WikiLeaks Document Release http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 February 2, 2009
Congressional Research Service Report RL31078 The Shib’a Farms Dispute and its Implications Alfred B. Prados, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Updated August 7, 2001
Abstract. Israel’s withdrawal from southern Lebanon on May 24, 2000 left several small but sensitive territorial issues unresolved. The principal example is a roughly 25 square kilometer enclave called the Shib’a Farms, which lies at the southern edge of the Lebanese-Syrian border. This report discusses the origins of the Shib’a Farms dispute, current issues in the debate concerning sovereignty over this area, and implications of the dispute for regional stability. http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 CRS ReportforCongress The Shib’aFarmsDisputeandItsImplications Congressional Research Service Received throughtheCRSWeb Foreign Affairs,Defense,andTradeDivision
˜ ˜
The Library ofCongress Specialist inMiddleEastAffairs Order CodeRL31078 Alfred B.Prados August 7,2001 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 complicate U.S.effortstobringpeacetheregion. its Syria orHizballahinsoutheasternLebanon. keeping at thistime.SyriamayseecontinuedtensionovertheShib’aFarmsasameansof another All observers fearthattheycouldescalateintoahigherlevelofconflict. could on on sovereignty retaliated UNIFIL, Israel 20,000 Israel (UNIFIL) Lebanon. Israeli-Sy General requirement 16, Syria, a rights ofSyriaandLebanontoagreeonaninternationalboundaryinthefuture. Summary of Israeli not sensitive southern
guerrilla
the
its 2000,theU.N.SecretaryGeneralinformedSecurityCouncilthat
small of the evacuate The Shib’aFarmsarearemainsasourceof There This Israel’s
in when part, these
asserts Syrian
lead forces
The Shib’aFarmsDisputeandItsImplications
Shib’a
troops
2000. pressure symbol
pointed
territorial
edge NeithertheLebaneseArmedForcesnorU.N.InterimForceinLebanon
size rian borderareaintheaftermathofIsrael’swithdrawalfromsouthern against
obscure war
a
has
is
are would the
to
over
for
withdrawal from
Golan
this probably that formal TheLebaneseShi’iteMuslimmilitiaHizballah,whichhadspearheaded in
and of
against
establis in Farms an latter various
of
the
out, Israel on the the
Syrian enclave,
Lebanon,
this
require increase limited the issues enclave
Heights, Israel
Shib’a
Shib’a
abandoned Lebanese-Syrian
howe
territory
Lebanese-Syrian
Israeli hed aneffectivepresenceintheborderterritoryvacatedby area:
intractability
wary to alternatives
military
unresolved,
to Syrian arguing withdraw
strategic
ver, thattheU.N.determinationdoesnotprejudice
has Farms, Farms
for in
end of wider
forces which
southern
is
tensions taking become tolerating
its
its
installations part and
that
area.
or
self-declared occupation deployment
Israel in that
of value,
from
Israeli
notably, of
Israeli Lebanon, any
border broader it
IsraelblamesSyria,whichmaintainsover
Lebanon Lebanon a
might and border is
occupied
steps or focal
L not
the concurrence,
ebanon hadbeenmet.TheSecretary
withdrawal
in localized inciting
known a
break Lebanese of
Arab-Israeli issues.Ifunresolved,it Lebanon.
roughly Shib’a that has point
of security
tension andpotentialrisk.Beyond
and agreement the in
the
in continued
May might thecycleofviolencecentered
Golan as
should the 1967.
for
Farms
conflict
Lebanese the 10
from
territory zone Astheseclashescontinue,
2000 which Hiz
tensions
strengthen square
Shib’a Heights Lebanon,supportedby
have ballah attacksandhas
confirming the to in area
thatwouldfurther left
does
May mount
Shib’a been but mile Armed
Farms. in several
has territory.
not 2000. the rather the
enclave
evacuated
raids
b Farms
seem ecome yet position Israeldid Lebanese- Forces
Lebanese small OnJune
is
Israel, against
a at likely
area.
part
but the
by or of http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 Map. Israel-Lebanon-SyriaTri-BorderArea List ofFigures Appendix. Implications The CurrentTerritorialDebate Origins oftheDispute Contents The BlueLine Israeli WithdrawalfromLebanon War andOccupation Border Evolution UNDOF andUNIFILAreasofOperations Anomalies Other Positions The U.N.Position Lebanon’s Position The Shib’aFarmsArea ...... 13 10 15 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 6 5 1 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 May region. 15 kilometers(10miles). is region. Theroughly25squarekilometer(10 mile)areaof Golan that concern Lebanon remain Israeli militaryunitsinthedisputedenclave. Height group The Shib’aFarmsArea and othersmallpiecesofterritoryarenotdiscussedinthisreport. regional occupied leaders the a 1 security but Shebaa, Shabaa, andShab’a. square should 1967. enclave which liesatthesouthernedgeofLebanese-Syrianborder.Inpast,this Golan HeightsterritorywhichwasoccupiedbyIsraelduringthe There
source narrow
debate
sensitive were
This reportdiscussesthe The termShib’a Israel’s withdrawalfromsouthernLebanon 2000 Lebanon,supportedbySyria,assertsthatthisterritoryispartofLebanonand
of
are s, astheLebaneseShi’iteMuslimmilitiaHizballahcontinuestochallenge Heights AprovisionallinedrawnbyaU.N.teamtoconfirmIsrael’swithdrawalin
unresolved, kilometer
have
has acknowledge
zone over
of
stability. approximately
included
and by and
several
concerning
divided further
been Israel
been
The Shib’aFarmsDisputeand this t in the elongated, erritorial issuesunresolved.Theprincipalexampleisaroughly25
and
southern
variant BesidestheShib’aFarmsarea,severalotherterritorialissues widely regardedaspartofSyria,specifically,theSyrian (ap arrangement.
Israeli-occupied
in
in evacuated
unrest alongLebanon’sborders but the the
Israel proximately 10squaremile)enclavecalledtheShib’aFarms, 1978.
Farms sovereignty
tha
so Syrian-Lebanese
town Origins oftheDispute 14
transcriptions
DiscussionswithU.S.State Departmentofficialsdealing stretching Lebanon
t thesevillagesarenotpartoftheLebaneseterritory
far under
Theselingeringdisputesoverthesevenvillages,Ghajar, farmsteads Its Implications
(sometimes referredtoasShib’afarmlands)refers toa
they by
of origins Also,LebanonclaimssevennorthernIsraelivillages
earlier Israel Ghajar,
have in over Golan
northeast
May
of
of
lying
international when not
this
this
boundary the
loca 2000. Heights.
constituted
area, between name Shib’a
to the ted neartheShib’aFarms,between
TheShib’aFarmsterritoryremains southwest
on
and latter into
Israeliofficialshaveexpressed as
with
Farms agreements; May
depictedonmostmapsofthe
the
implications the
significant abandoned
Israel
Asal
24, 2000leftseveralsmall Western
dispute, for
Valley
and a
distance of
however, Arab-Israel
alphabet, flash
of the
the current its
in the dispute
Shib’a Farms Syrian
self-declared
the points
Lebanese
northern including issues in
roughly
war of Golan
in
the for 1 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 “Shabaa square miles). and theChallengeofChange, a administer severalformerOttomanTurkishterritories.In1923,Britain(whichhad and Israel, April 2 After World general 4 42. 3 Nicholas Blanford,“ShebaaFarmsandBeyond,” the periodicals dealing with known asSyria, whichtheFrenchlatersubdivided intopresent-day SyriaandLebanon. Shib’a 2001, under armisticearrangementsin1949: Border Evolution accompanying map. and miles them Shib’a Farmsarea. example, 2000. international constitut a the although manyofthesemapsdoshow Most The See,
bsence oftheShib’aFarmsonmostmapsmayreflectfactthattheydonot mandate
Arab-Israeli ! ! its farmlands Lebanon)
U.N. original mandateawardedto
for The The
was
28, at the OfficialUnitedNationsmapsofpeacekeepingoperationsinthisregion,for p.
