Phylum: Arthropoda galeata Class: Hexanauplia Order: Seawhip , Brown Barnacle Family:

Lauren N. Rice

Taxonomy: Lepas galeata was described by opercular opening is often circular to Linneaus in 1771, although the original type diamond-shaped (Fig. 1C). specimen was subsequently lost (Pilsbry Other -specific parts: The test of C. 1916). The Conopea was described galeata is composed of 6 plates where the and established by Say in 1822. In this rostrum overlaps the adjacent craniolateral publication, Say included the previously plates (Newman 2007). All plates comprising described species galeatus (= Lepas the test are solid and lack longitudinal tubes galeata Linnaeus 1771). Darwin (1854) later (Newman 2007; Newman and Ross 1976). synonymized Conopea elongata with C. Sexual Dimorphism: While C. galeata are galeata. There are currently 21 known hermaphrodites, they are commonly seen with species in the genus Conopea, and all live in complemental dwarf males within the obligate epibiotic relationships with gorgonian opercular opening (Molenock 1972; Newman and antipatharian (Carrison-Stone et 2007; Newman and Abbott 1980). al. 2013). Species in the genus are widespread throughout temperate and tropical Possible Misidentifications oceans, and all species in the genus are The Archaeobalanid barnacle understudied (Carrison-Stone et al. 2013). Armatobalanus nefrens is observed on and embedded within hydrocoral hosts, with only Description the opercular opening exposed (Newman Size: The basis is elongated along the carnia- and Abbott 1980). However, A. nefrens rostrum axis, and the diameter along this axis lacks the distinct boat-shaped basis found in can reach upwards of 15 mm ( Carrison- C. galeata and instead has a basis that is Stone et al. 2013; Newman and Abbott 1980). mostly flat and sharply pointed terga The basis is narrower along the lateral axis. (Newman 2007). Furthermore, C. galeata Color: Basis and test are often cream-white are found only on gorgonian and in color. Light to vivid purple is sometimes antipatharian hosts (Carrison-Stone et observed on the parietes and basis of the al. 2013). barnacle (Carrison-Stone et al. 2013) (Fig. 1A). Ecological Information General Morphology: The basis for C. Range: This species is considered galeata is boat-shaped and often elongated cosmopolitan, with a published distributional along the carnia-rostrum axis (Molenock and range that extends from North Carolina to Gomez 1972; Newman and Abbott 1980; Venezuela, southern California to Panama, Zullo 1966) (Fig. 1B). Frequently the barnacle and the Galápagos Islands (Carrison-Stone et individual is covered by the coenenchyme of al. 2013; Farrapeira 2010; Lang 1979; the host gorgonian or antipatharian coral with Molenock and Gomez 1972; Newman 2007; only the operculum exposed (Carrison-Stone Newman and Abbott 1980; Newman and et al. 2013; Farrapeira 2010; Molenock and Ross 1976; Wicksten and Cox 2011;). Gomez 1972; Newman 2007; Newman and Local Distribution: Abbott 1980; Newman and Ross 1976; individuals are commonly found attached to Wicksten and Cox 2011; Zullo 1966). Chromoplexaura marki colonies collected Mouthparts: The terga are notably truncated from the subtidal rocky reef offshore of Cape towards the apical region (Newman 2007; Arago, OR. Zullo 1966). The scuta have large and subtle Habitat: Individuals of Conopea galeata are depressor muscle pits (Zullo 1966). The found only attached to subtidal gorgonian and

