in mission readiness for the helicopters operational. After a period of the decommissioning of Carrier Air Super Hornet and Growler inventory. continuous strain created by deployments 14 (CVW-14) in March 2017. This created Firstly, the US Naval Air Forces were to a wide variety of operational theatres an increased uptime schedule for the plagued with di cult choices as to where all over the world, including the con icts remaining air wings, which meant time to reduce costs, once it became clear that in the Middle East, the e ects were to perform maintenance on aircraft that Boeing F/A-18F Super the development of the  fth-generation beginning to show. returned from sea signi cantly decreased. Hornet - BuNo 166972 (c/n F247) - comes Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II stealth The acquisition of the  fth-generation Although the Hornets from the retired in for a landing. The  ghter, would exceed the estimated aircraft over sustainment e orts for the VFA-15 were redistributed aircraft is operated budget funding and su er major delays. operational inventory, budget cuts, the and factory-fresh Block II Super Hornets by VFA-22 ‘Fighting Redcocks’ from NAS As a result, operations and maintenance re-assignment of funding earmarked for were still being delivered, it proved Leemore in California. programs were reduced, e ectively maintenance and several sequestrations, to be insu cient in  lling the gap. Patrick Roegies

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74-81 JS VERSION Navy Readiness - JH KC copy.indd 74 24/07/2020 14:39 By late-2017, a high tempo of operations combined with budget cuts, inadequate supply chain management, and subsequent maintenance backlogs signifi cantly diminished the readiness of the US Navy’s Super Hornet and Growler squadrons. Will Block II and Block III Super Hornets alleviate the problem?

REPORT AND IMAGES Jurgen van Toor, Ben Gorski and Patrick Roegies

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On a few occasions, operational strike The Naval Sustainment System Aviation squadrons had to swap aircraft with the and Naval Aviation Enterprise commenced eet replacement squadrons in order to developing programs to enhance have adequate numbers starting a new e ciency of the maintenance service deployment. According to uncon rmed practices, optimizing standards and estimations, by early 2018 the number procedures and work instructions using of Super Hornets and Growlers that were the experience of commercial industry as not mission-ready had increased from their inspiration. 50% to 66%. As a direct consequence, reforms were deemed necessary, and these began in Defining the targets early 2018. With an increased number A major catch-up race was initiated within of Hornets now within the operational the operational squadrons and priority inventory, it logically followed that the was given to improving the operational amount of aircraft requiring maintenance combat capability of the Super Hornet had increased as well. and Growler eet. The target set by power. A non-operational status would Between 2000 and 2010, the average Commander of Naval Air Forces, Vice then apply to aircraft in the process number of Hornets that were submitted Admiral DeWolfe Miller III was to have 80% of scheduled maintenance or heavy to the eet readiness depot centers of Super Hornets and Growlers mission depot maintenance. varied between 250 and 260 aircraft. This capable by September 2019. Although the navy did, indeed, report increased signi cantly to approximately The de nition of an aircraft’s ‘mission a mission-capable status for at least 80% 320 aircraft per year, the level it is at today. capable’ status became disputable, Above: F/A-18F of their remaining legacy Hornet eet, With the maintenance backlog, the depot Super Hornet so a decision was taken that the 80% - BuNo 165910 there has been no speci c information centers surged to attain the service goals target only applied to aircraft marked as (c/n F056) concerning how they reached that key of 341 Super Hornets and 93 Growlers by operational. However, it remained unclear - departs for a performance indicator. the end of September, which now looked training sortie. as to what was meant by ‘operational’. Patrick