~ - . " ,.- ~ '~ ...... , ...... ,...... '. . ,,-,. .""1' _ .... : ~ ~..-- : _~!~ ...... ~ .-. -. - . ~ ' -:' _ ;' .~ , .". a::"':"l.•iir~a ""-iIL..~J~Lb -.> '" ..;'~ ;AfZ!: - .~- ~. ~- . :... _....~ . ,..;.I._. ~'s::...·:t-" .-..·...-- _I _ ' o SOCIAL SCIENCE ~ INFORMATION

Philippine Social Science Council P.O. Box 205·UP Post Office, Diliman, Quezon City, 3004 May be opened for postal inspection GUEST EDITORIAL I

Agrarian reform has always been a key policy fortunately he backed out at the: last minute. The area for Philippine presidents from Ramon proceedings of the two-hour discussion are repro­ Magsaysay to Corazon Aquino. Yet, after more duced in this issue. The lively exchange of views than thirty years and four land reform programs focused on the dynamics of power and influence in 0955, 1963, 1971, and 1972), only 400,000 hectares the passage of the bill; the landlord-peasant conflict of private land, or 5%of 8 million cultivated hectares as a contnuing theme in Philippine history; and, have been distributed to about 175,000 families, or possible policy alternatives. about 7% of the landless. In implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), the There are two contending schools of thought Aquino government claims to have distributed that attempt to explain the rationale of agrarian 132,000 emancip'ation patents compared to the reform. In his article, Ronald D. Holmes explains 21,000granted b~ the Marcos administration during the conflicting views of those who argue that its fourteen-yearIrule. The fact remains however, agrarian reform is for the attainment of increased that 2.5million out of 4 million peasants are landless agricultural productivity through the dismantling ~l I I ~=ts or farm iorkers on land fhat they do not of feudal economic structures and those who believe that it should seek to achieve profound sodal transformation through the equitable redistribution 'I The credibility of CARLwas seriously damaged of productive resources. A graduate student in by the .Garchito~ena scam an~ si~ilar valua~ion Political Science at the University of the Philippines, anomalies that were unearthed In quick succession, Holmes is writing his thesis on the political economy The government's response was to appoint a new of agrarian reform. Secretary for the Department of Agrarian Reform I Discussions on agrarian reform hardly refer to who promptly pledged to distribute at least 250,000 collective ownership as a method of land hectares of privat~ agricultural lands to farmers by redistribution. This scheme was used by the the end of this \year. Several other problems Department of Agrarian Reform in transferring however, continue to saddle land reform 24,000 hectares of land to the farmworkers of particularly in I terms of support services; multinational corporations. Prudenciano Gordon­ compensation, prioritization of lands, funding, etc. cillo of the Institute of Agrarian Studies of UP Los Due to the ra~ng controversy and the unsettled Banos, analyzes the process and mechanism used questions about agrarian reform, the Social Issues in transferring these lands from the Guthrie Committee of the \Philippine Social Science Council Plantations, Inc. and the Guthrie Estates Inc. to the decided to focus on this topic in the first consultation farmers' cooperatives. He also recommends alter­ forum it held on 1\pril 17, 1989 at the Concepcion native measures to the lease-back agreement and Seminar Room :of the PSSCenter. The partici­ suggests more orientation and information semi­ pants were [airne Tadeo of the Kilusan ng mga nars about setting up cooperatives, the basic or­ Magbubukid sa Pilipinas (KMP); Dr. James Putzel ganization involved in this land transfer design. from Oxford Uriiversity and Visiting Research Fellow at the UP \School of Economics; Ms. Heidi This issue of the newsletter aims to provide Cruz of the Phil~ppine Peasant Institute (PPI); additional data to the growing body of information Congresswoman I[I0rtencia Starke of the Landlord about agrarian reform and hopes to contribute to Bloc in the House of Representatives; and Congo the efforts of finding a viable solution to theproblem -I Rolando Zamora, Chair of the Conference of equitable distribution of land, the primary Committee on A~arian Reform. The Department resource of production, to achieve not only of Agrarian Refortn sent a representative but un- agricultural growth but social restructuring as well.

rI' Socorro L. Reyes, Ph.D. Chair, Social Issues Committee Dr. Reyes also chairs the Political Science Department of De La Salle University. She is one of the two guest editors for this double issue (July - December 1989) of the PSSC Social Science tnformation.

j" ~ " < .. PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION --.JULY· DECEMBER.1989 . ISBN 0115-1169 CONTENTS _

SOCIAL SPECIAL FEATURES ~ . SCIENCE 4 • INFORMATION Agrarian Reform: Preliminary Notes The PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE and Observations INFORMATION primarily seeksto serve as a clearinghouse for the by Ronald D. Holmes exchange of information, documen­ 8 to tation, research activities, and news An Analysis of Land Transfer Through Collective "'" on people involved in the social Sciences. Since 1973,it has endeav­ Land Ownership: ored- to be a regular and compre­ The Case of NDC-GUTHRIE Joint Venture Projects hensive inventory of information and a catalyst Of discussion. by Prudenciano U. Gordoncillo Unless so, indicated, the views ex­ 14 pressedby the authors of articlesin Social Issues Committee this publication do not necessarily reflectthe policies of the Philippine Forum on Agrarian Reform Social Science Council, Inc. 30' A quarterly newsletter published by An Overview of the External Debt Problem the PHILIPPINE SOCIAL SCI­ by Leonor M. Briones ENCE COUNCIL, INC. (pSSC) withofficeat PSSCenter, Common­ 34 wealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon Economic Development, Inflation and the LOI/MEl' City, P.O. Box 205 U.P., Diliman, Quezon City 3004, Philippines, by Purita F. Neri 44 Editorial: Code of Ethics for Filipino,Social Scientists Francis M. Egenias Circulation: 46 Lydia G. Wenceslao Statement of Concern on the' Emily G. Tuzon Latest Attempted Coup

REGULARS

38Newsbriefs 43New Publications

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To quote from this publication, This double issue for July-December 1989 uas proper acknowledgment prepared with the assistance of the PSSC Social Issues should be given. Committee and the Philippine Statistical. Association. PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION .' .' 'j

AGRARIAN REFORM:

Preliminary Notes - -I and Observations. I

by Ronald D. Holmes -Ie • De La Salle University --

s a project, agrarian fundamental am@ng these is the fact reform programs have that agrarian reform is not just a . been looked upon as of program to solve the insurgency prime importance for problem. . Its aims are primarily A ~~'4 , . they aim to eliminate the age-old within the realm of economic problem of landlessness. . Land­ development, or at the most, societal ,I

lessness, in itself, has, been viewed transformation. I as a primary factor in inducing popular revolutionary movements This paper attempts .to give a towards agitating for social change. theoretical discussion of two' A solution to this problem therefore, . competing and contradictory 'views would restrict the growth of the about the value of agrarian reform. movement, given that its linkage The question of reform as a means' . . with the underprivileged sector (the for economic development and/or landless farmer or agricultural as a means of attaining social justice worker) would be cut off. would be the central focus of the " , succeeding discussion.' Primarily.fhe Such view however, has time paper adopts a political economic and again failed to concretize itself. approach in analyzing the impor- ­ A lot of factors has contributed to tance or non-importance of a reform the failure of programs which result program following anyone of the, ' , out of such assumptions. The most above mentioned framework. (CARL) both aim towards what has to the 'perpetuation of ,the; Economic Development been defined as balanced agro­ underdeveloped stage that most and Agrarian Reform industrial development strategy Third World countries experience. (BAIDs)2. Under BAlDs, renewed Continuously, the'agricultural secton As a means of economic ,emphasis is directed towards is vulnerable to changes in demands: development, the agrarian reform agribusiness production for export, for, specific products in the world! program seeks to increase agri­ selective import-substitution of non­ market. Other than this, the! cultural productivity by doing away traditional crops, and semi­ concentration of vast tracts! of landl with feudal structures which restrict processing of agricultural raw for corporations (foreign and local)! the growth in ptoduction. Such materials.", Such program was reduces the fanner to a status of aru antiquated structures have. to be meant to facilitate capital formation' agricultural worker, alienated fromr eliminated in order to set the stage in the countryside and its subsequent this landholding, and being exploited: for modernization, with capital appropriation to the industrial sector. within the capitalist relation of wage.. formation in the rural' areas The redistribution scheme therefore" becoming the primary factor that can Aside from its export­ does not come with noble motives;: lead towards urban industrialization. orientation, the program provides it aims to increase the penetration o~; support services which lead to a capitalism' in the countryside', For most technocrats in govern-' complete integration, of the transforming landlords to indus­ ment, with an increase in agricultural agricultural sector to the capitalist trialists, continuously siphoning out productivity, the capital needed to sphere of production and .exchange. the resources for the benefit of a generate more employment, and to The facilities of credit, marketing, foreign market, and bringing the create and improve on industries, irrigation, cooperatives, and peasants into continued misery will be at hand. Intensive develop­ agricultural extension do not exactly (either as subsistence producers or ment in the agricultural sector is seen deter the continued penetration of agricultural workers), all in the name as the stepping stone towards capitalist relations and the of modernization. extensive development in the subsequent displacement of the industrial part of the economy. A peasantry from the agricultural Added to the economic study has noted that the prospects scene. As it has been seen in other , consideration on the appropriateness for sustainable growth in the countries, who- have implemented of a comprehensive land -reform agricultural sector are hampered by the same scheme under the program .is its political motives. the highly skewed distribution of framework of economic develop­ Government leaders in developing landholdings which constitute a ment, the support services have countries have oftentimes viewed a barrier to socialand political stability resulted to uneven development and redistributive program with much as well as to the dual goals of equity the dislocation or proletarianization caution. Such however, dees not and efficiency.' ' -ofthe peasantry! apply to a land redistribution program. Like the landlord, govern­ As an example, the previous The orientation therefore, leads ment leaders {and their planners) land reform program (PO 27) and towards an increased penetration of view land as of prime Importance the present agrarian reform program capitalism in the rural areas resulting and value. However, unlike" the

Mil. Agnes R. Quisumbing, "Agrarian Reform in the Philippines", Development Research News (Vol. V, no. 3, May-june 1987), p.l

2 Und~ the previou;;.regime, the BAlDs strategy was devised as a new variation of the export-oriented strategy where t!te'emphasis was placed on produ~g non-tradi~onal ~ops for export. Under the new program, the DAR has envisioned the CARL as a means of fadlitating the same dollar earnmg scheme, improving therefore the country's foreign reserves and facilitating capital transfer from the agricultural to the industrial areas. '.

3 National Peasant Situation (ECD Study Series, 1985, p. 10)

4 Such is .the case of peasant displacement in Taiwan and South Korea. With land reform (land consolidation), the more affluent sector of the pea~try (rich ~sant) eased out,the sm~1 and even middle peasant from agricultural production. The remaining small producers live in conditions of subsistence, with an increase m non-farm employment 'as a means of their own reproduction. landlord, the economic con­ The means by which land siderations of land's utility tempers redistribution can facilitate societal the political bias of the government transformation is clear. First, it will . leaders. In simple terms, landlord eradicate the traditional basis for interest, although of value to the power of the landlords-their ruling class, can and must be landholdings. Second, it will em­ sacrificed for a greater goal ­ power the peasantry to realize its modernization. Such is the basis for objectives, not only of producing for government's favorable attitude subsistence, but contributing to the towards land redistribution. country's economic development through cooperative or' collective. work. Third, it will deter the An added-factor to government's continued penetration of capitalism, favorable position to implement a thereby, eliminating the useless comprehensive agrarian reform dependence on foreign capital and program is the fact that even the the international market, a hallmark foreign institutions and corporations of the agricultural sector in most which "assist" in economic develop­ Third World countries. Lastly, it ment.move for the operationalization will serve to attain true social justice. of the program. The World Bank and the International MonetaryFund Empowerment ,of the affected have repeatedly echoed their sector-peasantry, however, does not willingness to fund programs related result only out of land redistributien to land redistribution, or more per se, A set of support mechanisms appropriately, rationalization and Land Reform and should also be implemented to arrest deregulation of the .agricultural the possibility of continued sector," Societal Transformation domination of the peasant class by traditional landlords, or newly Another view, although 'less formed rural capitalists. Cooperative At present also, the political dominant, about land reform, is or collective systems of agricultural mileage which the political leaders looking at the program as a means production have to be set in place to previously enjoyed out of landlord to facilitate social change. The eliminate the individualist nature of support, is but a thing of the past. program is seen not merely as a agricultural producers. The Crucial to the leaders' continued means of redistributing physical cooperative and collective will be

dominance is not the continuance of resources (land)' but more . the venue for continuous political I the overt support given by the importantly of providing the education which would facilitate a • landlord class, but rather, the requisite elements towards a more 'heightening of the peasants' political mileage that they can get democratic and humane society. consciousness, and lead towards: a . out of a popular program such as More than the distribution of wealth, concerted effort for societal land reform. Given this therefore, a land redistribution scheme can aid transformation. and the economic consideration societal transformation through a (modernization), land' reform has reconfiguration of power-economic The implementation of a land been viewed as a cornerstone of and political. Such reconfiguration redistribution program given this government's' economic develop­ would not happen if land is perspective- should therefore have a ment program, an indispensable one continuously held by a class which set of' short and long-term at that. hinders societal transformation. objectives.' Included as short-term,

5 The concept rationalization and deregulation should be taken within the context of,increasing capitalist penetration of the countryside. See Rene Ofreneo, Capitalism in Philippine Agriculture (Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1987), for further discussion.

6 Amit Kuyar Chose, Agrarian Reform in Contemporary Developing Countries, p. 20.

6 objectives are the distribution of In this regard there is still an workers union (Negros> NFSW'· landholdings (preferably collective or area for hope; the peasant move­ FGT), to land occupation by local cooperative farms), improvement of ment, although still relatively lim­ peasants affiliated with mass-based the means of production (seed ited, is gaining ground. The recent national peasantorganizations. These . varieties, mechanization, irrigation), ' moves towards exercising the right alternatives, although, nominal irr and the development of a more to initiative on the part of a broad terms of scope, have facilitated a appropriate marketing and credit alliance of peasant organizations, as heightening of the peasants' network in line with the farmers' represented by the proposed People's consciousness and an intensificatiorr interest. All of these would lead Agrarian Reform Code (PARCaDE) of- their resistance to capitalist towards a revitalization of the is a positive step towards a exploitation.. peasantry. As a long-term objective, protracted goal. Other than this, the program should aim towards a concrete alternatives have been In the end therefore, the choice: change in the economic system with implemented. From the land reform would not be within the power of resultant changes in the political and program of the underground the dominant class; it will be the socio-cultural dimensions of society. national democratic group,. to oppressed who would put ,:1 stop to: farmlots program of agricultural oppression. '.

Between Justice and References Development Bautista, Maria Cynthia Rose B. Capitalism and the Social Differentiation of the Philippine I Peasantry, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wi~onsin (Madison). . , Within the social formation of Canlas, Mamerto, Mariano Miranda, Jr. and James Putzel. Land, Poverty and Politics in the: countries such, as ours, the choice Philippines, Quezon City: Oaretian Publications, 1988. between the two contradictory positions is obvious. Given the need Ennew, Judith, Paul Hirst and Keith Tribe. "Peasantry as an Economic Category",·)ourrial of] to maintain the. dominance of the Peasant Studies, Volume 4, no. 4, 1977. ruling class, the need to improve the Ghose, Amit Kuyar. Agrarian Reform in Contemporary Developing Countries, London:' appropriation of surplus value, the CroOIl1 Helm, 1983. .' creation and expansion of an accumulation fund, and, the Lehman, David. "Agrarian Structures and Paths of Transformation", Journal of Contemporary' As~a, protection of the interest of the vol. 7, no. 1, 1977. '. foreign capitalist, the prospects for Ofreneo, Rene. Capitalism in Philippine Agriculturg. Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist! gearing towards a conciliation of Studies, 1987. economic development and social ~ --==--" "Modernizing the Agricultural Sector", in Vivencio Jose (editor), Mortgaging justice is dim. the Future: The World Bank and theIMF in the Philippines, Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1984. -~ ~ This situation should however not be taken as a subject for cynicism. Tadem, Eduardo. "Directions in Philippine Agrarian Reform", New Asian Visions, yol. 4, no. 1, 1987. . Rather, the existing condition requires independent initiatives to "Agrarian Reform in the Philippines" ' Development Research News, Vol. 5, No.3, May-June I be taken. Alternatives to the 1987. government-implemented program . - "The National Peasant Situation:1985", The Peasant Situation, ECD Study Series, 3rd/4th are necessary in' order to deter or Quarters 1985. ' inhibit a complete deterioration of the peasantry and the further Land Reform in the Philippines. Manila: loon Databank Philippines, 1988 integration of agriculture in the Salient Features of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP),· Quezon City: circuit of capital characterized by Public Affairs Staff, DAR, 1987. uneven development and unequal exchange. The initiative should come from the sector most affected -the ..Ronald D. Holmes is a lecturer at the Political Science Department of De La Salle! peasantry. .University.

7 PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMAJ:ION . . '>..::; .'-,

An Analysis of Land Transfer ~ Through Collective Land Ownership: The Case of NDC-GUTHRIE Joint Venture- Projects

Prudenciano u. Gordoncillo* University of the Philippines, Los Banos

I. INTRODUCTION (DAR) a total of 33,500 hectares departure from the land transfer of lands leased to MNCs namely: process adopted in the previous As provided for in Section 8 DOLE Philippines of.Polomolok land distribution program, it is of the Comprehensive Agrarian South cotabato; Del Monte Phil­ imperative that the entire scheme Reform Law (R.A. 6657), all ippines of Bukidnon; and NDC­ be analyzed in the context of its lands of the public domain Guthrie of Agusan del Sur. applicability to similar agrarian leased to Multinational Subsequently, DAR designed a situations and its implications to Corporations (MNCs) shall be scheme to transfer about 24,000 the basic principles of CARP. acquired immediately for hectares of said NDC lands to distribution to qualified the farmworkers of the MNCs. Using the Rapid Area beneficiaries of the Program. In The scheme effected the transfer Appraisal Technique,' a team compliance therewith, on of landownership collectively to conducted the assessment in September 27,1988, the National the farmworkers organized into February 1989. The technique Development Corporation cooperatives. employed key-informant:! (NDC) transferred to the respondent interviews and field Department of Agrarian Reform Since the scheme is a radical .observations.