A publication of the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology at the University of Oregon. https://oimb.uoregon.edu/oregon-shelf-invertebrates Email corrections to: [email protected] antipatharian corals. Their elongated, boat- larval stages of C. galeata are described in shaped basis attaches directly to exposed detail in Molenock and Gomez (1972). host coral skeleton and grows between the Juvenile: Settling cyprids lack the coral coenenchyme and the axial skeleton postecdysial stage observed in other Balanoid (Ross and Newman 1999). This settlement (Molenock and Gomez 1972). and growth pattern results in the formation of Settled juveniles have carnia-rostrum gall-like protuberances along the branches of diameters between 330 – 430 µm and have the host coral colonies ( Carrison-Stone et al. two eyespots (Molenock and Gomez 1972). 2013; Molenock and Gomez 1972; Newman Longevity: Unknown for this species. Related and Abbott 1980; Wicksten and Cox 2011;). Archaeobalanid barnacles have highly Temperature: Thought to be restricted to variable lifespans. warmer waters (Lang 1979). However, the Growth Rate: Unknown for this species, but presence of Conopea galeata in the subtidal growth rate and morphology are likely off Oregon may indicate either a broader influenced by localized barnacle density on distribution or potential range expansion. the host gorgonian and antipatharian coral. Depth: 2 – 540 m (Newman and Ross 1976). Food: Like other barnacles, Conopea galeata Associates: Conopea galeata are often is a filter and suspension feeder, capturing associated with the host corals Lophogorgia and small particles in the water. chilensis, Eugorgia rubens, Muricea Predators: Unknown for this species. The californica, M. fruticose, virgulata, ability to settle on host corals and the and L. setacea ( Farrapeira 2010; Molenock propensity for this species to become and Gomez 1972; Wicksten and Cox 2011). embedded in host coenenchyme tissue likely Abundance: Unknown for this species. reduces rates (Farrapeira 2010). Behavior: Unknown for this species. Life-History Information Reproduction: Like most other Balamorphid Bibliography barnacles, C. galeata are hermaphrodites (Molenock and Gomez 1972; Newman 2007; 1. CARRISON-STONE, D., R. V. SYOC, Newman and Abbott 1980). However, C. G. WILLIAMS, and W. B. SIMISON. galeata have also been observed with 2013. Two new species of the complemental dwarf males on the scuta, gorgonian inhabiting barnacle, ensuring cross-fertilization (Molenock and Conopea (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Gomez 1972; Newman and Abbott 1980). ), from the Gulf of Guinea. The dwarf males do not feed (Newman and Zookeys 270: 1–20. Abbott 1980). Sex ratios of cyprid C. galeata 2. FARRAPEIRA, C. M. R. 2010. Shallow larvae are 1:3 males to hermaphrodites and water Cirripedia of the northeastern appear to be genetically determined (Gomez coast of Brazil: the impact of life 1975). history and invasion on biogeography. : There are 6 distinct naupliar stages Journal of Experimental Marine and one cyprid stage documented for Biology and Ecology 392: 210–219. Conopea galeata (Molenock and Gomez 3. GOMEZ, E. D. 1975. Sex 1972). From hatching, it takes 9 –14 days for determination in Balanus (Conopea) larvae to settle (Lang 1979; Molenock and galeatus (L.) (Cirripedia Thoracica). Gomez 1972). Naupliar stages 2 – 6 all have Crustaceana 28: 105-107. medial spines on the dorsal shield, which 4. LANG, W. H. 1979. Larval grow in number and complexity with each Development of Shallow Water subsequent larval molt (Lang 1979; Molenock Barnacles of the Carolinas (Cirripedia: and Gomez 1972). These spines become Thoracica) With Keys to Naupliar serrated in naupliar stages 5 and 6, and small Stages. National Marine Fisheries spines become present along the edge of the Service, Circulars 421: 1-39. body from stage 3 onward (Molenock and 5. MOLENOCK, J., and E. D. GOMEZ. Gomez 1972). Mean body lengths for the 1972. Larval stages and settlement of the barnacle Balanus (Conopea)

Rice, L.N. 2021. Conopea galeata. In: Oregon Shelf Invertebrates. C.Q. Plowman and C.M. Young (eds.). Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. galeatus (L.) (Cirripedia Thoracica). 9. ROSS, A., and W. A. NEWMAN. 1999. Crustaceana 23: 100–108. Pyrgoma kuri Hoek, 1913: a case 6. NEWMAN, W. A., and A. ROSS. 1976. study in morphology and systematics Revision of the balanomorph of a symbiotic coral barnacle barnacles; including a catalog of the species. San Diego Society of Natural (Cirripedia: ). History Memoirs 9: 1–108. Contributions to Zoology 68(4): 245- 7. NEWMAN, W. A., and D. P. ABBOT. 260. 1980. Cirripedia: The Barnacles. In: 10. WICKSTEN, M. K., and C. COX. 2011. Morris RH, Abbott DP, Haderlie EC Invertebrates associated with (eds) Intertidal Invertebrates of gorgonians in the northern Gulf of California. Stanford University Press, Mexico. Marine Biodiversity Records Stanford, pp 504–535. 8. NEWMAN, W. A. 2007. Cirripedia, p. 4: 1–9. 479-483. In: The Light and Smith 11. ZULLO, V.A. 1966. Thoracic cirripedia manual: intertidal invertebrates from from the continental shelf off South central California to Oregon. J. T. Carolina, U.S.A. Crustaceana 11: Carlton (ed.). University of California 229–244. Press, Berkeley.

A publication of the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology at the University of Oregon. https://oimb.uoregon.edu/oregon-shelf-invertebrates Email corrections to: [email protected] A C

B

Fig. 1. A) Lateral view with pigmentation on the parietes and basis. B) Basis showing notch where the host gorgonian axial skeleton ran. C) Opercular opening for Conopea galeata showing the scuta plates. Individual pictured was collected from 45 m depth offshore of Cape Arago, OR. Scale bars represent 2 mm.

Rice, L.N. 2021. Conopea galeata. In: Oregon Shelf Invertebrates. C.Q. Plowman and C.M. Young (eds.). Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR.