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Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)

1/ Computer (uGefysLwm) 1

2/ History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) 1

3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 2

4/ Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3

5/ Program (y½dk*&rf) 3

6/ Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;) 3

7/ Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) 3

8/ Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk) 5

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)

9/ Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;) 6

10/ System Unit 6

11/ Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk) 7

12/ Mother Board / Main Board 8 System & Hardware c uuuGef

13/ Bus, Slot and I/O Card 8

14/ Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 9

15/ (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) 10

16/ Memory (rSwfÓPf) 12

17/ Monitor (armfeDwm) 13

18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; 13

19/ Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifh ñTefMum;csuf xnfhoGif;onfhypönf;) 14

20/ Mouse 14

21/ Printer 15

22/ Impact Printer 15

23/ Daisy Wheel Printer 15

24/ Dot Matrix Printer 15

25/ Non-Impact Printer 16

26/ Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT) (uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 16

27/ Rear Panel of AT System Unit 17

28/ Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX) (uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 18

29/ Rear Panel of ATX System Unit 18 System & Hardware * uuuGef

30/ Starting the Computer (For Windows XP) (Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;) 19

31/ Shut Down the Computer (For Windows XP) (Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 20

32/ Start-Up Procedure for PC (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 22

33/ Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 24

34/ Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25

35/ Low Level Interface (trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 26

36/ Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP) (Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;) 27

37/ Protecting Electrical Power Problem (vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 34

38/ Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif; 35

39/ Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;) 36

40/ Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;) 37 System & Hardware C uuuGef

PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading

41/ Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 38

42/ Desktop Board Components 39 43/ 's 40

44/ Intel Processor Specifications 41

45/ Intel Compatible Processors 42

46/ Chipset 43

47/ and II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) 44

48/ Intel South Bridge Chips 45

49/ Mother Board Upgrading 45

50/ Processor Sockets / Slots 45

51/ Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications 46

52/ Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;wGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 47

53/ Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;) 48

54/ Conventional Graphics Architecture 49

55/ How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 50

56/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf 50

57/ Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 51 System & Hardware i uuuGef

58/ Hard Disk Storage 52

59/ Hard Disk Features 56

60/ Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 56

61/ Floppy Disk Drives 57

62/ Floppy Disk 58

63/ Diskette on its Capacity 59

64/ Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf; &rnfhtcsufrsm;/ 59

65/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 60

66/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk 61

67/ MultiBeam Technology 62

68/ CD-ROM Drive Specification 63

69/ CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; 63

70/ CD-ROM Format 64

71/ CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 64 72/ High Capacity Removable Storage 65

73/ LS-120 Specifications 65

74/ Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) 66

75/ Jaz Specifications 66 System & Hardware p uuuGef

76/ DAT and 8mm Tape specifications 67

77/ SparQ Specifications 67

78/ Removeable Drive Specifications 68

79/ DVD Formats and Standards 69 Introduction to Computer Science 1 uuuGef

Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)

Computer (uGefysLwm) 1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; odkYr[kwf tajz tjzpfodkU wGufcsuf vkyfaqmiffay;aompuf jzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmonf ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd wdwdusus? vsifvsifjrefjref ESifh rSefrSefuefuef vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepf ESifh pufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/ Data → Processing → Information GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) Computer

Hardware Software - Input Hardware - Output Hardware System Software Application Software - Processing & Memory Hardware - Operating System ( Customize / Packages ) - Utility Programs - Secondary storage Hardware - Word Processing - Language Translators - Spread Sheet - Communications Devices - Database - etc. - Graphic , etc. History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) 2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf- pOf ckESpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef; 1/ 1200 - Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom ayoD;wGufcsufrI 2/ 1800 - Automatic Mechanical Calculator 3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine 4/ 1950 1st Gen: Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec 5/ 1960 2nd Gen: Transistors 10×1st Gen 6/ 1965 3rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2nd Gen 7/ 1970 4th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3rd Gen 8/ 1980 5th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec Introduction to Computer Science 2 uuuGef

Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf; tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf- (u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvGefjrifhrm;aom pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI&SdNyD; a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefzkd;&Sdygonf/ Super Computer rsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe jyKvkyfjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf- (1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum; (2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP (3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm (4) tjrifhrm;qkH;wefzkd; ( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf rjrifhrm;aomfvnf; BuD;rm;aompGrf;aqmifEkdifrI ESifh odkavSmifEdkifrI &Sdygonf/ Main- frame rsm;tm; tzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;wGif Data rsm;tm; A[kdwGufcsufrI jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkdif;rsm;? tmrcH vkyfief; rsm;? pmykdYvkyfief;rsm;? wuúokdvfrsm;? taumuftcGefrsm;ponfwdkYwGif tokH;jyKonf/ ( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csdwfqufEdkifaomTerminal ta&twGuf ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifrSKenf;onf/ uGefysLwmjzifh wGufcsufvkyfaqmifjcif; vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ (C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfckokdY csdwfqufíTerminal tjzpf tokH;jyKjcif; jzifh Personal Computer ESifh Workstation tjzpf(2)rsdK; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro Computer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,fyrmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkdif; cJGjcm;xm;ygonf- (1) Desktops (2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds) Introduction to Computer Science 3 uuuGef (3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds) (4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less) (5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/ Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 4/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf- (u) Hardware / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fí&aom ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor ( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)? Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/ ( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS

Program (y½dk*&rf) 5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programming language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonf-

Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

pOff Generation Language 1/ 1st Generation Machine language 2/ 2nd Generation Assembly language 3/ 3rd Generation High-level language 4/ 4th Generation Very high-level language 5/ 5th Generation Natural language

Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) 6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol Introduction to Computer Science 4 uuuGef rsm;ESifhoufqkdif&mbmom&yf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,l&ygonf/ AI onf odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf- (u) Expert System / bmom&yfqkdif&m uRrf;usifol Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:? tawGUtBuHK? A[kokwrsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sifrsm;\tultnDjzifh Program rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/ Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usifwGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;cs Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/ ( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\ wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computer tm; ckdif;apjcif;? Computer ESifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;ukd pGrf;aqmif Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf- (1) Natural Language Understanding (2) Natural Language Generation ( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay; vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/ (C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kHcHrI enf;ynmESifh puf½kyfenf;ynmrsm;ukd aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf- (1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm; Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK; vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/ (2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd tm½kHcHjcif;? toHukd tm½kHcHjcif; ponfhpepfrsm;tjzpf trsdK;rsdK;&SdEkdifygonf/ Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kHcHí olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic Machine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/ Introduction to Computer Science 5 uuuGef

( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom A[kokwtajccH onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/ ( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm; (Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowl- edge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk) 7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wkd;wufxGef;um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wkd;wuf xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semi- conductor Technology wkd;wufxGef;um;vmonfhtwGufaMumifh tvGefjrefqefjcif;? pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hard- ware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGifokdY ykdYaqmif ay;aeygonf/ *syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf- (u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/ ( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/ ( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/ (C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/ ( i ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/ ( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/ (q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/ ( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 6 uuuGef Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)

Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;) 1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf- (u) System Unit ( c) Monitor ( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse (C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

System Unit 2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf- (u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ] ( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive) ( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ] (C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ] ( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX] ( p) Interface Card / Controller Card (q) Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] ( Z) VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP] (ps) Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] (n) Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM] ( #) Cache Memory ( X) CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip] ( !) ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX] ( ¡) Backup Battery (P) Others PC Hardware & System Maintenance 7 uuuGef Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

System Unit yHk (1)

Monitor

Speaker Speaker

Scanner Dot- Matrix Printer

Dot-matrix printer Scanner Tower System

Mouse uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef Keyboard

Personal Pen Laptop Computer Computer PDA trsKd;tpm;rsm; Computer

Pen computer (PersonalPDA Digital (HandheldPocket organizer computer) Laptop computer Asistant) Computer Casing Desktop trsKd;tpm;rsm; Casing Tower