8 II. PROFILE OF rated (NGED respectively (Table NDC is an investor of the; 1). Subsequently, about 7,366 projects and at the same time; NDC-GUTHRIE hectares were transferred to the the lessor of the lands. While; farmers cooperatives. both- enterprises are distinct in -. Of the 24,OOD-hectare NDC their operations, they are under lands transferred to farm-work­ Both NGPI and NGEI which one management. .The two share ers, about 4,249 hectares and are devoted to· palm . oil a common executive manage­ 4,081 hectares were leased from production are joint-venture ment staff. NGE! sells its palmr NDC by NDC-Guthrie Planta­ projects of NDC and Kumpulan kernel to NGPI which in addition tions Incorporated (NGPD and Guthrie Berhard (Malaysia) at to its palm kernel plantation alsoi NDC-Guthrie Estates Incorpo- 60-40 in favor.of NDC~ Hence; operates the crude palmoil mill.,

TABLE 1. Profile of NDC-Guthrie

Description • NGPI NGEI Total·

Area Transferred 3,348 3,918 7,266

Number of Beneficiaries 996 830 ,1,.826

Location Agusan .del Sur Agusandel Sur

Principal Crop ~aim Tree Palm Tr~

Total Cultivation (NOC Lands) 4,249 -4,081 8,330 r. Total Employees 1,003 - 852 1.855

Lease Rate/Ha.(NIX::) 1,000 1,000

Capitalization (Million ?)" 159 160 319

1988 Assets (Million ?) 530 322 852

Incorporation Date 01/04/80 01/04/83

Officers

Chairman Antonio Henson Antonio Henson President Hector Quesada Hector Quesada

Parent Company NDC - 60% NIX - 60% KGB (Kumpulan KGB - 40% Guthrie) Berhard - 40%

9 . III. THE "COLLECTIVE The DAR-Provincial Office, c. regular farmworkers/ in order to meet the deadline employees of the LAND DISTRIBUTION had to initiate unusual measures. company; and SCHEME" As in the case of CLOA d. do not have the generation, the Provincial authority to hire or fire A. The Land Transfer.Process Agrarian Reform Officer (PARO) workers. of Agusan del Sur had to hire Technically, the entire contractual employees without In effect, the NCPI process of transferring the lands proper clearance from higher Multipurpose Cooperative to the farmworkers was no authorities; otherwise, working 'Inc. and NGEI Multipurpose different from the previous land with the normal bureaucratic Cooperative Inc., as transfer process under P.O. 27. delay, the task could not have organized, included the Basically, the process follows the been accomplished. Further, the "Kapatas" and Supervisors sequence: contractual workers, towards the at the same time excluded end of the deadline, had to work the seasonal farmworkers 1. identification of the land and 24 hours a day in 3 shifts for 3 and nori-plantation workers beneficiaries; weeks barely beating the who are qualified 2. land survey; deadline! beneficiaries of the Program 3. approval of survey plans; by virtue of Republic AC,t 4. generation of the Certificate 6657 or the Comprehensive of Landownership Awards B. The Cooperative Agrarian Reform Law. The (CLOA); deliberate exclusion of 5. registration of the CLOA; As-argued earlier, the land seasonal farmworkers and 6. registration of the Deeds of transfer process was technically other potential beneficiaries Awards; and no different from the previous could be attributed to the 7. distribution of CLOAs. procedure. Much of the critical time constraint. It was issues about the scheme revolves perceived that identification However, each CLOA, around the cooperative. of seasonal farmworkers and unlike before, no longer other potential beneficianies would take so much time corresponds to a single 1. Identification and Selection of that the December 12 target beneficiary and to a single parcel. Beneficiaries A CLOA may comprise several date could not be met. parcels for several beneficiaries: 'Since the land was to ,";~ DAR, however, as I 58 CLOAs for 996 beneficiaries be transferred to the I provided for in the By-Laws and 154 CLOAs for 830 beneficiaries as a of the cooperative, has the beneficiaries were gener;- ed and cooperative, the first task power to remove members distributed in NGPI and NGEI was to identify bonafide found not to be qualified respectively. beneficiaries to qualify as and include qualified members of the cooperative One of the crucal aspects of . beneficiaries. Nevertheless" who would eventually own the scheme which most of the the scheme. generated the land. In the case of NGPI critical issues could be attributed tension and .misgivings and NGEI, the identification to is the time constraint. Dubbed among those who were mot of the beneficiaries was "OPLAN MNC", the scheme included in the cooperative. was initiated in September 1988 based on the following and was programmed so that general.criteria: President Aquino would be able a. not less than 15 years of 2. Cooperative Organization to distribute CLOAs to age; farmworkers of MNCs by the b. no landholdings in The organization of the 12th of December 1988. excess of 3 hectares; cooperative was done in

10 collaboration with the An inherent weakness of members are selected by the Bureau of Cooperative the scheme is the fact that general assembly to Development (BCOD). Due the cooperative formation comprise the following to time constraints, the or­ was made as a requirement committees: election, audit ganization of the coopera­ for land distribution. and inventory; education tives had to be worked back­ Therefore, in order to sustain and training; and credit. wards. The registration of and strengthen the the cooperatives was done cooperative, DAR, the without the required traning cooperative and the One striking feature of for the cooperative members. management should closely the cooperative structure Training could be done after monitor the organizations, pertains to the members: the registration. The merit conduct information cam­ their rights, obligations and of the arrangement was paigns and hold training/ membership status. based on the perception that seminars of cooperative the concept of cooperativism members. Further, such As provided for in the; is not new to the activities could be useful in cooperatives' By-Laws; farmworkers/employees of preventing adverse conse­ membership ceases upon: NGPI and NGEI because quences of. cooperative resignation from the: consumers cooperatives organized not, on the basis corporation. This has to be! operate in the two of felt-need but as a pre­ enterprises. condition for the awarding reviewed considering the: Of lands. basic principles of the CARP.. ,. Resignation from service tOI the corporation could easily' 3. The Cooperative Structure be due to company pressure" However, the farmers' health, etc. These are not cooperative that is primarily, Except for the number strong grounds to strip at this point in time, acting of cooperative members ­ farmworkers of the benefits • as a lessor of the lands 996 for NGPI Multipurpose of CARP. cultivated by NGPI and Cooperative Inc. and 830for NGEI, is something new, NGEI MUltipurpose Co­ different and even abstract. operative Inc. - both share a The cooperative was These perceptions could be common organizational organized primarily as a attributed to the lack of structure. The two recipient of the NDC lands. knowledge of the members cooperatives are governed But its articles of as to the directions of the by a nine-member Board of incorporation outline the. cooperative and the farmers' Directors elected through cooperative's economic desire to hold on to . secret balloting by a general activities more than its something concrete as assembly. The operations activities as lessor of the evidence of their being will be handled by the land. The economic beneficiaries of the program following set of officers: 1) enterprises include pro­ or as members of the President; 2) Vice-President; duction, procurement of cooperative. Moreover, the 3) Treasurer; 4) Auditor; and inputs, marketing and credit. beneficiary who was used 5) Secretary. The Board of Since the-membership of the to individual landownership Directors elect from among cooperative is determined found it strange to be a themselves the President and solely by DAR on the basis member of a group who Vice President of the of the farmworkers' classifi­ owns a large tract of land Cooperative. The rest of the cation as'beneficiaries of the bu- could not identify which officers were elected by the CARP, then those members r reel is his. general assembly. Likewise, of the community who are . ;;,

11 not qualified as beneficiar­ farmworkers and the assistance D. Institutional Arrangement: Lease­ ies of CARP are, by struc­ in terms of providing the Back- Arrangement ture, prohibited from engag­ physical infrastructure of the One of the critical arrange­ ing in said economic activi­ company during screening of ments that the cooperative has ties on a cooperative basis beneficiaries and the financial to contend with is the lease-back with the beneficiaries of the assistance extended to agreement. As in the case' of Program. farmworkers/beneficiaries in NDC-Guthrie, . the lease-back accumulating the needed paid­ option was a precondition to Further, based. on the up - capital for cooperative the entire scheme. - .T.he project set-up, the members organization. management would not have of the cooperative should cooperated in the scheme if the share benefits proportionate Likewise, BCOD provided lands were not to be leased back. to the value of the land the critical support in the Hence on the side of the equally shared by the establishment of the beneficiaries, there was no members. Based on the ratio cooperatives, while the Land option. of beneficiaries to total area Management Bureau (LMB) transferred, the NGPI provided support staff to hasten Corollary to the lease-back beneficiaries are entitled to the land survey. The Register of option is the lease rental. 'Ehe about 3.36 each and 4.72 Deeds -(ROD) gave tl.e indicator that determines the­ each for NGEI. This is not landownership data to validate amount of lease rental is the . consistent with the provision claims ofnon-ownership of lands rent reduction provision of R.A.­ of R.A.6657which stipulates and the local governments also 6657 which stipulates that rental an award ceiling of 3 furnished support for the should not exceed 25% of the hectares per beneficiary. scheme. net farm income. The lease-back rental should not be considered C. Participation of NGOs and Other One of the sectors that in the context of the land rent Sectors somehow provided constraints reduction provision of the law in the implementation of the because said - provision was While DAR took the lead in scheme is the labor union. The designed to discourage non­ the implementation of the labor unions. resistance - unions owner-eultivatorship. The lease­ scheme, the success in terms of from both NGPI and NGEI - was backrental should seek the most CLOA generation and attributed to the apprehension advantageous terms for the distribution would be equally that the establishment of the beneficiaries. attributed to the support cooperative would. divide the provided by some of the sectors workers; thus, weakening the IV. CONCLUSIONS AND involved in the implementation. union both in terms of number RECOMMENDATIONS It is worthwhile, though, to look and in programs. Some of the not only at the sectors that projected activities of the union While it is true that· the positively contributed to the would be done by the scheme was successful in terms scheme but also at these sectors cooperative. At the initial stage, of generation and distribution which somehow constrained the the union managed to convince of the CLOAson time, there are implementation of the scheme. some of the potential a lot of critical issues that need beneficiaries not to apply by to be assessed in the context of The full cooperation of alleging that cooperativismis a the general principles of CARP. NDC-Guthrie Management communistic strategy. This, provided the smooth track in the however, was neutralized and 1. The -membership of the implementation, particularly the subsequently eliminated by the cooperative should not be provision of the vital documents intensified information drive by confined, for any reason ­ pertaining to the land,- the DAR. much more for reasons of

12 expediency - to regular farm- c. In the context of the provision of RA, 6657· workers and employees of cooperative as an primarily because the intent the company. This approach economic unit, opening of said-provision is to could address some of the the membership to non- discourage non-owner weaknesses of the scheme corporation workers cultivatorship. TIle .lease.. as implemented in NGPI and could benefit those in back rental should! explore NGE!. the community who the most advantageous: a. Opening the cooperative may embrace the idea .terms for the beneficiaries. to seasonal farmworkers . of cooperative as a Said terms could be achievedi of the company and means towards socio- by. employing the. non-eompany workers economic upliftment. opportunity cost concept or who by law are qualified 2. If the cooperative the next bestuse principle. beneficiaries of CARP organization is a pre-condi- 6. FinaJ.ly;in terms of: could prevent mis- lion for land distribution > replicability, the scheme. givings of said workers as in this case - then more could be effective in and strengthen the gains time should be allowed for accelerating generation and of the Program because cooperative training and distribution of CLOAs in these sectors are more education to minimize, if not similar agrarian situations. deserving beneficiaries avoid, draw-backs of coop- However, it must be stressed than the "Kapatas" and erative organizations that are .that a reasonable time frame supervisors. The latter not based on felt-need: be allowed for the entire are not the people 3. It is alright to view lana process particularly if the clamoring for access to transfer through the ' --cooperative approach is the land in order to uplift cooperative as a strategy to viable option. Further, DAR: their socio-economic maintain the present should take extreme caution well-being. Further, organization of production . in implementing the they view the benefits of NGPI and NGE!. How- Program with the end view of the scheme only as an ever, the same could be of generating an impact by additional bonus. achieved through other showing an'. accelerated b. Similarly, opening the options. Probably, other CLOAdistributiori and a membership to other forms of business organi- 'sustainable gain of the farmworkers and non- zations could be explored Program. There is the great corporation workers should cooperatives prove to danger that the long term would eliminate the be not feasible. _goals of CARP may be problem of beneficiaries 4. Options otherthan the lease- jeopardized by the objective being entitled to share back agreement could be ' of generating impact of the benefits of awarded explored. Equity transfer or Program via accelerated lands in excess of 3 partnership could be an CLOA distribution. hectares. Further, this alternative option which Furthermore, it must be would allow members of would likewise ensure the stressed that the people will the cooperative who maintenance of the present view the success of CARP would be separated organization of production. not in terms of the number from 'the corporation to 5.' The ,lease-back rental may of CLOAs distributed but on enjoy the benefits as not be viewed from the 'the socio-economic effects of. beneficiaries of CARP. context of the lease rental the Program. ... Prudenciano U. Gordondllo is an Instructor and Research Coordinator at the Institute of Agrarian Studies, College of Economics and Management, UP, Los Banos, The author expresses profound gratitude to the members of the Appraisal Team: Dr. Linda M. Pefialba, Mrs. Angela A. Tolentino and Mrs. Hilda D. Solis. . .

1~ PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION . "

Social Issues Committee Forum on Agrarian Reform~

"Land reform.in the Philippines is an effective component of the "CARR.. is a program that is counter-insurgency program of very much designed as a response the Corazon Aquino govern­ to the landowners' lobby." ment."

S. Reyes: forum discussions aside from by legislators and government I would like to welcome all of agrarian reform are: environmental planners, 3) to evaluate the status of you to this consultation forum on issues, decentralization, education, existing programs and recommend the implementation of the population and people's rights. measures to strengthen them or rec- Comprehensive Agrarian Reform The fora will be held every other -lify errors and 4) to document and Law (CARL). This is the first in the month but the SICom also decided publish the forum proceedings 'for series.of fora organized by the Social to be flexible enough to respond to distribution to all concerned in- Issues Committee (SICom)under the the hottest issues of the day such as dividuals and groups. As much as PSSc. The Committee is composed price rise, wage hike, and the Letter possible, SICom wants a balanced, of the heads of the various social of Intent and other topics which solid presentation of policy issues science associations, most of whom arise. The objectives of these consult- and it makes an effort to invite are represented here and whom you ations are: 1) to provide a forum for people with competence in their area already heard from. For this year, social scientists, government, repre- and representing divergent pers- the SICom has decided to adopt the sentatives from NGOs and other in- pectives, Our purpose is not so theme of "Towards Greater PSSC terested parties to interact and share much to reach a consensus as it is to· Involvement in Policy-Making and their views about current issues, 2). hear all possible points of view to Implementation". Among the policy to furnish inputs and suggest new serve as basis for our own informed areas that will be the subject of the policy directions for consideration and principled individual decisions. "(The reader is requested to refer to the inside front cover editorial, third paragraph, for background notes on the forum.)

14 . JULY· (JECEIHBER 19Sp

Our panel this afternoon re­ families or about 7% of the landless. House of Representatives which SE!t presents the various sectors and a After more than a year since the retention limit at seven hectares. wide range of views. From the CARL was passed, it is wise to in- . When the bill reached the Senate, House of Representatives, we have quire on the status of imple­ several changes were introduced. Congresswoman Hortensia Starke mentation.. For one thing, agrarian reform was who is'quite known to everybody Had the DAR representative made to cover commercial farms. It and who had a very active been here. I would have asked him also provided that implementation participation in the passage of the the status of implementation but of CARL will extend to ten years. CARL. We also have Congressman since he backed out, let me just share But if the gross production is about Ronaldo Zamora and a repre­ 'to you some data I gathered. In'1988, ~ 5 million or more, then the owner sentative from the office of Sen. He­ 26;000hectares of government lands or the company should pay 3% of! herson Alvarez. For the implement­ leased to multinational corporations , the gross income to theworkers over ing agency of CARL, the DAR, we in Mindanao were transferred to and'above the wages they are al­ have invited somebody from DAR .some 24,000 farmworkers in' Dole ready being paid and other benefits: plus 10% of the net profit. 'Fhese are; and if this forum started a little bit Philippines, Del Monte 0 Philippines late, it is because I had a very and NIX-Cuthrie Plantation, Inc. all explained in the papers distrib­ interesting discussion with him. He There is also an increase in the dis­ uted earlier. We were giiven the: showed up but teft as soon as he tribution of emancipation patents Conference report at 3:00 in the af-. peeped in the room, so we have no from 21,000 in the 14 years of t}1e ternoon two days 'after our recess.. representative from DAR. The dis­ Marcos regime to 132,000emancipa­ We were told to vote at 4:00 and we! cussion of agrarian reform will not tion patents during the Aquino had only one hour to read it. Some' be complete without the participation administration. This is low, some ob- members of the House stood .up to of Mr. Jimmy Tadeo, KMP Chair­ , servers say, compared to what the ask if they could at least step over it man, who never fails to awe his rebel land reform is accomplishing. and vote the next day but the Speak­ audience with his flawless Pilipino The implementation of CARL has at er said no, so we had to vote on it and his knowledge of the Bible this point brought up a number of that same afternoon. (As you know, particularly as it relates to the issues and problems, and these will the, members of the House were struggle of the peasants for land and be focused on in our forum dis­ . never against land reform but we justice. We also have from the cussion. May we request Rep. Hor­ just wanted to express that we are Philippine Peasant Institute, Ms. tensia Starke to start the discussion. . against a single prescription for. Heidi Cruz and from the academe, eveything because that is not intelli­ we have invited Prof. James Putzel, H. Starke: gent. We are for a selective kind of Visiting Research Fellow at the U.P. land reform' and we should give School of Economics. He is doing Thank you, Dr~ Reyes. I have justice not only to the beneficiaries extensive research on the imple­ distributed some papers earlier but also to the dispossessed people.) mentation of CARL. bearing my thoughts or after­ Because there was no time to caucus

o Our topic this afternoon, ag­ thoughts on land reform. The Cons­ among ourselves, so we voted yes rarian reform, has a long history in titution mandates that the land with reservations or conditions. Most, our country where 2.5 million out of belongs to the tiller, but it also says of the objection were on these com­ 4 million agricultural families make . that if you do till land, in place of -mercial farms introduced by the their living primarily as tenants or land you can have profit-sharing Senate. Also the retention limit was farm workers on land they do not and sharing of the goods. So these reduced to five hectares. The impact own. After more than thirty years are alternatives which are also in the of this provision will definitely be and four land reform programs, in Constitution. When we discussed different for a person wl)o owns 200 1955, 1963, 1971 and 1972, only four the land reform law in the House of hectares: and another who owns just hundred thousand hectares of Representatives, members of the 24 hectares. We voted-yes but now private land or 5% of the eight mil­ . House were greatly affected by the . we hear about amendments being lion hectares of cultivated land have media and so many rallies. And it filed by several legislators, One is to been distributed to about 175,000 ended up with a bill passed in the extend these commercial farms and!

15 another is to reduce/eliminate the in Hongkong, the people might be of Law, saPilipinas mo matatagpu- 3% gross income payment or sharing the' one to goad, each other into .ang batas na ginawa ng naghaharing­ of income. Another proposal is to paying taxes like in the Iglesia ni uri na walang katarungan. Ang exempt from the program those Kristo, But here taxes can go up to kalagayan natin ngayon ay, yung farms which are below 50 hectares. 40%,30% and the people are hungry. mgaisyung ito, hindi maihihiwalay In the paper which I have distri­ These are all government policies, I ang pyudalismo, Ang pyudaiismo buted, I have observed that prices am giving you my own point of ayang social base ng imperialismo. have been going up and Sen. John view as legislator. Ang ibig sabihin, kung ito ay social Osmefia has ascribed this to land base ng imperialism, puwedeng ga­ reform. The banks are no longer s. Reyes: " wing kongkretong halimbawa ang lending money to farms except Negros na siyang kinakatawan sa the Land Bank, the Philippine At this point, we would like to Kongress ni Congresswoman Starke. 'National Bank, and the Development inform the audience that the issue Noongpanahon ng mga, sugar ba­ Bank of the Philippines because of on the price rice and the letter of rons, kayang idikta rig US sa mga . certain conditions imposed by the .intent will be the issue to be sugar barons and-su~unod na' pre­ WorId Bank. Commercial banks and addressed in the second fOT'4m. May sidente. . Kung ang kanyangsocial all the other banks are no longer we.hear from Ka Jimmy Tadeo about base ay feudalism, hindi gagawa ng lending to farmers so they are no his views on the implementation of batas na magwawasak sa kanyang longer able to cultivate as they did CARL. base dahil mawawasak ang kanyang . before, thus there is shortage of rice political control sa Pilipinas. Kaya and other commodities. J. Tadeo: makikita natin bilang katuriayan While our population is growing mula noong Commonwealth. 1930, and our food needs are increasing, .Jsang magandang tanghali sa ,panahon ni Quezon sa ilalim ng some people are discouraged from inyong lahat. Hindi ko na kanyang Republic Act 4054 0 ang expanding food production, hence maiwasang laging banggitin ang 50-50 sharing, mayroon lang 10 batas the shortage we are experiencing aking pangalan dahil ito ay naa: .na nilikha at 403 presidential decrees now. The fear of shortage hiked angkop sa paksa. Ang pangalan ko at bilang pagbanggit sa ilan: Nan­ prices of commodities in Metro Ma­ kasi ayhango sa salitang Kastila pero diyan ang Rep. Act 34 ni Pres. Roxas, nila. When the traders announced ang kahulugansa Pilipino ay mag­ ang 70-30; at nandiyan ang 1116 ni that each kilo will go up to ? 16.00, sasaka. At ang Tadeo naman ay ga­ Pres. Magsaysay. Noong 1954, nan­ there WIlS panic among the people ,ling ito kay Santurias Tadeo, pero diyan ang' 1199; Agricultural and they demanded an increase in ang Tadeo ay "anointed by the Holy Tenancy Act naman noong '1935. their wages. All of these are fears. Spirit" kaya ang kahulugan ng aking Nandiyan .ang land tenure adrni­ Oil prices in the world market have pangalan ay isang magsasaka na nistration ng Rep. Act 1400. not increased that much. The binabasbasan ng. Espirito Santo Sa kasalukuyan, sang-ayon na moment wages are increased, the upang ipangaral sa mga dukha ang rin sa Agrarian Reform Education price of commodities will go up. All magandang balita (Rev. 4:8). Service, tila na- abolish noong 1984, of these are results of government Ang ibig sabihin ng pagpa­ ang kabuuang magsasaka na nagma­ policies, We are now working in pangaral ng mabuting balita sa mga may-ari ng lupa 0 owner-cultivators Congress to reduce the interest rates dukha ay pagpapatupad ng tunay ay 1.5 million. Ngayon sa kabuuang so our commodities can compete na repormang agraryo. Ang una magsasaka sa buong Pilipinas, sina­ with the products of other Asean kong tatalakayin ay ano ba ang ating sabing mayroong 10 milyonrpero l'\l\lJltries. pangunahing problema? Ang una kasama rito ay subsistence fishermen , We must also give the people nating problema ay ang batas mismo. na mayroong 809,772 sang-aYOI1l sa l'olW credit. Then we 'must not tax Makalilikha ka nga ba ng batas sa Bureau of Fisheries; magbubukidl ay tb,' people so much. We must have isang sistema na makakolonyal at 9.2 million. Kung 1.5 million yaong ,1 uniform tax that people will be mala.pyudal? Kaya kung makikita nagmamay-ari ng lupa, di nagre­ h1.1d to pay. If .govcmmcnt will natin, di ba ang esensia ng batas ay representa ng 17% sa dahilan na only charge 10 or 15% tax as they do kataru~gan? Ang sagot ng School yung 4.2 million na natira doom sa "

16 Jf!LY - DECEMBER i9:8~

10 million ay regular and seasonal gram noong April 1987. ItongOLT, sabi ni Gerry Bulatao 'noon, sa Neg- farmwokers at subsistence fishermen. alam naman natin ito'y kay Pres. .ros lang mayroong 100,000 hectares Mayroon pang 7.7 million ang Marcos. Ang emancipation patent, noong bumagsak ang sugar industry. walang lupa 0 83% sa kabila ng pag­ ibibigay 'yan pag bayad na ang mag­ Napag-usapan ng KMP at DARnoon buo ng 10 Acts at 43 Pres. Decrees.' sasakapero sa loob ng 10 taon kay na iparnahag! ito ng ~4,{)(J)()/hectare Makabubuting banggitin ang naging Marcos, umabot hanggang total area of land. Mayroong siyang morato­ isang pag-aaral ng Third World ay 2,235at angsukat ng lupa ay 1,092. rium na five years, pag maypera rna Studies Research Fellow na si Eduar­ Sa loob ng sampung taon ay nak­ siyang pambayad saka ito ibibigay, do Tadem. Sabi niya, "it would agugulat ang pagdami ng hectarage Tingnan naman natin ang g~)~ seem that land reform laws were pero ito ay napakadaling dayain. vernment-owned, na pinaghati r:a being passed by government only as Ang emancipation patent ay bi­ resettlement ng 'government-owned, a response to insurgency.II Ngayon nibigay matapos na mabayaran ang ito ang public land. Noong acce­ makabubuting tingnan natin si Roy lupa. Binago nila ito. Pag ikaw ay lerated land reform program, ito ang Prostermann, expert ng CIA sa rural _nakapaghulog ng 2 taon, ibibigay na kabuuang 1,350,000., Ngayon burna­ proliferation sa Vietnam at EI Sal­ sa iyo ang emancipation patent para ba na lamang. nang pagsamahin ang , vador. Anong goal ni Prostermann pagandahin ang imahen nito. Kaya government-owned at resettlement noong panahon ni Magsaysay sa walang katotohanang ang mga ito ' 553,000. Nasaan napunta ang kanyang madalas na pagpunta rito na nakahihigit pa sa naibigay ng 797,000 na programa? hanggang sa panahon ni Marcos, mga rebelde sapagkat 'yan ay isang Tingnan naman natin mula doon hanggang ngayon? Ang kanyang panlilinlang. Nagtratrabaho ako sa sa OLT hanggang sa public land, eh goal: to diffuse peasant unrest and Agrarian Reform sapagkat noon' hindi mo na kailangan ng batas na make land reform the instrument of pang panahon ni Macapagal, pioneer ito. Kahit wala nang CARL, kayang counter-insurgency. Pero tingnan ako. Gusto kong mauriawaan ninyo ipatupad 'yan. Ito ang smasabing naman natin si Stephen Solarz, New kung bakit ko yaqn nasabi: ,Joint OLT ng PD 27 sa mga voluntary York Democrat, ang Chairman ng treaty noong 1964,dineklara ni Pres. surrender, resettled and idle subcommittee sa Asia at Pacific Macapagal ang kauna-unahang re­ sequestered-lands and government­ Affairs.Ito ang kanyang salitar'Land porma agraryo sa buong Pilipinas. owned. Ngayon kung titingnan reform in the Philippines is' an Noong 1975 ako'y nagtrabaho sa natin itong private lands above 50: effective component of the counter­ programa. Inabutan ko ang PD #27, hectares. Pero ang above 501 hectares: insurgency program of the Corazon ang tawag namin diyan titulong ay corporate farms kaya wala ring Aquino government." Sa bagay na ibinibigay sa stage mula kay Marcos mangyayari dito. Nakalista nga~ ito, nowhere in the agrarian reform hanggang kay Corazon Aquino. Do­ growers, ima-management service.. law can you find any hint at all to on nila binabawi sa Iikod ng enta­ Contract ito, kaya halos walang; set the' peasant free from political blado. nangyayari rito dahil sa retention at! and economic oppression by the Tingnan nating ang voluntary lengthened period of imple-. landlords. surrendered land. Ito ang liberated mentation. At ang malaking butas, Ngayon tingnan natin, ano ba area. Ang landlord may title na pe­ na mayroon ka pang 90 days para , ang CARP coverage nitong 1987' ro walang purnupunta sa kanyang .mailipat na mga kamag-anak mo CARL. Binabanggit rito na kasama . rental dahil ito'y hawak ng mga dito, ay wala na ring matitira dito . sa, programa ang OLT, voluntary rebelde, Para pakinabangan mo ang Kaya sa kabuuan, kung titingnan transfer of sequestered at idle, lupa mo dahil may titulo ka, i­ natiin ailg coverage, ay nakakatakot abandoned, government-owned, surrender mo. Tingnan natinang at walang natira. ' resettled, lands below 50 hectares sequestered sa ilalim ng accelerated ' , Tingnan natin ngayon ang find­ and other private lands, na ang land reform program. Ito'y may­ ings, isang malaking puntos ng beneficiary ay about sa 1.415 M. roong 50-60,000 hectares. Ngayon Republic Act 3844 na aking pinag- . Narito ang area, pero ang ipali­ 2,500 na lang. Noong panahon 'ng lingkuran kay Macapagal, hanggang; Iiwanag namin ay nakagugulat na accelerated land reform prc;)gram, sa ipasok ang PD 27. Ang isang pagkakaroon ng reduction mula do­ sinasabi nilang 300,000hectares land pinakamalaking butas nito ang sub­ on sa accelerated land reform pro- and nawala. Nakakapagtaka. Ang ject to availability of funds. Ang

17' PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION' " '. ',.' \' .'

taktika ng landlord ng ating kon­ buong batas. Hindi kami abugado rations. When you dominate the greso, ang lupa, hindi bibigyan ng pero tinuruan namin ang mga rice industry,' you dominate the pondo. Hindi na ako magsasabi, sa­ magsasaka ng duties and world. Ganito ang sitwasyon natin bi nga ni Sen. Alberto Romulo, ang responsibilities nila. Sa dalawang para makita natin ang support nangyayari sa CARL wala itong boss ko sa Plaridel..l sa Maynila,. services na wala ring mangyari. yearly appropriation na 8-10 B pesos. natuto .po ako sa kanila peru ito ang - Kinokontrol nila ang binhi ng Maliwanang na sinasabi ng Chap. 2 paradox 0 irony. Noong ako'y nasa ating palay. . Kapag kinontrol rno Section 7. Inaasa ito sa asset pri­ Constitutional Commission, ina­ ang binhi.ckokontrolin mo rin ang vatization drive, PCGGi sa aid at sa kupahanng mga magsasaka, limang environment andtechriology. Eighty loan. daang. pamilya, ang Agua Team. five percent ng ating egg industry " Ayon kay Sen. Romulo, kung Humingi ito ng tulong at gumawa imported. Ang .atin lang, facilities magtatagumpay ang CARL, kina­ ng report ang Land Bank. Nang. and labor. Ang 60% ng chicken kailangan nito ay 8-10 B ,basahin ko ang report, yaon din.· imported; 29-33% ng vegetable appropriation nakapaloob sa Mayroong pinadalang imbestigador imported; 75-85% ng .veterinary National Appropriations Act. . ang DAR;'sila ay tumira sa Project fertilizer imported. Malinaw ito. Ngayon tingnan naman natin Manager, Ginoong Mahan. Doon Ang means of production hindi dito sa pag-survey ng lupa. Kailan­ nga tumira, pinakain, pinatulog. hawak ng magbubukid.Mula sa gan mo kasi dito ay tenant-tiller Ang report nila ay baliktad sa report lupa hanggang sa lahat ng means of identification, parcel of land, size and ng Land Bank. Nakita ko 'yan kung production kaya napakataas ngayon location kailangan mo. Nandito ilang kalabaw, gaano ang sukat ng ng gastusin sa produksyon. Kaya sa ang record. Government surveyors lupa. Ngunit noong gawin nila ang ganitong kalagayan, ano ngayon ang undertake only, 15,000 hectares report, baliktad na sa katotohanan. " patakaran na kontra rnismo sa prog­ survey, every year of the same Pinalayas ang limang daang magsa­ rama: import liberalization, Ngayon 760,000 hectares covered by the saka sa kanilang lupain, sinunog nila pag nag-import tayo ng rice, diyan Marcos land reform. Only a little ang kanilang mga bahay. Pinag­ po ang grand hypocrisy saCongress, more' than 200,000' have been babaril sila't pinatay ang kanilang Angnarito sa akin ang document,. surveyed over the last 16 years. mga .kalabaw. Ngayon ano pa ang _ ang inyong grand hypocrisy.. Kailangan mo ito para alam mo sa isang problema nito? Ayon kay Bilangpagsunod ng,Congres5 sa pag-parcel ng land, kung sino ang Senate President [ovito Salonga ang iginugugol nasubsidy ang role' ng tiller, kung sino ang tenant at ang justice in the Philippines ay NFA, stabilization function, pata­ tamang sukat. Ang ginawa ng nag­ negotiable at purchasable. -Isa rito tagin mo ang presyo ng bigas, So survey sa amin, sa Plaridel matapos sa mga napakalaking problema na­ ayon sa kanyang mandate, kailangan gumawa ng mapa, eh di makikita min ay laging talo ang aming kase niyang mabili ang 24.6% ngtotal mo ang lupa. Bababa ang mga dahil sa ang mga landlord ay napa­ palay production para mo ma­ surveys, aalamin ngayon susukating kalakas ng command. kontrol, matipid at manipulate rno", individual

18 guez na mag-import pa rin tayo ng kilala ang mga Iider sa Commander. Magandang tanghali' sa inyong rice at com mula sa US pero ang Paano nakakalitaw sa meeting yon, lahat. dami ng surplus. Bumagsak ang pagkatapos tinodas ang magsasaka. presyo ng mais mula- Sa rs.io Kaya nagpapaalala ng Republic Act S. Reyes: . hanggang?1.00-1.30, ?1.80. Nandito 34 noong panahon ni Pres. Roxas nag-aani tayo ngayon, nag-i-import nang ipatupad niya ang 70-30,lahat I think.at this point we can can: na naman tayo ngayon mula sa US, ng hindi tumupad sa 70-30 na a researcher on agrarian reform. mula sa Thailand under Public Law magsasaka, tinawag na subersibo at implementation, Prof. James Putze]. 488. Ang presyo ng palay ngayon, ikinulong. Ano ba ang pagkakaiba I'm sure you want to raise a few ?4.50 to ~.50 bunga ng inyong ng civilian guard sa CAFGU ngayon, points and would like to contribute importasyon, bumaba ng bumaba vigilantes 0 right wing death squad some ideas; ang trader to ?4.00. Kaya makikita sa countryside? At gusto ko ring na rin mismo ang programa ay pa­ malaman sa inyo, dapat sana sa pag­ J. Putzel: reho ng nakaraang gobyerno. At ito papatupad ng" lupang agraryo.vka­ naman ang isusunod ko sa inyo tulong mo ang local government at As an outsider, I always feel bunga ng deregulation at priva­ militar. Pero si Gen. Maganto po, awkward speaking on land reform. tization at ipakikita ko po sa inyo ang dating Chief of Police ng Bustos, I've talked with landowners. ) kung ano ang nangyayari sa buong noong kami po ay nagpapatupad po . had the opportunity to talk with mundo, Sa Hapon, meron silang ng batas agraryo sa Bustos si Ma­ Congressman Starke, I. talked with $30 B na subsidy, sa Europe kung ganto ay kakampi ng landlord. Tu­ her people/staff several times not bumaba ang presyo ng world price, wing urnaga na pumupunta ang only this year but back in 1987 and meron silang subsidies sa magsasaka magsasaka, umagang:.umaga, nag­ last year. And I also talked with sa Europe, gayon din sa Canada at iinuman na sila ng landlord. Kaya government officials, landlords and sa US. Dito, inaalis natin ang sub­ noon pa man ay nagtagpo na kami, the country peasant organizations sidy, na siyang dahilan ng pagtaas noong siya'y isang Chief of Police. and that process is continuirig. So ng presyo ng bigas at ang susunod Paano nga naman maipapatupad ang what I have to say is very tentative. pa dito ay ang militarization. isang programa kung ang local I have looked with some degree Ito po ang kalagayan, hindi na government at military ay kailanman at other experiences of agrarian re­ akong magsasabi kundi ang DAR hindi naging kakampi ng mag­ form outside the Phi1ipines and I Secretary Philip Ella [uico. Sinabi ni bubukid, guess it is somewhat at that vantage [uico, nang pumunta siya sa Negros, Ang ibig kong sabihin, naito ang point thai I will look and evaluate ang Provincial Commander ay laban isang programang nakakontrata sa the reform program in the Philip­ sa CARL. Nakausap ni [uico ang polisya sa programa ng gobyerno. pines itself. I wanted to make maybe Provincial Commander at ayon dito Paano ito magtatagumpay? Siguro three points about the program be­ ayaw nila sa CARL. Ayaw din na­ para ang prograrna'y magtagumpay, cause Dr. Reyestold me we're talk­ min ng CARL dito sa aming pro­ kailangan palitan ang sistema. Tata­ ing about recommendations but binsiya kaya nakikita natin na hindi pusin ko ang aking pagsasalita sa maybe later on, we could go back to naman kaila sa inyo who bears the isang tula ni Amado V.Hernandez:. . some of those comments. responsibility tungkol sa total war "Kung katulad ng langgam, I think the first point is what policy ni Aquino. Bibigyan ko kayo manggagawa, anak-pawis ay aakit condition makes a successful ng isang halimbawa. Sa H. Plaza, ng daigdig at ng tao, kung sa kan­ redistributi ve agrarian reform nakipag-usap kami kay Gerry ya matututo'y mababago itong mun- possible. I think there is one central Bulatao, napagkasunduan naming .do sa kabila ng pagsasagaw ng pag­ condition, and that has to do with· ang lupa babayaran for 10 years, 2­ agos at alon. Nagsama-sama ang the true nature and character of the 3 cavans per hectare. Alam po ninyo mga langgam at nakakatawid sa iba­ state in any. country trying to ang nangyari, ginawa ng military, yong pampang na siyang magha­ implement agrarian reform. Where' nagtatag sila ng special operation hatid sa kanya sa tagumpay at ganap landowners have significant influ­ team. Noong magmi-meeting, ipina- na paglaya." ence within the State, whether it may

19 . .' PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION '. " ..

be true in the legislative branch, the the landowning interests very much openly' opposing the program but executive, the financial institutions against redistribution, peasants he said that in terms of his own of government repressive apparatus, advocating for an immediate land, they are quite secure and what then it is very difficult to implement redistribution of all lands, and the they will do is to distribute proper distributive agrarian reform government Cameup with something stocks. In the beginning when this program. in between.· clause was included in the law, the Where the landowners don't As an outside observer, I see question was how will corporate have significant influence in the that it is not actually a compromise. stock sharing be implemented? State, the' redistributive agrarian As Congresswoman Starke said, she Under this provision, acorporation reform in its real sense is successfully rooted for the land reform program could argue that its land assets­ implemented. That's what happened and so with most of the landlord represent only 5% of its total assets, in Taiwan, Japan, Korea, China and interests represented in Congress. and therefore it would have to offer North Korea and Vietnam and the And I think it's not for nothing that for sale to its workers only 5% of the list could go on. These are contrast­ they did vote for it. In some of ,my corporation's shares; what is more' . ing models but what they have in discussions with them, they have workers would only be given "the common is traditional landowning cited reasons why. 'I think that right to purchase" shares and offered interests were held at bay by the should be made clear in my dis- ' additional compensation which they institution of power. Generally, cussion of agrarian reform. For may use for the purchase. The where agrarian reform is successful, example, those lands owned by cor­ landowners. generally seem to be it is the peasants who are able to porations could be exempted from amenable to such a formula to be implement reform who have such redistributing the land itself and applied to all commercial 'agricultural power and influence as they did to a instead .could engage: in a stock lands. The tirr\}ng is a major factor larger extent in China and some distribution program leaving the in terms of determining the" true other socialist experiences. land intact and essentially distribut­ character of the law. This lawIs Or when one country or a state ing only shares in the corporation 'stretched out for a long period of is dominated by a bureaucracy and that awn the land. time. Taiwan, Japan and ,SOmth financial industrial interest which can Now I know for a fact that Korea had it only for a few years. impose their will on the rest of the position was advocated by some Of The longer the time, the greater the ruling class. That was what the people most instrumental in the chance there'is that land will be c happened in South Korea and formulation of agricultural proce­ exempted from the program. The Taiwan to a larger extent. The dures in the Philippines.. And many government will run out of funds ­ Philippines is not any of these of the agribusiness corporations, both .in order to implement the program countries and obviously agrarian foreign and domestic. that were active and will be dissipated in both Con­ reform means something very in the debate. Most lawyers-land­ gress and the executive .branch. particular to it. But I think some owners have transformed their general lessons can'be learned on ownership of land to some form of Finally, the CARP is very much that score. ' corporate ownership. There are bureaucratic. It 'is a program that is Most agrarian reform programs some who haven't but in the debate essentially to be implemented, by that have been implemented in the that went on for almost a year, some DAR, to be implemented top-down Philipines, as Jimmy Tadeo was say­ of the landowners have spoken, most and even in terms of collecting the ing, do not actually propose any of them are lawyers and are very ownership data of the land, this ,all redistribution of assets and income, willing to incorporate their lands. to be, done by DAR. Generally and that is what redistributive They are very interested in getting speaking, the bARofficials all over agrarian reform is all about. the exact figure on how many new the country whom I have talked to The second point I want to make, corporations were established. I say that they have the lands of PO is that CARP is not a compromise. know one landowner in Negros who 27, the voluntary transfer and the It's always presented as a owns almost a thousand hectares that sequestered lands and they don't compromise piece of legislation with he bought up after 1975. He is not have the capability to implement

20 JULY - DECEMBE~ 198~ \

reform in all those three. There is the stocks will be allowed for sale to compensation formula is not no prospect that compulsory the farm workers. So. even if the reproduced any where else in allY acquisitions will be undertaken by purpose of that stocks sharing agrarian reform program. What tre DAR at least in the life of this program is to allow the farm workers government is doing is working on administration. Most DAR officials to gain some form of control over three values, the first one is the will not agree with that statement,_ the stocks of the corporation, Jt will market value of the 1; the value of their hands are 'full, and they have not materialize for most corporate the land as it will be used in tax no capability to go further, most farms only very minimal/little declarations; and the declared value especially to undertake compulsory percent of the stocks are in land. of the land or in the amount declared. acquisitions of holding over 50 by owners of the land. What they .. hectares in the next few years. In other words, the distribution will do is add these three values and Generally speaking, the CARP in the corporations would total at divide.it by three. There is a ceilin~ is not a compromise. It is a program least more than half of the total that they put on the compensation that is very much designed as a shares. The fannworkers would get .and that is that if the declared value response to the landowners'Tobby. the majority control in those ,is more than the market value plus Maybe I ought to stop there rather corporations through the stock. the assessed value of the land, then than monopolize the discussion and sharing program. However, those declared value will be counted as we could talk more if there are proposals were registered specifically equally market va1ue plus assessed .questions, by the Philippine Chamber of value. In other words, what you'll Commerce and Industry and have essentially is a compensation s. Reyes: advocated that no minimum and rate which is higher than market maximum amount of land assets to value. In most agrarian reform Thank you, James. At this 'point total assets should be stipulated in programs, successful implementation: I think we have received a lot of the law. So now in the implementing of the program could not be easily, input from out' 3 resource persons. guidelines of DAR, there is no such carried out with a compensatiom Congresswoman Starke has dis­ 'stipulation. In other words, the package actually compensated at: cussed with us the amendments landowner or corporate landowner market value. And this program is: being presented to the CARL and is able to undervalue the land assets talking about, compensation, even, Jimmy Tadeo has told us about the against total assets. The stocks that more than market value and it's features of land reform and what will be distributed are only mini­ going to be very costly. And those the peasants feel about it. And James , mal. The level of dividends that will landowners I talked to who are quite has given us the 3 or 4 points about be distributed to the workers will be frank about their expectations, they the CARL that we have to consider very limited. I would suggest that feel that the government is going to in assessing the effectiveness of the the corporation stock sharing is a run out of money.' And that's law. I'd like to invite questions from major reason why this program is another point of consideration in the audience. May.we hear from the not a compromise. terms of the future on their part, representative of the Philippine My own estimate would also lead Peasant Institute, Ms. Cruz? In terms of the retention limits, 'me to think that the government while there are 3 to 5 hectares for will run out of money with such a each heir, the effective retention limit formula, The cost to the nation,of Ms. Cruz: , will be about 11-14hectares, which is that kind of compensation package quite a bit of land. In terms of will automatically be a capital scare I would like to add some data to compensation, the compensation situation in which the Philippines Prof. Putzel's comment. There was a package of the program also shows finds itself now. bill in Congress poining out that that it is not a compfomise. In fact Finally, the' implementation of only 5% of the total value of when you talk with the DAR. the law for an initial period of ten stocks,. poultry and livestock farms officials, they say that given the years and possibly more is another are valued as land. So only 5% of political situation of the country; the point of concession to the landowner

21 - PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION '

within the law. And I think most solutions. lwould make a couple of S. Reyes': people feel that the timing of the comments, however. First of all, I . law is very important. And ten years think when the Aquino government Congresswoman Starke is is a long time and most are looking came into office,there was significant leaving in 15 minutes. So maybe for alternatives/amendments to the room to change. That was a time of you could raise some questions redistribution of commercial lands. 'regime change, decision powers were directed to her. Some are already pointing to the in the hands of President Aquino in experiment ,which is being that period. That could have helped H. Starke: undertaken in Negros itself, the ten share the interests that the statewill percent arrangement that has been represent over the next period' of Ifyou read my paper on page 2, agreed upon by DAR and Gov. time. There was a number of choices it shows that there are still 8; M Lacson where landowners offer 10% which have helped to change the hectares of idle land and the private, of their lands for voluntary nature and character of the past. landownership is 1.3 M. In other , surrender/ sale. During Marcos' time, there were words, we are- fighting for 1.3, M some Americans who advocated that while neglecting 8 M hectares. Ifwe S. Reyes: the government undertake agrarian -could bring production on the 8 M, I~,i reform in order to defeat the. insur- somewhat higher by giving attention ,,-' ' Can you raise questions, gency in the Philippines. However through the Department of anybody? the position was generally rejected Agriculture, DENR and DAR to by the government. Prosterman improve the, production of these I. Vlllaluz: made an effective agrarian reform lands, I think we will have happier which could 'undermine the insur- people. These lands are also I'm Imelda Villaluz of, the gency and instead, the government occupied by settlers but they have UGAT. I'd like to ask Prof. Putzel a proceeded with its program of total no means of producing, they cannot question. I don't know how much a war. have access to the banks. Here the foreigner could say about the Philip­ I think it is possible in another banks are saying that we are giving pines, but as a scholar if you are scenario that the government has' credit only to beneficiaries but they willing to answer this question, I undertaken or endorsed the are notbeneficiaries, the settlers, of ' would appreciate it very much. On Prosterman proposal and perhaps in the 8M hectares. 'I have beeninviting the basis of your studies and on the that situation, the government would Mr. Tadeo to go to Negros. In my basis of your framework that the be making headway in terms of a 'area, in one municipality, we have' nature of the state will be paying the liberal counter to the revolutionary 5,000 hectares of open grassland success or failure of a land reform movement in the country. However which he could take over and program, how do you think, grant­ they say that they have even rejected develop if he wants to -and I will ing that land reform is needed in the that option. So I think agrarian help him to get loans and recruit his Philippines, how do you think this, reform has never come about in any ,people. But you know, thists our should be· accomplished if this will country other than by pressure from - problem. We are always Iooking for not be accomplished according to the agricultural producers. ',And what our neighbors have already the CARP? that's true for South Korea, Taiwan built up who devoted maybe the and places where the reform has whole of their Hfe to build up J. Putzel: been undertaken from a very something when these other pastures dictatorial regime. And it's true for were just full of grass. Letusdevelbp I can see why you phrased your places like China, Vietnam, etc. ,this empty land. Weare not against question the way you did. I do not Agrarian reform has always been on giving land to the tillers but whyare advocate solutions for the Philip­ the' agenda as a response to peasant we concentrating on private lands pines, I don't consider that as my organization and mobilization. And and calling me feudal? I have a labor role. The Filipinos themselves are I think that's why it's going to hap- union in the hacienda and you could going out to figure out their own pen in the Philippines as well. ask them if they are in a feudal

22 . JULY --lpECEMBER 1989 \

society. They will laugh at you. 3% of that. Maybe you have Z em': J.·Tadeo; Right now they want more money, . ployees only,' they will get richer they want to increase their wages. than you. Doon sa sinasabi ninyo, 5,000 The government is going to raise it All these . things are hectare ~ra sa magsasaka,puwede by P6.00. They want hospitalization contemplated because they were rich bang malaman ang lupa para aming .and everything. We're giving it to and bribed, what we call urban maikupa. lyon po kasing sinasabing them for free plus 3% of the gross politicians. ·We voted yes, in favor; nakapipili ay walang share sa lupa. profits and another fund which they just to show the public 'weare not Nais ko lang pong sabihin sa inyo get from the net. How much can a against it but favor agrarianreform. ang isang konkretong halimbawa, person give? I am willing to give This is even unconstitutional. Land . Hacienda Luisita, naandiyan po ang land but if this happens the payroll to the tiller but there is no tiller. yellow army. Paano ka ba narnan will stop next week. They have a You just plant and wait for it to bear makikiusap 0 magsalita man lang choke. fruit and you collect, no' tilling. na ibahagi ninyo ang kapirasong lupa, ayon sa National Federation of C. AgUilar: Coconut trees, you collect, you' do not plant. . Free Workers, Roy Malinay ang I'm Carmencita Aguilar from the· Nevertheless, we voted' yes Chairman, sa bawat singkuwenta Philippine Political Science Asso­ because as I told you; 3:00 p.m, we kilos na maibenta sa domestic 0 pam­ ciation, and past chairman of Social were given the bill and voted for it bansang asukal, ay P7.00 bawat SOl Issues Committee, and our. project at 4:00 p.m, This is. the Speaker's kilos ay laan 0 suporta para sa mga last year was the agrarian reform tactics maybe. , vigilantes; para pangalagaan ang in­ program. The thrust was how .to yong 1upa.· Sa Hacienda Luisita, make this productive, both to the C. Aguilar: 'yong mga yellow army ang nagba­ beneficiaries, and the landlords, Now bantay,sino kaya samagsasaka ang the Committee is continuing this and I would like to make one follow­ puwedeng mag-angat ng boses? I am glad. up of this livestock raising. You take Sa. 'Plaridel, ang mayor dati; I have a point of clarification note of those bills authorizing live- . noong panahon ni Marcos. ay siyat regarding legislation, Congo Starke, stock raising and it will involve vast· rin ang may-art «s bangko.. because of this commercial farms hectares of pasture land. This "Will Pagdating sa bangko ng magsasaka, which are supposed to be an off­ lessen the hectarage of land for ang isasagot lang diyan puro amen. shoot in the Senate's Conference distibution-and this' was raised by Sapagkat mismong ang bangko ay' Committee and a point of proce­ Mr. Tadeo. dominante sa kanya. Sa mga tinu­ dure. Is it not that this is a violation tugis ng military, at ibang legislators in itself of CARL· and it shouldn't H. Starke: hindi ganoon kadali. Ngayon sa have' been considering that it came Chapter 3 Section 51 paragraph ng after CARL? Why was it not raised As this is defined, this "land is ating Agrarian Code of the' Philip­ during the .legal procedure? not occupied most of the time be­ pinesay nagsasaad na sa pagpapa- cause most of the peole who are in .patupad ng repotmang pang-agraryo H. Starke: livestock are not in ranching. They ay dapat unahin ang idle and aban­ .are really in cattle raising. And they doned land. Noon pang 1963, pero It is not after CARL because it is get only grass for the cattle'. But wala pang nagagawa tungkot sa idle part' of CARL but I think it's really, they occupy so little land there " and abandoned lands. Kailangan po . unconstitutional. First of all, we are as I said, 5% of total cost of produc­ talaga pa namin yan. Kaya po hindi talking of land to the tiller. There is tion, 95% is in technology, feeds and yon napakadaling gawin dahil nag­ no tilling, you are in the fishpond. . the building bulks and the manage­ tatayo kayo ng CAFGU. Hindi na­ And then they want 50%of the gross. . ment know-how and everything else. min basta napapasok. Pero kung One million is the gross per hectare.. You want to eliminate the cattle ibibigay sa amin ang lugan, wala " The expense will amount to 500,000 industry, hoarding is much likely to yong CAFGU, papasukin ho namin. to 700,000' pesos. They want to get happen. Bago kayo umalis, Congresswoman

23 PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

Starke, pakibigay lang po sa amin J. Putzel: from the scene and only some of his yaong lugar. friends have come to new heights of Ever since, John Stuart Mill the power. They were compensated'with H. Starke: proponent of free enterprise and very little by the program. One can't capitalism advocated land reform say that: the system in Soth Korea . I don't have CAFGU in my farm program by making distinction offers the possibilities for distribu­ although I'm supposed to contribute between land and other forms of tive reform. One has to look for the to the PCFC but I don't know where property. Landis a gift of nature ­ character of the existing system in "they are. They are not in my farm. and not created by anybody. the Philippines. I understand. why My house was already burned by Therefore nobody has the right of no redistribution has taken place the NPA, they stole all my cattle, property over it. That is what's here. some of my equipment so I think I behind the WB and the ADB deserve some CAFGU but I don't statement that I have read. On S. Reyes: have a CAFGU. March 1987,the bank sent a mission I didn't order any cars or UZls here and they made a detailed At this point I would like. to or whatever they are. recommendation on agrarian reform acknowledge the presence of Congo You want to come, you are very and submittedit to the government. Ronnie Zamora. I am really glad welcome but you will be near the In that recommendation, they called that he made it even though he mas mountain, near to the NPA area. for a program that will be readily to take time out from the floor intro­ You could even find your friends up and rapidly implemented and said ducing local bills. I guessto get him there. that the beneficiaries should only pay into the discussion, we could ask 'fJ600.00/hectare for the land. In him what happened in the reconcili­ S. Reyes: other words, a very minimum ation of the House and Senate ver­ amortization payment. sions because he was in the Confer­ Congressman Starke can answer c ence Committee. What exactly hap­ 1 or 2 more questions before she They also proposed that the pened. there, what were added? This flies to Bacolod. landowners be compensated based bill according to Congo Starke was on the productivity of the land. This given to the House only one hour G. Iglesias: has been done in most agrarian before voitng. Would you like to ask reform programs in Asia. In other some specific questions, Dr. Salita? I'm Dr. Gabriel U. Iglesias from words, they conceived it quite the Philippine Society for Public possible to have redistributive re­ Administration. I came across some form, in the context of free enter­ D. Salita: 4 prise economy. .I literature (volume on rural Asia).The World Bank and ADB, two very In 1969, the same Roy Proster­ The question I have is in refe­ conservative institutions, recom­ man went to Vietnam, and drafted rence to the commercial farm. mended that in some countries, a toe General Land Reform program. According to CongoStarke here, that confiscatory scheme can be used for Now it was too late to stop the in­ was not included in the House bill land reform where the State will not surgency there which he admits before the joint conference with the allocate any resource in achieving himself. His program is based on Senate. Is it true? the objective of agrarian reform. Can the free distribution of the land and I ask Prof. Putzel whether in the very low compensation for landown­ R. Zamora: future revision of the land reform ers. In South Korea, that democrati­ law, this scheme can be used? What cally elected Park Chung Chee was Perhaps I should explain what Marcos did during his time was to very much a friend of the big land­ the Conference Committee does. payoff some landlords who did not owners. But due to political circum­ You know in" our system of govern­ really own the land but simply stances the land reform program ment, we have 2 chambers, the rented it from somebody. basically eliminated landowners House of Representatives and the

24 , JULY· DECEMBE

Senate which would often draft bills R. Zamora: naging mainit natalakayan what db that are completely different from you mean by agricultur:31 landls:.? . each other. What Congo Starke was Totoo po yan. But then we Kinakailangang magkalkal at mag­ th~ la~~s saying that we did not have ten.n would have to interpret agriculture kutkot talaga ang agricultural commercial farms in our version IS by definition. Gusto kong banggitin narrowly if simply because you do correct. But the Senate has. What we sa bagong Constitution Sal Art. XIlI not cultivate land, therefore you are have instead were provisions of free from agrarian reform. You may second sentence section 4: "the state corporate farming which the Senate .shall encourage and undertake the be able to free 50%, 70% of the total. did not have. And what we did was land area of the Philippines just just distribution of ~ll. agri~u~turc;l , try to reconcile our provisions ~f using that definition. For instance, lands." Ano ba ang ibig sabihin ng corporate farming with their provI­ coconut farming, if you listen to agricultural land? Angagriculturc.l sion on commercial farms. The re­ people who own coconut fa~s, ~s land ay lupang binubungkal ngayon sult was what you can find in CARL. not farming. And they call It basi- at lupang hindi pa nal,)Ubu~gkal .na Basically what Congo Starke was cally as collecting. . puwedeng -sabihin including fisn talking about was baka naman And they say that since no one pond and' salt bed, basta merong nalamangan daw ang mga .is farming anything, these trees live cultivation. landowner. Sinasabi niya na what up to 80-120 years. Their generation Tuiad ng coconut 0 mangga paa­ they thought, at least in her group never had a chance tq plant trees, no papasok rito. Unang pagpa?asoR, when they read our version, na never had a chance to cultivate, never pag-aalaga, hindi ba't bahagi '.yan under corporate farming, they could had the chance to till and their ng cultivation? A fishpond, meron be free from the reaches of agrarian children will never have a chance diyang cultivation, kasi paano mo reform, more particularly the either, bakit daw sasabihin na papalaguin yong fries? . redistributive aspects. With the farming yan? Bakit daw yan subject Pero ang nilagay narrun deon sa Senate version, commercial farming to agrarian reform. But if yo~ carry Section 4 second sentence ay"to this was just a temporary delayed that definition, then you might as end the State shall encourage and redistribution of farms of this nature. well write off the entire idea of : undertake the just distribution of all Right from the beginning. I never agrarian reform. You might as well agricultural lands." Pero sa ilalim thought that simply because you write off the idea, for instance that ng profit-sharing walang land were in a corporate farm, you are prawn farms are farms in more than redistribution kaya 'Jan ang now free from land reform in any of one sense. To me, nagbabanat ka pa paglaboy mismo sa saligang batas.. its aspects. And so when we got in rin ng buto, kailangan pa bang R. Zamora: the Conference Committee, there was ihiwalay? Ano talaga ang includ.ed almost immediately an agreement on sa farming? Rice .and Com? Rice that subject. Kaya walang nakalagay and com noong PO 27 tapos na. Alam ninyo, Ka Jimmy at siguro doon na commercial farms but Anong puwede, cultivation of narinig na ninyo ito. Pagdating sa instead provisions on corporate Conference Committee, Han sa mga plantation crops? .But ~nder o!he~ farming. In the conference com­ provisions, sinasabi ng iba na hindi miembro ng mga panukala ang gw­ provision~ mittee, we thought our puwedeng isama. Ano a~g mamit ngmga transcript mula sa compared fairly well with the Sen­ puwedong isama, tinatanong n~mm.. Constitutional Commission? At mar ate's. , Di mabuti pa huwag na lang isama dalas gamitin ang mga sinabi ni Ka maski ano, Jimmy Tadeo. At ako'y natatawa't D. Salita: para bagang bibliya~g nakaka~bot at nababangit. Kaya itomarahil ay The other point is that in the J. Tadeo: isang leksyon sa atin na pagdating case of livestock farming for instance, ng panahon na mapasok ~ati~ an~; there is no active cultivation of the Siguro puwedeng akong ~mu­ organisasyon na nagme-mamtam ng; land. How come that it was placed long, kasi ginagawa narrun sa mga records, anytime we. join a.n);' there? Commission ang saligang batas assembly, or any organization which

25: , PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION .

keeps public record dapat mag-ingat wala naman Jalagang napapa­ 600/h~ctare of land'. A very tayo sa mga sinasabinatin. Pero ligayang buong-buo sa ganitong progressive one compared, to, the tama ang sinasabi ngayon ni Ka klase ng sistema. At ngayon, ang CARL. Jimmy. Naiintindihan .ko ya.n. lalong mahalaga .ay.. paano ba ito i­ _But- the .Philippines will still Ang problema siguro dahil sa implement if all it is being remain .asupplter of raw materials Iiit ng panahon, dahil sa rnaikli lang implemented. and cheap labor because these will . ang panahong ibinigay at itinakda not include plantation crops. para sa Constitutional Commission, J ..Tadeo: .Regarding . the progressive madalas hindi naipapaliwanag ang Alam .ninyo ang' tungkol sa provision,submitted by .the IMF:WB, mga nasasabi ninyo, At ano ang coconut, noong ako ay Commis­ . Roy Prostennan is behind:that nangyayari? , sioner, ini-explain ko sa kanya ang proposal.. Ang katotohanan ang mga tiller of the soil, bahaging pag-aalaga . J. Putzel: . . . binabanggit ninyong mga alternative ng coconut. Hindi ko maintindihan Actually.c] never used the term arrangement, lahat 'yan na naka­ ano ang . salalay sa mga nasabi ninyo ng mga progressive because I think that in . "Kasi lahat na ipinaliwanag ko, .' many ways that Prosterman portion kasamahan ninyo sa Constitutional mula sa primary right, basic right ay Commission. Ngayon puwede na­ is much more "conservative,in terms pinatanggal noon. Ang primary of defending interestsand longterm ting pagtalunan ;yan.; right noong tiller Agros basic rights, . Ang problema, nandoon naka­ dominance in the political economy ayaw din nilang purnayag. Ngayon of the Philippines. I think that is upo kami 22, madalas nababanggit nakita ninyo naman kung paano ang mga sinasabi ninyo, Gaya nitong . why the WB, ADB' are-proposing tinatanggal Iahat y~n. Ipinaliwanag such formulas. ' ang mga provision on the tiller of . namin lahat ang problema ng mga the soil. Pag binabanggit ni Ka magbubukid, hindi ko nga alam R.Zamora: Jimmy, tiller of the soil, di siyempre kung paano.iAkoang nagpaliwanag According to Congo Starke, the 5 sasabihin natin,tiller. Sino ang nagti­ ng solution namin sa agricultural hectare retention limit has' also till pagdating sa coconut land. Mani­ land. Kasi ako talaga ang nagdadala affected. the . productivity . of the niwala ba sa sinabing till, nagbu­ ng talakayan doon. farmers because banks are no longer bungkal, nagaararo, nag-aani, Totoo . Ang hindi ko malaman kung ano ' lending them. for fear that there is nangyayari nakakalimutan ng ilang ang nangyari noong nag-uusapkayo. not enough collateral to pay. back bagay na kasing halaga doonsa lsang punto lang siguro, ginawa ko .the loan. ; And because of this low actual tiller. Gaya sa coconut, after. ang lahat ng paraan pero alam namin productivity, wenow experience.the planting ang growing it, you may ang power game sa anumang legis- ." rise. in . the prices of basic com­ reach 400 years just collecting doing latura at talo ka sa panigna 'yan modities. .And.'she also mentioned no tilling at all. Hindi ako nagkulang sa paliwanag, that the govemmentpolicies seemed Kaya ano ang nangyayari nga­ pero ano .naman ang naging to be the culprit in this high costof .yon? Nagkaroon ng isang compro­ intepretasyon doon.wala naakong . living we .areinow experiencing., mise ipinalit ang lupang under that magagawa roon, definition hindi nailalagay. Bigyan .What can be done about these?' mo naman ng konting alternative S. Reyes arrangement. Hindi namin ibinigay J. Tadeo: ang lupa sapagka't kung ang ibi­ Any point of clarification from nigay naman ay mali1iit ang sasa­ the audience? Ito' pang objective, condition bihin hindi economically feasible. Sa na katayuan pa ng magsasaka dating gawi, stock-sharing, profit J. Tadeo: ngayon ay ,heavily' indebted sa sharing. Kaya ang nangyayari dito I would like to answer Prof. ilalim ng Masagana 99 dahil: sa sa batas na ito, marami ang mga Putzel about Roy Prosterman. pagtaas ng cost of productioru at pagbabago at marami ang mga Actually I am for a progressive pagbaba ng halaga ng kanilang compromise. Ang katotohanan ay agrarian reform that cost only ~ produkto, walang natitira sa kanila, 26 , JULY - DECEMBER 1989 \

Sa iIalim ng programa ng .gob­ loloko, ganyan ang magiging prob­ atin. For instance, that area of Bu­ yerno, meron siyang enhancement lema natin. At puwedeng mang,. lacan all the way to Tarlac, nandiyan program na nagbibigay ng 15% 'yayari ito sa Pampanga, Bulacan, ang napakagandang kalye, narr­ interest sa loob ng isang taon. Napa­ Tarlac at puwedeng mangyayari ito diyang ang naggagandahang distrii­ kababa. Ang nakakapag-avail lang sa buong bansa. butionareas. Baka puwedenating nito ay 10% ng mga peasants na Kaya inaalala narnin ngayon, na sabihing dito na natin ilagay ang nakakabayad, ang tanong ngayon nandito ang DAR, ay kung paano commercial, industrial industries, saan nagpupunta ang 80%. Ang tatakbo ang ating implementation. Nagtataka ako dahil sa pinaglalaban 90% na 'yan pupunta sa rural bank Ako'y naniniwala na magkakaroon nating lupa"ang katotohanan a}i pero ang kanyang patubo 30-60%, ngtunay na agrarian reform, even if doon sa more progressive countries, pero kailangan nila ang collateral, you try to distribute all the land .siguro ang agriculture ~y hindi lang Walang collateral, saan sila ngayon available down to three hectares and 10-12% of the population, baka an~ babagsak? Sa usurero, na nagpa­ necessarily production must suffer. land area 10-12% lamang din. • patubo sa bawa't bag ng pataba I think if there will be a decline in Kaya dapatpag-isipan natin ta-· mong kunin, 3 cavans of palay, sa production, it will be 'on a short laga na ilagay sa maayos ang re-. bawa't kaban ng bigas, 3 cavans tenn. And that eventually, the pea- source ,allocation natin. Ngayoru palay. Ganyan ang sinasabi tungkol . sant realizing that for the first time mga loopholes na puwedeng,garnitin sa comprehensive land reform ni Sen. he is working for himself and sa masama, puwede na ring gamitin Osmefia. Sayang nga at hindi kami recognizing that there' are support sa mabuti.: Ang nangyayari ngayon nagkaroon ng pagkakataon na pag­ services that can be availed of, he ay para, ito sa masama, baka pu­ usapan ang dahilan ng pagtaas sa' will be convinced that the govern­ wedeng tingnan kung paano baito bigas, Ang hindi po alarn, sa Tarlac, ~ent has the political will to support i-implement ng batas. Sana nanditc?, makikita po natin ang conversion him fully. Ako'y naniniwala na ang DAR na magsasabi kung.ano ba ng taniman sa subdivision lots. Kaya ganyarg klaseng magsasaka ang ang nangyari? Dahil after one year, sino ang may kasalanan? Yaong nagpapalago ng kanyang ani, at wala karning nakikitang impact. naglagay ng provision sa batas ang kung anuman ang pagbawas sa pro- 'yan ang katotohanan. . siyang may kasalanan. At sino, ka­ , duction, yaon po ay para sa maikling ming magbubukid. baga? panahon at in the end lalago pa ang J. Tadeo: production. R. Zamora: Ang problema, totoo merong Sasagutin ko lang sandali yong , Walang duda sa pagdating ng mga butas diyan, pero pag hindi mo sinabi ni Congo Zamora.. Malinaw panahon siyempre ang mga nag­ naman niIagyan ng butas, paano ang posisyon nang ang mga organi­ aalala na mawawalan sila ng lupa naman ang mga pangangailangan ng sasyon na hindi sapat upang ang ay gagawa ng lahat ng hakbang para mga hindi magsasaka? Hindi naman agraryo na walang kasamang makaiwas. Wala tayong magagawa puwede na sabihin natin na lahat ng industrialization. At .maltwanag diyan. Ganyan talaga ang ugali ng lupa na hindi ngayon urban, com­ kaya ako bumoto ng "no" sa Consti­ bawat tao. Kung puwedeng maka­ mercial, industrial, lahat ay ipailalim tution, sa ilalim ~ng Chapter 12 iwas, iiwas, kaya puwedeng maka­ na sa land reform. Atsome point, tungkol sa natipnaleconomy kasi iwas doon sa redistributive aspect tayo naman ay mababaon doon sa doon sa 1st and 2nd paragraphs nito ng agrarian reform by stock sinasabi .ninyong that we will be ay 'nagsasabing ito ay: "The State conversion in the DAR, at hindi natin forever consigned to the status of shall 'promote industrialization and mapipigil maski ano mang batas ang exporters of cheap labor and, pro­ full employment based on agri- '. gawin ninyo, basta may exemption, ducers of agricultural commodities. cultural sector as the lead in talagang gagamitin. Totoo 'yan at We will have to take off. Pirrni development." Ako ay nakiusap kay hindi ko tatanggihan. Ang problema nating sinasabi, industrialization. Sen. Rodrigo" puwede bang ilagay dito ay kung ang government Pag hindi naman natin idi-devote natin ang term na "together with" agencies natin ay handa na mag­ itong resources natin para magka­ para talagang kabalikat :'conco:' paloko 0 han dang tumulong sa pan- roon nito, ano ang mangyayari sa mitantly" 0 "along with". ,Nani- \ 27 PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFOR1WATION - ,

- , niwala ka bang hindi sila pumayag? We really wanted some positive services; you will find very negative , Mula sa Aparri hanggang sa [olo ' suggestions, some concrete answers. 'And without these support kailangang magpatayo ng pabrika. recommendations. But we will still. services, the program doesn't stand

Ngayong lang ang problema natin try to be as balanced ~s possible. a chance. c) ang patakaran ng gobyemo... import And at this point, we are ending If the provisions of the law, are liberalization. Paano kang babangga. with a note of great hope. implemented according to the plans, Isa kang maliit, babangga ka sa pader then you will find out that t orz, 3 mananalo ka ba noon? Ang panahon D~ Salita: years these lands would have been ni Marcos 991 items ay isinama ng transferred. If you cannot distribute ating Presidente noon. Ngayon 2,000 Let Us write to DAR to' inform , the lands below 50 hectares, no.one items ang milista ng gobyemo kung us formally how much has been done would believe that you could anu-ano lang. in phase I, because under that, PD distribute land larger than. 50 27 should be completed. And the hectares. We have tried to convey a S. Reyes: distribution of idle and abandoned sense of urgency in the law' and lands. How much was accomplished tried to listen to, everyone and any Any other question or com­ and how much more needs to be organization that needs to be heard. ments? I don't know if this was done? , But if the implementors do not see raised when I was out for a while the urgency, then the whole thimg is but I'd like to know Ka Jimmy, R. Zamora: lost. And this why we are very what's happening with CPAR? concerned. " The problem with the law that J. Tadeo: we enacted is that it is -not just a .R. Zamora: product of, compromise but more Nagtatag ang organisasyon, di important now that it is finally taking I don't think'that the law iitself lamang ang KMP ng Signature cam­ place, that requires tremendous can assume that all those provisions paign tungkol doon sa referendum amount of resources to be, devoted that gave DAR vast powers was and system of initiatives. Ang pag­ to its implementation. That requires correct. In the final drafting of the, tulak nitom ang totoo ay napag­ -agreater amount of political will on law, it was clear' that the peasant tibayan ng Congress for People's the part of the government, that .organizations would play a very Agrarian Reform, Nagtatag sila ng requires sufficient goodwill, minimum role within the mga regional - chapters ng sufficient good intention from implementation o(the program al­ PARCODE. Ito ang tunay na kala­ everyone who will be involved in its though it was agreed that these gayan ngayon, patuloy silang various aspects. And as you don't organizations will be given a major nagtatag ng regional chapters. have any effective machinery, then role in the implementation of agrar­ it is not a vehicle but an obstacle for ian reform. The People's Agrarian S. Reyes the development of ourcountryside . Reform ,Council was ,replaced by It is a significant law in that respect. Provincial Agrarian Reform Council After an hour of discussion of It will be a law that will be pointed that was suggested by Cong, the implementation of CARL, we are for many many years, because of its Cojuangco. SoI think it is wrong to back to the very basic question failure and this is why we have say that the law stands there, it's not whether the program as it is always tried to find out in Congress 'best but if implemented, we can formulated now ends all the what has been done. By now, move forward. I don't think: so. " , problems of our peasants. It is quite provision on the support services The lawmakers realized the law will frustrating for me that the DAR should .have been implemented. be costly when implemented. representative here left as soon as he Anytime you go to the provinces, About DAR, there are' two saw the other panelists. And that is any farmer when asked whether the positions in the Department. The very dissapointing for there is really DAR has been paying any attention first one is the conservative position. no one to tell us the brighter side. in providing the needs for support They conceive the land reform as

28 , " ' JU£}', .' DECEMBER' 1989 • ... • I

top-down AR, that the program that when it carne to the' Conference of fora and this is the first for the: generally stays in the heads of the . Committee, the Senate's version calendar year. government. This is a government­ contained more apparently The social scientists would implemented program, PO 27 progressive provisions. In technical perhaps contribute some ideas about actually is such a transaction and all terms, they were not prepared, they the implementation of agrarian that remains is a backlog of did not know what they were talk­ reform. OD-Iy the main resource paperwork. ing about. So, Congo Garcia who was person of the issue/topic is not here If you go around and talk with also an outsider quoted Jimmy Ta­ so the forumbecame CARL itself, those recipients Ofland transfer cer­ deo as if Jimmy Tadeo was in effect But at any 'rate, we learned a lot in tificates, they say they're still pay­ supportive of the view that you did terms of the passage and background ing their landowners, and I ask not have to redistribute land to have, 'of CARL. I think these are some of them when do they think they would an effective land reform program. the things I picked up asa sociai stop paying them, when will their , So what we ended up with was scientist. First, most of tne inputs amortization finish, and they answer . a position that we thought later on that went into CARL , were from. only time can tell. These people are to be rationally implemeted. This is ,social philosophy, the type of still held by their landowners. the way things happened. questions on concepts of justice.and The second position, is made up We have heard ofthe majority/ individual rights and proprietary by the newcomers who are very minority position in DAR but should rights but in terms of social science enthusiastic. They are involved in communicate with Congress and tell inputs, in terms of empirical data, redistributing land, and they think as what ishappening. empirical knowledge, I'gathered that that the 'NGOs and people's You were right: what's going to .there really' was not much of au organizations should be involved in happen if this continues? We are to 'impact which means that associarl the agrarian reform process. They fight off further' attempts to expand scientists we still have work to do iif are quite new in the government the exemptions. wewant to pursue this commitment bureaucracy, they work at around towards having impact on national 7:00 a.m. till late at night, working S. Reyes affairs. very, very devotedly. And they also And if I have tosay a few words feel that this objective is to get the At this point, I would like to call , from my own field, which is one of lands to the peasants even if they the President of the Philippine Social the less policy-oriented, psychology" only distribute 10% of cultivated Science Council to close our consul­ whatever input the social sciences land. What is the problem with these tation forum. had' on land reform or agrarain re­ two positions? The first was strongly form, it has mainly concentrated om affected by PO 27, top-down with A. Tan the material side, meaning produc-" peasants/grassroots uninvolved. tivity, hectares and economies The program will then exist only For those friends and guests' and so on. But on ·the non-materia; with the relationship of tenant­ today who are not familiar with the, aspect of agrarian reform, like fo:r landowners improved. The second Philippine Social Science Council, the instance, what Prof. Putzel has said; _ position believes that they can PSSCis composed of 14 social science . , that the compensation is actually implement this program by associations,' It was' created 20 years .more than the market value, and :: attracting academics and NGOs to ago. And maybe for the first dozen guess this is simply that aside from support them. years of its existence, it had more of the market value, you pay something an academic position. Around 1980, more on the "extra-value." R. zamora: the Council was determined to take At any rate it has been a most a mote active role in national affairs informative discussion and I wish to Congo Guanzon voted against, and social issues. This commitment thank our resource persons, Cong; CongoStarke voted "for" for she was is embodied in our agenda towards Zamora, Congo Starke, Mr. Jimmy not going to vote with CongoGillego the year 2000. As part of that Tadeo, Prof. Putzel and Ms. Heid] no matter what. There is no question commitment, we have this series Cruz. Thank you very much. PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION '. ;:" - ' .'

An Overview of the External Debt Problem Leonor M. Briones* University of the Philippines, Dillman

hen the debt bomb management, and graft and provide for even the most minimal. - exploded in the corruption. From a positive rating of services, have sharpened the Philippines in Sep­ ofplus 14 in 1987 to .minus 12 in awareness that there is a direct link W tember 1983, many 1988 on debt management, indicating between their continued poverty and Filipinos were caught by surprise. greater awareness of the problem on the pervasive debt problem. The average man on the street did the part of the people and increased not know what hit him. All he dissatisfaction with government Thus, many organizations, knew was that government did not solutions. ranging from the professional have enough funds to provide basic groups, religious associations, and services, jobs were scarce, prices The ongoing debt debate with people's organizations - e.g. were going up even as incomes were the Senate, the House, the Executive peasants, workers" and the urban' plummeting, and there was scarcity and. the Freedom from Debt poor, have taken it upon themselves of food, medicines, houses, and Coalition as active participants has to learn more about the debt problem opportunities for a better life. further increased public awareness and how it affects them. of this crucial problem. The media, Recently, a survey conducted through talk shows, interviews and THE EXTERNAL DEBT: by a leading social scientist indicated newspaper articles have likewise WHAT DOES IT . an increasing awareness of the brought the debt issue down to the external debt problem. In a level of the masses. More than any LOOK LIKE? comparison of 1987 and 1988, the of these, however, the perceived rating of the Aquino administration increase in poverty, and govern­ Contrary to popular notion, the went down on two issues: debt ment's continuing inability to Philippine external debt is not just

30 · , .niu...f· :-.D,ECEMBER 19891

the external debt of the government. short term loans WHAT ARE THE It is composed of the debt of both $ 3.873 billion -or 13.83% the public sector·(including the IMPORTANT Central Bank) and the private sector. medium term loans ,CHARACTERISTICS The' Philippine external debt is 24.135 billion or 86.17% considered the debt of the entire " . OF OUR economy and affects all of us, Who Borrowed? The same set EXTERNAL DEBT? whether we are in the public sector of CB figures clearly indicate that or the private sector. the public sector accounts for more than 4/5 the total external debt:" Huge Public Sector Borrowing. How Much? Representatives of A very significant feature of our the Central Bank reported at the Central Bank external debt is the fact that 4/5 hearing of the Senate Committee on $ 6.045 billion or 21.58% or 80.84% is accounted for by the Banks and Financial Institutions last public sector. What. is the June 28,1989, the external debt stood National Government implication of this characteristic for at $28.008 billion. 16.599 billion or 59.26% the ordinary Filipino?, . The figures reported by the Private Sector Central Bank reflect a steady increase 5:364 billion or 19.16% in total external debt in spite of Official figures indicate that 1/2 efforts by government to reduce the The combined external debts of of the Filipinos live below the debt burden: the Central Bank and the national poverty line. ,Studies by social government account for 80.84% of scientists estimate poverty incidence, total external debt. as affecting 65% to 80% of the October 17, 1983 $ 24.095 billion population. Thus, many Fiiipjnos cannot on their own providefor their February 28, 1986 26.342 billion Who Lent? Again, contrary to basic necessities. Therefore, they look to government to provide them December 31, 1988 27.915 billion popular misconceptions that all our' loans corne from the World Bank with potable water, medicines, February 28, 1989 28.008 billion and the IMf, creditors are classified employment, housing, and into four categories: multilaterals education. The above trend shows that like the World Bank, IMF, and ADB; current efforts at debt reduction have bilaterals orcountries like the United not been successful in effectively States, Japan, and others; commercial Is the government able to reducing the total debt stock of the banks and financial institutions, and respond to these urgent needs of the country. others. The 'following is a break­ poor? No. A major reason is that a down of our external debt by lender: large portion of the national budget Breakdown as to Maturity. In goes to the debt service burden. r terms of maturity or period of multilaterals (WB, IMF, ADB) Government cannot allocate most of repayment, a loan can either be $ 5.047 B or 18.02% its resources to the people's needs short-term with a maturity period of bilaterals. (US, Japan, etc.) because the debt service has to be one year or less; medium-term with given priority. a maturity period of up to five years; 6.714 B or 23.97% or long-term with a maturity period commercial banks The debt service· burden for of more than five years. Central Bank 13.620 B or 48.62% public sector debt has a direct figures indicate that majority of our effect on the national budget: and loans have medium and long term others deprives the poor of resources which maturities, thus: 2.627 B or 9.38% could have go.n~ to them.

31' PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION _, _~ _ "

Large Commercial Bank Debt. billion against a decrease of $2, -opportunities, badly needed Nearly 1/2 of our external debt or billion. medicines,' potable water, school 48.63% is owed to commercial banks. buildings and classrooms, textbooks, What is the implication of this What is clear from above is that and hospitals and medical services. particular' feature of our external existing voluntary debt reduction debt? This means we have no control schemes cannot catch up with Health statistics are particularly over interest rates. Commercial bank increases in the debt stock due to ' depressing. The Health Department interest rates are primarily based on revaluation and increase in interest asked for a minimum of ~ 900 the London Interbank Offered Rate rates. One is reminded of the myth million -to provide basic medicines or LIBOR which changes with of Sisyphus who perpetually labors for the people in 1988. Because of developments in the international to push a huge rock up a mountain,­ budgetary difficulties, the govern­ financial market. It has been pointed only- to have it roll down. ment could only allocate '~ 300' out that a 1% increase in million. 'Again, the same request international interest rates will result was made for 1989. The government, in an increase in interest payment WHAT IS THE IMPACT could only allocate ~ 450 million. \ ' by $130 million. In 1988, interest -, OF THE EXTERNAL rates rose by 2% thus increasing our It is not therefore surprising that interest payment by $260 million. ' DEBT BURDEN ON one-half of the Filipinos are born,­ THE POOR? live and die without seeing a doctor. Bow much is the equivalent of Researchers 'have also pointcd .out $260 million in terms of services for that everYhour, a Filipino child dies the poor? Reduced Government Services' because funds are not available for As shown earlier, the immediate and the care of the children. Forty-four direct effect of a huge public sector percent of our barangays don't have debt is on the national budget. For' clean 'and potable water. This; is a Inexorable Growth of the the past three years, the massive debt serious deficiency considering the External Debt. Under the present service burden which is fact that 80% of common Filipino situation, whether we borrow or not, automatically appropriated has been diseases are transmitted in' the external debt is growing steadily, the source of much frustration and contaminated water. day by day. This is due to increase despair. Contrary to the provisions in interest rates, fines and penalties of the Constitution, it remains the The Poor Bear the Burden of over which we have no control. A largest single item of expenditure, Stabilization Policies. In its major reason is revaluation. While exceeding the combined expendi­ ,desperation to resolve chronic debt our external debt is recorded in tures for economic and social devel- -, crises, the government has time and dollars, we have borrowed in other opment. The debt service burden for again turned to the International currencies, primarily the Japanese' the nationalgovernment debt from Monetary Fund for stabilization yen. 1987-1989 is: loans. These loans are accompanied by conditionalities which heavily It has been pointed out that our 1987 ~65.8 billion or impact the poor, like reduction of external debt stock was reduced by 41.08% pf the budget levels of government expenditures, over $2 billion since 1984 by debt­ 1988 86.3 billion or increases in taxes, increases in public equity conversions. On the other 45.32% of the budget utility rates, removal of subsidies, hand, our external debt increased freezes on wage increases, and the from October 1983-Fe1:>ruary 1989by 1989 100.4 billion or like. $3.017 billion due to revaluation, 44.03% of the budget principally of the yen. For the same . The UNICEF has conducted period, $545 million was added to In 1989 for example, the poor studies evaluating the impact of our debt stock as equitized interest, will be deprived of P 100.4 billion stabilization policies which are resulting in a total increase of 3.5 worth of roads, employment imposed as conditionalities for I~F

32 loans. A detailed case study on the authorities. After all, there' is no Additional, positions includer. Philippines clearly shows marked morality In the continuing outflow oppositions to World Bankand IMP deterioration in health, education, of resources to advanced countries conditions which. are inimical to) nutrition and housing. The same even as the poor in the developing national interest; the use of funds study likewise noted the heavy toll countries continue to increase in' saved from debt service cap to urgent on children, as indicated by the rise . number and their sufferIng, programs like agrarian reform, in number of abandoned children, especially those of the children, nafionalist industrialization" street waifs, and the increase in child escalating. education.'health and housing; and. prostitution. The freedom from Debt development of effective options to .Coalition (FDC) -, The persistence of. counter possible retaliatory measure> . Nevertheless, we have not . the external debt problem, the. by-creditors. . learned our lessons. Last March, the inability of the governmeIlt' to FDC activities include policy' government embarked on its 20th effectively reduce it, and aggravation' analysis, education, 'and campaigns. loan from the IMFamidst much of poverty led to the organization of. If has published positions on debt­ criticism and protest from the public. the Freedom from Debt Coalition. related 'issues' and problems. .61 Obviously, th,e debt problem The FDC, founded in April 1988/is a . ; primer on. the Philippine DebtCrisis cannot be solved by the government broad coalition of professionals, has been published and 'is, now or. alone, using traditional and cause-oriented organizations, its second printing. It- 'iis being conservative approaches. The people religious associations, and socio-civic translated into Tagalog and Cebuanor have an important role to play. After groups. Since women are especially affqctec,., all, they are literally and figuratively The FDC has for its members all by the debt crisis a primer 0111 women­ paying for the debt even as they the six major cause-oriented and .debt has likewise'beer. have not benefited from a number coalitions: Bagong .Alyansang _published. of these big loans. . Makabayan(BAYAN), BANDILA, , FDC .has conducted-numerous They have joined hands and Buklod and Democracy (CON­ seminars on various dimensions of speak with one voice: FREEDOM. FREEDEM), Demokratikong Sosya­ the debt problem either singly -or ir. FROM DEBT! listang Kaisipan (DSK) and cooperation with different Volunteers for Popular Democracy. institutions. It receives anaverageof THE ROLE .Tt also includes established eco­ five requests a day for briefings on OF nomists/ businessmen, public debt from all -over. the country.­ THE ,PEOPLE administration experts, and social whether fromtheIlocos regions.fhe scientists. , Bicol provinces, the Visayas, It is now recognized that the One hundred and forty-four . Mindanao or from Metro, Manila, external debt problem is not just, a organizations, and individual Requests come from equapy diverse business and technical problem members of the FOC have agreed to groups -- urban poor/ peasants, involving complex negotiations speak with one voice on the external workers; religious, and socio-civic between the creditor institutions and. debt and 'have presehted three groilps._ .. the government. 'The debt problem . minimum demands: declaration of a _The FOC. has led iininass: is not just an esoteric issue reserved moratorium on foreign debt service campaigns to dramatize, .the debt for the mandarins of finance. It has payments until acceptable terms are crisis and pressure the governmen,-. much broader . economic won; disengage from loans which into . taking action. It led, th'el ramifications; it has political did not benefit the people; and limit . campaign against the Letter of Intent dimensions and directly affects social debt service payments to not more sent to the IMF. Last Juiy24, i989/it development. It is recognized as a thanf 10% of export earnings to led a massive cultural parade of oven moral issue by no less than the Pope enable the country to finance eco­ 15;000 marchersdramatizing the real himself and by leading religious nomic recovery. state of the nation.

"Leonor M. Briones is Associate Professor at the UP College of Public Administration and the President of the Freedom from Debt Coalition. She is also a member of the PSSC Executive Board. .

. 33 PSSC Sl)CIAL SCIENCE INFORiWATION ," '" ,

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INFLATION and the LOI/MEP Purita F. Neri* . Central Bank of the Philippines

ne of the most talked and the citizenry in solving these development effort and compel the about, often criticized problems. ' citizenry to suffer cuts .in and perhaps mis­ consumption just as well. An O understood documents The Problem underlying thrust of the MEP or these days is the Letter of Intent Program therefore is to ensure that (LOD/Memorandum on Economic The overriding problem of . the economy,as a whole, lives within Policy (MEP) prepared in connection developing countries like the its means as it develops and grows with the country's availment of the Philippines is the scarcity of re­ to sustain economic progress and Extended Fund Facility (EFF) of the sources compared to the need for stability over time. International Monetary Fund (IMF). resources. 'Resource availability is The MEP laid down'the Philippine generally limited by the low incomes, Thrust of the MEP Government's Program (Program) productive capability and efficiency for economic advancement, setting to produce goods and services which Broadly therefore, to ensure that out the objectives and targets to be also constrict borrowing capacity. the economy has the means to grow achieved, the "ceilings" and "floors" On the other hand, the demand for with stability, the MEP seeks to 1) (performance criteria) to be observed resources for consumption purposes increase the saved resources and the policies and measures (food, clothing, shelter, etc.) which available for investment in needed to achieve these objectives. often compete with resource demand development projects; 2) limit the for investment purposes (develop­ growth or expansion of money to The MEP has been blamed for ment projects such as infrastructure, rates consistent with growth and many of the adverse developments machinery, technology, plants and price objectives; and 3), enhance in the country ,today e.g. rising .1 other installations that increase productivity or efficiencyin resource domestic prices or inflation, rising output and productivity) generally utilization. interest rates, etc. ironically the very far exceeds the availability of factors it seeks to stabilize. While resources. The tendency to spend Increasing Investment some of the criticisms may be valid, beyond one's means therefore is others are not, often suggesting little strong in many countries and is one Resources or no appreciation of the problems of the most difficult to resist or involved, the constraints and trade­ Investment resources may be controlparticularly in relatively Poor augmented by 1) increasing domestic offs in solutions 'to economic prob­ countries where the reduction of lems and the rationale and thrust of savings as' incomes ,rise .and 2) consumption is politically un­ encouraging the inflow of external the MEP. If in blaming the MEP for palatable, or in worse cases, un-: resources. inflation and other economic ills, the conscionable. national attention is directed from the basic issue at hand (e.g, the need Overspending which is the roof Domestic Saving to work together in solving the prob­ of economic misery Is made possible lems to get the country moving, is temporarily by the 'creation of Domestic saving refers to that obscured by undue concern over the money. Unfortunately, as has been portion of earned income which is MEP) then a disservice is done to demonstrated time and again in the not consumed, or spent on the development effort. past in this and other countries, the consumption goods by residents and likely consequences of prolonged is considered the most ideal means The purpose of this piece excessiveliquidity arid overspending of financing development. Given, therefore is to help focus attention are rising prices or inflation, balance the income level, the higher the back to the basic problems of of payments problems, recession,etc. savings rate is (or the lower the development and the role of the MEP which seriously .set back the propensity to consume) the more

34 , ' '. , -JULY - DECEMBER 'J989 '

resources would be available for TABLE 1 Percent Distribution investment in development projects and the faster the economy would ACTUAL PROCRAM grow. 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 AVE. In very poor countries, the 89-92 savings rate is low because incomes are low and are used up for basic Total Sources of Financing 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lQQJl 100.0 necessities leaving nothing to save and invest in development works. Foreign -& 10.8 11.0 ~ ~ 10.1 ,. In this case, the principle of the "vicious cycle of poverty" is Domestic '94.5 89.2 89.0 90.1 91.1 89.9 operative and external assistance is often needed to break the cycle. In Public) 3.3 6.8 .J3.2 16.5 17.8 13.6 economies with relatively higher incomes, savings could remain low Private 91.2 82.4 75.8 73.6 73.3 76.3 if people choose to consume more (or enjoy a better life now) than service or repay such loans upon percent in 1989-92. Domestic savings increase saving and investment for maturity.' Funding from external are programmed to finance an the future. In this case, people might sources also carry the responsibility average 90 percent of total need to be motivated to save and of investing the loan proceeds in investment requirements in 1989-92 invest more of their incomes than to' foreign-exchange-saving or earning while the remaining 10 percent spend in consumption goods if projects to increase production and would be sources from foreign growth is to be accelerated. Thrift export earnings which would savings. Investment funds' are and frugality therefore are personal provide the means with which these expected to come from the following virtues essential to economic loans would be repaid when due. sources (See Table 1). advancement which are sought to Otherwise, as was experienced in be encouraged by market-oriented this country, excessive foreign Limiting Monetary' policies and appeals to the citizenry's borrowings which required. heavy Expansion sense of patriotism and self-reliance. debt servicing caused balance of The containment of inflation and payments deficits which exerted adoption of market-oriented policies Investments may also be pressure on the international reserves financed by domestic borrowing or to allow for positive interest rates on and caused the exchange value of deposits are intended to promote moneicreation .when saved the peso to depreciate and raised resources are not enough and domestic saving to hasten domestic consumption. With the development and growth. consumption reduction is sought to adoption and implementation of the be avoided. This means of financing Foreign Saving MEP, foreign loans and investments abets overspending and is highly would be expected to flow in. inflationary, ,difficult to resist and Another source of investment manage and costly to control. If funds is foreign saving orborrowing Investment uncontrolled, the resulting run-away from external sources as measured Requirements inflation could destabilize and by the current account deficit of the seriously set the. economy back and balance of payments. While recourse under the MEP again force people to reduce to foreign borrowing may obviate consumption or save. Inflation, like the need to reduce domestic According to the Program, to taxation; has often been referred to consumption this source of funding achieve a 65 percent average annual as "forced savings". The primary would. be limited primarily by the . growth rate in real output while responsibility of monetary ability and willingness of the foreign containing the average annual managementtherefore is stability, by creditor to lend or invest. Equally inflation rate at single digit levels in ensuring that the expansion of important, external borrowings 1989-1992, total investments should money or liquidity does not reach or would also be limited by the debtor rise from 18.2 percent of GNP in exceed. levels which cause prices to country's capacity and ability to 1988 to an annual average of 23 rise.

35 TABLE 2 amount of output. Countries which 1989 1990 1991 1992 developed and grew successfully-e.g. currently classified as developed and Monetary and credi t newly industr-ialized countries (annual average) % (NICs) achieved rising productivity and' efficiency through the years. Broad money 16.5 15 13-14 13-14 Without productivity increases, incomes are not likely to rise and Monetary base 13 14 11-12 11-12 economic growth and'development cannot be accelerated without risking The expansion of base money When adjustment is carried out instability. and broad money or domestic promptly therefore, economic 'tosses liquidity would be limited under the and misery could be minimized or . To enhance productivity, such program to levels consistent with avoided. When the programmed policy measures 'as deregulation, the growth and price objectives of resources saved or borrowed from market orientation, the dismantling the program. During the program abroad are not forthcoming the . of monopolies and privatization period, 1989-92, monetary aggregates prudent course of action would be were pursued. The dismantling 'of growth rates were not supposed to reduced spending and adjust targets monopolies and privatization sought' exceed the following annual growth to avoid the consequences of over-' to reduce government presence in' rates shown -in' Table 2. indulgence and inflation. Ifspending business to allow the private sector . had been reduced in this country (which is considered to be more' By setting limits on monetary even at the expense of revising efficient than the public sector) to be growth, the tendency to overspend growth targets during the early the "engine" of growth. would be reduced. Financing -nineteen eighties or late seventies .. development by money creation to when domestic savings and foreign Market-Oriented Polic~es- maintain the momentum of growth inflows were not enough to sustain may temporarily create a false sense program targets instead of pursuing. Deregulation and manket of prosperity but in time ultimately policies to maintain the growth orientation refer to, policies which cause problems of disastrous momentum, then perhaps the allow the free interplay of market ~: proportions. The danger of increas­ economic debacle of the early and forces with little or nointervention ing base money to keep the mid-nineteen eighties could have from the government. Experience momentum of growth when saved been mitigated, if not, avoided. I resources available are not as much showed that interest ceilings, credit ­ as programmed or expected is that Enhancing Efficiency subsidies and differentials which' artificially cheapened credit. for J it could lead to overspending, and Productivity external account deficits and inflation certain preferred - sectors did not rather than growth particularly in . . result in. increasing credit resources .the longer term. The other.factor sought to be flowing to the target areas but improved by the ~EP' is . the 'instead resulted in the misallocation If money is allowed to expand productivity of the economy. If and inefficient use of scarce to cover shortfalls in saved resources, investment resources are relatively' resources, wastages and huge spending for both consumption and scarce in developing countries, then arrearages. Credit subsidies and' investment purposes would continue there is every reason to make the lower-than-market rates tended to and be difficult to stop thus getting most out of available resources by abet intermediation inefficiency, e.g.. the economy into deeper .trouble. using these resources efficiently and beneficiary banks relied more on . Moreover, the contractionary well so that output of a given amount cheap CB rediscount funding rather measures needed to reduce liquidity of inputs would be maximized and than onthe savings or surplus funds· would not only affect consumption incomes would be raised. One of the community which should have but investments and growth as well. measure of' productivity is the been mobilized by these banks. thus Selective credit measures were found Incremental Capital Output Ratio rendering them vulnerable to credit ineffective in reducing the restrictive .(lCOR) which roughly indicates the crunches. The lifting of interest rate effects of contractionary measures on amount of investment (additional ceilings and the rationalization of growth. capital) needed to produce a given the rediscount window were,steps

36 taken to correct the market and livelihood programs). The at roughly 10 percent of the tota, distortions caused by ceilings and former would needlessly subsidize investment requirements of the subsidies. _even those who can afford to pay Program. The question therefore is higher price while the latter would whether or not the country wants tc. Market-oriented policies on allow the concentration of assistance voluntarily reduce consumption and commodity prices are likewise meant to the targetted neediest groups. -save or sacrifice more to make up to encourage the efficient or for the external resources foregone: economic use of. resources. When Concluding Remarks , or otherwise suffer lower growth: prices of goods are administratively rates and inflation if the gap is to be: kept below market rates to favor The achievement of the economic financed with money creation. certain sectors, through subsidies, the goals of the country calls for an to improve' efficiency or burden of bearing the higher costs increasing amount of resources to be productivity, the. appropriate' of such goods is shifted from the invested in development projects. To governmer.t policies that would buyer, user or consumer of the goods augment the resources needed for encourage a more rational and to the government or actually the investment purposes, the public and economical use of available resources taxpayer which pays for the subsidy. private sectors would have to would have to be pursued and the Since someone else pays for goods increase saving and enhance right response .from the public to the extent of the subsidy, the efficiency. Saving entails "sacrifices" obtained. The business sectorwould consumer is not motivated to in the form of minimizing have to be more .competitive in consumption spending to maximize' domestic and foreign markets not so '-.. economically or efficiently use the subsidized goods. Subsidies could ,investment in development projects. much through reliance on costly also add to the government budget The scarcity of resources also calls subsidies and fiscal incentives as deficit which could raise government for prioritization in.the' use of through rising productivity and borrowing and crowd out private resources. Much of the criticism efficiency. The virtues essential to borrowers from the credit markets. against the MEP involve priorities in economic advancement would need When the buyer or consumer of the the use of resources. Some quarters to be cultivated by the general public, goods pays for the true market cost prefer to "cap" or reduce amounts industry and innovativeness. by the of that good, he is likely to make for repaying certain foreign labor and entrepreneural sectors and better use of that good than when it borrowings and instead use the thriftiness, frugality and honesty. by is made artificially cheaper. "saved" amounts for domestic every citizen. Unless all sectors and infrastructure, etc. The benefits of the'entire country moves as one in When prices paid are market­ this proposal have to be weighed facing economic challenges, the-re­ determined, the consumer or user against the costs of losing externally alization .of national aspirations bears the costs of the good or service. sourced investment funds estimated would continue to be elusive. When prices are kept low by subsidies, the government or ultimately the taxpayer bears the cost REFERENCES of the difference between market and subsidized prices. When inflation 1, "An Economic Program for Growth and Stability", background paper 'prepared for a results from using monetary Cabinet briefing on March 9, 1989by Secretary of Finance Vicente R. Jayroe and Central Bank expansion to maintain spending Governor Jose B. Fernandez, Jr. on the Philippine Letter ofIntent to the International Monetary levels, the entire economy or Fund and the Memorandum on Economic Policy dated March 6, 1989. - everyone pays. 2. Canetti, Elie with contributions ot Alberto Eguren and David Baughman, "Adjustment Policies and External Finance", Report on an EDI Seminar, June 1986, Economic Development While tl-::re is no question that Institute ofthe World Bank, . the poorest segments of the population deserve government 3. Nurkse, Ragnar. Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries. Oxford University Press, New York 1955. assistance, the question is whether assistance should be in the form of market intervention (subsidies and "Punta F. Neri is the Director of the Department of Economic Research-Domestic, Central controls which never worked) or Bank of the Philippines. She is also a member of the Editorial Board of the CB Review, a through direct assistance (welfare monthly publication of the Central Bank of the Philippines. .