Roegies Readiness-enabling commands began an extremely di cult target to meet. Finally, it was decided that an to signi cantly reduce the number of operational Super Hornet or Growler must Right: A US non-combat capable aircraft after a The seeds of success Navy F/A-18E have Primary Mission Aircraft Inventory pilot and ground situation appraisal survey was performed Initially the supply chain management, (PMAI) capability, meaning the aircraft crew prepare throughout 2017 and 2018. engineering practices, governance activity was able to operate within the nine for a sortie on It speci ed the readiness requirements and safety processes were signi cantly September operational squadrons 11, 2019. per aircraft, navy squadrons, and improved, and became increasingly that form the naval aviation tactical air Melvin Jansen maintenance and supply depots. e cient in order to get the Super Hornets

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74-81 JS VERSION Navy Readiness - JH KC copy.indd 76 24/07/2020 14:40 and, later, the Growlers back on their de nition, this is an improvement in feet as soon as they could. Since this sustaining the Hornet and Growler  eets. process proved to be very successful, the lessons learned will be implemented on Another hurdle appears the remaining types within the navy’s Just when it looked like the problems operational inventory. of the Super Hornet  eet had been The tremendous e orts of the squadron overcome, a new hurdle became maintainers and the  eet readiness apparent. On September 24 last year, centers also proved to be vital in meeting Commander Miller announced that the the determined milestones and deadlines 80% mission capable target had been set by the project’s targets. As a result of reached for the Fiscal Year (FY) 2019. As their e orts, 2020 has been the  rst year a US  scal year begins in October and in which the key performance indicator ends the following September, in other ‘aviator  ight hour’ increased. words FY 2019 started in October 2018 The navy was able to perform its and ended in September 2019. Although allocation of  ight hours completely, this is an important achievement for the proving the reforms were not just a navy, and a signi cant improvement in cosmetic change. By staying focused on availability rates, serious questions remain the processes, even more improvements whether it is a sustainable situation in the are expected. long term. It’s important to note that a ‘mission- The navy has stated that it is able to capable’ status is not equal to a ‘full sustain around 320 mission-capable Super mission-capable’ status, also referred Hornets and has to conduct a short-term to as a ‘Code One Standard’. Code one readiness surge to reach the intended de nes the aircraft as being  t to meet any 340 target. How this performance is being assigned mission requirement. sustained remains unclear for the Super The navy managed to reach its 80% Hornet operations. mission-capable status performance In June 2019, it became clear there indicator in a period of 12 months. The was a shortage of spare parts and intended goal – to have at least 320 Super that a possible result could be the Hornets mission capable – was reached reduction of operational hours for the Below: This earlier than expected, in September, which operating squadrons. In July, the navy colorful F/A-18F Super Hornet contributed to a higher level of readiness, communicated that this would only - BuNo 166793 or 62.27% for the Super Hornet  eet. be applicable for the Naval Air Force (c/n F166) On September 24, 2019, Commander Atlantic resources and would certainly - belongs to VFA-32 ‘Fighting Miller stated the target for both the Super not a ect the Super Hornet  eet. Swordsmen’. The Hornet and Growler in the operational In the last quarter of 2019, it also aircraft is lit up as inventory had been achieved. With this became apparent that there was a the crew prepare for a night sortie. achievement the strategic plan to reach shortage in required spare parts to The unit operates 80% in mission-capable readiness aircraft maintain, and therefore sustain, the from NAS Oceana, was met. Although the mission-capable mission capable status of the Super Virginia. Patrick Roegies status does not meet the combat capable Hornet  eet. The shortage became

