Iodine Deficiency the Database on Iodine Deficiency Includes Data by Country on Goitre Prevalence And/Or Urinary Iodine Concentration

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Last Updated: 2006-12-28

Goitre Urinary iodine (µg/L) Notes prevalence (%) Distribution (%) Prevalence (%) Age Sample Grade Grade TGP <20 20-49 50-99100-299 >300 <100 Median Mean SD Reference General Line Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex (years) size 1 2 S 2002 Yard province: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 11.99 323 264 123.0 5411 * SAC by sex F 6.00 - 11.99 122 236 118.0 SAC by sex M 6.00 - 11.99 201 281 123.0

L 2001 Tehran: SAC: Total B 8.00 - 10.99 205 0.0 1.5 5.9 52.5 40.5 274.8 5555 * SAC by sex F 8.00 - 10.99 98 6.1 267.6 SAC by sex M 8.00 - 10.99 107 8.4 283.4 SAC by district: District 11 B 8.00 - 10.99 120 287.5 SAC by district: Eslamshahr B 8.00 - 10.99 39 287.5 SAC by district: Shahr Ray B 8.00 - 10.99 46 0.0 0.0 241.1

N 2000 -2001 National: SAC: Total B 7.00 - 10.99 3329 19.7 165.0 5619 * 1 SAC by sex F 7.00 - 10.99 1653 160.0 2 SAC by sex M 7.00 - 10.99 1676 170.0 3 SAC by area: Urban B 7.00 - 10.99 1667 160.0 4 SAC by area: Rural B 7.00 - 10.99 1662 170.0 5

L 1999 4 villages: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 14.99 313 4.0 200.0 4695 * 6 SAC by village: Kiga B 6.00 - 14.99 61 201.0 SAC by village: Keshar B 6.00 - 14.99 135 201.0 SAC by village: Randan B 6.00 - 14.99 28 173.0 SAC by village: Zagoon B 6.00 - 14.99 89 201.0

L 1999 Tehran: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 15.99 2016 8.0 212 5599 * 7 SAC by sex F 6.00 - 15.99 1007 206 SAC by sex M 6.00 - 15.99 1009 278 Tehran: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 15.99 2016 31.0 11.0 42.0 * SAC by sex F 6.00 - 15.99 1007 31.0 13.0 44.0 SAC by sex M 6.00 - 15.99 1009 29.0 8.0 37.0

L 1998 Rasht city: All B 2.00 - NS 340 312 173 5372 * 8 Sari city: SAC B 2.00 - NS 343 213 150 9

L 1996 -1998 Ilam: SAC B 8.00 - 10.99 100 202 5377 * Isfahan: SAC B 8.00 - 10.99 116 250 Rasht: SAC B 8.00 - 10.99 102 312 Tehran: SAC B 8.00 - 10.99 120 193 Ilam: PW F NS NS 190 206 98

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Last Updated: 2006-12-28

Goitre Urinary iodine (µg/L) Notes prevalence (%) Distribution (%) Prevalence (%) Age Sample Grade Grade TGP <20 20-49 50-99100-299 >300 <100 Median Mean SD Reference General Line Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex (years) size 1 2 L 1996 -1998 Isfahan: PW F NS NS 212 207 69 5377 Rasht: PW F NS NS 338 344 141 Tehran: PW F NS NS 186 191 55

L 1996 Tehran: SAC B 6.00 - 10.99 NS 1.7 0 6.8 8.5 1542 * Tehran: Adolescents girls/Women F 10.00 - NS NS 0.7 3.6 8.7 13 179 Tehran: Adolescents boys/Men M 10.00 - NS NS 1.9 1.7 9.6 13.2 171 Tehran: SAC B 6.00 - 10.99 924 49.0 28.0 77.0 * Tehran: Adolescents girls/Women F 10.00 - NS 2580 44.0 44.0 88.0 Tehran: Adolescents boys/Men M 10.00 - NS 1636 49.0 33.0 82.0