37 -; 4 Newsbriefs

National Information mentin the Philippine Bureaucracy" The participants .included center set up last August 17, 1989. Resource representatives from the Episcopal The Philippine Information speaker was Dr. Fermin Adriano, a Commission on Tribal Filipinos Agency (PIA) announced that it has columnist of the Manila Chronicle (ECTF); Organization for Training, e- established a National Information and a researcher at the Center for Research and Development Found­ Center (NIC) to expand its Policy and Development Studies in ation (OTRADEV); Office for communication network to provide UP Los Banos. Northern Cultural Minorities the people timely and accurate On August 24, 1989 another (ONCC); Philippine Association for national information about the seminar was held, on "The Intercultural Development (PAFIID); government. Philippine Research and Extension and the Tunay na Alyansa ng Bayan Located at the PIA office on Program: Towards a Holistic, Alay sa Katutubo (TABAK). Visayas Avenue in Quezon City, the Location - Specific, and Cooperative' NIC will serve as a one-stop Approach." Resource speaker was Peasant Solidarity Week· information shop on national Agriculture Secretary Carlos G. The Forum for Rural Concerns, programs and projects, aside from Dominguez. Philippine Peasant Institute and being a conduit for intra-government Seminar on media other NGOs 'sponsored and coordination of national information The Daughters of Mary organized the observance of Peasant. activities. Immaculate and the Theresian Circle Solidarity .Week on October 12-15, The NIC is equipped with a sponsored a seminar on "The Power 1989. Discussions, concert and mini-theater for film showing and of Media" at the plant pathology contests were held at the UP Alumni. development theater presentations, auditorium in UP Los Banos last Hostel and the Parks and Wildlife at puppet theater, mall; library, press July 21, 1989. Speaker was Fr. James the Quezon Circle. office, training center, and exhibit B. Reuter, S.J. area. All the facilities of the NIC are CUltural Communities Week available to all government agencies Seminar on lobbying The Office for Southern Cultural and NGOs for free. Techniques Communities (OSCC) spearheaded The center also has a secretariat The De La Salle University the observance of Cultural which includes a quick-response unit (DLSU) Department of Political Sci­ Communities Week on July 10-16, that processes public information ence and the Research Center's Par­ 1989 with the theme "The Filipino assistance from walk-in clients or ticipatory Uplands Management Tribal Communities: Braving the those from mail or phone. Program (PUMP) sponsored a' one­ Challenges of Time and Change. The NIC secretariat can be day seminar on "Lobbying Tech­ Speakers on the Week's various reached at 921-7889 and 921-7941 niques for Advocates of Cultural activities included Sen. Joseph local 244. Minorities" at the Estrada Semi­ Estrada, Prof. Perfecto Fernandez, Training Program in Hawaii nar room in DLSU. The seminar Atty. Jose B. Lopez, Undersecretary acquainted participants with the Benjamin Diokno and Gov. Luis R. The Consortium for the Teach­ Villafuerte. . ing of Indonesian of the University policy-making processes and structures of Congress and the of Hawaii at Manoa will organize an The second week of -July every bureaucracy to make them effective intensive program in Indonesia at year has been declared "Cultural : the advanced level. The program in employing the strategies and Communities Week," pursuant to will be held at IKIP Malang in the tactics of lobbying. Presidential Proclamation No. 250. mountains of East Java, Indonesia Resource persons and their topics were: Arlene Dada, Deputy "Human Rights and the from June 3 to August 11, 1990. Indigenous People" Information about the program Secretary of the House Committee and the fellowships can be obtained Affairs Bureau, "The Structures and The Legal Rights and Natural from Prof. James T. Collins, Center Procedures in Congress;" Albert Resources Center and TAB'AK for Southeast Asian Studies, Univer­ Almendralejo, "The Dynamics of sponsored a discussion on human sity of Hawaii at Manoa, 1890 East­ Power in Congress;" Roger Birosel, rights and the indigenous people West Road, Moore 416, Honolulu, Consultant, Cordillera Regional held on November 9, 1989 at the Hawaii, Consultative Committee, "Lobbying PSSC Conference Room A. The Congress: Strategies and Tactics;" speakers were Atty. Marvic Leonen IRRI Seminars and Alex Brillantes, professor, UP of the Legal Rights Center and Datu The International Rice Research College' of Public Administration, Tony Lumandong of the Kalipunan Institute (IRRI) sponsored a seminar "Lobbying the Bureaucracy: ng Katutubong Mamamayan ng Pili­ on "Advocacy for Rural Develop- Pressure Points." pinas (KMP).

38 "US Bases and the Aetas" Stiftung (FES) of West Germany. The a citizens movement against coups -, series starts in January and ends in last December 7, 1989 at the Ateneo: TABAK (Tunay na Alyansa ng March 1990. Topics that will be Grade School Auditorium. Bayan Alay sa Katutubo) sponsored tackled during the series are: union The meeting was meant to a panel discussion on the "US Bases organizing, union administration, strengthen KILOS and reach a mu­ and the Aetas",held or. November rights of public sector workers, tual agreement - the "Kasunduang 16, 1989 at the PCED Hostel in Up grievance handling, collective Bayan" - against coups as well as Diliman. Resource speakers were bargaining, and public sector devise steps to implement this agree­ Rev. Elmo Manapat of the Nuclear unionism in the ASEAN region. ment. Free Philippines Coalition (NFPC), Dean Rene E. Ofrcneo and Ms. Cecile The participants were subdi­ Tito de Santos of the Agunan da Basa will coordinate the conferences. vided into 20 workshop groups. reng Malakang Ayta King Pampanga For further deta ils interested These workshop groups reviewed (AMA-PAMPANGA), and Pablo persons may reach the SOLAIR at and evaluated the draft "Kasun­ Santos of the Kalipunan ng _its offices in the State Accounting duang Bayan" formulated by the Katutubong Mamayan ng Pilipinas and Auditing Center-Public Affairs KILOSSteering Committee, whether (KAMP). Research and Development Center they agreed to the stipulations or' Cordillera Studies Bldg., Commonwealth Avenue, Dili­ not; the groups also suggested Center Projects man, Quezon City. amendments. The Cordillera Studies Center The School also has several A plenary session capped the (CSC) is undertaking a literature ongoing research projects on agricul­ activity wherein allworkshop group~ review for the Central Cordillera tural and non-agricultural employ­ presented their findings. The steer­ Agricultural Program (CECAP), ment; industrial restructuring and ing committee integrated all outputs which is' being funded by the industrial relations: living wage stan­ of the groups to arrive at the final European Economic Community dards for workers' household in the "Kasunduang Bayan." Copies of this through the Department of Agri­ public sector, National Capital Re­ agreement will be sent to President culture. This project is designed to gion, Philippines; subcontracting, Aquino, her Cabinet, and other aid the CECAP in identifying employment and industrial relations, branches of government. programs to implement in Ifugao, and Country Overview on women .PSPA (Philippine Society for Mountain Province and Nueva workers in the Philippines. Public Administration) President Vizcaya, and later in Kalinga-Apayao New UP Visayas Chancellor Gabriel U. Iglesias, former PSSC Ex­ and Abra. CECAP is engaged in ecutive Board President Florangel Dr. Francisco Nemenzo, former Rosario Braid, and Sixto K. Roxas infrastructure programs - construct­ Vice-chairman of the PSSC Execu­ were among the social scientists who ing irrigation systems, foot bridges tive Board has been named as the and waterworks - initially in graced the affair. new Chancellor of UP Visayas. The Natonin, Mountain Province. new Chancellor started his term on 1990·National Census Year The CSC has submitted a project September 1, 1989. At the time of his Pursuant to Presidential Procla­ proposal to the National Commission . appointment, Dr.Nernenzo was the mation No. 497, 1990 has been de­ on Women for a study of "The Role faculty representative to the UP clared as. the National Census Year. of Women in Sustainable Board of Regents. This will coincide with the Census Agricultural Development." ** il of Population and Housing (CPH) Other CSC ongoing projects are Dr. Wilfrido Villacorta, a which will be taken- in 1990. Pres. the Governance and Public Policy member of the PSSC Institutional Aquino signed this proclamation on (GPP) program and the Integrated Development Committee, presented November 28, 1989. Community Study (lCS) which a paper in the Conference on Philip­ begins with the publication of re­ pine Politics sponsored by the OBITUARY: ALFREDO TIAMSON sults of a rapid rural appraisal (RRA) University of Passau in July 1989. Alfredo Tiamson, professor of his­ conducted in Naguey, Benguet. He was also invited to participate in tory of the Division of Social Sciences of the bicentennial celebrations of the the College of Arts and Sciences in UP SOLAIR activities Manila, died of cardiac arrest last Octo­ r French Revolution in La Marseillaise. ber 19, 1989. He was 60. The School of Labor and At the time of his demise he was Industrial Relations of the University KILOS "Kasunduang Bayao" also the coordinator of the Manila Stud­ of the Philippines (UP SOLAIR) is More than 400 people from vari­ ies Program (MSP) of UP Manila: The co-sponsoring a series of conferences ous sectors of society attended the MSP was created in January 1989 to collate, document and conduct re­ on "Labor Law Affecting the Public "Kasunduan Bayan" meeting of the searches on the premier city. Sector" with the Friedrich Ebert Kilusan Laban sa Kudeta (KILOS) - l:J 39 PSSC Midyear Meeting

The PSSC midyear meeting was held last August 26, 1989at the PSSC Auditorium. Presented during the meeting. were the midyear reports of the Council and its regular and associ­ ate members. The body also ap­ proved the resolution to confer the National Social Scientist Award. The results of the survey of Social Science Graduate Programs (SSGP) were disseminated at the meeting by the SSGP proj~ct team of Dr. Cynthia Bautista, Dr. Robert Execuiite Board President Dr. Allen' Tan delivers PSSC's midyear report. Salazar and Dr. Corazon Raymundo. cussantswere Bro. Andrew Gonzalez Carlos, Dr. Alicia Tan of DECS and A panel discussion followed the of De La Salle University, Fr. Roder- Fr. Ramon Salinas of Letran, Dr. presentation of the results. The dis- ick Salazar of the University of San Lourdes Bautista was moderator.'

SICom Fora Code of Ethics Completed The Social Issues Committee The Ad Hoc Committee to . Dr. Noemi S. Catalan, Dr. Ledivina (SICom) of the PSSC- held two formulate a code of ethics for Filipino Carino, Dr. Carolina G. Hernandez, .L.:"J fora on different issues, both at social scientists has completed draft­ 'Prof. Helen Tubangui and Dr. ~1 the PSSCenter Auditorium. The Wilfrido V. Villacorta. Dr. Domingo I , , ing the code. In simple rites last first one was held last August with November' 8, 1989 at the Loretta C,. Salita and PSSCExecutive Director the issue "Democratization and Makasiar Sicat Board Room at the Ruben' F. Trinidad were ex-officio" Quality Higher Education." Resource PSSCenter the Committee members members. speakers were Bro. Andrew B. -formally approved, and signed the The draft Code of Ethics was Gonzalez of De La Salle University, code. subsequently ratified by the Execu­ Magtanggol Marzan and Angelo de Chaired by Dr. Bonifacio P. tive Board at its meeting on Novem­ los Reyes of the House of Sibayan, this Committee consists of '~er29; 1989. Representatives, and Amable 'ru}>eo of the Polytechnic University of the ------; Philippines. The second one held on November, was on "Prospects of Federalism in the Philippines". Speakers were Dr. Ernesto Constantino of the UP Department' of Linguistics, Dr. Gabriel U. Iglesias of the UP College of Public Administration, and Prof. Perfecto Fernandez of the UP College of Law. SICom chairperson Dr. Socorro L. Re es moderated both fora.

Ethics Committee Chairman Dr. Bonifacio Sibayan signs the code of Ethics as, the other committee 'members look on. The other members are (seated, left to right) Dr. Ledevina Cariiio, Dr. Carolina Hernandez, Prof. Helen Tubangui, (standing, left to right) Dr. Noemi Catalan, PSSC Executive SICom Forum on "Democratization and Quality Director Ruben F. Trinidad, and Dr. Domingo Salita. Also in photo is Mrs. Lorna P, MalOl, PSSC Higher Education." Program Coordinator (standing, right). Another member not in .photo is Dr. Wilfrido Villacorta.

40 . '.~ . • r. _". -' .~ I . ·lULY:.,i.. 7JECEMBER 19891 • !>-~.. ,

PSSC-RPP Fora

The Philippine Social Science and several representatives from the Neighborhood Association. Council-Resources for People various people's organizations. Program (PSSC-RPP) held three The third, "The Prospects of the public fora on different issues, all at The second was on "Urban Land People's Agrarian Reform Code the PSSCenter Auditorium, as part Reform for Economic Rights," held (PARCODE) in the Context of the of the NEDA-funded forum series on November 17, 1989, in Present Agrarian Reform Program" on development. cooperation with the Center for was held on November 23, 1989., The first one, on fisherfolk, in Housing and Human Ecology Guest speaker was Agrarian Reform cooperation with Tambuyog, was Development(CHHED).The speak- Secretary Miriam Defensor-Santiago. held on October 13, 1989. Resource ers were CHHED president Dr. Panel discussants were Represent- persons were Lito Anonuevo of Pastor Cruz, Atty. Agripino Morga ative Edcel Lagman, Dr. Luzvimindai Tambuyog, Atty. Marilyn Cepe of . of Sen. Joey Lina's office, Prof. Jaime Cornista and a representative ofthe- BATAS, Dr. Abe Rotor of Sen. Butz Nierras of the UP School of Urban & Congress for' People's Agrarian, Aquino's office, Dr. Flor Lacanilao Regional Planning, and .Mr. Angel Reform (CPAR). CPAR was the. co-' of the UP Marine Science Institute, Sadang of the Tawi-Tawi Pasig sponsor of this forum.

!~i5~~~------~:~~1 ili Jl"_~~~')'1"!·*,·,"';;YSf,i'J,. "'''7" '"

Agrarian Reform Forum Forum on Fisherfolk.

Seminar-workshop on (PPD, Forum for Rural Concerns PAP convention. (FRO and the PSSC Social Issues technical report writing Committee, the book launching also The Psychological Association of and dissemination included comments on the book from the Philippines (PAP) held its 26th annual convention at the Auditorium The PSSCi through the Institu­ Emmanuel Esguerra of the Agricul­ tional Development Committee's tural Credit Policy Council (ACPO of the Philamlife building in Ermita, subcommittee on training programs and Jaime Tadeo of the Kilusang Manila. conducted two seminar-workshops Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP). With the theme "Psychology for on technical report writing and dis­ Moderator of the program was Atty. Peace, Autonomy, and Prosperity," semination for the Bureau of Agri­ Hector Soliman of Sentro ng Batas the convention focused on topics like cultural Statistics (BAS). The first Pangtao. "Peace-keeping Strategies for was held from August 7 to 11, 1989; Individuals and Society," "Auto­ the second on October 23-27, 1989, Pre-workshop orientation nomy and Regionalization: both at the Concepcion Seminar on the Social Science Psychological Dimensions;', and t Room, PSSCenter. "Strategies for Prosperity and! Encylopedia Project Economic Recovery". Book launched In cooperation with SynerAide Senator Santanina Rasul, Chair­ Resources, the PSSC held a pre-work­ man of the Senate Committee on "GAINING GROUND: shop orientation for its social sci­ Civil Service, delivered the keynote AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE ence encyclopedia project last De­ address. Convention speakers PHILIPPINES" by James Putzel was cember 12, 1989 at the Concepcion included Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, Fr. launched on October 3, 1989 at the Seminar Room, PSSCenter. This Jaime Bulatao, S.J., Dr. Amaryllis PSSCenter Auditorium. Sponsored orientation discussed the implemen­ Torres' and Dr. Ma. Lourdes by the Philippine Peasant Institute tation scheme of the project. Carandang.

41 PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFOliM,AT10N ',:', ", ':, '~~-;,: ' "" ;"',:'-,', , ,,',.' . . . ,,' ... '-.... ,; ~ ~ . - ~ .

