THE MIDDLE

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SBL ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES

Brian B. Schmidt, General Editor

Editorial Board: Andrea Berlin Aaron Brody Annie Caubet Billie Jean Collins Yuval Gadot André Lemaire Herbert Niehr Christoph Uehlinger

Number 28

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SBL THE MIDDLE MACCABEES

Archaeology, History, and the Rise of the Hasmonean Kingdom

Edited by Andrea M. Berlin and Paul J. Kosmin

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SBL Contents

Abbreviations...... ix Figures...... xix

The Middle Maccabees: A Period Comes into View Andrea M. Berlin and Paul J. Kosmin...... 1

Part 1. Material Evidence: The Archaeology of the Regions

1.. The Regions and Material Evidence: Overview Andrea M. Berlin...... 11

2.. in the Early : New Evidence for Its Nature and Location Yiftah Shalev, Efrat Bocher, Helena Roth, Débora Sandhaus, Nitsan Shalom, and Yuval Gadot...... 17

3.. Hellenistic Military Architecture from the Givʿati Parking Lot Excavations, Jerusalem Ayala Zilberstein...... 37

4.. Settlement and History of the Northern Judean Hills and Southern Samaria during the Early Hasmonean Period Dvir Raviv...... 53

5.. Settlements and Borders in the ShephelahPress from the Fourth to the First Centuries BCE Débora Sandhaus...... 73

6.. Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain (“Philistia”) during the Early Hellenistic Periods (Third through Mid-Second Centuries BCE) Uzi ‘Ad...... SBL 91 vi Contents

7. . Go West: Archaeological Evidence for Hasmonean Expansion toward the Mediterranean Coast Yehiel Zelinger...... 107

8.. Galilee in the Second Century BCE: Material Culture and Ethnic Identity Uzi Leibner...... 123

9.. The Upper Galilee and the Northern Coast Andrea M. Berlin...... 145

10.. The Hasmonean Settlement in Galilee: A Numismatic Perspective Danny Syon...... 177

11.. Contribution of the Rhodian Eponyms Amphora Stamps to the History of the Maccabees: The Data Gerald Finkielsztejn...... 193

12.. I’s First Autonomous Coins Donald T. Ariel...... 215

Part 2. The Wider Stage: A Small State in a Great Power World

13.. Overview: The Middle Maccabees in Context Paul J. Kosmin...... 243

14.. Before the Spark Ignites the Fire: Structural Instabilities in Southern Sylvie Honigman...... 257

15.. Seleucid Throne Wars: Resilience and Disintegration of the Greatest Successor Kingdom from Demetrius I to VII Altay Coşkun...... Press 269

16.. The Machinations of the Ptolemaic State in Its Relationship with (160–104 BCE) Christelle Fischer-Bovet...... 293 SBL Contents vii

17. . Silver Coinage in Seleucid Coele Syria and : Implications for the History of Judah Catharine Lorber...... 311

18.. Roman Hegemony and the Hasmoneans: Constructions of Empire Duncan E. MacRae...... 331

Part 3. Voices: Textual Responses to the Middle Maccabees

19.. Reading the Middle Maccabees Benedikt Eckhardt...... 349

20.. Competitors to Middle Maccabees: Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls Jutta Jokiranta...... 363

21.. Jewish Voices on Rome and Roman Imperialism Erich S. Gruen...... 379

22.. Conclusion: The Maccabean Rise to Power, in Archaeological and Historical Context Andrea M. Berlin and Paul J. Kosmin...... 391

Bibliography...... 409 Contributors...... 477 Ancient Sources Index...... 479 Personal Names Index...... 489 Place Names Index...... 493 Press