N 1996 National: SAC B 8.00 - 10.99 2917 3.6 2.3 9 14.9 205 3317 * 10 SAC by province: Ardebil B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 36.0 3.0 39.0 * SAC by province: Boosher B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 52.0 3.0 55.0 SAC by province: Charmahal B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 40.0 15.0 55.0 SAC by province: East Azerbaijan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 34.0 4.0 38.0 SAC by province: Fars B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 61.0 7.0 68.0 SAC by province: Ghom B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 24.0 1.0 25.0 SAC by province: Guilan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 40.0 32.0 72.0 SAC by province: Hamedan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 76.0 10.0 86.0 SAC by province: Hormozgan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 15.0 1.0 16.0 SAC by province: Ilam B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 75.0 12.0 87.0 SAC by province: Isfahan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 50.0 11.0 61.0 SAC by province: Kerman B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 52.0 7.0 59.0 SAC by province: Kermanshah B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 65.0 14.0 79.0 SAC by province: Khorasan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 43.0 1.0 44.0 SAC by province: Khozestan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 42.0 16.0 58.0 SAC by province: Kohkilyoh B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 70.0 18.0 88.0 SAC by province: Kordestan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 54.0 12.0 66.0 SAC by province: Lorestan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 55.0 14.0 69.0 SAC by province: Markazi B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 33.0 2.0 35.0 SAC by province: Mazandara B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 39.0 15.0 54.0 SAC by province: Seman B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 35.0 14.0 49.0 SAC by province: Sistan-Balouchestan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 22.0 1.0 23.0 SAC by province: Tehran B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 43.0 8.0 51.0 SAC by province: West Azerbaijan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 39.0 5.0 44.0 SAC by province: Yazd B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 46.0 2.0 48.0 SAC by province: Zanjan B 8.00 - 10.99 NS 39.0 12.0 51.0

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Last Updated: 2006-12-28

L 1995 Shahriar areas: All B 3.00 - 70.99 3164 185 182 131 3440a * 11 Shahriar area: All: Total B 3.00 - 70.00 3164 47.0 * All by sex F 3.00 - 70.00 1843 51.0 All by sex M 3.00 - 70.00 1321 40.0 SAC by age B 6.00 - 6.99 NS 7.0 SAC by age B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 46.0 SAC by age B 13.00 - 18.99 NS 66.0

L 1985 Yasuj Township: All B 6.00 - NS 89 3159 * 12 Doruhan county: All B 6.00 - NS 46 13 Yasuj Township and Doruhan county: Females F 6.00 - NS NS 95.0 * Yasuj Township and Doruhan county: Males M 6.00 - NS NS 87.0 Yasuj Township: SAC by sex F 6.00 - 12.99 NS 20.0 80.0 100.0 Yasuj Township: SAC by sex M 6.00 - 12.99 NS 100.0 0.0 100.0 Yasuj Township: Adolescents by sex F 13.00 - 18.00 NS 21.0 75.0 96.0 Yasuj Township: Adolescents by sex M 13.00 - 18.00 NS 42.0 42.0 84.0 Yasuj Township: Women F 19.00 - NS NS 21.0 73.0 94.0 Yasuj Township: Men M 19.00 - NS NS 71.0 15.0 86.0 Doruhan county: Adolescents by sex F 13.00 - 18.99 NS 14.0 85.0 99.0 Doruhan county: Adolescents by sex M 13.00 - 18.99 NS 48.0 52.0 100.0 Doruhan county: Women F 19.00 - NS NS 37.0 62.0 99.0 Doruhancounty: Men M 19.00 - NS NS 80.0 20.0 100.0

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

Reference no 5411 General Notes: Multi-stage cluster sampling with probability proportionate to size.

Reference no 5555 General Notes: Sample comprised SAC from 3 districts in Tehran (District 11 (south Tehran), Eslamshahr and Shahr Ray) where health care is provided and supervised by Tehran University; sampling proportional to urban:rural ration. Reference no 5619 General Notes: In each province, 10 males and 10 females (school children) randomly selected and at each of their schools, 3 clusters of 20 randomly selected children were assessed for goitre; urinary iodine measured in a subsample (1 in 10); goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database. Same survey reported in reference 5657. Line note 1 UI median range: 18-410 µg/L, 95% confidence interval for mean: 183-190 µg/L. % <100 µg/L taken from reference 5657. Line note 2 UI median range: 18-400 µg/L Line note 3 UI median range: 20-410 µg/L Line note 4 UI median range: 20-410 µg/L Line note 5 UI median range: 18-400 µg/L Reference no 4695 General Notes: Sample comprised of SAC from 4 villages in the northern rural areas of Tehran (Kifa, Keshar, Randan and Zagoon); the study was conducted 10 years after administration of the iodized oil injection and 6 years after the initiation of iodized salt consumption. Line note 6 UI <50 µg/L: 0.0%

Reference no 5599 General Notes: Multi-stage random sampling; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database. Line note 7 IU <50 µg/L: 2.8%

Reference no 5372 General Notes: Sampling: households chosen by cluster sampling from the cities of Rasht (Gilan province) and Sari (Mazandaran province). Line note 8 Mean age (SD): 26.1 (16.5) years. Line note 9 Mean age (SD): 24.9 (15.3) years. Reference no 5377 General Notes: Sample comprised subjects from 4 cities, 2-4 years after more than 90% of salt consumed by population iodized; for PW, sample size ranged from 90-116.

