“Cornerstone Speech” by Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861 (Pg

“Cornerstone Speech” by Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861 (Pg. 1)

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, “Alexander H. Stephens, in public and private : with letters and speeches, before, during, and since the war by Henry Cleveland,” pp. 717-729, 21 March 1861. Courtesy of the Indiana State Library “Cornerstone Speech” by Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861 (Pg. 2)

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, “Alexander H. Stephens, in public and private : with letters and speeches, before, during, and since the war by Henry Cleveland,” pp. 717-729, 21 March 1861. Courtesy of the Indiana State Library President Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861

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A Democratic Journal Literatur - if' NT ". VOL. V.---N- O 3T. viisrsxoisr, jstoiti-c:roii,i:- , feiday, maech 15, isgi. '';" - THE - other. To . to . to-hi- , to- the- '' the proposition, then, that hold, ocenpy and possess the property I do not forget the . position assnmed by paired by him successor.. j An Act anthonze holding of& slaves whose cases come within the terms and places belonging to the government, socce that constitutional questions are to - Why should there hot be a patient con Court of' Oyer and. Terminer in North-- of this clause "shall be delivered their and to collect the-dutie- s and ' be - - v ; .:'"U. l : but decided the nor do fidence in ultimate of ,the . . up," imposts, by Snpreme Court, the justice, peo amipton County " J ' the-faking-th- e oaths are unanimous. , - beyond what may .be necessary for these I deny that such decisions must be bind- ple ? Is there any better or equal hope ixi Aa Act to provide for list" ' Ssi "The "Wbstben ; Terms of Inscription. Now, it they would make the effort in objects there will be no invasion, no nsing ing in any ease upon the parties to a suit the world? In our present difficulties, is of taxables in Ore gon1 district Beaufort Se - xtixel" is published every. Friday morning, and cOnld not with of .or . , .'-:'- ad-Van- force the as to the . , mailed to subscribers at two a in ce; good temper, they nearly against among people any- object of that suit, while they either party without faith of beiug in the county dollars year, ..' . '..,-.-;.-- V ' equal unanimity, frame and pass a law by where. , are also entitled to and .' . Ah Act to the Bank. improp- two dollars and a iialf after six months, very high respect right? :'"''.. repay moneys " jr tubes dollars after the close ofthe subscription means of which to keep good that unani- "Where hostility to the United States in consideration in all parallel cases by all If the almighty Ruler of Nations, with erly collected from them.. ? . . " - year. To any one procuring six subscribers, and mous oath any interior locality shall be so great and other departments of the H;a etrnal truth and . be on AnAct for the relief of Daniel Dough er- government. justice, your - - ' paying the cash in advance, the paper will be There is some difference of so universal as to Aud while .is., s - ;- -i - ' ' " opinion prevent competent it obviously, possible that side of the North, or. t on your side of the 'ty. furnished one year, gratis. ' - whether this clause should be enforced by resident citizens from holding federal offi- such decisions may be erroneous in any South, that truth and that justice will sure-- ? An Act to incorporate- the Gibson Hill' national or sure- will no to force ob- .in. - by Sate authority. But ces, theie be attempt given case, still the evil effect ; by the ot this Mining:- Company,, thei county of . following iy prevail judgment great . - ' : Terms of Advertising- In the Sentinel is not a noxious the for limited r.-- ': ly that difference material straugers' among people it, to that case, uio 01 Gnjilford; . very being particular inuunai v" " i uio ivmencan rates are as follows r 1 juugmeL Our regular of advertising .... r'.' ;' one. that object. with the chance that it may be overruled people.'" . ".',.. v ..f.;-;;- n ;: An Act to the l first 00 prohibit Emancrpatfori of Ona square(l-- lines or less( insertion $1 the slave is to be can While the strict exist land never become . other of E&ch - - - So If surrendered, it legal right may a precedent, for By the frame the government under Slaves by Will.. : subsequent insertion, "but in the to enforce wise- For one three 8 50 be of little consequence to him or to government the exercise cases, can better be borne than could the which we live, this same people have An Act concerning the call of a Cbnven square months, do ' for six mouths, ------5 50 others by which authority it is done. And of these offices, the attempt to so would evils of a different practice. ly given their publicservants but little pow- tion of the people of the State to consid- - Fur twelve mouths, - . - - -- - . 