Desktop box Casing

Plotter Computer Tower box

Accessories Modem uGefysLwmqufpyfypönf;rsm;Modem

Laser printer

Plotter Laser Printer PC Hardware & System Maintenance 8 uuuGef Mother Board / Main Board 3/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif ta&;BuD;qHk; tpdwftydkif;rSm Main Board (odkYr[kwf) Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD; ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0if ygonf/ Mother Board wpfcka½G;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm; &rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm - (u) Processor trsKd;tpm; ( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm; ( *) Mother Board Speed (C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI ( i) Main Memory yrmP ( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm; (q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX) ( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial, Parallel, Interface ..... ) (ps) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI (n) Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI ( #) Mother Board Chip Set ( X) Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Bus, Slot and I/O Card 4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ Mother Board twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK; tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,fí tvkyfvkyfygonf/ Mother Board \ Bus Design EIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf- (u) Processor Bus ( c) Address Bus ( *) Memory Bus (C) I/O Bus PC Hardware & System Maintenance 9 uuuGef

External Half (or) Full of CPU Speed CPU Cache L2 CPU Back Side Bus Cache

60/66MHz Front Side Bus PC 100/133 480-528MBPS Processor Bus Processor Memory 800-1064MBPS

Chipset Memory RAM AGP Chipset Memory RAM PC 66 Memory 528MBPS Classic Mother / Board Design PII/PIII Design I/O Bus (Dual Independend Bus)

yHk (2) I/O Bus Processor Bus

5/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESifh CPU tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufEdkif&ef I/O Bus (odkYr[kwf) Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;ü atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf- (u) Sound Card ( c) Video Card ( *) Network Interface Card (NIC) (C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/O Bus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm - (u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif; ( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif; ( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/

7/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ (u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture) ( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 10 uuuGef

( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture) (C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus) ( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect) ( p) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)

8/ Personal Computer wGifyg&Sdaom omref Mother Board wpfckwGif CPU, Chipset, Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,faqmif½GufaeyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

CPU

External Processor Cache Bus (High Speed)

Bus Built-In I/O Bus Controller I/O Bus Slotted I/O (Slow Speed) Chips (Slow Speed) I/O

Memory Bus yHk (3) (High Speed)

RAM

Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) 9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPU jzpfygonf/ CPU qdkonfrSm A[dkxdef;csKyfonfh ,lepfwpfckjzpfNyD; Computer wpfvHk;\ OD;aESmuf [kvnf; ac:qkdEdkifygonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfvHk;\ 'ór*Pef;qdkif&m wGufcsufrIrSty tjcm;wGufcsufrIESifh Processing qdkif&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;Edkifygonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGufcsuf Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;í wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 11 uuuGef

Intel Processor Specifications Processor CPU Std. Internal Data-Bus Address- Max- Multimedia Clock Voltage Register Width Bus Memory Instructions Size Width 8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 1M 8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 1M 286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M 386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M 386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M 386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 486SL** 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G 486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G Pentium OD 2-5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G Pentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G Pentium 75+ 1.5-3x 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G PentiumMMX1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G MMX Pentium Pro 2-3x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G Pentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMX Celeron 3.5-7x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMX Pentium !!! 4.5-8x 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G SSE(MMX,3D) MMX=Multi Media Extensions SSE=Streaming SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data) Extensions Z,m; (1) 10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t& Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEIef;onf Mother Board \tjrefEIef;ESifh rwlnDEdkifyg/ Processor \tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board \tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSB Speed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf- PC Hardware & System Maintenance 12 uuuGef

CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard Speed Pentium 60 1x 60MHz Pentium 66 1x 66MHz Pentium 75 1.5x 50MHz Pentium 90 1.5x 60MHz Pentium 100 1.5x 66MHz Pentium 120 2x 60MHz Pentium 133 2x 66MHz Pentium 150 2.5x 60MHz Z,m; (2) Pentium 166/ 2.5x 66MHz Pentium 180/P6 3x 60MHz Pentium 200/P6 3x 66MHz Pentium 233/PII 3.5x 66MHz Pentium II 300 4.5x 66MHz Pentium II 350 3.5x 100MHz Pentium II 450 4.5x 100MHz Pentium !!! 500 5x 100MHz Pentium !!! 533 4x 133MHz Pentium !!! 667 5x 133MHz Pentium !!! 733 5.5x 133MHz Pentium !!! 800 8x 100MHz

Memory (rSwfÓPf) 13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPU rSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;? tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/

14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory Card trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí cGJjcm;edkifygonf/

15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory Card rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 13 uuuGef

Monitor (armfeDwm) 16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf- (u) Monochrome ( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor ) ( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor ) (C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array ) ( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array ) ( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )

17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yHk&dyf\tvif;tarSmifESifh rsufESmjyifudk tay: atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;? aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/

9 Pin 0 0 0 0 0 15 Pin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mono, CGA, EGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VGA, SVGA, XVGA Connector Connector yHk (4)

18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;

Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors

640 x 480(VGA) 0.15MB 0.29MB 0.59MB 0.88MB

800 x 600(SVGA) 0.23MB 0.46MB 0.92MB 1.37MB

1024 x 768(XGA) 0.38MB 0.75MB 1.5MB 2.25MB

1280 x 1024(SXGA) 0.63MB 1.25MB 2.5MB 3.75MB 1600 x 1200 0.92MB 1.83MB 3.66MB 5.94MB

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths Z,m;(5) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 14 uuuGef

½Sif;vif;csuf/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESifh 16 Million Color az:jyEdkifaom Frame wpfckudk Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MB vdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/

Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;) 19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95 Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/

PS2 Keyboard Connector yHk (5) 101 Keyboard AT Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female ) ( 5-Pin -Female )

Mouse 20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/ toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Serial Mouse Connector

PS2 Mouse Connector

yHk (6) Mouse & Mouse Pad PC Hardware & System Maintenance 15 uuuGef

Printer 21/ Printer qdkonfrSm Data rsm;? ½kyfyHkrsm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Gufay:odkY xkwf,laompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; ESpfrsKd; cJGjcm;Edkifygonf- (u) Impact Printer ( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/

Impact Printer 22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif - (u) Daisywheel Printer ( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/

23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

Daisy Wheel Printer 24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf; ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;

Dot Matrix Printer 25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin ta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/

24 Pin 9 Pin Dot Matrix Printer Printer Head Printer Head yHk (7) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 16 uuuGef Non-Impact Printer 26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif - (u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl) ( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf) ( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [lí awGU½SdEdkifygonff/

Laser Jet Printer

yHk (8)

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT) (uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg twdkif; jzpfygonf - (u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGif½Sdaom AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) (2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ ( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGA Interface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ ( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 17 uuuGef

( p) System Unit wGif½Sd Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ (q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ ( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ ( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ AC Source rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ (n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC Source ESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/ ( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/

Rear Panel of AT System Unit

DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)

AC OUTLET (B)

( TO MONITOR) ○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○

AC INLET (A)

DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E) ○○○○○

KEYBOARD INPUT (D)

VGA INTERFACE (C)

SERIAL 2 ○○○○○ ......

...... PARALLEL PORT (F) ○○○○○

PARALLEL SERIAL 1 PARALLEL & SERIAL ○○○○○ ......

...... INTERFACE SERIAL PORT (E) tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef

wyfqif&ef GAME I N SPK Speaker ......

...... SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G) yHk (9) ..... MIC OUT tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY ...... xkwf&ef ae&m VGA Port O/P MIC wyfqif&ef VGA INTERFACE (C) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 18 uuuGef Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX) (uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf- (u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS System Unit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) (2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/

Rear Panel of ATX System Unit Keyboard PS/2 (E) PS/2 Mouse

AC OUTLET (B)

AC INLET (A) (F) PORT USB

o

o

......

○○○○○

...... yHk (10) ○○○○○○○○○○○○○ COM B ○○○○○○○○○○○○

LPT PORT ...... tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS

O/P udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef o

Speaker wyfqif&ef o

...... VGA INTERFACE (C)

○○○○○

Game Port I N SPK (G) ...... COM A ...... SOUND CARD INTERFACE (D) MIC OUT

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY o O/P xkwf&efae&m o MIC wyfqif&ef PC Hardware & System Maintenance 19 uuuGef

( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom VGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &Sd Interface wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqif toHk;jyKvdkygu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqif toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ (q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdkuf½dkuf csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ (n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGif Surge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/ ( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/

Starting The Computer (For Windows XP) (Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)

29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkifygonf/ (u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/ ( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 20 uuuGef

( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/ (C) acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemuf Computer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x, desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)

Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP) (Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf-

(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyfyg/

( c) Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start Button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc Key udkwGJíESdyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Windows Keyboard rsm;wGif Windows Key udkEdSyfyg/

( *) Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)

(C) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyfyg/

( i) Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13)

( p) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/

(q) Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/

( Z) AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 21 uuuGef

yHk(11)

yHk(12) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 22 uuuGef

yHk(13)

Startup Procedure for PC (uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)

31/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;ukd rD;zGifhvkdufonfESifh atmufygtqifhrsm;twkdif; aqmif&GufNyD; Ready tqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf-

(u) Power Supply Unit

( c) Motherboard/Mainboard

( *) Crystal (X'tal)

(C) Clock Generator

( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse

( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System) PC Hardware & System Maintenance23 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNyD; DC Voltage (4) rsKd; (+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4) rsKd;udk ±5% Error twGif; tNrJ&Sdaeatmif Maintainvkyfay;aejcif;jzifh Regu- lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwfay; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode Power Supply trsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdkonfrSm 5V Output twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qHk; &Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; 12.6V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ ( c) Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh 5.25V twGif;&SdrSomvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odkYjyefydkYay;onf/ PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSU tvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysufwdkif; Mother Board udk rxdcdkufap&efESifh Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ( *) Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif; ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818 MHz)xkwfay;onf/ 4if;vdIif;udk Digital Clock toGifajymif;,l&ef vdktyfonf/ (C) Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk Clock Generator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/ ( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory, Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponfhtpdwftydkif; toD;oD;odkY ay;ydkYonf/ ( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/ Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if; twGif;wGif Program udk puf½HkrSxkwfvkyfpOfuwnf;u owfrSwfay;vdkufygonf/ ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf- PC Hardware & System Maintenance 24 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

(1) Power On Self Test (uGefysLwmrD;zGifhcsdefrSpí pwifppfaq;rIjyKvkyfjcif;) (2) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;) (3) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef qufoG,frI udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)

Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 32/POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/

33/POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports, Parallel Ports rSwfÓPf (Memory) wdkYudk ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyfí&&Sdaom Hardware tajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS Boot Strap odkY a&muf&Sdygonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gif;rI&Sdygu Monitor ay:wGifeHygwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? Error Message ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/

Start -Up Procedure For PC wpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh (PC ) CMOS

MOTHER BOARD Internal Regulated Battery DC Output 3V ROM-BIOS (± 5% Error) (i) POST + 5 Digital → (Power On Self - 5 Clock AC P → Analog Test) 1234567 +12 1234567 → 1234567 → S 1234567 (ii) Boot Strap

→-12 230V/110V U PG → Clock Generator Crystal Switched (Oscillator) (iii) Low Level Mode → Read Interface Power →Other Only Supply Devices Memory → Basic Input yHk(1 ) Output 4 System PC Hardware & System Maintenance25 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

(ii) Boot Strap Boot Strap Program Code

Boot Strap Program I/O.SYS Main 2 3 Memory MSDOS.SYS 4 Program Seg F ROM-BIOS Loader CONFIG.SYS 1 5 COMMAND.COM yHk(15) 6 Seg 2 7 AUTOEXEC.BAT Seg 1 WIN.COM Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 34/Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/

35/Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf- (u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/ ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR) odkYr[kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sdaeaom Master Boot Record (MBR)rS Boot Strap Program Code udk uGefysLwm\rSwfÓPf (Memory) ay:odkY wifydkYay;NyD; 4if;wGifyg&Sdonfh Instruc- tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/ ( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&dS System File (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS (4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odkY quf vufwifay;onf/

36/Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD; vkyfaqmifay;aom IO.SYS File udkyxrOD;pGm Memory ay:odkY wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 26 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

37/4if;aemuf Memory ay:odkYa&muf&SdNyDjzpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udkajz&Sif; aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/

38/IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNyD; Memory ay:odkY wifay; onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif Hardware Device topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif xnfhoGif; ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwfonfh Device rsm; wyfqif xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/

39/4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdkifudk qufvuf&SmazGNyD; Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh Directory wGif &SdaMumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdkifonf/ COMMAND.COM zdkifonf DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&SdvQif "Missing Command Interpreter" [k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/

40/qufvufíaemufqHk;tqifhwGi f COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfpkpnf;íxnfhoGif;xm;onfhzdkif jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh jzpfapygonf/

Low Level Interface (trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 41/BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsif;csif;udk tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufrIudk OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard Disk rS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 27 uuuGef

Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP) (Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;) 42/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf- (u) Start®All Programs ® Accessories ® System Tools ® Disk Defragmentor udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)

yHk(16)

( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfyg/ (1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/ (2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C: ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyfyg/ (3) Shortcut Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 28 uuuGef

yHk(17)

(4) Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyfyg/ (5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18) (6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools udka½G;yg/ (7) Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyfyg/ ( *) Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (19) (1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udkxyfNyD; a½G;cs,f Edkifygonf/ (2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragments Button udk Click vkyfyg/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance 29 uuuGef

yHk(18)

yHk(19) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 30 uuuGef

(C) rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)

yHk(20) ( i) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif; vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyfyg/ ( p) teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaeaom zdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?

tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/ (q) Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 31 uuuGef

yHk(21)

( Z) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdk ygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report udkMunfh½Ivdkygu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif atmufyg Defragmentation Report Window yHk(22 ) ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/

yHk(22) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 32 uuuGef

(ps) Defragmentation Report ygtcsuftvufrsm;tm; odrf;qnf;vdkygu Save As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xGufvdkygu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyf aqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGmNyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/

43/ DOS Mode rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf- (u) Start®Command Prompt udk yHk(23 )ygtwdkif;a&G;cs,f Click vkyfyg/ ( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(24 )

yHk(23)

( *) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Defragmentation vkyfvdkaom Drive ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udk½dkufí Enter Key udkESdyfygu Defragmenting vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>DEFRAG F:) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 33 uuuGef

yHk(24)

44/ DOS Mode rS Check Disk jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf- (u) Start®Command Prompt udk yHk(23 )ygtwdkif;a&G;cs,f Click vkyfyg/ ( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(25) ( *) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Check Disk vkyfvdkaom Drive ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udk½dkufí Enter Key udkESdyfygu Check Disk vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>CHKDSK C:)

yHk(25) PC Hardware & System Maintenance 34 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

45/Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm; ½SdEdkifygonf- (u) User Error (toHk;jyKolrsm;rS pufudk pepfwus zGifh^ydwf rjyKvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKpOf ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;) ( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;) ( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zkefrIefYrsm;? Temperature -tylcsdef? Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyfppfoHvdkuf qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif; aESmuf,SufrIrsm;) (C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm- (1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;) (2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI) (3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhhwufoGm;jcif;) (4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;) (5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;) (6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;) (7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )

Protecting Electrical Power Problem (vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 46/Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdkYrSumuG,f&ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESifh Surge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHkk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply) udkwqifhcHí toHk;jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(26) PC Hardware & System Maintenance35 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;

600VA

yHk(26) rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternal AVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor) twGuff yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/ 47/uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf-

5v Power 20.0 Amps Less Motherboard (5.0 amps) 4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) =Remaining power 4.0 amps

12v Power 8.0 Amps Less 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp) Cooling fan (0.1 amp) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) =Ramaining power 4.2 amps

14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA) 15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA) PC Hardware & System Maintenance36 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;) 48/uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm; owdjyKvdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf- (u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/ ( c) uGefysLwmwpfvHk;tm; rzGifhrD Cable rsm;csdwfqufxm;rI rSefrrSefppfaq;yg/ (110 V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/ ( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/ (C) uGefysLwm ON/OFF jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;udk Procedure twdkif;pepfwus vkyfaqmifyg/ ( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd^r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS^r&dS wdkYudk ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/ ( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/ (q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton Disk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/ ( Z) uGefysLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,frSuif;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufqHk;ay: Anti Virus Program tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifh rSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/ ( ps) jyifyrS,laqmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq; NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/ (n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm; vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif; rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/ ( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½IavhvmNyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/ ( !) System ydkif;qdkif&mESifh Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrIrsm; udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/ ( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/ PC Hardware & System Maintenance37 uuuGefuuuGefuuuGef

Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;) 49/uGefysLwm\ vkyfaqmifrItqifhrsm;udk atmufygvG,ful&Sif;vif;aomyHkjzifh rnfonfhtydkif; wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf- (u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory, Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk, Application Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ O/S ( c) POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif Key- Firmware(ROMBIOS) board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;) Hardware ( *) Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ (C) Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/ ( i) tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKdUudk atmufygtwdkif; jypfcsuf&SmazGEdkifygonf- pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm; 1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) PSU 2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) Monitor 3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif; (odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf 4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY) VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY) Mother Board/ CPU raumif; 5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm; rwlnD 6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)Hard Disk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif; (odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf; 7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD; 8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virus interpreter zsufqD; PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 38

PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 50/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connector rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(27)ESifhyHk(28)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonf-

Floppy Disk Connector ATX Power Supply Hard Disk Connector Connector South } Bridge ...... Backup DIMM Battery Memory }Bank

North Bridge AGP Slot ISA Slots ISA Slots PCI Slots PCI Slots PCI Slots Slot 1(CPU) PCI Slots

A C F H

B DE GI J K A PS2/ mouse E Serial Port A I Audio Line Out (optional) B PS2/ keyboard F Parallel Port J Audio Line in (optional) C USB Port 1 G Serial Port B K Audio Mic in (optional) D USB Port 2 H MIDI/Game Port (optional) Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard yHk (27) 39 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Desktop Board Components

A BCDE

F G H Y I

USB Line In X J Device W

V

UT S RQ P O N M L K Socket Type Intel DX15EEA Motherboard yHk (28) A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional) B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2) D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connector F. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3) H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socket J. DIMM sockets K. Power connector L. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connector N. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connector P. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connector R. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternate T. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1) V. Battery W. SCSI LED connector X. Speaker Y. PCI expansion

The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors: Processor Socket Processor System Bus L2 Cache Type Type Designation (MHz) Freq. (MHz) Size (KB) Intel FC-PGA 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 133 256 Pentium 600EB, and 533EB Processors FC-PGA 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 100 256 600E, 550E, and 500E Intel FC-PGA 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 66 128 Celeron 533A, and 500A Processors Celeron PPGA 533 and 500 66 128 Processors For the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at: Z,m;(1) PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 40 Intel's Microprocessor 51/ Computer wpfvkH;\ Model ukd ¤if;wGifwyfqifxm;aomCPU \Model jzifhowfrSwf qkH;jzwfMuygonf/ ¤if; CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESifh RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfMuNyD; Special Purpose Computer rsm;wGif tokH;rsm;Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Intel,AMD,Cyrix ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjydKiftqkdifxkwfvkyfvm&m ,cktcgwGif 1000 MHz(1 GHz) tjrefEIef;txd a&muf½SdvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onf Intel rSxkwfvkyfaom Microprocessor rsm;ESifh tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom Processor rsm;\ pufrIqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;? pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

52/Z,m;(2)t& atmufaz:jyygtxl;od½Sd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGY½SdEkdifygonf- (u) 486 DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGif; 'ór*Pef;rsm;ukd wGufcsuf aqmif&GufEkdifonfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) (okdU) Co-Math Processor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ( c) 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ ( *) Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm ( 57 MMX Instruction ) aygif;pyf wnfaqmufvkdufaomtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjyD; Multimedia qkdif&mñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd CPU rSajz½Sif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifonf/ (C) P6 Architecture udk MMX Instruction Set (57 Instruction) aygif;vdkufaom tcg PII Processor [líjzpfay:vmonf/ ( i) P II Processor wGif 3D Instruction (SSE-Streaming SIMD) aygif;pyffvdkufaomtcg P!!! Processor [líjzpfay:vmum 3D Instruction rsm;udk CPU rSajz&Sif;aqmif½GufvmEdkifonf/ ( p) Pentium Pro (P6) Microprocessor twGif;ü L2 Cache udk built-in wnf aqmufxm;jcif;jzifh L2 Cache rS access vkyfonfh Performance udkwdk;wuf aponf/ (q) Pentium Pro (P6) rSpí L2 Cache ESifh CPU wdkY\ access vkyfonfhEIH;udk CPU Core Speed \w0uf (odkY) tjynfhjzifh aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh Performance udk ydkrdkwdk;wufaponf/ 41 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Feb'82 Introduced Oct'94 Jan'97 Date May'97 Feb'94 Mar'93 Nov'95 Apr'94 Apr'91 Apr'89 Apr'91 Mar'92 Jan'95 Nov'92 Apr'98 Feb'2000 Oct'99 Apr'98 Mar'99 Oct'99 Feb'99 275,000 Jun'88 134,000 Tsransistors No. of 7.5M 1.6M 3.1M 1.185M 1.2M 1.2M 1.185M 1.2M 1.4M 9.5M tructions ultimedia es MMX 7.5M Yes MMX 4.5M Integral M Yes - 3.1M Yes - YesYes MMXYes MMXYes SSE 27.4M SSE 19M Jan'99 28.1M 28.1M Aug'98 Yes SSE 28.1M 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 29,000 Jun'78 Speed FPU Ins Core Yes1/2Core Yes - MMX 5.5M Bus - - 275,000 Oct'85 Core Core Core YesCore MMX YesCore SSE 7.5M 9.5M Core 1/2Core Yes SSE Core - - - - 29,000 Jun'79 256KB 512KB 1MB 512KB 256KB 128KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 256KB 1MB2MB 84M 140M May2000 128KB 256KB 512KB WT - Bus - - 855,000 Oct'90 1 2x16KB WB - Bus Cache Type Cache 2x8KB WB2x8KB WB -2x16KB WB Bus Yes - 3.3M L1 Cache L2 Cache 2x16KB WB 2x16KB WB - Bus 16KB WT2x8KB WB - - Bus Bus Yes - 2x16KB WB2x16KB WB 0KB -2x16KB WB Y 2x16KB WB 2x16KB WB 2x16KB WB 2x16KB WB 2x16KB WB 16MB 0KB 16MB - - - Bus - - 16MB ------Memory 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB Width Data L1 L2 32-bit 16-bit 32-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 1MB - - - 16-bit 8-bit 1MB - - 32-bit32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 4GB 32-bit 64-bit Size 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 4GB 8KB 8KB WT WT - - Bus Bus Yes Yes - - 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus - - 32-bit32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 4GB - 8KB WT - - - Bus - - Internal 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 32-bit 32-bit32-bit 4GB 64-bit 4GB 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus Yes - 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus Opt - 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 64-bit 5-2v 8-2v 8-2.8v 8-2.8v 3-3.5v 8-2.8v 3-1.6v 8-2.8v 8-2.8v 3-1.7v 3.3v 1.6v 1.65v 3.3v 2-3x CPU Register Bus Max 2.5x1.5-3x 5v 3. 1x 3.3v 3.5-4.5x 1. 2-3x 2 386SL 1x 3.3v 386SX 1x 5v 8086286 1x 1x 5v 5v 16-bit 16-bit 8088 1x 5v Pentium MMXPentium Pro 1.5-4.5xPentium II 1. 3.5-4.5x 1. Processor Clock Voltage Pentium II PE 3.5-6x 486Pentium OD Pentium 75-200 Celeron Celeron III 4.5-9xPentium II 1. 4-4.5xPentium III Xeon 1. 5-6xPentium III E Xeon 4.5-6.5x 1. 487SX486DX486SL 1x 1x 5v 5v 486SX2 2x 5v 386DX486SX 1x 1x 5v 5v 486DX4 Pentium 60/66 1x 5v 486DX2 2x 5v Celeron APentium III 3.5-8x 4-6x 1. 1. Pentium III E 4-9x 1. Intel Processor Specifications Z,m; (2) 42 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading May'98 May'97 ocessing of Date 9.3M 21.3M Feb'99 Multimedia No. MMX 6.5M s 3DNow s 3DNow Yes Yes Ench.3DNow 25M Ench.3DNow 37M Jun'2000 Yes Jun'2000 3DNow Yes 22M 3DNow Feb'2000 5.9M Sep'98 Yes Ench.3DNow 22M Jun'99 Core 3 3 3 3 1/3 - 1/2 Bus Yes - Bus Ye 256KB Core Ye ype Cache Speed FPU Instructions Tsransistors Cache L2 Cache Integral WBWB - - Bus Bus Yes Yes - MMX 5.4M 3.5M Oct'97 Mar'94 Internal Data L1 L2 oltage Size Width Memory Cache T 1.6-1.8v 32-bit 64-bit 8TB 2x64KB WB 512KB 2.5-7x 2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 64KB WB 256KB Core 2.3-5x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 64KB WB - included power-management capabilities. = outside the chip. but the cache memory must be provided The 386SL contains an Itegral-cache controller, =v versions and available in both 5 v and 3.3 were processors Intel later marketed SL Enhance version of the SX, DX, and DX2 processors.These = speed. On-die integrated L2 cache-runs at full-core = 128 KB functional L2 cache (265 total, disabled), use same die as Pentium 333 E. 1 2 3 4 ProcessorIntroduced CPUAMD K5 ClockAMD K6 V AMD-K6-2 1.5-1.75x 3.5v 2.5-4.5x Register Bus 3.5-5x 2.2-3.2v 32-bit 32-bit 2.2-2.4v 64-bit Max 64-bit 32-bit 4GB 4GB 64-bit L1 4GB 16+8KB 2x32KB WB WB 2x32KB - WB - Bus Bus Yes Yes - MMX 8.8M 4.3M Apr'97 Mar'96 AMD-K6-3 4.5x 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x32KB WB AMD- 4Cyrix 6x86 5-10xCyrix 6x86MX/MII 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 2x 64-bitNexgen Nx586IDT Winchip 8TB 2x 2.5-3.5v 32-bitIDT Winchip2/2a 2.33-4x 3.4x 2x64KB 64-bitRise mP6 WB 3.3-3.5v 4v 32-bit 4GB 256KB 3.3-3.5v Core FPU 32-bit 64-bit 32-bitWT 16KB 2-3.5x 64-bit = 4GBWB Floating Point Unit (internal math ) 64-bit WB 2.8v 4GB =Bus only) Cache (caches read - Through Write 4GB 2x32KB =Core - WB and writes) cahce (caches both reads Write-Back 32-bit =MMX 2x32KB speed) external bus speed (motherboard = Processor 2x16KB - speed (CPU speed) internal core Processor 3DNow 64-bit = = Bus Multimedia extensions, 57 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing Enh.3DNow= 3DNow plus 24 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing MMX plus 21 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 4GBSSE Core Yes 2x8KB = Multiple Data) Extensions, MMX plus 70 additional instructions SIMD (Single Instruction for graphics and sound pr Streaming WB - - Bus 3MYes MMX Feb'96 3.6M Oct'98 Cyrix III AMD-Duron 5-10x 1.5-1.8v 32-bit 64-bit 8TB 2x64KB WB 64KB Core AMD-Athlon 5-10x Intel Compatible Processors Z,m; (3) 43 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading (Z) P II / P!!! Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI 1024 KB rS 2048 KB xd &SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; Server rsm;wGiftusKd;jyK Edkifonf/

Chipset 53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd t"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSm Chipset jzpfyg onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slot rsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh South Bridge [lí½Sdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset, VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/

54/Z,m; (4)ESifh(5)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGU½SdEkdifygonf- (u) Chipset ukdMunfhí Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ ( c) Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( *) Chipset ay:rlwnfí trsm;qkH;wyfqifEkdifonfh t"durSwfOmPfyrmP Memory Bank ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ (C) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ ( i) 440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf 2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK Ekdifonf/ ( p) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU trsdK;tpm;uGmjcm;onf/ (q) Chipset ay:rlwnfí BUS Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO, SDRAM, RDRAM) uGmjcm;onf/ ( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnfí UDMA 33 / UDMA 66/ UDMA 100 Hard Disk wyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/ (n) Chipset ay:rlwnfí AGP Support(1X/ 2X/ 4X) vkyfEdkifjcif;? rvkyfEdkifjcif; uGmjcm;ygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 44 Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BX Codename Natoma none none none Date Introduced May 1996 Aug 1997 Apr 1998 Apr 1999 Port Number 82441 FX 82443 LX 82443 EX 82443 BX 82442 FX Bus Speed 66 MHz 66 MHz 66 MHz 66/100 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II Pentium II Celeron Pentium II/III, Celeron SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes No Yes Memory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO FPM/EDO/SDRAM EDO/SDRAM SDRAM Parity/ECC Both Both Neither Both Maximum Memory 1 GB 1 GB EDO/ 256 MB 1 GB 512 MB SDRAM Memory Banks 4 4 2 4 PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 AGP Support No AGP-2x AGP-2x AGP-2x South Bridge 82371AB(PIIX4) 82371EB(PIIX4E) 82371EB(PIIX3) 82371SB(PIIX4E)

Chipset 440GX 450NX 440ZX 810 Codename none none none Whitney Date Introduced Jun 1998 Jun 1998 Nov 1998 Apr 1999 Port Number 82443 GX 82451 NX 82443 ZX 82810/ 82810-DC100 82452 NX 82802 AB/AC 82453 NX 82454 NX Bus Speed 100 MHz 100 MHz 66/100 MHz* 66/100 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II/III, Pentium II/III Celeron, Celeron, Xeon Xeon Pentium II/III Pentium II/III SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes, up to 4 No No Memory Types SDRAM FPM/EDO SDRAM SDRAM Parity/ECC Both Both Neither Neither Maximum Memory 2 GB 8 GB 256 MB 256 MB Memory Banks 4 4 2 2 PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 AGP Support AGP-2x No AGP-2x Direct AGP South Bridge 82371EB 82371EB 82371EB 2801AA/AB (PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (ICH/ICH0)

SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors ) FPM = Fast Page Mode PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect EDO = Extended Data Out AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port BEDO = Burst EDO SIO = System I/O SDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator Pburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous ) ICH = I/O Controller Hub Z,m; (4) 45 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Intel South Bridge Chips

Chip Name SIO PIIX PIIX3 PIIX4 PIIX4E ICHO ICH

Port Number 82378IB/ZB 82371FB 82371SB 82371AB 82371EB 82801AB 82801AA IDE Support None BMIDE BMIDE UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-66 USB Support None None Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CMOS/Clock No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Power SMM SMM SMM SMM SMM/ SMM/ SMM/ Management ACPI ACPI ACPI

SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDE PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDE ICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management Mode USB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power Interface IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment) Z,m; (5) Mother Board Upgrading 55/ Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed ? Memory Bus Speed uGmjcm;onfh twGuf Mother Board wGif wyfqif&rnfh t"durSwfOmPf (Main Memory) \tjrefEIef;rsm; onfvnf; Mother Board Speed ?Memory Bus Speed ESifh udkufnD&efvdktyfygonf/ odkYjzpfí Mother Board udk Upgrade jyKvkyf&mwGif topfwyfqifrnfh Mother Board rSvufcHonfh Memory trsKd;tpm;(FPM / EDO / SDRAM / RDRAM) ESifh Memory Speed (PC 66 MHz / PC 100 MHz / PC 133 MHz) wdkYudkudkufnDatmifa½G;cs,f&rnf jzpfygonf/Z,m;(7)

Processor Sockets / Slots 56/ CPU udk Socket wGifvnf;aumif;? tcsKdU SEC Type CPU rsm;udk Slot wGif vnf;aumif; wyfqif&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m CPU Upgrade jyKvkyf&mü Motherboard ay:½Sd Socket eHygwfukdMunfhjcif;jzifh rnffonfh CPU jzifh Upgrade vkyfEkdifaMumif; od½SdEkdifygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm Socket 7 Motherboard ay:wGif Slot 1, PGA 370, Slot 2 Processor rsm;jzifh Upgrade rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ tu,fí Upgrade jyKvkyfvkdygu CPU omru Motherboard ukdyg Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ (Memory ukdvnf; Motherboard \tjrefEIef;ESifhukdufnDaom Memory jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/) CPU Socket rsm;\pufrIqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk Z,m;(6)wGifawGUEdkifygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 46

Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications Socket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported Processors Number Socket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive 238 19x19 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive, 486 Pentium Overdrive 237 19x19 PGA 5v/3.3v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86 273 21x21 PGA 5v Pentium 60/66, Overdrive 320 37x37 SPGA 3.3v/3.5v Pentium 75-133, Overdrive Socket 6** 235 19x19 PGA 3.3v 486 DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive Socket 7 321 37x37 SPGA VRM Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive, AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/II 387 dual pattern SPGA Auto VRM Pentium Pro PGA370 370 37x37 SPGA Auto VRM Celeron Slot 1 242 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Celeron Slot 2 330 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Xeon

PGA = Pin Grid Array SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module Z,m; (6)

CPU Speed CPU Clock Mainboard CPU Speed CPU Clock Mainboard

CPU Type (MHz) Multiplier Speed (MHz) CPU Type (MHz) Multiplier Speed (MHz)

Pentium 60 1x 60 Celeron 667 10x 66 Pentium 60 1x 66 Pentium II 350 3.5x 66 Pentium 75 1.5x 50 Pentium II/Xeon 400 4x 100 Pentium 90 1.5x 60 Pentium II/III/Xeon 450 4.5x 100 Pentium 100 1.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 500 5x 100 Pentium 120 2x 60 Pentium III/Xeon 550 5.5x 100 Pentium 133 2x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 600 6x 100 Pentium 150 2.5x 60 Pentium III/Xeon 650 6.5x 100 Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX 166 2.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 700 7x 100 Pentium/PenitumPro 180 3x 60 Pentium III/Xeon 750 7.5x 100 Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX 200 3x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 800 8x 100 Pentium-MMX/Pentium II 233 3.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 850 8.5x 100 Pentium-MMX(Mobile)/ 266 4x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 533 4x 133 Pentium II/Celeron Pentium III/Xeon 600 4.5x 133 Pentium II/Celeron 300 4.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 667 5x 133 Pentium II/Celeron 333 5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 733 5.5x 133 Pentium II/Celeron 366 5.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 800 6x 133 Celeron 400 6x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 866 6.5x 133 Celeron 433 6.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 933 7x 133 Celeron 466 7x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 1000 7.5x 133 Celeron 500 7.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 1066 8x 133 Celeron 533 8x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 1133 8.5x 133 Celeron 566 8.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 1200 9x 133 Celeron 600 9x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 1266 9.5x 133 Celeron 633 9.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 1333 10x 133 Z,m; (7) 47 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGmpGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 57/ PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf atmufaz:jyygenf;vrf;(5)rsdK;jzifh jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEkdifygonf- Upgrade 2 CPUESifh L2 Cahce (BackSide Bus) qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif; oD;jcm;xm;½Sdjcif;/

\ Backside 1 CPU System I/O Bus bus speed tm; 66 MHz rS 100 ~133~200 MHz xd CPU I/O BUS

Accelerated L2 cache (old) Graphic Port

5 PCI Graphic Con- tpm; troller Acce- PCI Bus 3 Main Memory Speed lerated Graphic Port ukdjrefqefap&eftwGuf ukd tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh SDRAM, RDRAM Graphic Speed ukd Graphics PCI PCI wkdYjzifhtpm;xkd;jyKvkyfapjcif; Controller device Device jrefqefapjcif; (old) 4 PCI BUS Width ukd 32-bit 64-bit okdY¤if;? yHk ( ) 29 Speed ukd 33 MHz rS 66 MHz xd¤if; ESpfqwifjcif;jzifh Speed jrefqefapjcif; rSwfcsuf/ P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf txufygtcsuf(5)csufESifh ukdufnDatmif Design jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh ¤if;Motherboard rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif; jzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 48

Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;) 58/ P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf-

Intel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7

Private CPU CPU backside bus I/O bus I/O bus (64 bits wide) (64 bits wide) (64 bits wide)

PCI bus PCI bus

PCI device PCI device PCI device PCI device PCI device PCI device

Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, improv- ing cache access bandwidth over Socket 7. yHk (30) 59/ Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (Dual- Independence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memory ukd wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpfí ,cif Pentium ESifh Pentium xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/ 49 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Conventional Graphics Architecture 60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk toHk;jyKí PCI Slot wGif wyfqifvkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rate om tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

3-D Program rsm; onfh 3-D Texture Graphic Controller rsm;udkFrame Buffer rSvmaom PCI Memory wnfaqmufí Main Request rsm;udk Chipset Memory twGif;ü rS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/ okdavSmifonf/

PCI rS Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf One Cycle wGifwpfBudrfomykdYvTwf Ekdifjcif;aMumifh ykdYvTwfrI tjrefEIef;enf;aponf/

Graphic Control- ler \Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnf aqmufjyD; ¤if; twGif;ü Main Memory wGif ½SdNyD; jzpfaom 3-D PCI Graphic Card onftjcm; PCI Texture rsm;ukd xyfrH Device rsm;ESifh PCI Bus ukd rQa0okH;pGJ í odrf;qnf;xm;&o &onfhtwGufaMumifh Bandwidth jzifhMemory okH;pGJrI yHk ( ) uefYowfcsufukdjzpfaponf/ rsm;onf/ 31

61/ PCI Graphic Card tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qkdif&mtjrefEIef;(Data ykdYvTwfonfhEIef;) aES;onfh jyóemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyóemukd ajz½Sif;&ef AGP Card, AGP Slot tokH;jyKoifhygonf/ Pentium ESifh¤if;xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGP ukd raqmif&Guf Ekdifojzifh AGP Chipset ygaom Motherboard rsm;jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf &efvkdtyfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdU AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifhomtvkyfvkyfEkdif jyD;aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x jzifhtvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/ AGP \ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 50 How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonf- AGP onf tjcm; Bus rsm;ESifh rQa0okH;pGJ &efrvkdbJ Chipset, Main Memory wkdYESifh wkduf½kduf tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/ Graphic Controller rSvmaom ( ESifh rsm;ukd Program Texture Main PCI Memory Request rsm;udk rS okdYwkduf½kduf ay;ykdY Memory AGP Chipset rS vufcHodrf;qnfí Ekdifonf)/ CPU tjrefqkH;tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/ I/O Bus

AGP

Graphics Controller (old)