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SBL Abbreviations

1 Macc 1 Maccabees 2 Macc 2 Maccabees 1QM Milḥamah or War Scroll 1QpHab Pesher Habakkuk 1QS Serek Hayaḥad or Rule of the Community 1QSa Rule of the Congregation (appendix a to 1QS) 1QSb Rule of the Blessings (appendix b to 1QS) 4Q175 Testimonia 4Q247 Pesher on the Apocalypse of Weeks 4Q249a papyrus cryptic Rule of the Congregation 4Q298 cryptic Word of the Maskil to All Sons of Dawn 4Q524 Temple Scrollb 4QMMT Miqṣat Maʿaśê ha-Torah (Some of the Torah Observations) 4QpNah Pesher Nahum 4QSE Serekh ha-‘Edah 11QTa Temple Scrolla AAAG Annals of the Association of American Geographers AAAPSS Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sci- ence AAAS Les Annales archéologiques Arabes syriennes AASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research AAW Armies of the Ancient World AB Anchor Press AcBib Academia Biblica AD Arkeoloji Dergisi ADART Sachs, , and Hermann Hunger. 1988–1996. Astro- nomical Diaries and Related Texts from . Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. ADPV Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins AdvAnth Advances in Anthropology

SBL-ix - x Abbreviations

AE Ausonius Études AEM Annales de l’Est. Mémoire AfO Archiv für Orientforschung Ag. Ap. , Against Apion AH Acta Hyperborea AHSS Annales, Histoire et Sciences sociales AIL Ancient Israel and Its Literature AJC 1 Meshorer, Ya‘akov. 1982. Ancient Jewish Coinage. Vol. 1, Per- sian Period through Hasmonaeans. Dix Hills, NY: Amphora Books. AJC 2 Meshorer, Ya‘akov. 1982. Ancient Jewish Coinage. Vol. 2, Herod the Great through Bar Cochba. Dix Hills, NY: Amphora Books. AJEC Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity AJN American Journal of Numismatics AJP American Journal of Philology AJSRev AJS Review Alon Alon: Internal Quarterly of the Israel Numismatic Society Anab. Arrian, Anabasis ANGSBAA Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology Ant. Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae AntCl L’Antiquité Classique Arm. Hist. Moses of Khoren, Armenian History APR Coşkun, Altay, ed. 2018. Amici Populi Romani. Prosopog- raphie der auswärtigen Freunde Roms = Prosopography of the Foreign Friends of Rome. Version 08. http://www.altay- coskun.com/apr. ASI Archaeological Survey of Israel asl above sea level ASORMS American Schools of Oriental Research Monograph Series Athenaeum Athenaeum Studi Periodici di Letteratura e Storia dell'Antichità Press Atiqot ‘Atiqot AYBRL Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library b. Babylonian Talmud Biblical Archaeologist Babyl. Berossus, Babyloniaca BAG Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte BAH SBLBibliothèque archéologique et historique Abbreviations xi

BAIAS Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BARIS BAR (British Archaeological Reports) International Series BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique BCHSup Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Supplement Bib. hist. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica BibInt Biblical Interpretation Series BICSL Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, London BIES Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale B.J. Josephus, Bellum judaicum BMC Pal. Hill, George Francis. 1914. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Palestine (Galilee, Samaria, and Judaea). London: British Museum. BMH Bulletin of the Museum Haaretz BMiq Beit Miqra BRS Biblical Resource Series CahRB Cahiers de la Revue Biblique CD Cairo Genizah copy of the Damascus Document CdE Chronique d’Egypte CDSAJ City of Studies of Ancient Jerusalem CH 1975–2010. Coin Hoards. 10 vols. London: Royal Numis- matic Society, 1975‒2002; American Numismatic Society and Royal Numismatic Society, 2010. CHANE Culture and History of the CHJ Davies, William D., and Louis Finkelstein, eds. 1984–2006. Cambridge History of Judaism. 4 vols. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. CHL Meshorer, Ya‘akov, Gabriela Bijovsky, and Wolfgang Fischer- Bossert. 2013. Coins of the Holy Land: The Abraham and Marian Sofaer CollectionPress at the American Numismatic Soci- ety and the Israel Museum. Edited by David Hendin and Andrew R. Meadows. New York: American Numismatic Society. Chron. Chronicon CIIP Cotton, Hannah M., et al., eds. 2010–2012. Corpus Inscrip- tionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae. 4 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter. cm SBLcentimeter(s) xii Abbreviations

