WikiLeaks Document Release http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 February 2, 2009

Congressional Research Service Report RL31078 The Shib’a Farms Dispute and its Implications Alfred B. Prados, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Updated August 7, 2001

Abstract. ’s withdrawal from southern on May 24, 2000 left several small but sensitive territorial issues unresolved. The principal example is a roughly 25 square kilometer enclave called the Shib’a Farms, which lies at the southern edge of the Lebanese-Syrian border. This report discusses the origins of the Shib’a Farms dispute, current issues in the debate concerning sovereignty over this area, and implications of the dispute for regional stability. http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 CRS ReportforCongress The Shib’aFarmsDisputeandItsImplications Congressional Research Service Received throughtheCRSWeb Foreign Affairs,Defense,andTradeDivision

˜ ˜

The Library ofCongress Specialist inMiddleEastAffairs Order CodeRL31078 Alfred B.Prados August 7,2001 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 complicate U.S.effortstobringpeacetheregion. its orHizballahinsoutheasternLebanon. keeping at thistime.SyriamayseecontinuedtensionovertheShib’aFarmsasameansof another All observers fearthattheycouldescalateintoahigherlevelofconflict. could on on sovereignty retaliated UNIFIL, Israel 20,000 Israel (UNIFIL) Lebanon. Israeli-Sy General requirement 16, Syria, a rights ofSyriaandLebanontoagreeonaninternationalboundaryinthefuture. Summary of Israeli not sensitive southern

guerrilla

the

its 2000,theU.N.SecretaryGeneralinformedSecurityCouncilthat

small of the evacuate The Shib’aFarmsarearemainsasourceof There This Israel’s

in when part, these

asserts Syrian

lead forces

The Shib’aFarmsDisputeandItsImplications

Shib’a

troops

2000. pressure symbol

pointed

territorial

edge NeithertheLebaneseArmedForcesnorU.N.InterimForceinLebanon

size rian borderareaintheaftermathofIsrael’swithdrawalfromsouthern against

obscure war

a

has

is

are would the

to

over

for

withdrawal from

Golan

this probably that formal TheLebaneseShi’iteMuslimmilitiaHizballah,whichhadspearheaded in

and of

against

establis in Farms an latter various

of

the

out, Israel on the the

Syrian enclave,

Lebanon,

this

require increase limited the issues enclave

Heights, Israel

Shib’a

Shib’a

abandoned Lebanese-Syrian

howe

territory

Lebanese-Syrian

Israeli hed aneffectivepresenceintheborderterritoryvacatedby area:

intractability

wary to alternatives

military

unresolved,

to Syrian arguing withdraw

strategic

ver, thattheU.N.determinationdoesnotprejudice

has Farms, Farms

for in

end of wider

forces which

southern

is

tensions taking become tolerating

its

its

installations part and

that

area.

or

self-declared occupation deployment

Israel in that

of value,

from

Israeli

notably, of

Israeli Lebanon, any

border broader it

IsraelblamesSyria,whichmaintainsover

Lebanon Lebanon a

might and border is

occupied

steps or focal

L not

the concurrence,

ebanon hadbeenmet.TheSecretary

withdrawal

in localized inciting

known a

break Lebanese of

Arab-Israeli issues.Ifunresolved,it Lebanon.

roughly Shib’a that has point

of security

tension andpotentialrisk.Beyond

and agreement the in

the

in continued

May might thecycleofviolencecentered

Golan as

should the 1967.

for

Farms

conflict

Lebanese the 10

from

territory zone Astheseclashescontinue,

2000 which Hiz

tensions

strengthen square

Shib’a Heights Lebanon,supportedby

have ballah attacksandhas

confirming the to in area

thatwouldfurther left

does

May mount

Shib’a been but mile Armed

Farms. in several

has territory.

not 2000. the rather the

enclave

evacuated

raids

b Farms

seem ecome yet position Israeldid Lebanese- Forces

Lebanese small OnJune

is

Israel, against

a at likely

area.

part

but the

by or of http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 Map. Israel-Lebanon-SyriaTri-BorderArea List ofFigures Appendix. Implications The CurrentTerritorialDebate Origins oftheDispute Contents The BlueLine Israeli WithdrawalfromLebanon War andOccupation Border Evolution UNDOF andUNIFILAreasofOperations Anomalies Other Positions The U.N.Position Lebanon’s Position The Shib’aFarmsArea ...... 13 10 15 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 6 5 1 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 May region. 15 kilometers(10miles). is region. Theroughly25squarekilometer(10 mile)areaof Golan that concern Lebanon remain Israeli militaryunitsinthedisputedenclave. Height group The Shib’aFarmsArea and othersmallpiecesofterritoryarenotdiscussedinthisreport. regional occupied leaders the a 1 security but Shebaa, Shabaa, andShab’a. square should 1967. enclave which liesatthesouthernedgeofLebanese-Syrianborder.Inpast,this Golan HeightsterritorywhichwasoccupiedbyIsraelduringthe There

source narrow

debate

sensitive were

This reportdiscussesthe The termShib’a Israel’s withdrawalfromsouthernLebanon 2000 Lebanon,supportedbySyria,assertsthatthisterritoryispartofLebanonand

of

are s, astheLebaneseShi’iteMuslimmilitiaHizballahcontinuestochallenge Heights AprovisionallinedrawnbyaU.N.teamtoconfirmIsrael’swithdrawalin

unresolved, kilometer

have

has acknowledge

zone over

of

stability. approximately

included

and by and

several

concerning

divided further

been Israel

been

The Shib’aFarmsDisputeand this t in the elongated, erritorial issuesunresolved.Theprincipalexampleisaroughly25

and

southern

variant BesidestheShib’aFarmsarea,severalotherterritorialissues widely regardedaspartofSyria,specifically,theSyrian (ap arrangement.