8 50 should any one, in any case," be content be so irritating and so nearly impracticable At the same time the candid citizen er to do m'schief, and have, with equal er the Federal affairs. Liberal deductions in favor of regular ad-- that his oath shall go unkept on a merely with all, that I deem it better to forego for must confess that if the policy of the gov- wisdom,"provided for the return of that An Act for the the 0f" . protection of Hay- ertUei-s- unsubstantial controversy as to how it the time the nses of such offices. The ernment upon vital questions affecting the little to their own hands at very short in- wood Male and Female Academies.' unless will 13 - Professional or Business Cards, not exceeding five shall be kept? mails, repelled, continue to be whole people to be irrevocably fixed by tervals. An Act to- p event the telling of timber i'at Hues in length, five dollars a year longer ones in Again, in any law upon this subject furnished in all parts of the Union. the decisions of the Supreme Court, the While the people retain their virtnes-an- d certain, streams ini the county of Ire-- proportion. :. . ; ought not air the safeguards of liberty So far as possible the people everywhere 'instant that they are made in ordinary lit- vigilance, no administrations, by any dell.. to rt jggT" Postmasters are required by law notify Known me ana numane shall have lhat sense of securitv in A.n the-Cou- from their in civnizea juris- perfeet igation between parties personal actions, extreme of wickedness or folly can very Act to change the place ofholding publishers when papers are not taken to be so that a tree wnicii is most favorable to calm the will have ceased to be their own the Government in the utliee and those to do so become respon- prudence introduced, thought people seriously injure of Wardens, in Northampton. failing man be not in case surrendered as a and reflection. to ot ; sible tor subscription-mone- y any rulers, having that extent praetically short space four years. county-- the - The course here indicated will - - Ojjiceon Wesi Street, below the M. L. Church,. slave? be resigned their government into the hands My countrymen, one and all, think An- Act to- incorporate Jndson Fsmah And might it not be well, at the same lowed, unless currentvevents and of that cninent tribunal. calmly and well upon this whole subject. College, in the town of Henderson is our time, to provide law for the enforce- ence shall show a modification or Now is in this assault valuable cau be lost An Act to collectors for the M D. SMITH, Esq.f of Greensboro', by 1 1 ' t there, view, any Nothing by taking appoint tax oe - authorized Agent for the Couny of Guilford. ment of that clause in the constitution to proper; ana in every case.ana exi- upon the court or the judges. It is a duty time. If there be an object to hurry any counties- ot Wayne,. Haywood,. Borke,. - Mr. JACOB is our authori- wdiich guaranties that the citizens of each gency my best discretion will be exercised from which they may not shrink, to decide of 3rou in hot haste to a step which you Iredell, rgf- FRALEY, - Pasquotank,. Mecklenburg,. zed Acent tor Iredell county. State shall be entitled to all privileges and according to circumstances actually exist- cases properly brought before them, and will never take deliberately, that object Davidson,. Anson,, Union and other 3-- Mr. V. authorized ana wnn a ana a 01 K. NUNNERY, is our immunities of citizens, in the several ing, view nope a it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn will be frustrated hy taking time, but no counties- - . . Ai-e- nt solution of for Moore county. States? peaceful national troubles, and their decisions to political purposes. good object can be frustrated by it. An Act to incorporate "the Baltimore authorized to-da- y the restoration ol It. E. REEVES, Esq., is our I take the official oath with no fraternal sympathies and One section of our country believes that Such of yon as are now dissatisfied still . and North Carolina Copper and Gold Ageut for the County of Surry. mental reservations, and with no purpose affections. is and to be extended, have the old constitution ; and x ot is slavery right ought unimpaired Mining Company." GEO. n. HAMILTON", Esq., Jefferson, to construe the constitution or laws by any That there are persons in one section or while the other believes that it" is wrong on the sensitive point, the laws of your An Act to incorporate the "Silver YaT our Agent for the County of Ashe. who ad- hypercritical rnles. And while I do not another seek to destroy the Union at and ought not to be extended. This is the own framing under it, while the new . in thfe county of -- Mr. W. H. ROD WELL is our authorized ley Milling Company," f- choose now to specify any acts all events, and are glad of any pretext to only substantial dispute. ministration will have no immediate pow- Davidson. Agent for Yadkin county. particular of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do do it, I will neither affirm or denjT, but if The fugitive slave clause of the consti er if it would, to change either. If it were An Act to incorporate the Davidson Co(j suggest that will be much safer for all, there be such, I need address no word to tution, and the law for the suppression of admitted that you. who are