CN Collezioni Numismatiche CNCNRS Colloques nationaux du CNRS CNI Christian News from Israel ColH Collectanea Hellenistica C.Ord.Ptol. Lenger, Marie-Thérese, ed. 1964. Corpus des Ordonnances des Ptolémées. Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique. CQS Companion to the Qumran Scrolls D Damascus Document Deipn. Athenaeus, Deipnosophists DHASup Dialogues d’histoire ancienne Supplement DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DSD Dead Sea Discoveries EAnc Études Anciennes EH Faucher, Thomas, Andrew R. Meadows, and Catharine C. Lorber, eds. 2017. Egyptian Hoards, Vol. 1, The Ptolemies. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire. EJL Early Judaism and Its Literature ENHG Études nancéenes d’histoire grecque Epit. Justinus, Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum ErIsr Eretz-Israel Expl. Dan. Jerome, Exposition in Danielem FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament FGrHist Jacoby, Felix, ed. 1954–1964. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Leiden: Brill. FHG Müller, Karl, ed. 1878–1885. Fragmenta Historicorum Grae- corum. 5 vols. Paris: Didot. frag(s). fragment(s) ft feet g gram(s) Geog. Strabo, Geographica GFA Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft Git. Gittin Press GR The Geographical Review GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies GS Golan Studies ha hectare(s) HA-ESI Hadashot Arkheologiyot–Excavations and Surveys in Israel HB Hebrew Bible HBM SBLHebrew Bible Monographs Abbreviations xiii

HCS Hellenistic Culture and Society Hen Henoch Hist. Herodotus, Historiae Polybius, Historiae Historia Historia: Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte HZ Historische Zeitschrift IAAR Israel Antiquities Authority Reports IC & the Caucasus IDelos 1926–1972. Inscriptions de Delos. 7 vols. Paris. IEJ Israel Exploration Journal IGCH Thompson, Margaret, Otto Mørkholm, and Colin M. Kraay, eds. 1973. An Inventory of Greek Coins Hoards. New York: American Numismatic Society. INJ Israel Numismatic Journal INR Israel Numismatic Research INRev Israel Numismatic Review JAH Journal of Ancient History JAJ Journal of Ancient Judaism JAJSup Journal of Ancient Judaism Supplements JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JAS Journal of Archaeological Science JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JEI Jerusalem and Eretz-Israel JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JMA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology JPH Journal of Planning History JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRASup Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series JRS Journal of Roman Studies JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods Press JSJSup Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Jub. SBLJubilees xiv Abbreviations

Kalanit Kalanit: Israel Plant Magazine km kilometer(s) KMFS Kelsey Museum Fieldwork Series KSGVI Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des Volkes Israel l(l). line(s) LCL Loeb Classical Library Let. Aris. Letter of Aristeas LevSup Levant Supplementary Series LG Land of Galilee LPPRSA La Parola del Passato Rivista di Studi Antichi LSTS The Library of Second Temple Studies m meter(s) MA Mediterranean Archaeology MBPF Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte MDAI Mitteilungen des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts MDIA Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens Mes Midr. Midrash mm millimeter(s) MnemSup Mnemosyne Supplements NAC Numismatica e Antichità Classiche Name-IB Name-ye-Iran-e-Bastan Nat. hist. Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia NEA Near Eastern Archaeology NEAEHL Stern, Ephraim, ed. 1993. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeo- logical Excavations in the Holy Land. 4 vols. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Carta; New York: Simon & Schuster. NEASB Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin NETS Pietersma, Albert, and Benjamin G. Wright III, eds. 2007. A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Press NJPS Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: The New JPS Translation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text NL Numismatica Lovaniensia NNM Numismatics Notes and Monographs NSR Numismatic Studies and Researches NumAC Numismatica Ars Classica NumC SBLNumismatic Chronicle Abbreviations xv

OBO.SA Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica Obv. Obverse OG Old Greek OGI Dittenberger, W., ed. 1903–1905. Orientis graeci inscriptions selectae. 2 vols. Leipzig. OIP Oriental Institute Publications OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta OSEE Oxford Studies in Early Empires OTP Charlesworth, James H., ed. 1983–1985. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday. para(s). paragraph(s) P.Cair.Zen. Edgar, C. C., ed. 1925–1940. Zenon Papyri, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. 5 vols. Cairo. PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society P.Diosk. Cowey, J. M. S., K. Maresch, and C. Barnes, eds. 2003. Das Archiv des Phrurarchen Dioskurides. Paderborn. PEFA Palestine Exploration Fund Annual PEFQS Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly Per. Livy, Perochiae P.Gen. 1896–2010. Les Papyrus de Genève. 4 vols. Geneva. PH The Public Historian PHI Packard Humanities Institute, Greek Inscriptions Picus The Picus pl(s). plate(s) PP Past & Present P.Polit.Jud. Maresch, K., and J. M. S. Cowey, eds. 2001. Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis (144/3‚ 133/2 v. Chr.). Wiesbaden. Prol. Pompeius Trogus, Prologues Protr. Clement of Alexandria, ProtrepticusPress PSI Vitelli, G., and M. Norsa, eds. 1912–2008. Papiri greci e latini. Florence. Pss. Sol. Psalms of Qad Qadmoniot Qidd. Qiddushin r. reigned RB SBLRevue biblique xvi Abbreviations

RBN Revue Belge de Numismatique RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus REArm Revue des études arméniennes REG Revue des études grecques REJ Revue des etudes juives Rep Representations Rev. Reverse RevQ Revue de Qumran RPC Burnett, Andrew, Michel Amandry, and Pere Pau Ripollès. 1992. Roman Provincial Coinage. Vol. 1, From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius (44 BC–AD 69). London: British Museum Press with Bibliothèque Nationale. RSV Revised Standard Version S Community Rule SB Preisigke, F., F. Bilabel, E. Kiessling, and H.-A. Rupprecht, eds. 1915–. Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegyp- ten. Berlin. SBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers SC Houghton, Arthur, Catharine Lorber, and Oliver D. Hoover. 2008. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue II; Seleu- cus IV through Antiochus XIII. 2 vols. New York: American Numismatic Society. SCI Scripta Classica Israelica SDSSRL Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature SE Seleucid Era SEB Seleucid Era, Babylonian calendar SEG Supplementum epigraphicum graecum SEM Seleucid Era, Macedonian calendar SHAMAW Studies on the History of Ancient and Medieval Art of War- fare SHJPLI Studies in the History of Pressthe Jewish People and the Land of Israel Sib. Or. Sibylline Oracles SKU stock-keeping unit (used by online forum Vcoins) SNR Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah StEll Studi Ellenistici StH SBLStudia Hellenistica Abbreviations xvii

StPB Studia Post-biblica StPhoen Studia Phoenicia s.v. sub verbo, under the word Syr. Appian, TA Tel Aviv TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association TJC Meshorer, Ya‘akov. 2001. A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kochba. Translated by Robert Amoils. Nyack, NY: Amphora. T.Jud. Testament of Judah TMOM Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen TOOSup Topoi orient-occident Supplement Transeu Transeuphratène Trésors Seyrig, Henri. 1973. Trésors monétaires séleucides II: Trésors du Levant ancients et nouveaux. Paris: Geuthner. TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum T.Sim. Testament of Simeon TV Teva’ v’aretz Virt. vit. Plutarch, De virtute et vitio VKAWLSKB Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Weten- schappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België vol(s). volume(s) VT Vetus Testamentum WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins ZPE Zeitschrift für Payrologie und Epigraphik Press