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Remaining operational Carrier Air Wings museum to avoid sending future requests CVW-1 AB Carrier Air Wing 1 , Virginia for parts up the chain of command. CVW-2 NE Carrier Air Wing 2 Naval Air Station Lemoore, California Besides the actual aircraft themselves, CVW-3 AC Carrier Air Wing 3 Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia engines were also being cannibalized CVW-5 NF Carrier Air Wing 5 Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan – further decreasing the inventory and CVW-7 AG Carrier Air Wing 7 Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia CVW-8 AJ Carrier Air Wing 8 Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia number of operational examples. To CVW-9 NG Carrier Air Wing 9 Naval Air Station Lemoore, California chart the frequency of cannibalization, CVW-11 NH Carrier Air Wing 11 Naval Air Station Lemoore, California the inspector general related the number CVW-17 NA Carrier Air Wing 17 Naval Air Station Lemoore, California of cannibalization jobs per every 100 Established as CVWR-20 on 1 April 1970, operational  ights, stating: ‘From October CVWR-20 AF Carrier Air Wing Reserve 20 redesignated Tactical Support Wing (TSW), 1 April 2007 2016 through December 2018, for the Disestablished Carrier Air Wings E and F models of the Super Hornet the RCVW-4 AD Readiness Carrier Air Wing 4 Disestablished 1 Jun 1970 average cannibalization rate was about CVW-6 AE Carrier Air Wing 6 Disestablished 1 April 1993 10% of operational  ights for the E model CVW-10 AK Carrier Air Wing 10 Disestablished 20 November 1969 and about 12% of operational  ights for Disestablished 30 June 1970 (modex still in use the F model.’ RCVW-12 NJ Readiness Carrier Air Wing 12 by Paci c FRS) One of the conclusions in the inspector CVW-13 AK Carrier Air Wing 13 Disestablished 1 January 1991 general’s audit report is that the current CVW-14 NK Carrier Air Wing 14 Disestablished 31 March 2017 situation is non-sustainable. CVW-15 NL Carrier Air Wing15 Disestablished 31 March 1995 CVW-16 AH Carrier Air Wing 16 Disestablished 30 June 1970 CVW-19 NM Carrier Air Wing 19 Disestablished 30 June 1977 CVW-21 NP Carrier Air Wing 21 Disestablished 12 December 1975 CVWR-30 ND Carrier Air Wing Reserve 30 Disestablished 31 December 1994 Disestablished 1 June 1988 (planned for NM Planned 7 Nov 1986 assignment to USS Independence (CV-62) but never deployed)

apparent after an internal audit 80% mission capable rate by the end of conducted by the department of 2019 would not be achievable. defense inspector general (DODIG). In the inspector general’s audit, The internal audit was focused on the it warned that backorders and Super Hornet  eet and was released cannibalization e orts could prevent the in an o cial report on November 19, navy from meeting sudden unexpected 2019. The Naval Defense Logistics demands for greater operational mission Agency (DLA) identi ed the requirement readiness in the near future. of spare parts, including their best The estimations concerning the actual Above: The estimation of quantities, but they were mission capable Super Hornets vary US Navy acquired the unable to obtain the quantities and ll from two-thirds to half of the 546 strong EA-18G Growler the backorders. Super Hornet  eet that was operational electronic As a result, the readiness problems with in 2018. The lack of required spare parts attack aircraft to replace its the existing Super Hornet  eet remained. is one of the reasons why the navy has aging EA-6B The navy would be unable to meet any been cannibalizing already-grounded, Prowler fl eet, unexpected demands for increased non-mission-capable aircraft. It has come which served in the role until operational readiness, and any target set to a point where the marine corps even March 2019. by the secretary of defense to reach the had to cannibalize aircraft on display in a Patrick Roegies

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74-81 JS VERSION Navy Readiness - JH KC copy.indd 78 24/07/2020 14:40 for the de ciencies, and so obtain spare The navy could, conceivably, More critical findings parts needed to avoid that situation. manufacture replacements by itself or nd With a large part of the Pentagon’s funds The report also said: ‘In addition, the a second supplier for the parts. However, being assigned to the acquisition of F/A-18E/F program o ce, referred to as the navy does not own the technical new aircraft like the F-35 and other new PMA-265, stated that a lack of sustainment drawings for the parts in question so it systems, maintaining existing aircraft and funding contributed to the di culties cannot make them. systems received a lower priority. with acquiring spare parts. The chief of The F-35’s expense led to the navy the US Naval Operations O ce stated Sharing the solutions canceling several spare parts contracts that PMA-265 received reduced When the spare part de cits became for the Super Hornet during the last 20 funding because PMA-265 o cials had apparent and demand reached its high years. With the delay in the integration under-executed its budget and naval point, the manufacturers were either of the F-35, the navy is now facing the aviation sustainment budgets were too slow to repair parts or declined to consequences of canceled contracts to all reduced.’ share technical data, further preventing acquire or reserve spare parts. Alternative methods to acquire the navy from creating in-house Five critical spare parts have been parts earmarked as obsolete, like solutions or purchasing new supplies identi ed that are required to maintain the center cockpit display and from rival contractors. There was only Below: In order the operational readiness of the Super the communication antennas, are one vendor able to make the Super to effi ciently be stored on Hornet. These are the center cockpit being developed, but these are Hornet’s communication antenna and aircraft carriers. display, the primary targeting sensor, pending the change management it experienced delays in getting the The wingtips of the communication antenna, the approval process. The report also production line running, leaving DLA the F/A-18E/F and EA-18G actuator for the tail rudder, and the states that the original equipment without a contract in place to obtain the Growler aircraft electrical generator. manufacturer (OEM) Boeing has antennas for a 13-month period. are foldable, The DODIG found that the speci c been unable to provide spare The navy is taking steps to rectify the to save space when stowed. causes contributing to the backorders communication antennas for obsolete parts situation with the highest Patrick Roegies are obsolete materials that are no longer the aircraft. priority. But manufacturers need to share manufactured or available for purchase. Right: US Navy F/A-18E/F units Others included the delivery times of are known for manufactured spare parts, the delays in operating very repairs, and the lack of technical data used colorful aircaft. This example, in producing or repairing spare parts. F/A-18F - BuNo Furthermore, the DODIG report stated 166873 (c/n that if the navy had performed the F203) - is operated by necessary logistic assessments during the VFA-154 ‘Black last two decades, it would have been able Knights’ from to generate a more reliable forecast for NAS Leemore, California. the actual situation. The navy might have Patrick Roegies been able to anticipate and identify causes

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technical data with prospective new Fleet Replacement Squadrons VFA-106 squadron, it has taken on an adversary contractors and often they choose not ‘Gladiators’ and VFA-122 ‘Flying Eagles’ role and its aircraft have been painted in to do so. The navy also found that some have been passed on to the operational an adversary color scheme. The contractors do not reply to requests for squadrons. The intent is to keep the VFA-113 ‘Stingers’ has been transferred data, or charge prohibitively expensive squadrons fully  tted with mission- from CVW-17 to CVW-2 and is now fees for its use, further hampering e orts capable aircraft. assigned the modex NE-2xx. to develop in-house repair capabilities. As a result, some of the operational The VFA-147 ‘Argonauts’ is now assigned The de cit of spare parts was not squadrons were re-assigned to a di erent to CVW-2 as the  rst naval F-35 squadron noted earlier due to a lack of logistic