Israeli-occupied

in

in evacuated

unrest alongLebanon’sborders but the the

Israel proximately 10squaremile)enclavecalledtheShib’aFarms, 1978.

Farms sovereignty

tha

so Syrian-Lebanese

town Origins oftheDispute 14

transcriptions

DiscussionswithU.S.State Departmentofficialsdealing stretching Lebanon

t thesevillagesarenotpartoftheLebaneseterritory

far under

Theselingeringdisputesoverthesevenvillages,, farmsteads Its Implications

(sometimes referredtoasShib’afarmlands)refers toa

they by

of origins Also,LebanonclaimssevennorthernIsraelivillages

earlier Israel Ghajar,

have in over Golan

northeast

May

of

of

lying

international when not

this

this

boundary the

loca 2000. Heights.

constituted

area, between name Shib’a

to the ted neartheShib’aFarms,between

TheShib’aFarmsterritoryremains southwest

on

and latter into

Israeliofficialshaveexpressed as

with

Farms agreements; May

depictedonmostmapsofthe

the

implications the

significant abandoned

Israel

Asal

24, 2000leftseveralsmall Western

dispute, for

Valley

and a

distance of

however, Arab-Israel

alphabet, flash

of the

the current its

in the dispute

Shib’a Farms Syrian

self-declared

the points

Lebanese

northern including issues in

roughly

war of Golan

in

the for 1 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 “Shabaa square miles). and theChallengeofChange, a administer severalformerOttomanTurkishterritories.In1923,Britain(whichhad and Israel, April 2 After World general 4 42. 3 Nicholas Blanford,“ShebaaFarmsandBeyond,” the periodicals dealing with known asSyria, whichtheFrenchlatersubdivided intopresent-day SyriaandLebanon. Shib’a 2001, under armisticearrangementsin1949: Border Evolution accompanying map. and miles them Shib’a Farmsarea. example, 2000. international constitut a the although manyofthesemapsdoshow Most The See,

bsence oftheShib’aFarmsonmostmapsmayreflectfactthattheydonot mandate

Arab-Israeli ! ! its farmlands Lebanon)

U.N. original mandateawardedto

for The The

was

28, at the OfficialUnitedNationsmapsofpeacekeepingoperationsinthisregion,for p.

sources

Potential Farms an segment boundary. SubsequenttroopdeploymentsbyIsraeland an minor Lebanon,

War

location some example,

Farms 7. e aclearlydefinedareaandhaveonlyrecentlybecomethefocusof

2001,

establishment Shib’a Shib’a derived do

Israeli-Lebanese

affairs Israeli Thisdegreeofprecisionseemsincongruoussincemost sourcesstatethatthe for

not See,forexample,FredericC.Hof, I border attention,

do

4

length

estimate

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and arrange at negotiated aboundaryseparatingPalestinefromLebanonand p.

Applicability to

of

war

not

Farms Farms

-Syrian armisticeline,whichdeviatedsomewhatfromthe1923

mention of by

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and and Center A-1.

the

territory

2

with across the applying

constitute

adjustments that

in other

Syria.

former Onesource,however,givesalargerfigureof15.6 square miles: the

ments whichawardedmandatestoBritainandFrance

area his controversy of in Shib’a

of Middle

followed,

C.

the Israel the

area

May

the experts

Tension

Bordersamongthethreecountriesevolvedfrompost-

of Hof,

does armistice Washington,MiddleEastInsight, a

1923 Shib’a

a aftermath

conversion

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of Lebanes

p

2000 in

France East “A

recise area;itispossiblethatthefigureof15.6square took

not

the

Golan most

indicate boundary stine) andFrance(whichhadmandatesforSyria the

for

Practical is

Farms,

appear

farms

affairs, report

3 place a

line,

1923 Lebanon, CRS-2

by

and e-Syrian (Golan)border,inLebanon.The

the legacy of

of Heights”, factor

the the

asapproximately25squarekilometers(10

Israel’s theirgenerallocationisindicatedonthe that

town

which in

although line Line: on dealing

negotiated however,

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Middle to of

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there

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eyond theBoundary:Lebanon,Israel,

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overlapping The Middle

round replicated withdrawal

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are Line the East and

do mandate Nations

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precise

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p.

the Journal border the

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covered

by withdrawal. territory

Syria,

25

Middle Los AngelesTimes,

Lebanon-Palestine mutual

and maps showingthe September-October two Michael Slackman,

boundaries

square Lebanon

, disputes

Winter

France.

together separate what

from

East

in agreement.

kilometers.