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1.1. Israel, relief map. Source: Eric Gaba/Wikimedia Commons 12 1.2a. Decorated table vessels, Maresha. Courtesy of Ian Stern. Photographs by Mark Letteney 14 1.2b. Undecorated, plain table vessels, Gamla. Source: Danny Syon, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority 14 1.3. Imported wine amphorae. Courtesy of Gérald Finkielsztejn, Israel Antiquities Authority, and the Tel Kedesh Excavations 15 2.1. Map of Jerusalem with the location of Givʿati parking lot 20 2.2. Aerial view of Givʿati parking lot excavation. Courtesy of City of David Archive. Photograph by Yair Isboutsky 20 2.3. Area 10, plan of architectural remains from Iron IIC, Persian, and Hellenistic periods (Jerusalem) 23 2.4. Area 10. Schematic plan of Building 110 (Jerusalem) 24 2.5. Area 10. Wall of Building 110 (Jerusalem) 24 2.6. Area 10, Building 110, Floor 1051 (Jerusalem) 26 2.7. Selection of pottery found within the collapse on Floor 1051 and in the fill below the floor (Jerusalem) 27 2.8. Selection of pottery found in the fills below Floor 1051 (Jerusalem) 28 2.9. Area 10, the western portion of Building 110 after the removal of Floor 1051 and the fill below it (Jerusalem) 28 2.10. A golden earing and a bead. Photograph by Clara Amit 29 2.11. Hellenistic bulla from Building 110. Photograph by Sasha Flit 31 2.12. Area 50, Domestic Structure B (Jerusalem) 32 3.1. Aerial view of Givʿati parking lot excavations. Photograph by Skyview 39 3.2. Remains against the northern portion of the salient (Givʿati parking lot). Photographs by Assaf Peretz Press 41 3.3. View of the tower and the gravel-system glacis (Givʿati parking lot). Photograph by Assaf Peretz 42 3.4. The eastern edge of Section 21 (Givʿati parking lot). Photograph by Assaf Peretz 43 3.5. Section 21 (Givʿati parking lot). Photograph by Assaf Peretz 46 4.1. Settlement map of southern Samaria and the northern Judean hills, in light of the literary sources 55

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4.2. Settlement map of southern Samaria and the northern Judean hills, according to the archaeological findings 56 4.3. Types of jars from the early Hellenistic period uncovered at sites in southern Samaria and Judea 64 4.4. Southern Samaria and the northern Judean hills during the early Second Temple period, according to the archaeological surveys 66 4.5. The changes of the border between Judea and Samaria during the Hasmonean period 69 4.6. Remains of a tower or peripheral wall uncovered at Artabba Fortress. Photograph by Yoram Hofman 69 4.7. Hasmonean fortresses in northern Judea 70 5.1. View of the ʿEla Valley from the top of Tel Azekah. Source: Wilson44691, Wikimedia Commons 74 5.2. Map of the sites in the ʿEla Valley. Drawn by Atalya Fadida 77 5.3. Aerial view of Naḥal Zanoaḥ excavations. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority, Pablo Betzer, and Omer Shalev 78 5.4. Aerial view of the granary building in Area W1 in Tel Azekah. Courtesy of Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot, and Manfred Oëming 79 5.5. Aerial view of Area D in Khirbet Qeiyafa. Courtesy of Michael Hasel and Yosef Garfinkel 80 5.6. Plan of buildings in Area D in Khirbet Qeiyafa. Courtesy of Michael Hasel and Yosef Garfinkel 81 5.7. Aerial view of Khirbet er-Rasm excavations. Courtesy of Avraham Faust and Adi Erlich 83 5.8. Olive press and columbarium system in Amaziah. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority/Vladik Lipschits. Photograph by Assaf Peretz 84 6.1. Southern coastal plain. Map of Hellenistic sites known from survey and excavation 92 6.2. Plan of Gan Soreq North. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority 97 6.3. Plan of Gan Soreq South. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority 98 6.4. Plan of Ashkelon-Barnea. Source: Peretz et al. 2018, figure 2, prepared by Michal Berkenfeld 99 6.5. Winepress. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority 101 7.1. Suggested routes in Persian-period Palestine 108 7.2. The rural settlements in the Lod Plain 111 7.3. Elʿad—the manor farmstead from the PressHellenistic period 112 7.4. Elʿad, Area A1. Remains of the estate owner’s house. Photo: Tzia Sagiv. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority 112 7.5. Elʿad, Area A1. Masonry style stucco. Photo: Tzia Sagiv. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority 113 7.6. Elʿad, Area A2–3. Storage room (U-44). Photo: Tzia Sagiv. Courtesy of the IsraelSBL Antiquities Authority 113 Figures xxi