air wing to help the navy adapt to the Above: Boeing to have reached operational capability assessments, which should have taken situation and aid the introduction of the F/A-18F Super status. VFA-192 ‘Golden Dragons’, place every  ve years, yet none were F-35C. One change has been the VFA-97 Hornet - BuNo previously assigned modex NE-3xx, is now 168929 (c/n performed from 2000 to 2018. If these ‘Warhawks’ passing on its aircraft to the F275) - casts a presenting modex NE-2xx. assessments had taken place, the navy VFA-137 ‘Kestrels’. Another is the aircraft refl ection during a Both VFA-31 ‘Tomcatters’ and VFA-87 would have been able to anticipate the previously assigned to VFA-137 being rainstorm. ‘Golden Warriors’ have been assigned Patrick Roegies shortages in parts and ask manufacturers distributed over remaining squadrons. to CVW-11 after being assigned to  nd solutions for critical spares, which The VFA-137 ‘Kestrels’ was transferred Below: A new to CVW-8. Earlier in 2017, VFA-86 in some cases became obsolete. from CVW-2 to CVW-17 exchanging their era! The F-35C ‘Sidewinders’ was transferred from variant of While o cials within the Super Hornet modex NE-2xx for NA-3xx. The modex Lockheed Martin’s CVW-3 to CVW-7, and in 2018 VFA-25 program o ce blamed the lack of funding consists of two or three numbers that the Lightning family ‘Fist of the Fleet’ was transferred from for their problems, those at the o ce navy and marine corps use on aircraft is specifi cally CVW-9 to CVW-7. confi gured for of the chief of naval operations pushed to identify a speci c aircraft within a conventional back. It was stated that the program squadron and that squadron’s mission; it is carrier take-off Future preparations received reduced funding because it had not the . and landing The naval strike squadrons VFA-37 ‘Bulls’ operations. under-executed its budget and all naval Carrier Air Wing 17 has seen additional Notable and VFA-34 ‘Blue Blasters’ were the last aviation funds were signi cantly reduced changes, too. VFA-94 ‘Mighty Shrikes’ differences of squadrons to make the conversion to from  scal years 2013 to 2016. changed its modex from NA-4xx to this version the Super Hornets, replacing their legacy are its larger, During these four years, the program NA-2xx. The VFA-97 ‘Warhawks’, which was foldable wing, Hornets. The Super Hornet conversion o ce requested between $193m and previously assigned the modex NA-3xx, strengthened program was completed in February $311m, but only received between has left CVW-17 and is now assigned the landing gear and 2019. The remaining legacy Hornets are inclusion of an $85m and $136m. The US Chief of Naval slightly-di erent modex NGxx. With only arrestor hook. assigned to the adversary squadrons and Operations o cials explained that all a few Super Hornets remaining in the Patrick Roegies the Naval Air Warfare Development Center budgets were reduced and that during this period the sustainment funding for naval aviation was not the priority. Naval squadrons reform The mission-capable status of the Super Hornet  eet and the introduction of the  rst Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning IIs to the VFA-147 ‘Argonauts’ have led to Carrier Air Wing assignment changes for Hornet and Growler squadrons. In the past few years, a modest number of Super Hornets that have been assigned to the

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74-81 JS VERSION Navy Readiness - JH KC copy.indd 80 24/07/2020 14:40 and the Blue Angels. These legacy Hornets CURRENT SUPER HORNET INVENTORY will also be withdrawn from use and Squadron Nickname Type Modex replaced by the Super Hornet. Strike Fighter Wing / US Paci c Fleet / NAS Lemoore (CA) STRKFIGHTWINGPAC (SFWP) In February 2020, the rst Super Hornet VFA-2 Bounty Hunters F/A-18F NE-1xx submitted to the service life modi cation VFA-14 Tophatters F/A-18E NG-2xx program was delivered back to the US VFA-22 Fighting Redcocks F/A-18F NA-1xx Navy. During this 18-month program, the VFA-25 Fist of the Fleet F/A-18E AG-4xx service lifetime of the Super Hornet was VFA-41 Black Aces F/A-18F NG-1xx extended from 6,000 to 7,500  ight hours. VFA-86 Sidewinders F/A-18E AG-3xx Five aircraft should be delivered this year. VFA-94 Mighty Shrikes F/A-18F