PCI Bus 3-D Program rsm; \ Graphic Controller onf3-D Texture wGif Memory Frame Buffer rsm; udk Frame Buffer wnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;twGif;ü Main PCI PCI PCI wGif odrf;p&mrvkdawmhbJ ½Sd rsm;ukd Device Device Memory 3-D Texture Device Main Memory t xyfrHí odrf;qnf;&ef rvkdawmhbJ AGP \ Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf One wGif; vkdtyfoavmuf 3-D Dataukdom odrf;qnf; xm; Cycle wGif ESpfBudrfykdYvTwfEkdifjcif;aMumifh om okdavSmifonf/ ojzifh MemoryvkdtyfrI enf;onf/ tjrefEIef; (Band width) ukd ESpfq jrifhwufaponf/ yHk (32) 63/okdYjzpfí Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&mü AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twkdif;awGY½Sd&ojzifh Graphic qkdif&m? Animation qkdif&m? Video qkdif&m? Presentation rsm;ESifh Editing vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;wGif AGP 2x, 4x Graphic Card wkdYukd okH;pGJoifhygonf/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf (AGP 2x onf PCI xuf av;qjrefjyD;? AGP 4x onf PCI xuf ½Spfqjrefonf) PCI AGP 2x Bits per transfer 32 32 Transfer per clock cycle One Two Clock cycles per second 33.3Million 66.6 Million Band Width 133 MByte/Sec 533 MByte/Sec 51 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 64/uGefysLwm Hardware qdkif&mESifh Software qdkif&mwdkY\ wdk;wufajymif;vJrIonf tvGef jrefqefonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;jyKolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; waeYwjcm; wdk;wufvmonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmpepftm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifjcif; (Upgrading) udkvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfvmygonf/ Upgrading jyKvkyfjcif;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tBuHjyKygonf/ (u) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKonfh vkyfief;twGuf Software qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf aqmif½Guf&ef vdk^rvdk/ Oyrm / Windows 98 rS Windows 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ Office 97 rS Office 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ ( c) Software qdkif&m Upgrading vkyfaqmif&mwGif Hardware qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ( *) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Memory (FPM / EDO / SDRAM) yrmP jr§ifhwifjcif;udk yxrOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ (C) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Hard Disk yrmPESifh tjrefEIef; jr§ifhwifa&;udk 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Board jr§ifhwifa&;udk wwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( p) Mother Board jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif Casing ESifh Power Supply trsKd;tpm; tm; AT (odkY) ATX Casing & Power Supply udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf ygonf/ (q) Graphic Performance jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf Graphic Card wGifyg&Sdaom Memory jr§ifhwifa&; (odkY) ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom Graphic Card jzifh tpm;xdk; aqmif½Gufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/ ( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? Application Program rsm;udk Install jyKvkyfí toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf? OS qdkif&mvdktyfcsufrsm;udk udkufnDatmifaqmif½Gufay;&ojzifh ,if; Program rsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/ Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3D Graphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 52

Hard Disk Storage 65/ uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGif tcsuftvufodkavSmif ypönf;wpfckjzpfonfh Hard Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif; qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf? rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif ½Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ 66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf- (u) Disk Platters ( c) Logic Board ( *) Read/Write Heads (C) Cable and Connector ( i) Head Actuator Mechanism ( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches) (q) Spindle Motor 67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,f twGif;wGif&Sdaom ypönf;rsm;udk atmufaz:jyygyHktwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

yHk (33) 53 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 68/txufygyHkt& Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyfxm;aom puf0dkif;yHk tvlrDeD,rfjym;rsm;udk Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD; Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh ñdIUízwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpD wyfqifxm;NyD; 4if; Head rsm;onf Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY tuGmta0; (3 µ in) rSñdIUízwfonf/ 69/,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf) User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrI½kwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh Head Crack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ 70/rD;tm;jyóemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif; Head Crack jzpfEdkifouJhodkY Logic Card udkvnf; ysufpD;cRwf,Gif;Edkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí vQyfppfrD; jyóemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ 71/ Hard Disk onf atmufaz:jyygyHkrsm;twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD;í " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/ Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Track rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/

123 Spindle 123 Head Arm 123 Platter

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123 Head

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123

123 Cylinder

123

123

123

123

123

123 yHk ( ) 123 34 123

123

123

123

123

123 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 54 72/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf? Head ta&twGuf? Sector ta&twGufay:wGif rlwnfí wGufcsufEdkifyg onf/ atmufaz:jyyg yHk(9)onf Capacity rsm;rsm; odrf;qnf;Edkif&eftwGuf wpfvufrwGif &Sdaom Track ta&twGuf udk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif; jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/

Tracks per Inch ( TPI ) Tracks per Inch ( TPI )

Bits Bits per per Inch Inch (BPI) (BPI)

Track Lower Bits Higher Areal Areal Density Density

yHk (35) 73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGifatmufaz:jyyg yHk(10)twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf; aMumif; (Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/

Track

}Sector

yHk (36) 55 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 74/ Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (System Area) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfoGm;ygu tcsuftvufrsm; ysufqD;qHk;½IH;NyD; Hard Disk wpfckvHk; oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ (eg : Track 1024)

Outer Track

Middle Track yHk (37) Inner Track

Cylinders Outer Cylinder

MiddleCylinder

Inner Cylinder

yHk (38) PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 56 Hard Disk Features 75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü- (u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI) ( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP) ( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf) (C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique) ( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm) ( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv) ( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;) ( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;) ( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/ 76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh wdkif;wm onf/ MTBF rSm 20000 rS 50000 em&D txufwGif&SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm/ MTBF t& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu (17)ESpfMumtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD; (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefY toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif; wGufcsufcefYrSef;Edkifygonf/) 4if;onf oDtdk&Dt& oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm; xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ 77/ Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm; (u) uGefysLwmtm; rD;zGifhjcif;? rD;ydwfjcif;wdkYudk owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnf/ ( c) Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf rydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/ ( *) Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif ruRrf;usifbJ toHk;rjyKoifhyg/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½INyD;rSom oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom oHk;pGJoifhygonf/) (C) CMOS Setup &Sd Hard Disk ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif; vJrIjyKvkyf&mwGif owdjyKyg/ ( i) Hard Disk udkoifhawmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvkyfjcif;? Defragment jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ (Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed Disk jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/) 57 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading Floppy Disk Drives

78/ Flopy Disk Drives rsm;wGif a&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Head onf rsufESmjyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfckpD½Sdonf/ Floopy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (39) jzifhazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floopy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQif tywfaygif; 300 ESifh 360 xdvnfywfEdkifonf/ Head ESifh Diskette \rsufESmjyifudk xdízwfjcif;aMumifh zHkrsm;aom ae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdum Diskette ESifh Head rsm;ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfí oefY ½Sif;rIaqmif ½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrftoHk;jyK&efroifhyg/

79/ Floppy Drive wpfckwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm; atmuf az:jyyg yHk(39)wGif awGU&SdavhvmEdkifygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 58 Floppy Disk 31/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf \ puf0dkif;;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;pdyfydkif;xm;yHkudk atmufygtwdkif;awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf-

Platter

Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rI yHk (40) 59 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 81/ Floopy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm; Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm; udkodrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floopy Disk wdkY\ odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonf- Diskette on its Capacity For 5¼" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total 1. Single Sided Double Density 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB ( S S D D ) 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB 2. Double Sided Double Density (40 x 9 x 512) x 2= 360 KB ( D S D D ) 3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB ( D S H D ) For 3½" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total 1. Double Sided Double Density (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB ( D S D D ) 2. Double Sided Quad Density (80 x 18 x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB ( D S Q D ) 3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 36 x 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB ( D S H D ) Z,m; (8) 82/ Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;&rnfhtcsufrsm;/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf- (u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu Virus &Sd^r&Sd ppfaq;NyD;rStoHk;jyK&rnf/ ( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm; toHkrjyK&yg/ ( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ (C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvdkufpufuGif;&Sdaom? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif rxm;&yg/ ( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm;txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( p) Diskette tm;ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ (q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay:í zwfr&ygu Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ ( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; Diskette xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 60 CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 34/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onf Optical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD; 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwf½Hk oufoufom toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/,cktcg Plane CD ay:ü Record vkyfumodrf;qnf; Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;t*Fvdyftu©&m rsm;jzifh ½dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;ygu Text pmrsufESm 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr [kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toH udkodrf;qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudkodrf;qnf;xm;Edkifygonf/ wpfpuúefYtwGuf Block wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&Sdonf/ 61 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 85/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk (u) avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom &Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/ ( c) Servo Motor rScsdefn§djcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydkYvTwf aom ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk a½GUvsm; apjcif;jzifh csdefñd§yg onf/ ( *) avqm"gwfjym;ufkxd½dkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkpkHapjcif;/tvif;a&mif wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xd½dkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/ jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/ (C) jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf jyefvmaoma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHrIaumif;ap&eftwGuf pkqkHrSefbDvl; aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/ ( i) tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH; tqifhwGiff avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detecotr okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photo detector onf tvif;a&mifukd jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyfppfvIdif; tcsufjyrsm; tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/ ( p) CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjcif;/ Microprocessor onf¤if;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;ukd uGefysLwmokdY datarsm; tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/ PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 62 MultiBeam Technology 86/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonf wpfBudrfwGif puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;wpfckom or½kd;uszwfonfhenf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGm udk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udk Zer Research ukrÜPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ atmufaz:jyygyHkonf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif; (7)ckudk avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifhwpfNydKifwnf;zwf&ef rnfodkYvkyfaqmifonfudk &Sif;vif; jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/