7.7. Hellenistic silver drinking set. Photograph by Clara Amit. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority 115 7.8. Restored amphoras and jars. Photograph by Clara Amit. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority 116 7.9. Loom weights from small farm. Photograph: Clara Amit. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority 119 7.10. Reconstruction of the weaving room at the small farmstead. Drawing: Tania Korenfeld. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority 119 8.1. Aerial view of Khirbet el-ʿEika. Photograph by DPS Images 129 8.2. Plan of Khirbet el-ʿEika excavations. Source: Marcos Edelcopp 130 8.3. Aerial view of tower. Photograph by DPS Images. 131 8.4. Assemblage of restored vessels. Photograph by Tal Rogovski 133 8.5. Corner of a storeroom. Photograph by Tal Rogovski 133 8.6. Bronze incense shovel. Photograph by Tal Rogovski 134 8.7. Distribution of Persian and Hellenistic coins at Khirbet el-ʿEika 135 8.8. Map of sites discussed. Source: Roi Sabar 138 9.1. Upper Galilee relief map. Source: Eric Gaba/Wikimedia Commons 146 9.2. View of the lower mound. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition. Photograph by SkyView Photography 149 9.3. Kedesh compound, bin rooms. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 152 9.4. Large storage jar. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 153 9.5. Archive complex. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 155 9.6. Apollo and Tanit seal impressions. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 157 9.7. Infant burial, in situ. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 159 9.8. Storage jars reused as ovens. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 167 9.9. Hemispherical drinking bowl. Courtesy of the Tel Qedesh Expedition 168 9.10. Dishes, Eastern Sigillata A, and glass drinking cup. Courtesy of the Tel Anafa Expedition 170 10.1. Coin of Antiochus VII from the mint of Jerusalem. Courtesy of Classical Numismatic Group, www.CNGcoins.com 179 10.2 The distribution of the coins of Antiochus VII in Galilee 180 10.3. Coin distribution in Galilee, 125–63 BCE 183 10.4. Coin of Hyrcanus I. Photograph by Clara Amit 184 10.5. Gamla: A demographic change 185 10.6. Coins of Hyrcanus I in Galilee and GolanPress 188 10.7. Coins of Yehuda () in Galilee and Golan 189 10.8. Sites in Galilee and Golan with coins from the second century BCE 191 11.1. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Maresha 195 11.2. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Jerusalem 196 11.3. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Elʿad 197 11.4. DistributionSBL of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Philoteria 198 xxii Figures

11.5. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Khirbet el-ʿEika 198 11.6. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Kedesh 199 11.7. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Tel Keisan 200 11.8. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Gezer, Jerusalem 201 11.9. Distribution of Rhodian eponym amphora stamps: Samaria and Scythopolis-Nysa 204 12.1. Antiochus VII Sidetes coins 217 12.2. TJC, 207, group H coins 217 12.3. TJC, 207–9, group I coins 219 12.4. TJC, 209, group J coins 219 12.5. Alexander II Zabinas coins 235 12.6. Antiochus VIII Grypus coins 235 12.7. Alexander II Zabinas coins 236 13.1. Hellenistic west Asia. Source: Kosmin 2018 246–47 17.1. Alexandrian tetradrachm of Ptolemy V. Courtesy of Harlan J. Berk 313 17.2. Alexandrian tetradrachm of Ptolemy VI. Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority 313 17.3. Imitative tetradrachm modeled after third-century coinage of Ptolemais-Akko 316 17.4. Imitative tetradrachm modeled after third-century coinage of Ptolemais-Akko 317 17.5. Imitative tetradrachm modeled after Alexandrian issue of Ptolemy I 317 17.6. Imitative tetradrachm modeled after Alexandrian issue of Ptolemy I 317 17.7. Era didrachm dated year 114 320 17.8. Tetradrachm of Antiochus V 320 17.9. Tetradrachm of Antiochus V 320 17.10. Tetradrachm of Alexander I Balas, Laodicea- mint 322 17.11. Tetradrachm of Alexander I Balas, Sidon mint. Courtesy of Classical Numismatic Group 322 17.12. Tetradrachm of Alexander I Balas, Tyre mint 322 17.13. Tetradrachm of Alexander I Balas, Ptolemais-Akko mint 322 Press

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