NA-2xx VFA-97 Warhawks F/A-18E NG-0x The navy’s ability to replace the last of VFA-113 Stingers F/A-18E NE-2xx its legacy Hornets and maintain mission VFA-122 Flying Eagles F/A-18E FNJ-xxx readiness is expected to be made easier VFA-136 Knighthawks F/A-18E AB-3xx by a slate of new aircraft. Along with the VFA-137 Kestrels F/A-18E NA-3xx Super Hornet squadrons converting to the VFA-146 Blue Diamonds F/A-18E NH-3xx F-35C Lightning II, there is Boeing’s 2019 VFA-151 Vigilantes F/A-18E NG-4xx contract for 61 F/A-18E and 17 F/A-18F VFA-154 Black Knights F/A-18F NH-1xx Super Hornets Block III aircraft. That order VFA-192 Golden Dragons F/A-18E NE-3xx may also see an additional 32 aircraft. Strike Fighter Wing / US Atlantic Fleet NAS Oceana (VA) STRKFIGHTWINGLANT (SFWL) VFA-11 Red Rippers F/A-18F AB-1xx Block III aircraft possess slightly increased VFA-31 Tomcatters F/A-18E NH-2xx stealth capabilities compared to the VFA-32 Swordsmen F/A-18F AC-1xx Block II Super Hornet. The Block III also VFA-34 Blue Blasters F/A-18E AJ-4xx possesses an increased mission range VFA-37 Bulls F/A-18E AJ-1xx and can carry additional weapons on its VFA-81 Sunliners F/A-18E AB-4xx more sustainable airframe. The airframe is VFA-83 Rampagers F/A-18E AC-2xx expected to last 9,000 operational  ight VFA-87 Golden Warriors F /A-18E NH-4xx hours, which is 3,000 hours more than the VFA-103 Jolly Rogers F/A-18F AG-2xx Block I and Block II. This equates to about a VFA-105 Gunslingers F/A-18E AC-4xx VFA-106 Gladiators F/A-18E FAD-xxx decade of extra lifetime. VFA-131 Wildcats F/A-18E AC-3xx The delivery of the initial batch of 78 VFA-143 World Famous Pukin’ Dogs F/A-18E/F EAG-1xx aircraft from that March 2019 contract is VFA-211 Checkmates F/A-18F AB-2xx planned between this year and FY 2022. VFA-213 Black Lions F/A-18F AJ-2xx The navy has also stated that it will not Strike Fighter Wing / US Paci c Fleet MCAS Iwakuni (Japan) procure more Super Hornets after FY 2021 STRKFIGHTWINGPAC (SFWP) to ensure its carrier air wings can a ord to VFA-27 Royal Maces F/A-18E NF-2xx maintain a capable strike ghter capacity VFA-102 Diamondbacks F/A-18F NF-1xx VFA-115 Eagles F/A-18E NF-3xx to face most threats until at least 2030. VFA-195 Dambusters F/A-18E NF-4xx The decision not to procure more Super VAQ-141 Shadowhawks EA-18G NF-5xx Hornets has allowed the US Navy to NAS Whidbey Island (WA) Electronic Attack Wing/ US Paci c Fleet VAQWINGPAC (VWP) redirect funds that were for acquiring 36 VAQ-129 New Vikings EA-18G NJ-5xx Super Hornets between FY 2022 and 2024 VAQ-130 Zappers EA-18G AC-50x to Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) VAQ-133 Wizards EA-18G NG-5xx and the acceleration of its development. VAQ-136 Gauntlets EA-18G NE-50x NGAD was previously known as the VAQ-137 Rooks EA-18G AB-50x F/A-XX program. The NGAD program has VAQ-139 Cougars EA-18G NA-50x VAQ-140 Patriots EA-18G AG-50x had a lengthy speci cation phase over the VAQ-142 Grey Wolves EA-18G NH-50x last decade as the navy struggled to shape VAQ-209 Star Warriors EA-18G AF-50x the future of its carrier air wings. Joint Expeditionary Squadron The legacy Hornets will be retired in the VAQ-131 Lancers EA-18G NL-55x next few years and the number of Super VAQ-132 Scorpions EA-18G NL-54x Hornets within the operational inventory VAQ-134 Garudas EA-18G NL-53x of the navy will increase. These will be VAQ-135 Black Ravens EA-18 G NL-52x factory-fresh Block III Super Hornets. VAQ-138 Yellowjackets EA-18 G NL-51x With modernization programs to NAS Patuxent River (MD) Naval Test Wing Atlantic NTWL NSATS (ITT) F/A-18E/F extend the service life of the existing USNTPS F/A-18E/F Super Hornets and Growlers further, VX-23 Salty Dogs F/A-18E/F SD-xxx maintenance becomes a vital e ort. With special NAWS China Lake (CA) Naval Test Wing Paci c NTWP By continuing to optimize maintenance thanks to LCDR VX-31 Dust Devils F/A-18E/F, NEA-18G DD-xxx processes and work instructions, the navy Lydia Bock, public VX-9 Vampires F/A-18E/F, EA-18G XE-xxx has a unique opportunity to get on top affairs offi cer, NAS Fallon (NV) Commander Joint of things and keep the key performance NAWDC F/A-18E F1xx Strike Fighter Wing indicators in the green. NAWDCE EA-18G 5xx

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