Reference no 1542 General Notes: Random sampling of families in the 20 districts of Tehran; urinary iodine measured in 749 subjects, adolescents and adults. Reference no 3317 General Notes: Cross-sectional cluster sampling survey; in each of the 26 provinces, 30 clusters of 40 children each selected by probability proportionate to size method; approximately half the school children in each province selected from rural regions; total sample size for national TGP, 3617 (in each province at least 1200 school children examined for TGP). Line note 10 Median UI >100 µg/L in all provinces. Reference no 3440a General Notes: Stratified random sample in 48 urban and rural areas of Shahriar.

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Line note 11 UI <50 µg/L: 10%, UI 100-250 µg/L: 65% Reference no 3159 General Notes: Sample comprised 630 subjects from 87 families randomly selected in Yasuj Township and Doruhan county, Boyer-Ahmad a tribal mountainous province; UI expressed in µg/g creatinine, values reported in the respective line notes.

Line note 12 UI mean (SD): 33.9 (36.1) µg/g Cr Line note 13 UI mean (SD): 24.0 (16.6) µg/g Cr

Reference 1542 Salarkia N, Azizi F, Kimiagar M, Zakeri H, Soheilikhah S, Nafarabadi M. Monitoring iodine following consumption of iodized salt in Tehrani inhabitants. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 2000, 70 :65-69.

Reference 3159 Samadpour K. Endemic goiter in Boyer-Ahmad, 1985 [unpublished data]. Tehran, .

Reference 3317 Azizi F, Sheikholeslam R, Hedayati P, Mirmiran P, Malekafzali H, Kimiagar M, Pajouhi M. Sustainable control of iodine deficiency in Iran: beneficial results of the implementation of the mandatory law on salt iodization. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2002, 25 :409-413.

Reference 3440 AziziF, Navai L, Fattahi F. Goiter prevalence, urinary iodine excretion, thyroid function and anti-thyroid antibodies after 12 years of salt iodization in Shariar, Iran. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 2002, 75 :291-295.

Reference 4695 Salarkia N, Hedayati M, Mirmiran P, Kimiagar M, Azizi F. Evaluation of the impact of an iodine supplementation programme on severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism. Public Health Nutrition, 2003, 6 :529-533.

Reference 5372 Azizi F, Rahmani M, Allahverdian S, Hedayati M. Effects of salted food consumption on urinary iodine and thyroid function tests in two provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2001, 7 :115-120.

Reference 5377 Azizi F, Aminorroya A, Hedayati M, Rezvanian H, Amini M, Mirmiran P. Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake. Public Health Nutrition, 2003, 6 :95-98.

Reference 5411 Mozaffari H, Dehghani A, Afkhami M, Galali BA, Ehrampush MH. Goiter prevalence, urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodine after 10 years of salt iodization in Yazd Province, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2005, 21 :298-302.

Reference 5555 Saudeghipour Roudsari HR, Sherafat Kazemzadeh R, Sendi H, Rezaeie R, Derakhshan M, Zonoobian V Hoseini N. Assessment of urine iodine in school childrenc from urban and rural areas of Tehran in 2001. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2004, 20 :131-135.

Reference 5599 Azizi F, Delshad H, Mehrabi Y. Thyroid volumes in schoolchildren of Tehran: comparison with European schoolchildren. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2001, 24 :756-762.

Reference 5619 Azizi F. Sustainability of a well-monitoring salt iodization program in Iran; marked reduction on goiter prevalence and eventual normalization of urinary iodine concentrations without alteration in iodine content of salt. Ministry of Health, 2006.

Reference 461 UNICEF, Ministry of Health. National Prevalence Survey on Iodine Deficiency, 1991 [unpublished data]. Teheran, 1992.

Reference 463 Kimiagar M, Azizi F, Navai L, Yassai M, Nafarabadi T. Survey of iodine deficiency in a rural area near Tehran: association of food intake and endemic goitre. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1990, 44 :17-22.

Reference 467 Bastani SJ. Endemic goiter in Iran. In: Dunn JT et al., eds. Towards the eradication of endemic goiter, cretinism, and iodine deficiency. Washington, DC, Pan American Health Organization, 1986 :357.

Reference 475 Kimiagar M. Endemic Goitre in Iran. 1987.

Reference 482 Sheikholeslam R. Promotion of IDD Prevention Programme Through PHC System. 1993.

Reference 494 Ministry of Health [Islamic Republic of Iran]. Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean [unpublished data]. 1996.

Reference 599 Azizi F, Mirmiran P, Sheikholeslam R, Hedayati M, Rastmanesh R. Association of ferritin with goiter, urinary iodine and serum thyroid hormones in schoolchildren of Iran [in Arabic]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2001, 3 :89-94.