sources
Potential Farms an segment boundary. SubsequenttroopdeploymentsbyIsraeland an minor Lebanon,
War
location some example,
Farms 7. e aclearlydefinedareaandhaveonlyrecentlybecomethefocusof
2001,
establishment Shib’a Shib’a derived do
Israeli-Lebanese
affairs Israeli Thisdegreeofprecisionseemsincongruoussincemost sourcesstatethatthe for
not See,forexample,FredericC.Hof, I border attention,
do
4
length
estimate
the
and arrange at negotiated aboundaryseparatingPalestinefromLebanonand p.
Applicability to
of
war
not
Farms Farms
-Syrian armisticeline,whichdeviatedsomewhatfromthe1923
mention of by
Frederic
and and Center A-1.
the
territory
2
with across the applying
constitute
adjustments that
in other
Syria.
former Onesource,however,givesalargerfigureof15.6 square miles: the
ments whichawardedmandatestoBritainandFrance
area his controversy of in Shib’a
of Middle
followed,
C.
the Israel the
area
May
the experts
Tension
Bordersamongthethreecountriesevolvedfrompost-
of Hof,
does armistice Washington,MiddleEastInsight, a
1923 Shib’a
a aftermath
conversion
the Pale Farms,
of Lebanes
p
2000 in
France East “A
recise area;itispossiblethatthefigureof15.6square took
not
the
Golan most
indicate boundary stine) andFrance(whichhadmandatesforSyria the
for
Practical is
Farms,
appear
farms
affairs, report
3 place a
line,
1923 Lebanon, CRS-2
by
and e-Syrian (Golan)border,inLebanon.The
the legacy of
of Heights”, factor
the the
asapproximately25squarekilometers(10
Israel’s theirgenerallocationisindicatedonthe that
town
which in
although line Line: on dealing
negotiated however,
League
Palestine subsequent
Middle to of
B most
there
Syria ofShib’a,whichislocatednorth was
eyond theBoundary:Lebanon,Israel,
a
overlapping The Middle
round replicated withdrawal
with
succeeded maps of
are Line the East and
do mandate Nations
by
figure
East
no
Israeli
Secretary General
years
Israe of
contain
of Insight, Britain
precise
Withdrawal
p.
the Journal border the
of l,”
from
18;
by
covered
by withdrawal. territory
Syria,
25
Middle Los AngelesTimes,
Lebanon-Palestine mutual
and maps showingthe September-October two Michael Slackman,
boundaries
square Lebanon
, disputes
Winter
France.
together separate what
from
East
in agreement.
kilometers.
1948
Several
refers
was Lebanon 2001,
region, in among Some
Syria. to
lines
May with
then and
the
to p. http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 Most (A Farms forces; below; also,seemapandappendix). Government in withdraw led totheadoptionofSecurityCouncilResolution425,whichcalledonIsrael southern part supervise operations, asdiscussedinmoredetailbelow.(Seemapandappendix.) The Shib’a President intricate. Golan agreement, Kissinger square border Lebanon War andOccupation complicates thetaskofdeterminingownershipShib’aFarms. another to of establish Syrian 5 [hereinafter referred toasUNSCdocument S/2000/460],pp.2-3(paragraph 14). Security Councilresolutions 425(1978)and426(1978),S/2000/460,May 22, 2000, although had 6 Migdalovitz. For United
World Lebanon companion be
mandates of more Lebanon’s Subsequent A
maps
outside
no
on peace talks. land area issues, complications. an Arabpeacekeepingforce.In1978,abriefincursionby mile Nations different
to
Arab-Israeli
In1976,SyrianforcesenteredLebanonattheinvitationofthenLebanese
a
it Lebanon
War negotiated and an Suleiman information
from the
official
formal
restore
did
Farms and a to and
portion (UNI
area
of
U.N.
ground,
see for
UNIFIL’s the resolution,
II. separate
maintain Security
southern
Lebanon water 15-year
other
situation
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of
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international
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Frangieh separation
of
a
on
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information and
countries, southwestern
Council,
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tober 1973,thenU.S.SecretaryofStateHenry peace
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upervise initialdisengagementofforces,and
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(see
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to
in divisions.
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a
between
incl
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Lebanon e UnitedNationsplacetheShib’a Middle
formal strife armament
authority parts as
uding Israeli-Lebaneseand Israeli- in
for in the
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situation facto
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a its
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on
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of armed militia planned collapsed
from town ng totheextremesouthin1985assecurityLebanoncontinued from
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gh IsraelwithdrewfromsouthernLebanonlaterin1978,itlauncheda
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largely
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be detained
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succeeded Israeli
its territory, refugees Lebanon’s
7
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Thesecondandthirdrequirementsweremetquickly as
leaders groups this significantly Sh
p. Secretary Itdidnot,however,withdrawfromtheShib’aFarms to
iary force,theSouthLebanonArmy(SLA);and (c)
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informing and
in
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negotiate territory
Heights in
forces
nine mileswide,justnorthof
in including 1982 (paragraph
for in
its
and SLA borders a Army, fled Lebanon. because
(a) evicting
pris CRS-4
withdrawal the
(“Operation
expel remained
to
withdrawal
circumscribed General casualties and on operatedbytheSLAinsouthern
the
in
an or United
Lebanese Israel
with
of
the 21).
SLA)
OnMay4,2000,Lebanonalsoraised Palestinian agreement help U.N. Syrian
unc
Asnotedbelow,theU.N. Security Israel
context
in
Nations and from find
had
ertainties surroundingtheexact maintained Secretary
continued
Peace
the Ehud
o troops territorial
f Israelimilitaryandcivilian
and other
a
by its
southern identified
guerrillas; unless solution totheproblemof of
for to with Barak towithdrawfrom the former
from
Israel’s
countries.
certify
General’s
Galilee”) to what
pres
waters the
the Israel
mount,
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that
o
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bligation to non. Inthe Thefirst of
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envoy
ty zonein
the
Israel
described Lebanon, air principal
Syrian space; Israeli
that had
to to http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 the from as closelypossibletorecognizedinternationalborders.TheBlueLine, 425. 2000, accompanying mapanddescribedfurtherintheappendix.) territory by including forceagainstIsraeliforcesoccupyingthe enclave. is (Blue of small UNDOF line for confirm U.N. forceinsouthernLebanon)andUNDOF(theGolan)beusedto Golan kilometers) consultation material withdrawal The BlueLine 10 [hereinafter, UNSCdocument S/2000/590],p.6(paragraph14). Security two emphasized General as existing Lebanese armisticeline,althoughminoradjustmentsweremadetoaccommodate map.) kilometers) 9 2001. serve minute 8 the United A knowledgeableresearcherwhohasstudiedthe United notvalidintheShib’aFarmsareaandhasclaimed therighttouseeverymeans
the
noted
the differences the Security
countries ItwastheintentofSecretaryGeneral,however,thatlineshouldconform
Both To The
Lebanon
as segments Line).
the
United territory,
that
U.N. purpose Nations
accomplishthistask,theU.N.SecretaryGeneralidentifieda“lineof
Nations towns
Israel’s recommended
a Council firstsegmentoftheBlueLineconformedlargelyto1949Israeli- rather earlier,
and
Secretary
guide
the they ,” commonlycalled“theBlueLine,”basedonavailablecartographic
between TheGovernmentofLebanon,however,hasasserted thattheBlueLine
between that
team, Council
with
for
Nations between
Israeli took a in
and thaninLebanon.(UNDOFandUNIFILsectorsareshownonthe Security would
of
of which Security
withdrawal for
the compliance technical Resolutions there this
th confirming
the consisted
terrain
the
the General U.N. e GovernmentsofIsraelandLebanon.TheSecretaryGeneral
and Lebanon
purpose
Lebanon not called
the
and Israel
Blue
was
position that Council, U.N.
Council,
be Lebanese Blue
was
features. that
survey
no apparent
the
Line; on
from
informed had with
425 of team
Line Israeli
had not
and
formal Syrian-Lebanese
and they
Lebanon line that Report two
occupied
Report
(1978) Resolution
Lebanon
however, establishing
the
the in and conducted Governments 8
Israel; separating
RegardingthesecondsegmentofBlueLine,
will “identifying except
segments: withdrawal drawing
the effect Israeli the of CRS-5 oftheSecretary-Generalon theUnitedNations
respect and
and the
Security previous in
and
on in
accord Secretary-General
1967.
of
426
425, occupied
Israel
very onthegroundbyaU.N.teamin the
a
Israeli-Lebanese a
the
a
placing a
line
border,
the
this
in
shorter expressed longer eastern (1978),
large and
Consequently,theU.N.Secretary area Israeli-Lebanese
Council
compliance ing totheSecretaryGeneral,
to between line
line
on
respect thelineofwithdrawal
Golan
scale the of
border
but
as
segment
was segment July sector.
S/2000 operations
Shib’a identified.” that
reservations rather maps.
10
Lebanon
solely
Heights 27,
on border
with agreement Israel /590, June16,2000, UsingtheUNIFIL-
the
in
(a
Discussion,May2,
farms (approximately armistice was
Resolution
the pproximately 80 implementation U.N.
in of
had
territory. 9
and
drawing
OnJune16,
responsibility detail
UNIFIL
in (continued...) over
Resolution
withdrawn
that the the Golan
line as drawn
has said several
Syrian
1310, (See
could are a
(the line
20
so of http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 Interim 10 11 [hereinafter, UNSCdocumentS/2001/66],p.2(paragraph 5). 12 authorities. 13 The source Withdrawal,” Middle informed acquired “Shebaa Farms andBeyond,” were the the a concluded over reportedly indicating the Residents ofthenearbytownShib’a,whichlies ownership G Farms a and theirancestorshadcultivatedthefarmsforover years area hasalwaysbeenpartofLebanonor Lebanon’s Position positions ofotherinterestedparties. Israel summarizes from occupied registered withtheUnitedNations. farms
(...continued) Nicholas Blanford, Frederic security overnment providedtheUnitedNationswithtitledeedsshowingLebanese center
two Shib’a slopes Daily
initially I Lebanese In
betweenthem.Neitheragreementappearstohavebeendocumentedor the ago. Eth t wasinthecontextofIsraeliwithdrawalthatShib’aFarmsarea
captured
as
area Force
East
countries May
for
saying
its presence iopia havemovedontosomeofthefarms.
the C.
farmlands
Blanford, Star SomeLebaneseofficialshavementionedanallegedtransferoftheShib’a that
the Farms
op.cit. allowed
of of in
from
Insight new
Reutersnewswire,May17,2000,22:06.Thelatter articlequotesalocal
wine Hof, the in regarded asLebanese
2000, Shib’a
,
1964
the Mt.