Multi-beam Dector

Beam Splitter

Lenses

Laser Diode

MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once. yHk (47) 63 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

CD-ROM Drive Specification 87/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf- (u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP) ( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef) ( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwåodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd rSwfÓPfyrmP) (C) CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm) ( i) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyKí CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk; jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI) ( p) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI) (q) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)

CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) Access Time (ms) 1x 153,600 150 400 2x 307,200 300 300 3x 460,800 450 200 4x 614,400 600 150 6x 921,600 900 150 8x 1,228,800 1,200 100 10x 1,536,000 1,500 100 12x 1,843,200 1,800 100 16x 2,457,600 2,400 90 18x 2,764,800 2,700 90 24x 3,686,400 3,600 90 32x 4,915,200 4,800 36x 5,529,600 5,400 40x 6,114,000 6,000 48x 7,372,800 7,200 } 85~75 or less 52x 7,987,200 7,500 100x 15,360,000 15,000

Z,m; (9) PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 64

CD-ROM Format Format Used For Notes Red Book Digital audio CDs This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and Sony Yellow Book Computer CDs Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode 1:9660 Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVI Level 2: CDTV ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with Yellow Book to define file and directory structures. See also Mode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which define sector formats. White Book VideoCD Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources. Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flim distribution Orange Book Writable CDs Port I-Magneto-Optical Drives including CD-R, Port II-CD-R magneto-optical, single and multisession recording and packet writing Green Book Combination of Red Book and CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I or Yellow Book - for CD-I CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive (Interactive CD) sales presentations and kiosks CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer Used by musical artists to incoporate video and data on single CD interviews on music CDs Z,m; (10) 88/ CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm; (u) CD rsm;udk Virus ygrygppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/ ( c) zkefwufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom CD rsm;udk toHk;rjyK&yg/ ( *) zkefwufaeaom CD rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom Cleaning Kit jzifhom oefY&Sif;rI jyKvkyfoifhygonf/ (C) Format rwlízwfr&aom CD rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusOf&rnf/ ( i) CD Drive twGif;&Sd Lens tm; tjcm;Murf;wrf;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufí oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; a&SmifusOf&rnf/ ( p) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGif; CD xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ (q) CD Drive twGif;rS CD udkxkwfír&ygu ta&;ay: Eject vkyfEdkifonfh taygufudk toHk;jyKí vkyfaqmifyg/ 4if;taygufonf CD Drive \ rsufESmpm wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/ 65 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading ( Z) CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm;csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/

High Capacity Removable Storage 89/tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf- (u) High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) ( c) Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) ( *) Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) (C) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/) ( i) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) ( p) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK; &Sdonf) (q) Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)

90/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd atmufaz:jyygZ,m;toD;oD;jzifhEIdif;,SOfEkdifygonf- LS-120 Specifications

Drive Type LS-120 Floppy Standard 1.44MB Floppy Disk

Fomatted Capacity 120MB 1.44MB Transfer Rate: parallel port 290KB/sec 45KB/sec Transfer Rate: Internal IDE 484KB/sec n/a Average seek time 70ms 84ms Disk rotational speed 720rpm 300rpm Track density 2,490tpi 135tpi Number of tracks 1,736×2 sides 80×2 sides Z,m; (11) PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 66

Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity)

Model (Interface) SCSI and/or Parallel Eide

Formatted capacity 100MB or 250MB 100MB or 250MB Substained transfer rate 1.40MB/sec 1.40 maximum MB/sec Substained transfer rate 0.79MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/sec Maximum throughput 60MB/min(SCSI); 84MB/min 20MB/min(parallel) Average seek time 29ms 29ms Disk rotational speed 2,941 rpm 2,941 rpm Buffer size 32KB 16KB Z,m; (12)

Jaz Specifications

Model 1GB 2GB

Formatted Capacity 1070 million bytes 2000 million bytes Transfer rate: Maximum 6.62MB/sec 8.7MB/sec Average 5.4MB/sec 7.35MB/sec Minimum 3.41MB/sec 3.41MB/sec Burst 10MB/sec 20MB/sec Average seek time read 10 ms 10 ms Average seek time write 12 ms 12 ms Acess Time 15.5-17.5ms 15.5-17.5ms Disk Rotational speed 5400rpm 5394rpm Buffer size 256KB 512KB Interface Fast SCSI II Ultra SCSI Z,m; (13) 67 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

DAT and 8mm Tape specifications

Tape Capacity Tracks Standard (w/o Com- Data Appro- Tape Recording Encoding pression) Density ximate Length Technology Format Interface

DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* SCSI (Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT

Video Tape 14GB n/a n/a 120m Helical Scan

*DDS=Digital Data Storage DDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed) DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression) DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed Z,m; (14)

SparQ Specifications

Formatted Capacity 1008 milion bytes

Transfer rate: Maximum 6.9MB/sec Minimum 3.7MB/sec Burst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/sec Substained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/sec Average seek time 12ms Disk rotational speed 5,400rpm Burst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/sec Substained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/sec Average seek time 12ms Disk rotational speed 5,400rpm Z,m; (15) PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 68

Removeable Drive Specifications Disk/Cartridge Average Data Drive Type Capacity Seek Time Transfer Rate lomega Zip Parallel 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/sec lomega Zip IDE 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/sec lomega Zip SCSI 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/sec Imation LS-120 Internal 120MB 70ms 4.0MB/sec SyQest 235 Parallel 235MB 13.5ms 1.25MB/sec Avatar Shark 250 Parallel 250MB 12ms 2.0MB/sec SyQest 235 SCSI/IDE 235MB 13.5ms 2.4MB/sec lomega Jaz (SCSI) 2GB 12ms 5.4MB/sec Avatar Shark IDE 250M 12ms 2.5MB/sec SyQest Syjet SISC 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/sec SyQest Syjet IDE 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/sec SyQest SparQ Parallel 1GB 12ms 1.25MB/sec CD-R Drives 650MB <150ms 150KB/sec Z,m; (16)

91/uGefysLwmtokH;jyKolrsm;taejzifh ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvufrsm; rqkH;½IH;apa&;twGuf trsdK;tpm;rwlaom Media (3)rsdK;jzifh ykHrSef Backup jyKvkyfxm;oifhygonf/ Removable Drive 0,f,l&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;oifhonf- (u) 1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage) ( c) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time) ( *) rnfonfhuGefysLwmESifhrqkd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifjcif;ESifh o,faqmif&vG,fuljcif; (C) uGefysLwmtwGif; (okdYr[kwf) jyifywGifwyfqifEkdifjcif; (Internal or External) ( i) uGefysLwmtm; Ready jzpfatmifjyKvkyfEkdifjcif; (Bootable)ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/ 69 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

DVD Formats and Standards Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Data Video Format Disk Size Sides Layers Capacity Capacity DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities DVD-5 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB 2+ hours DVD-9 120 mm Single Double 8.5 GB 4 hours DVD-10 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB 4.5 hours DVD-14 120 mm Double Double 13.24GB 6.5 hours DVD-18 120 mm Double Double 17 GB 8+ hours DVD-1 80 mm Single Single 1.4 GB 0.5 hours DVD-2 80mm Single Double 2.7 GB 1.3 hours DVD-3 80mm Double Single 2.9 GB 1.4 hours DVD-4 80mm Double Double 5.3 GB 2.5 hours Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities DVD-R1.0 120 mm Single Single 3.95 GB DVD-R2.0 120 mm Single Single 7.4 GB DVD-RAM 1.0 120 mm Single Single 2.58 GB DVD-RAM1.0 120 mm Double Single 5.16 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 1.4 GB CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison) CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.65 GB CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.194 GB Z,m; (17) jyKpka&;om;ol av^1986 AdkvfrSL; rsKd;atmifvwf 356539 t&mcHAdkvf pdk;odef; av^18849 wyfMuyfBuD; ÓPf0if;