dissatisfied. per Mining Company. both in official and private stations, to them. To those, however, who really the loreign s'ave trade, are each as well hold. the right in the dispute, there still is An Act supplemental to-- an Act passed at. Inaugural Address conform to and abide all those acts love the Union, may I not speak ? enforced perhaps as any law can be in a no single good reason for precipitate ac- the Session, of the General As- by ' present th'e-count- OF which. stand unrepealed, than to violate Uetore entering upon so grave a matter community where the moral sense of the tion. ', sembly, laying off' and establishing y as the destruction of our national it- any of them, trusting 4.0 find impunity in fabric, people imperfectlv supports the law Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity and of Transylvania-- with all .. to- - ABRAHAM LINCOLN. having them held to be unconstitutional. its benefits, its memories and its self. .... a firm reliance on Him who has never An Act prevent the feUing of timber o would it not be wise to ascertain It is seventy-tw- years since the first in- hopes, The great body of the people bide by yet forsaken this favored land, are still in, or otherwise obstructing the arm of J I of a President under our na- precisely why we do it? the dry legal obligations in other cases, competent to adjust, in the best way all the North pcong; of BelewV Creek inu Ftllcno-Citizen- s auguration the United States : Will hazard so a few . , of tional constitution. During that period you desperate step and a breakover in each. .This I our present difficulties. Forsy the county In compliance with a custom fifteen different and greatly distinguished while there is any possibility that any think, cannot be perfectly cured, and it In your hands, my dissatisfied country- An Act to- - incorporate the-- Ch-at- am Rail- -, as old as the itself, I appear citizens in' administered portion of the ilk you fly from have no would be worse in botli cases after the men, and not in mine, is the momentous road Company. , government have, succession, -- existence ? Will while certain - before yon to address you briefly and to the executive branch of the government. real yon, the separation of the section than before. issue of civil war.- The Government will Thi9 Act makes no appropriation, bnt in" ills to are than all the a. take, your presence, the oath prescribed They have conducted it through many you fly greater The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly not assail yor. simper gives a charter to construct from - - I by the constitution ot the United States, and with success. real ones yon fly will you risk the suppressed, would be ultimately revived You can have no conflict with out being rotid from the- Coal Fields- to Raleigh perils, generally great commission of so fearful a mistake? N- to be taken by the President before he Yet with all the scope for precedent, I without restriction in one section, while yourselves the aggressors. You have no or some point on the - C. Railroad enters on the execution of his office.' now the same task for the brief All profess to be content in the Union, fugitive slaves, now only partially . surren- oath registered in Heaven to destroy this near See Supplemental Bill enter upon main-- , Raleigh. do not consider it at if all constitutional rights can be dered, would not be surrendered at all while I shall have the most below.. : U I necessary, present constituticual term cf four years under ' by government, tained. Is it that conn-t- y for me to discuss those matters of admin- great aud peculiar difficulty. A disruption true, then, any light, the other. solemn one to preserve, protect and defend An Act to lay off and establish .the istration about which there is no special of the Federal Union heretofore me- plainly written in the constitution, has Physically speaking, we cannot separate it. of Transylvania, from portions, of only been denied ? think not. auxiety or excitement. naced, is now formidably attempted. I we cannot remove onr respective claims 1 am loth to close. We are not ene- Buncombe and Jackson counties the human mind is so constitu- eue-mies . An apprehension seems to exist among I hold that in contemplation of the uni- Happily from each other, nor build an impassible mies, but friends. We must not be An Act to amend an A.ct entitled"an Act no can reach to the audaci-t- y t the people of the Southern States that by versal law and ot the constitution, the ted that party wall between them. A husband and wife though passion may have strained, it to establish the Bauk of Commerce." Edministra-tio- u of this. if of a the accession of a republican Union of these States is perpetual. Per- doing Think, you can, may be divorced and go out of the pres- must not break our bonds of affection. The Act provides for the removal of in wrhich a written . their property and their peace and petuity is implied, if not expressed, in the single instance plainly ence and beyond the reach of each other, The mystic clouds of memor', stretching certain restrictions under which the to be provision of the constitution has ever been but the different ot our can- from battle-fiel- d, and iot's bank has heretofore labored.! personal security are endangered. fundamental law of all national govern- ' parts country every every denied. do Learth-ston- e, pti the-- There has never been any reasonable ments. It is safe to assert that no govern- not this. grave, to every living all over An Act to secure the completion of the mere force of a ma- ft . cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the ment proper ever had a provision in its If by numbers, They cannot but remain face to ce and this broad land, will yet swell the chorus Wilmington, Charlotte & Rutherford most evidence to the has law to its own jority should deprive a minority of any intercourse, either" amicable or hostile, of the Union, when again touched, as surely Rail road, and to amend the charter . ample contrary organic termination. ' written constitutional there-o- f . ; all the while existed and been open to Continue to execute all the clearly right, it must continue" between them. Is it possi- they will be by the better angels of our na- . express pro- ' in a moral of view ble - fcof , their inspection. It is found in nearly all visions of our national constitution, and might point justify then to' make that intercourse more ture. , Authorizes an exchange Statcl bonda the of him who now Union will endure revolution ; certainly would if such a riajht satisfactory after separation than before ? to the amount of one million of dollars. published speeches the forever, it - being were a vital one. - addresses yoa. . impossible to destroy it except by . somt Can aliens make, treaties easier than and the State takes a moi tgage upon But such is not onr case. All the vital ; : I do but quote from one of those speech- action not provided for in the instrument friends can make laws? Can; treaties be the road. ' . es when declare that "I have no purpose itself. rights of minorities and of individuals are more , faithfully enforced between aliens G1PTIONS An Act to enable the Fayette villa fcv I so assured to them affirmations OF THE ACTS PASSED BY THE GEN- direetlv or indirectly, to interfere with if the United States be not agov- - plainly by than laws can among friends? Western Railroad Company to extend Again and 1860-6- the institution of slavery in , the States eminent proper, but an association ot and negotiations, guarantees provis Suppose yon go to war, you cannot fight ERAL ASSEMBLY OF 1, AND their rod from the, Coal Fields to some, where it exists." I believe I have no law- in the nature of contract ion's,' in the constitution, that controversies always ; andrwhen, after much loss on both RATIFIED BY THE SPEAKERS point on the N. C. Railroad near Lex States, merely, " . ful to do so. I have no inclination it,- - as a be un- never arise concerning them. , sides, and no gain on either, you cease lugton. ".Yv" right can., contract, peaceably; : OF THE TWO HOUSES. to d so." less than all the who But no organic law can ever be framed fighting, the identical old question as to The Act authorizes an exchange of bonds-- made, by parties with a to' of the and the Those who nominated and elected me One to a - provision specifically applicable the terms of intercourse are again iipon An act for the relief Banks with the State to the amount of made it? contract ' ' ' 200r,. party may ; ' v' n did so with a full that had every question which may occur in 'prac- rThis with its institutions, . and that not a dollar of said&appro-priatio- knowledge I violate or break it, so to speak, but does : o you. country, people. - 000, made this and similar it?.?. tical administration. if'; belong tot the; people who inhabit it. The Act authorized the suspension of spe- should be . the State K many declarations, it not require all to lawfully, rescind - pafd by and had never recanted .them;;, and more from these foresight can anticipate, nor any Whenever they shall grow weary of the - cie payment, by repealing the penalty. until the said road had first been manu- Descending general princi- .o ot ex- Val- than this, they placed in the platiorm. for ples, we fiud the proposition that in legal document reasonable length contain existing ijoyernment tney can exercise An Act to incorporate the "Gardner factured in this State, and the road. w& ' . - for all . . :i my acceptance, and as a law to themselves contemplation the Uuion'., is perpetual, press provisions possible question their Constitutional right of amending it, ley Mining Company." ejraded.l and resolu- it- Shall from labor be -- surrendered or their to dismem- An Act for the of an add to establish a the nama and to me, the clear emphatic confirmed the of the Union fugitives ' revolutionary right appointmont Ad Act county by by history ' -- - ' - ? : .. . '. : . ".'. national or State The or it.' . tionai Provisions x tion which I now read self. . by by authority ber overthrow Inspector of Flour, of Mitchell, from portions of ancey -' does . Must , - ! "Re&olvtd That the maintenance invio- The Union is much older than' the con- constitution hot expressly say. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that and Storage in the town of WilmiDg- McDowell, Burke and Watauga. ..'. -- " V " late lie of the States, and espe- was Congress protect slavery in the Territeries? many worthy and patriotic citizohs are tori. i'."'V .,"'';.;. l.: ,.';.'.-- An Act to continue the improvement and A oft rights stitution; It formed in fact by the 1 the. of each State to order and articles of association in 1776. - fur- The constitution does not expressly say desirous of having the national constitution An Act to an .Act passed .at the provide tor the equipment ot the Alber cially right It was " : repeal control its own domestic" :ac--cordi- ng From questions ot this class spring all amended. ; While I make no recommen ; Session of entitled "an marie & Canal, and the wa--r. institution, ther matured and the faith of all the. then lSSoV. , Chesapeake " to its own our controversies, as we divide upon them dations of amendments, I ; Com of BurkeM ters connected theiewith. v ,! judgment exclusively, thirteen States and en - fully recognize to the Superior. t ; granting expressly plighted i ' "of . is essential to the balance of . power on that it should be the into majorities and minorities. the rightful authority the people over original and exclusive jnrisdic-- ; In appropriation of $200,000 was made? gaged perpetual by county, 1 the will not , tithe 111 eith- which the perfection and endurance ofour articles of confederation in 1778: If minority, acquiese, the whole subject, to be exercised tion . of .all criminal causes and State and the wort pieagea tor its payment. -- the . must mocfes instru- political fabric depends, and we denounce : And in one of the declared maiority must, or government er of the prescribed in the prosecutions, where the intervention of An Act to incorporate the Green Swamp ,. finally, 1787, . - . ! cease uo otner aicerDative . . N: . the lawless invasion by armed force, of ni an d is h t .inere is ment itself, and I should, under existing a be necessary." ( ;.;,' ob j ects for ordai ng estab ing he is ;..ior iury may Company. '. no mat- , the . aniehd an entitled the soil ot any State or territory, constitution was to form a 'more xohtioniiig government acquiescencev' circumstances, favor, rather than oppose,' An Act to, provide for the .purchase of An Act to Act tanAct ' V " perfec. ."' :"; as - ,011'ohe: side or the other. a afforded the v vv . ; to the towrn of Charlotte inv? ter tinder what the Uri- fair peo- ana 01 ar. . " pretext, among Union. But if the destruction of the opportunity being ? iirms , t incorporate : r If a in such a case will secede it. r u ;f J. ; ' gravest of crimes." ion by one or by a only of the States minority ple to act upon Appopriating $300,000. the cbuiify of Mecklenburg part rather than make a : 0. I now reiterate these sentiments, and in be lawfully possible, the Union is less, acquiesce, they prece- I will venture to add, that to me the, An Act concerning Courts of Oyer and An Act 4o incorporate the Greensboro at- in will divide - "; :s'r A ' - " ? doing so, I only press upon the public than before the hay--; dent which, tnrny andflnifl con vention mode 'seems in that: Termiror. . ;,,..'. ';,;;.: A Gas Lhzht Company perfect constitution, . preferable, them. For a ot their own will r ; the most evidence of ; minority Gives the of. and ;Terinin-e- An Act to Order , tention conclusive, ing lost the vital element of perpetuity. ' it allows amendments to originate with the Courts Oyer incprporate Independent from - JN p-5- secede them whenever a , which the ease is susceptible That the - It follows, from these views, that ; no majority people themselves, instead ofonly permit--tin- g a grand jury. V:V; v .,; 'f of Odd Fellows, Swannan. Lodge, and no section refuses to be controlled by such a minori-ty- ,' : the of a. in the coa of' Buu peace, security of own can law ' them to. take or Creiect propositions Au'Act to authorize holding, , Asheville, nty,; property, State, upon'ite inere motion, i..::-.'. - - - t - .t-'y''- . J- r; Cas-- - y'i ": ''." '; are to be in anywise endangered . by the out' of the Union that resolves originated by others not especially chosen Court of Oyer and Terminer in i combe '."'' '. - fully, get V; S -- -- of . to the f ; now incoming administration. ,- .and ordinances to that effect are For;in8tance; why may not any portion ior tne purpose, ana wnicn ;.m.igut not pe well connty,tbr the trial a negrocharg-- AnAct incorpotate Yalley .River tool Hie legally ' that all ; "of of a new a or two hence such as would wish to eith- with' com mitted a Gold and I add, protection which, void ; and that acts violence within confederacy year, 'precisely they ed haying rape r upon Jlimng - Acquednct' Company ! any ' " ' "''"'- A ;- , -- . , J ; "of consistently with the constitution and the State or States the of the arbitrarily secede again, precisely, as por- er or approve--- ' ; a' white woman. ; ...:' ; Oherokee,';- - . against authority accept - Varaend-'men- Build-;ri';r- 1 laws 'can be given, will be chterfnlly "giv- - Uuited States are or revo tions of the. present Union now claim to, I Tinaerstand that a proposed f An Act. to authorize .' and .'empower the An Act for the completion of the. , -- insurrectionary ' : , en to all the States, when de- secede from it ? All who cherish disunion to the constitution which "air end-men- ti " sureties of J7iUiatp Pollock, late.Sheriff ot tne jortUv; Carolina xnstiinuoa " lawfully according to circumstances; ings lutionary, - . e-- . inauded, tor whatever cause, as A seiitiraent's are no w boin'g educated tOthe however, I have not seen has pass- of the of J ones,to cphect ary for the Deaf, Dumb &Blind; and tor ?rJ cheerfully tnereiore xnai; in view county ' " ' !" rVl-u-:- cousiaer, oiuje 1 ; , - - ;'. . l U 3' ; "'. . C' to one section'' as'ia .knottier,. constitution and the laws,the Uuion un- exact temper, of doing thisl?- v ; ; ed Congress,- to the effect that., the federal rages of taxes. . . , other purposes." i 4 ''!.1" There-i- s about T Is there Sncha inter- shall never with the An Act for. the relief of sureties of ; Will--- Tlie Act tho snnx of two 1 mnci .controversy, thde' andtof the extent of perfectldentityJbf government interfere appropriates broken, my ability ";. : - livering of irom service or la- jBhall -- ex- ests; among the States to compose a new domestic institutions of the includ?., iam W. Ward late Sheriff of Martin. thousand aollars.J , ..; up fugitives take ;'care as the Constfthtiori. States, - r . --- Rifled now" is as Uniou as to harmouv and collect of An to the ; , t ? bor, 'The clause I read "p!aihly pressly enjoins, npon: me, that the "laws produce onlr fug that ot persona held to service. :v,f Authorizes them to arrearages Act incorporate Daplin written in the constitution1 as other of secession ? the To avoid misconstructioiia of what "' v. . ,v - -- men. i any a:-;- of Union be executed in all prevent.renewed .Plainly i I ; taxes.J the - : faithfully. J - ;"f - central f notv to An tor the ltime of An Act to amend an Act tho. the States. , - ide. fecjession X3'.thev,essenpeof said,'!; depart from my purpose Act alter, opening the passed by ';' " -- " . i "No held to belabor I :J .1 . anarchyi-:;-;- of go fai as in elections, - of General of the State of North person eervice; in Doing .this deem to be a. simple speak' particular atrieridmentSj polls atther precincts r Asseml)y : only s -- ' 848-'- &, in- on btate, pnuer the laws thereof, on and shall it T held2''in restraint y.consti'; to say that holding snch a? provision to Salisbuiyv"vWilmington Ashevillo and 'CarbUna;jtSes8lonof,l tc. . -' - escaping duty rny part, I perform majority, by c - -- shall,- . v ' f Male, and , For I. inta another; in.eonsequencetot so far as practicable, unless nay rightful t u tionai eheckV "and 2) imitat ions, , an d .vali .nowbe implied constitutional law T have Lexington. li : rprate"iPeraunan la & Jh,erein ay - fiJr;deliberat-- . no to 'An Act to- consolidate the Tanous acts ' .male - pr,reulation be discharged masters; fheAiftericah shall with- ways' changing easily'; with objection its being made express.and .Academy,;'j;.u- ' peoplej o - from. 8iicti service . passed-t- Act to the TrnsteeB of " or 'some" 01 ions auu arrev e. heretofore iiicorporate the An incorporate Tally iliQld'theainte;iaiean8; in Changes popu iar opiu senile, " of of "tThe au-'flior- ity r int the delivered up on claim the party tcwtioni manher; direct1 the xjontrary5 ' merits is the only.tnte" iBOvereign of a free" Chief Magistrate derives. all his t6wn-- Statesville," in uhe county of Ho rFemale Academy, coaatyi Ai BocVservice'or'Iabi' tiiay t ivill as i from the and jhave ot ran ville v.- -' " I trnstahathi8 not be regarded people. people,,. they ' - it-doe- s . A v ' pur-l08o;-of necessitv conferred none him to fix An Act ito aa ct at the An'Actto amend t passed at4the; t It is scarcelyqnegtipned. a menace, but oidy .as the,; declared Whoever retects of fly upon terms,' fon repeal passed iAct I U , v . an t Tisioij 'was intended byVthbso who inade it! the nion, that it will constifnion-- ! to anarchy &r ato!f despotism. Unan im'ifyli the separation ptth'e States." Session, fIS5pamendatory ,oi t Td ' lf' i . i we defend and main t a: n i tsel f. ; In oi is rue. nj.le of Thepe6ple 'tiremsel ves can do this'" If keeandIvWaou 1connties. - jrcaimmg orswiia cau.iuguvve. ally g impossible themiQ4,yr d slaves tf:e the-- : thia need to be no bloodshed or vio-- a a is ' An Act providing vforMieating-'an- light- - cey TnrnpikV, pasBed iat?the Sctsicn ft ap4 Intentionjof lawgiver; there permanent arraugementj wholly o do:witIi"itif r-- , the lence, and. sball be none unless, lf be qadmissible"80 that the mkjori,ty; has nothing to His'diityis-f- ana ihe.Cauitof. f: " 'is taWj.AU."membcre;Vo there; rejecting - -- : s of , swear their 6iipport to" the 'whole - CQnstjtu? iorced ;the national anarcuy or uespousm, in, somv admisteivthe- present ffovfernment as eatne5 tTAnthorize8 uu , appropriation 'of $2,"500 JThe Act makes' tin appropriation $3, upon authojUyV principle, -; I - tion-t- o f- J. ma u 11 for and this as to? he cocfidsd to ih'ewlU be used form is all that is left, into nanus, an to transmit uuim put Jing,iu gas pipes grates. ? I provision Wmiclj any t power i v s I

“Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln,” Western Sentinel, 15 March 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress “We Are Out of the Union” Newspaper Article, January 3, 1861

“We Are Out of Union,” Yorkville Enquirer, 3 January 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (May 21, 1850)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (June 8, 1850)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (March 7, 1854)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (Jan. 17, 1862)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (Feb. 20, 1862)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (Dec. 18, 1863)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress Petitions from Iowa Recorded in the U.S. Senate Journal, between 1850 and 1864 (Feb. 23, 1864)

Journal from the U.S. Senate, between 1850 and 1864. Courtesy of Library of Congress “The Hurly-Burly Pot” Cartoon, 1850

Baillie, James S., “The Hurly-Burly Pot,” 1850. Courtesy of Library of Congress “The North the Aggressor - - - The South on the Defensive” Newspaper Article, October 4, 1860

“The North the Aggressor --- The South on the Defensive,” The Anderson Intelligencer, 4 October 1860. Courtesy of Library of Congress “The Hercules of the Union, Slaying the Great Dragon of Secession” Cartoon, 1861

“The Hercules of the Union, Slaying the Great Dragon of Secession,” Currier & Ives, New York, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Alexander Hamilton Stephens’ Papers, January 10 to February 14, 1861 (Pg.1)

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, “Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers: General Correspondence,” pp. 183-184, 10 January to 14 February 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Alexander Hamilton Stephens’ Papers, January 10 to February 14, 1861 (Pg.2)

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, “Alexander Hamilton Stephens Papers: General Correspondence,” pp. 183-184, 10 January to 14 February 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 1)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 2)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 3)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 4)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 5)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 6)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 7)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 8)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 9)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 10)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 11)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 12)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 13)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress Constitution of the Confederate States of America, 1861 (Pg. 14)

“Constitution of the Confederate States of America,” Shorter & Reid, Montgomery, Alabama, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress “The Great Exhibition of 1860” Political Cartoon, 1860

Maurer, Louis, “The Great Exhibition of 1860,” Currier & Ives, 1860. Courtesy of Library of Congress “The Dis-United States. Or the Southern Confederacy” Cartoon, 1861

“The Dis-United States Or the Southern Confederacy,” Currier & Ives, New York, 1861. Courtesy of Library of Congress