Lebanese
Lebanon United
Government
the May that
Lebanese Sleiman,
Syria found every
“Defining
entered The CurrentTerritorialDebate in production
farml
,
Golan Hermon “UN residents
residents
on the May-June Farms, 9, that at
to
2 2000. Nations (for enclave the prominence.
ands inthedisputedarea,togetherwithotherdocuments various acceptance
governmental years,
Lebanon into the Heights,
op.cit.
an the eve
Full
portions Middle EastInsight, officials
of SultanSleiman,“Lebaneselandclaimcomplicates Israeli and of
d U.N.positionsontheShib’aFarms,aswell
Shib’a
an under 2000,
period during
the
but
Shib’a of Withdrawal:
times. that
oral the rather
Shib’a
Israel’s
of in including withdrew
13
Inthepast,smallenclave,wedgedbetween
p.
generally Israeli from
of claim the agreement 1951. Golan Far a
town Inaddition,theGovernmentofLebanon
33. CRS-6
and
than the
joint 1950s Farms ms areawasLebaneselandandthatthe
July Accordingtoyetanother account,thefarms was transferredtoLebanonbySyriasome
to
withdrawal
AccordingtoanotherLebaneseversion, religious
enclave
proprietorship, to Syrian, Re-marking
Heights,
the Shebaa its
18,
take Lebanese-Syrian to harvest
used September-October 2001,p.7.
permission
in
Shib’a
control 2000
1951
the
but clearly have
to Farms institutions
200
had
to pay olives
position from 1
Syria
Farms 2
smuggling. the
dividing
Thefollowingdiscussion January become
years municipal looks
at
in in Leb and
Lebanon tracted littleattention.
and established
Lebanon, the
area.
a
that
in shaky, nese-Israeli prior to1967,when 18, had
border
jurisdiction
other 1970s. a
NicholasBlanford, recent
winter 11
2001), the
taxes held Initially,Israel , theLebanese
warns produce
Shib’a say thatthey and SinceIsrael commission
jurisdiction to years
S/2001/66, resort
Frontier,” expanded Lebanese
over insider,”
Farms
Jews from
and
the http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 15 14 16 Washington Post, 17 pp. 3-5(paragraphs15-19). reporters sure.” Golan and on peacekeeping forces pertinent points. The U.N.Position or Syrian,butthat“[i]tisnotonIsraeliland,anyway.” international Kissinger, Israeli forces. after locating theShib’aFarmsinLebanon,UnitedNationshas10othermapsissued is In reflected theLebanesepositionthatShib’aFarmsarelocatedinLebanon. Government p. 430.Also,paragraph2 of theprincipal maps and locate thedisputedareainSyria. by Moreover, Defense. officials of United States the because ofthepresenceotherwarringparties.The Lebano of AgreementandProtocol Signed Lally Weymouth,“Q&A:Lebanon’sRafiqHariri, ‘ThisLandIsOurLand,’” UNSC documentS/2000/460. The UNDOF
the
April Lebanon. Syrian
the
1974 armaments Israel.
First, In Lebanese Second,
Secretary 1966
showing 15
theory Heights Gov
InapressconferencewithSecretaryofStateColinPowell,Hariritold response n, although(asnotedabove)ithasnotfullydeployedthroughoutthearea
2001, All10oftheseLebanesemapsplacetheShib’aFarmsinsideSyria.
were
Israeli-Syrian
that is Years ofUpheaval rather
17
by according with
ernment ofSyriaincludingthreemapspublishedafter1966,andallsix stationed UNIFILwasestablishedin1978withitsareaofoperationssouthern Heanswered:“ThisisnotthetheoryofHezbollah[variantspelling];this
of
However, of
“we border
various if extending
Lebanese General’s
the where the able officials
he
16 the April29,2001,p.B4. than to re Lebanon
Shib’a can
gard tothe1966mapprovidedbyLebaneseGovernment
Lebanon’s agreed division
to Lebanese
in
tends
Lebanese it to
should argue
Lebanese
the
it supervises
provi disengagement
10 points have the Prime
also farms
“Area
kilometers with provided to
, Boston/Toronto, Little,BrownandCo., 1982,p.1254. Secretary
all
de, theU.N.SecretaryGeneralnotedfollowing
of
continued has
support thepositionthatShib’aFarmsarelocated are
be claims
government. Minister
in the territory.
the
of May
governmental responsibilities
responsibilities discussed the
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