1948

Several

refers

was Lebanon 2001,

region, in among Some

Syria. to

lines

May with

then and

the

to p. http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 Most (A Farms forces; below; also,seemapandappendix). Government in withdraw led totheadoptionofSecurityCouncilResolution425,whichcalledonIsrael southern part supervise operations, asdiscussedinmoredetailbelow.(Seemapandappendix.) The Shib’a President intricate. Golan agreement, Kissinger square border Lebanon War andOccupation complicates thetaskofdeterminingownershipShib’aFarms. another to of establish Syrian 5 [hereinafter referred toasUNSCdocument S/2000/460],pp.2-3(paragraph 14). Security Councilresolutions 425(1978)and426(1978),S/2000/460,May 22, 2000, although had 6 Migdalovitz. For United

World Lebanon companion be

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a

it Lebanon

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formal

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(...continued) Nicholas Blanford, Frederic security overnment providedtheUnitedNationswithtitledeedsshowingLebanese center

two Shib’a slopes Daily

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saying

its presence iopia havemovedontosomeofthefarms.

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Reutersnewswire,May17,2000,22:06.Thelatter articlequotesalocal

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,

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ands inthedisputedarea,togetherwithotherdocuments various acceptance

governmental years,

Lebanon into the Heights,

op.cit.

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portions Middle EastInsight, officials

of SultanSleiman,“Lebaneselandclaimcomplicates Israeli and of

d U.N.positionsontheShib’aFarms,aswell

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but

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times. that

oral the rather

Shib’a

Israel’s

of in including withdrew

13

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p.

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of claim the agreement 1951. Golan Far a

town Inaddition,theGovernmentofLebanon

33. CRS-6

and

than the

joint 1950s Farms ms areawasLebaneselandandthatthe

July Accordingtoyetanother account,thefarms was transferredtoLebanonbySyriasome

to

withdrawal

AccordingtoanotherLebaneseversion, religious

enclave

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Heights,

the Shebaa its

18,

take Lebanese-Syrian to harvest

used September-October 2001,p.7.

permission

in

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1951

the

but clearly have

to Farms institutions

200

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to pay olives

position from 1

Syria

Farms 2

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dividing

Thefollowingdiscussion January become

years municipal looks

at

in in Leb and

Lebanon tracted littleattention.

and established

Lebanon, the

area.

a

that

in shaky, nese-Israeli prior to1967,when 18, had

border

jurisdiction

other 1970s. a

NicholasBlanford, recent

winter 11

2001), the

taxes held Initially,Israel , theLebanese

warns produce

Shib’a say thatthey and SinceIsrael commission

jurisdiction to years

S/2001/66, resort

Frontier,” expanded Lebanese

over insider,”

Farms

Jews from

and

the http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31078 15 14 16 Washington Post, 17 pp. 3-5(paragraphs15-19). reporters sure.” Golan and on peacekeeping forces pertinent points. The U.N.Position or Syrian,butthat“[i]tisnotonIsraeliland,anyway.” international Kissinger, Israeli forces. after locating theShib’aFarmsinLebanon,UnitedNationshas10othermapsissued is In reflected theLebanesepositionthatShib’aFarmsarelocatedinLebanon. Government p. 430.Also,paragraph2 of theprincipal maps and locate thedisputedareainSyria. by Moreover, Defense. officials of United States the because ofthepresenceotherwarringparties.The Lebano of AgreementandProtocol Signed Lally Weymouth,“Q&A:Lebanon’sRafiqHariri, ‘ThisLandIsOurLand,’” UNSC documentS/2000/460. The UNDOF

the

April Lebanon. Syrian

the

1974 armaments Israel.

First, In Lebanese Second,

Secretary 1966

showing 15

theory Heights Gov

InapressconferencewithSecretaryofStateColinPowell,Hariritold response n, although(asnotedabove)ithasnotfullydeployedthroughoutthearea

2001, All10oftheseLebanesemapsplacetheShib’aFarmsinsideSyria.

were

Israeli-Syrian

that is Years ofUpheaval rather

17

by according with

ernment ofSyriaincludingthreemapspublishedafter1966,andallsix stationed UNIFILwasestablishedin1978withitsareaofoperationssouthern Heanswered:“ThisisnotthetheoryofHezbollah[variantspelling];this

of

However, of

“we border

various if extending

Lebanese General’s

the where the able officials

he

16 the April29,2001,p.B4. than to re Lebanon

Shib’a can

gard tothe1966mapprovidedbyLebaneseGovernment

Lebanon’s agreed division

to Lebanese

in

tends

Lebanese it to

should argue

Lebanese

the

it supervises

provi disengagement

10 points have the Prime

also farms

“Area

kilometers with provided to

, Boston/Toronto, Little,BrownandCo., 1982,p.1254. Secretary

all

de, theU.N.SecretaryGeneralnotedfollowing

of

continued has

support thepositionthatShib’aFarmsarelocated are

be claims

government. Minister

in the territory.

the

of May

governmental responsibilities

responsibilities discussed the

redefined the Separation”

time”

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