Philippine Geographical Consultants na Independente PSSC Executive Philippines (ACIPHIL); Dr. Dirk Society (PGS) News Bronger of the University of Bochum Director elected to top and Dr. Rogelio Concepcion of the AASSREC post In two previous meetings of the, Bureau of Soil and Water PGS at the UP Department of Management of the Department of Geography, the Society's Board of Agriculture. Directors decided oncertain matters pertaining to the :structure and The last item taken up was the activities of the 'PGS. Some proposed one-week seminar­ important items included in the workshop to be held in the summer agenda were: 1) the structure of the of 1990. The main objective is to PGS and whether the Society would , provide high school social studies register with the Securities and teachers with new knowledge and Exchange Commission (SEC); 2) the skills in the teaching of geography, role of the PGS in the preparation of consideringthat the Department of the Philippine Encyclopedia for the Education, Culture and Sports, and Prof. Ruben F. Trinidad, Execu­ Social Sciences; 3) the status of the Congress have acknowledged the' tive Director of the PSSC,was elected. Philippine Geographical Journal importance of geography in socio­ President of the Association of Asian (PG}); and 4) projected activities. economic development. Another Social Science, Research Councils As to the first item listed above, objective is to raise funds to support (AASSREC> for 1989-1991 during the the Board considered it unnecessary future activities such as the Eighth Conference of the association to change the structure of their publication of geography textbooks held from September 25 to 29, 1989 Society in order to receive aid from and the holding of information, at Christchurch, New Zealand. funding agencies. According to PGS education, communication and , Also elected were Prof. Kenji President Dr. Domingo C. Salita, the motivation (IECM) campaigns Urata (Science Council of Japan) as PGS need not register as a against environmental pollution and First Vice-President, Dr. Terry foundation with the SEC that would degradation in the country. Loomis (Social Science Research exempt it from some requirements Fund Committee of New Zealand) and fees and that would qualify the PNHS Conference ' as Second Vice-President, and Prof; Society as a funding-eligible 'The Philippine National Histori­ .Bruce Miller (Academy of Social nongovernmental organization cal, Society (PNHS) held the 10th Sciences in Australia) as Secretary­ (NGO). Dr. Salita added that to National Conference on Local His­ , General. qualify as a foundation the PGS tory on October 27-29, 1989 in Gen­ AASSREC encourages the should just amend the present PGS eral Santos City, in cooperationwith development of 'social sciences constitution by identifying the Mindanao State University. The through national and cross-national Society as an academic and scientific theme of the conference was "Local research, leadership, training and institution. History and Cultural Identity." dissemination of knowledge in the With regard to the second item, Asia-Pacific region. S~lazar Dr. Telesforo Luna is presently to DENR Member-nations of' the preparing the list of entries for the position AASSRECareAustralia, Bangladesh, geography section of the Dr. Robert Salazar, Executive Di-' China, India, Indonesia, Japan, North encyclopedia. rector of the De la Salle University Korea, Nepal, New Zealand, As to the third item, the PGJ Research' Center and concurrently a Pakistan, Philippines,' Sri Limb, Editor, Prof. Meliton [uanico, member of the PSSC Research Com­ Thailand, Vietnam and the USSR. reported that foreign and local mittee, was appointed as a member The meeting at Christchurch, subscriptions to the Journal have of the Environmental Impact Assess- ' New Zealand.vconsisted . of a increased this year after the ment Review Committee of the En­ symposium on "Development/' subscription solicitation drive he has vironmental Management Bureau,. Culture Interface: Cultural started. He cited thefollowing peo Department of Environment and Perspectives on Economic Progress" ple for their services and advice Natural Resources. The committee and a 'Panel discussion on "Social towards improving the PGJ: Dr helps the Bureau's technical staff in Science and Environmental Issues." Richarcd Ulack of the University of the review of environmental impact Prof. Pondano L. Bennagen and Prof. Kentucky; Dr. David L. Clawson of statements submitted for their evalu­ Trinidad were the Philippine pre­ the University of New Orleans; John ation. He represents the disciplines sentors, respectively, of the afore­ B. Dalton of the Associacion ng mga of sociology and anthropology. mentioned paperer"

42 jl./E¥;:.~~~tJECEMBER· • • • .' ? t. : .' .1989r , \ New Publications ~ ~ - .;~'~~,,--

DEVELOPMENT COMMUNI­ for Christian Communication held continuity is evident in the character CATION. UPLB. 1989 by Dr. Nora in Manila in ,October 1989. It was of the society. Quebral, is now off the press. This also the theme of the Congress which . WAGING PEACE in the Philip' book discusses present thinking, has brought together around five pines. Ed Garcia and Carol Hernan­ practice and teaching in develop­ hundred communicators worldwide dez, -editors. Ateneo de Manila Uni­ ment communication in the country to discuss, reflect and share ideas. versity Press. 1989. and in Southeast Asia. MANILA: HISTORY, PEOPLE Waging Peace tries to find howl' Dr. Quebral is professor emeritus AND CULTURE Wilfrido Villacorta, people power which brought down: at the Institute of Development Isagani Cruz, Ma, Lourdes Brillan­ the dictatorship in 1986 can be har-· Communication in UP Los Banos tes, editors De La Salle University nessed to achieve a just and lasting:' and a member of the PSSC Research Press. 1989. Committee. This book chronicles the peace. It brings together diverse THE INNOTECH STORY by Dr. proceedings of the Manila Studies voices 'with a similar concern: Bonifacio Salamanca, SEAMEO Conference held on April 11-12, 1986 waging peace in this part of the INNOTECH 1989. at the Barrio San Luis Complex in world. The major papers, workshop The INNOTECH Story, a com­ Intramuros, Manila. syntheses, resolutions and recom­ prehensive study on the Southeast COMMON MEDICINAL mendations of an international con­ Asian Ministers of Education Organi­ PLANTS OF THE CORDILLERA RE­ ference on conflict resolution held zation (SEAMEO) Regional Center GION by Leonardo L. Go. Commu- . in Manila in 1986 are included in for Educational Innovation and Tech­ nity Health, Education, Services and this book. nology (INNOTECH) is finally out. Training in the Cordillera Region' SOLAIR PUBLICATIONS Authored by Dr. Bonifacio S. Sala­ (CHESTCORE),1989. Philippine Journal of Labor and manca, professor of history at the This 'book is a contribution to a Industrial Relations, vol. x, 110. 2, University of the Philippines, Dili­ people-oriented development 1988. Ma. Virginia S. Aguilar and man, Quezon City, the book-length strategy of the Cordillera wherein Melissa R. Serrano, editors. monograph provides an overview the people will be educated, This issue-contains the dialogue of Southeast Asian regional coop­ organized and mobilized to put up papers presented. during the National eration and the place of SEAMEO village pharmacy cooperatives. Thus, Dialogue on Foreign. Debt, the therein, a meticulous reconstruction they could, in an organized way, alternative conference to the IMF­ of INNOTECH's origins and early usc the indigenous resources to help WB Convention in Berlin. The beginnings, and an analysis of lay the foundation of a self-reliant National Dialogue was held last year INNOTECH's operations and pro­ health care delivery system. It also at the UP School of Labor and grams. The book contains highly in­ contributes to the building of . Industrial Relations (UPSOLAIR). formative tables, figures, graph and theoretical and practical knowledge Labor and the Transport Industry even organizational charts, as well which will serve as the bases of a in. the Philippines 1989. . as numerous photographs. In a~ ef­ nationalist drug industry. This monograph traces the fort to provide a credible narration PINATUBO AYTAS: CONTINU­ of the first ten years of INNOTECH, historical course' of the transport ITY AND CHANGE. industry. It also discusses' the the author undertook research in Hiromu Shimizu, Ateneo de Manila principal features of the employment Singapore (where INNOTECH University Press, 1989~ started interim operations) and This ethnography shows how the status, wages and occupational Bangkok (where the SEAMEO Sec­ Pinatubo Aytas have manifested structure of transport workers, and retariat is located and whose offices their reaction to various events in provides a sectoral perspective on it shared with INNOTECH for more their religious, economic, and social labor-management relations as well as consumer concerns regarding-the than a year, following its departure life, and how the impact' of these industry. ' from Saigon, before subsequently events is cushioned and fitted to their moving to the Philippines in 1976 reality through the existing institu­ PhilippineJournal of.Labor and where it has stayed to this day). tions of the society. Industrial Relations, vol. 2, no. 2, INNOTECH lost its library Saigon This book shows how, through 1988e , Ma. Virginia S. Aguilar and when it left the beleaguered city in a its dialectic response to these relig­ Melissa R. Serrano, editors. hurry in April 1975. ious and socioeconomic events ­ This book contains the papers COMMUNICATION FOR COM­ sickness and the Manganito seance, and proceedings of deliberations and MUNITY. People in Communica­ the plow agricultural project, mar­ workshops of the conference/ tion Inc., 1989. riage and elopement - Ayta society workshop on Privatization and its Communication for Community keeps on changing, but within the Impact. on Labor Relations in the is a resource book for the First World limitations imposed by' its own s0­ Philippines held on August 1:9-21, Congress at the World Association cial institutions. Thus, a picture of 1988. . .

43 PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORNJATION >.' I" -, '>'"_,', • :. ,. -iii,

CODE OF ETHICS FOR FILIPINO SOCIA~ SCIENTISTS

We, Filipino social scientists, in our unceasing , They shall contribute to the training of younger scien­ endeavor to attain the highest level of professionalknowl­ tists and shall be generous in sharing their expertise edge and competence, and in our commitment to the with the next generation of scientists to ensure profes­ norms of objectivity,rational skepticism and criticaljudg- . sionalsuccession. They shall observe faithfullythe canons ment, uphold the search for truth, wherever it may lead. of professional ethics and contribute to the development We shall enhance the understanding of the nature and of a just and humane society. behavior of human beings in their multifaceted interre­ lationships. We shall defend the integrity of the intellec­ II. Responsibilities of -Social Scientists tual enterprise, responsibility for human life and love of country. We shall never allow self-serving values to 1. Social scientists are responsible to society which interfere with our service to science, society and the is their client. They apply their expertise primarily 'for nation. the cpntinuous improvement of humanity. In- this re­ "gard, they perform the functions of social critics.

I. Social Scientists as Professionals 2. They uphold the values of society and the inter­ est of the nation. Towards this end, they are obliged to 1. The term "social scientist" as used in this Code avoid conducting and participating in activities that harm shall mean a person who possesses a graduate degree the common good. . and specialized training in any of the disciplines of an­ thropology, communication, demography, economics,ge­ 3. In a society where the poor constitute the major­ ography, history, linguistics, political science, psychol-. ity, they have a special responsibility to the poor and the ogy, public administration, social work, sociology,statis­ powerless. Towards this end, they advocate the causes' tics and other recognized areas of social science. The of the poor and assist in improving their lives. ' discipline must continue to develop a body of systema­ tized knowledge that can be applied in the discovery of 4. They seek and uphold the truth at all times. new knowledge and in the use of such knowledge for They do not compromise their profession by manipulat­ the welfare of human beings and society. In addition to ing the tr':lth to serve private ends. advanced studies, social scientists must ideally have some experience in teaching, research, or extension work 5. They uphold intellectual honesty. They do not in the practice of their profession. They gain recognition claim credit for knowledge or innovations generated by as a professional after long years of dedicated service, others. practice, and study in their specialized field and not by passing a licensure examination. '6. They are responsible for the integrity of their research. They ensure that thenorms of scholarship are 2. As social scientists, they shall perform and dis­ strictly observed in their work. charge their duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, and integrity. They shall strive to 7. They have a responsibility to take positions in broaden their cultural and professional _interest to im­ areas of debate where they have an expertise. By.doing prove their efficiency and enhance the prestige of their so, they contribute to the clarification of social issues profession. In their relationship with other profession­ through reasoned knowledge., als, they shall facilitate intellectual interaction and the sharing of information to promote mutual respect and III. Areas of Concern cooperation. Social scientists shall be committed to the develop­ 3. In dealing with different publics, social scientists ment of the profession, the promotion of public welfare, shall at all times respect the rights of others and shall as well as their own professional advancement. refrain from acts contrary to good morals, good customs, public safety, and public interest. They shall commit A. Professional Development / themselves to the ideals of freedom, democracy and love of country. They shall keep themselves morally upright, 1. Social scientists shall strengthen the' capabilities and shall place high value on justice, truth, and honesty. of their disciplines through professional and intellectual

44 . '. . JULY ~"DECEMIfER 1989 :.1

interaction among social science institutions and organi- 2. They shall' strive to create an atmosphere.of zations. . candor and mutual respect with all their clients, recog:­ nizing both their common interests and divergent needs, 2. They shall promote the rights, welfare and de­ . and clarifying how conflicts among them may be re­ velopment of other social scientists by contributing to solved. : the dynamism and advancement of their profession. This includes the encouragement and education of fu­ IV. Remuneration ture scientists, the strengthening of the capabilities of universities and colleges .and collaboration with other As befits professionals, social scientists shall charge social scientists in solving problems. respectable fees. In' determining the fee, they shall consider carefully the client's ability to pay, the custom- 3. They shall critically evaluate and .interpret dif­ . ary charges for similar services or the f~s charged by. ferent ideological and philosophical orientations, and other. professionals engaged in comparable work, the maintain an open mind to alternative models of social time spentand extent of services rendered, the skill and research derived from these, They shall explicitly state . expertise required and their professional standing. the assumptions of their selected theories and research . - models, and work for the indigenization of their disci­ V. Sanctions plines. 1. ."Sanction" in this code shall mean either (a) B. Research penalty for infraction of ethical practice that tends to downgrade social science and/or social scientists or (b) Social scientists shall help in intensifying the need reward for exemplary work or accomplishment- that for a deeper appreciation of social science inquiries. elevates the social science disciplines among social scien­ They shall take the initiative in conducting multidiscipli­ nary and participatory research of scientific significance tists and the community or society. Emphasis is on reward's rather than on penalties as befits true profes- within the limits of their expertise, and maintain aca­ sionals. - demic freedom and objectivity with the. view of achiev­ researc~ ing related goals. 2. Sanction on social scientists shall be the ma'in . responsibility of those in their respective -disciplines. C. Publication' The recognition of works or accomplishments that need , to be rewarded must first come from the colleagues and 1. Social scientists shall give due acknowledgment peers of social scientists in their organizations. .... to ail persons who have contributed in a group research. ... by clearly stating the ,nature of their contributions. 3. Any work or conduct requiring a negative sane­ 2. They shall' report objectively on controversial lion'must likewise be determined and administered by issues regardless of their own personal stand and main­ an appropriate body of their peers. tain a reasonable tolerance for divergent opinions from reputable sources. 3. They shall disclose the funding agencies that supported their research and must not be inhibited by Adopted:. the orientation and priorities of these funding agencies 8' November 1989 when they publish their research findings. . PSSC Ethics Committee

D. Relationship ,with Clients Ratified: 29 November 1989 1. Because social scientists function in the commu­ PSSC Executive Board nity,· they shall establish a professional relationship be­ tween the community and themselves and generate and 13 December 1989· share knowledge related to pressing social, economic, PSSC Governing Council and political issues.' STATEMENT OF CONCERN

We, Filipino social scientists, believing that the latest attempted coup d'etat has negated whatever economic, political and social gains we have made in the country:

Strongly condemn: 1. any attempt to overthrow the duly, constituted government through violence and other unconstitutional means; 2. the politicians, and other civilians (in and out of government) who aided and abetted these treasonous actions;

Urge: 1. the observance of peaceful means to redress grievances; - , 2. the government to strengthen its capability for internal defense so as not to compromise our national sovereignty, and that the civilian authority be responsible for ensuring the military's capability to protect the State; 3. that a clear vision of the government be framed 'and properly communi­ cated to all citizens, the soldiers included; 4. that the government look seriously into the charges of widespread corruption and a general deterioration of the delivery of basic services; .... 5. that citizen behavior be modified towards a civic culture consistent with responsible citizenry; 6. that there be a radical reorganization of the military in accordance with. the constitutional 'mandate; 7. thaj, there be strict implementation of the law against traitors and mutineers and that the coup perpetrators be tried under civil courts (in- stead of military courts); . 8. that the citizenry remain vigilant and steadfast in the defense of our hard-earned freedom.

Finally, we wantto serve notice that under no circumstance will we lena our support to any military junta. - We, therefore, resolve: 1. to produce an anti-coup handbook which will help citizens in the protection of their rights; 2. to offer our services (e.g., research, teaching, Speakers' Bureau) in the re- . organization and reorientation of the military) 3. to offer our services to governmental and non-governmental organiza­ ] tions as well as people's organizations in fostering democratic values as "j

we build a prosperous, sovereign, just and humane society. I Social Issues Committee Philipine Social Science Council

6 December 1989 01

46 ST EDITORIAL II

Note: In the spirit of sharing a present-day challenge to statistics and statisticians the Philippine Statistical Association is happy to present hereexcerpts fro the International Statistical Institute's Presidential Address by IP Fellegi during the 1989 biennial session in Paris, France. In his address IP Fellegi underscored the importance of statistical data, which are used in great detail in planning, monitoring, and in public finance. CHALLENGES TO STATISTICS AND STATISTICIANS The period leading up to the French Revolution, 200 years 4. Respondent relations create another stress. The benefits ago, is particularly significant in the history of statistics. The derived from good statistical data are, for most individual conscious use of the word "statistics" arose in the course of the respondents, indirect. By contrast, the burden of response is period and in the context of quantitative studies of human felt directly. It is natural for such respondents to question the populations. As Porter points out in his recent book on "The value of data collection. The rigorous maintenance of confi­ Rise of Statistical Thinking", "... statistics tended to equalize dentiality, and proper sensitivity to privacy concerns, are nec­ subjects. It makes no sense to count people if their common essary conditions for maintaining respondent cooperation. personhood is not seen as somehow more significant than their 5. Statistical offices have a special cost structure character­ differences". ized by a high proportion of fixed costs. They have! to carry It is impossible. to talk about that period without express­ a substantial computing capacity, field organization, registers, ing admiration for the constellation of French scientists who sampling staff, personnel needed to maintain and apply classi­ made epochal contributions to statistics just before and after fication systems, data banks, and a wide range of substantive' the Revolution. In addition to their inquisitiveness and bril­ professional expertise in the domains in which they are active. liance, these men share the characteristics that none of them 6. Funding the work of statistical offices is another source of would have regarded himself as a statistician. They were led stress. On the one hand, there is'endless demand for goods that to statistics through their interest in science, data and analysis are free. On the other, an entirely market-driven government which is why in m~ny countries, and irtdeed internationally, statistical office is both technically and politically difficult to statistical associatid1ns were among th~ first scientific socie- envisage. . ; ties. I 7. In recent years' cutbacks in government funding have Having been giren birth by the collective requirements of represented a major stress for Inany countries' statistical of­ other disciplines and the state, statisticsI became a successful fices. Given the concern with deficits, many governments and self-sustaining ~iscipline. Yet this Ivery success has its chose to reduce disproportionately spending on research and dangers - and this is! my main message: a prerequisite for our development, and on information infrastructure. continued successful evolution is that we !nust reach out to our clients and scientifi9 colleagues with urgency and persever­ As a profession it is our duty to urgently communicate the ance. For we are challenged by both major stress and oppor- severe future consequences of inadequate support for informa­ tunities. - I tion developments. I shall concentrate on issues related to government statis­ I have been talking about government statisticians but the tics which I know best and emphasize things we can and need for reaching out applies just as much to other statisti­ should do to better respond to the chaIlenge. cians. Leslie Kish, in his American Statistical Association 1. Statistical InforJation is a product with peculiar attrib­ presidential address, put his finger on the problem: "....Statis­ utes. User confidende can only be achieved through high tics differs fundamentally from other sciences. The data of professionalism, objectivity, and quality consciousness in the other scientists come chiefly from their own disciplines .., In. producing organization. But this may not be sufficient. Gov­ stark contrast, statisticians have no fields of their own from ernment statisticians tlUst actively foster a professional image. which to harvest their data. Statisticians get alI'their data from other fields ... Ours is a symbiotic way of life...." 2. Another attribute of statistical data is that accumulation over time and of rel~ted data adds disproportionately to its To summarize my main message, we are confronting a value. It is essentiall to align our products more effectively challenge in the sense of both "threat" and "exploitable oppor­ with the. needs of ourl users. tunity". I am convinced that the threat is real and, if not met, may do severe and lasting damage to our profession - and,' 3. A different stress derives from the difficulty of priority more importantly to society. In order to turn the threat into an setting among programs conducted by government statistical opportunity we must heighten the understanding of the (cur­ offices. I would spedially emphasize One more key activity: rent and potential) contribution of statistics to society. conducting substantive analysis. Thorough and wide ranging analysis of their own ~ata is essential for statistical offices to Most of us who are government statisticians live in de­ develop a user persp~ctive on themselves - including an im­ mocracies. If we want to change our general environment, we proved understandinglor problems caused by data gaps, data must convince a large segment of the general public of the quality, and data access. importance of statistics.

Tomas P. Africa is the President of the Philippine Statistical Association and the Administrator of the National Sl~tistics

'1 Office. He is the other guest editor for this double issue (July-December 1989) of the PSSC Social Science Iniormation: ~~••.~I't~:..~; ~:~·Ii".&.:'~ .~_~ .'..d=:~ ~,~,i~:'_~. r I ,ri.'tlb'R,

C) SOCIAL SCIENCEj <5 ~ ~J"'\ INFORMATION I

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