Reference 1187 Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Undersecretariat for Public Health, Nutrition Department, UNICEF. Overcoming iodine deficiency in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran, United Nations Children's Fund, 2000.

Reference 1188 Pandav CS. An outline for development and formulation of a national IDD control programme in Islamic Republic of Iran; 1989 Nov 25-Dec 8 [assignment report]. 1989.

Reference 1543 Azizi F, Sarshar A, Nafarabadi M, Ghazi A, Kimiagar M, Noohi S, Rahbar N, Bahrami A, Kalantari S. Impairment of neuromotor and cognitive development in iodine- deficient schoolchildren with normal physical growth. Acta Endocrinologica, 1993, 129 :501-504.

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Reference 2629 Ministry of Health. Summary of national 1996 IDD survey [unpublished data]. Iran, .

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Reference 2631 Samadpour K. Summary of national 1989 IDD survey [unpublished data]. Teheran, 2001.

Reference 3137 Navaie L, Fatahi F, Nafarabadi M, Azizi F, Shaheed Beheshti. The effect of iodized salt on thyroid hormones, urinary iodine and grade of goiter in Shahriar region. Teheran, Endocrine and Metabolism Center, Nutrition Research Ctr, Uni of Medical Science, Tehran., 1995.

Reference 3142 [Anonymous]. Prevalence survey on goiter in Shahriar, 1983 [unpublished data]. Tehran, .

Reference 3143 Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Summary of 1989, 1994 and 1996 IDD survey [unpublished data]. Tehran, 2002.

Reference 3441 Azizi F, Mirmiran P, Sheikholeslam R, Hedayati M, Rastmanesh R. The relation between serum ferritin and goiter, urinary iodine and thyroid hormone concentration. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 2002, 72 :296-299.

Reference 3905 FAO. FAO - nutrition country profiles - Iran. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2002.

Reference 4396 Azizi F, Sheikholeslam R, Hedayati M, Mirmiran P, Mahdavi A, Delshad H. Goiter survey and urinary iodine concentration in 8 to 10-year-old schoolchildren from Fars Province in 1996. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2001, 3

Reference 5286 Mostafavi H. Effect of adequete salt iodization on the prevalence of goiter: a cross-sectional comparative study among school children aged 6-18 years during 1989 and 1995. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science, 2005, 21 :53-55.

Reference 5314 Mousavi SM, Tavakoli N, Mardan F. Risk factors for goiter in primary school girls in Qom city of Iran. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006, 60 :426-433.

Reference 5373 Eftekhari MH, Simondon KB, Jalali M, Keshavarz SA, Elguero E, Eshraghian MR, Saadat N. Effects of administration of iron, iodine and simultaneous iron-plus-iodine on the thyroid hormone profile in iron-deficient adolescent Iranian girls. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006, 60 :545-552.

Reference 5378 Ravanshad S, Setoudeh-Maram E, Nader F, Mostafavy H. Prevalence study of iodine deficiency disorders among high school girls in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1996-1997. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2003, 19 :70-74.

Reference 5401 Azizi F, Hedayati M, Rahmani M, Sheikholeslam R, Allahverdian S, Salarkia N. Reappraisal of the risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: an epidemiological population survey. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2005, 28 :23-29.

Reference 5402 Bazrafshan HR, Mohammadian S, Ordookhani A, Farhidmehr F, Hedayati M, Abdolahi N, Azizi F, Braverman LE, Pearce EN. Prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren from Gorgan, Iran, a decade after national iodine supplementation: association with age, gender, and thyroperoxidase antibodies. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2005, 28 :727-733.

Reference 5404 Azizi F, Mirmiran P, Hedayati M, Salarkia N, Noohi S, Rostamian D. Effect of 10 yr of the iodine supplementation on the hearing threshold of iodine deficient schoolchildren. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2005, 28 :595-598.

Reference 5429 Bazrafshan HR, Mohammadian S, Ordookhani A, Abedini A, Davoudy R, Pearce EN, Hedayati M, Azizi F, Braverman LE. An assessment of urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations in lactating mothers from Gorgan, Iran, 2003. Thyroid, 2005, 15 :1165-1168.

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Reference 5477 Mirmiran P, Hedayati M, Noohi S, Azizi F. The effect of iodized oil adminstration on the impaired hearing of iodine deficienct schoolchildren. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2003, 1 :61-66.

Reference 5657 Azizi F, Mirmiran P, Sheikholesham R. Sustained elimanation of iodine deficiency in the Islamic Republic of Iran: an update. IDD Newsletter, 2006, 24 :8-13.