# Smithâonian Institution NO. 102 AUTUMN 2000

ZOOLOGY "while also passing objects and rewards to ^^^• Shumaker repeatedly placed the animals through a narrow opening. the animal's index finger on When the research first began in the the appropriate flash card until At Zoo, use symbols, labels fall of 1995, Shumaker says, he the animal began to associate the started with flash cards. The object with the cards and to point to orangs "were coached to associ- the appropriate card when shown an to communicate with humans ate a symbol with an object, object. such as an apple or a The animals no"w use a computer "with a By Brenda KeanTabor grape. After sho"wing touch-sensitive screen on which the sym- Special to Research Reports one of the ani- bols appear, instead of flash cards. mals the It is easy for the animals to point Even though 22-year-old Azy Testing skills object. because "they have good manual dexter- and his 19-year-old sister, Using abstract symbols that are vie"wed on ity," Shumaker says. "The females fre- Indah, spend five days a the animals' computer screens, Shumaker quently use their hands for detailed work, "week working with comput- is currently trying to determine how accu- although the males have larger hands and ers, and seem to enjoy rately orangutans can label objects, the often manipulate things with their lips. doing so, they "wouldn't be rate at which they acquire competency in Both males and females tend to be considered "techies." They are orangutans using symbols and their ability to ambidextrous in the wild, but are predom- learning communications skills by means understand and use numbers, specifi- inantly right-handed in captivity." of a computer. Their rapt attention to the cally Arabic numerals. Once a number of objects and their cor- screen is part of the ongoing Orangutan Shumaker chose Arabic rather responding symbols have been introduced, Language Project that has been under way than Roman numerals because a larger choice of labeling symbols is put at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Roman numerals provide up on the screen. By increasing the num- Park since 1995. visual cues to their value, ber of possible choices, Shumaker has The project is a component of the "whereas Arabic -m. been able to test the animals' memory, National Zoo's "Think Tank" exhibition, numerals are totally their abilities to distinguish between sym- "where displays, videotapes and live demon- abstract. "The bols from up to 30 possibilities and their strations are used to share mth visitors the orangs have rate of accuracy. latest research on animal intelligence. to learn New symbols are never intro- Some of the orangs who participate in the and ^^ duced until an accuracy rate of project live at "Think Tank," while others about 90 percent has been can voluntarily "commute" from their liv- remember achieved for symbols that ing quarters at the Great House via a the meaning have already been system of steel cables and 45-foot towers of symbols if they introduced. To known as the "orang transit system." are going to use them avoid confu- "When we began to redesign the productively," Shumaker sion, when ^^^ old monkey house in 1993," says explains. "I consider numbers a new sym- Rob Shumaker, a biologist at to be another category of symbols in bol is first the National Zoo and direc- the overall vocabulary of the orang." \ 5^1 introduced, the tor of the Orangutan Both Azy and Indah "work" five days a choice of symbols on Language Project, "week. Though rewarded for correct the screen is reduced. "our goal was to answers with treats, neither is forced to Shumaker goes to great improve not participate and both do so readily. lengths to avoid helping the ani- only the They clearly enjoy their tasks, ambling mals choose the correct answers and animals' up to the computer when Shumaker points out that their mistakes confirm physical envi- appears with his materials and sitting the objectivity of their selections. After the ^^^ ronment but also patiently while he prepares to start a ses- animals make a correct selection, a bell yî^^^r their mental environ- sion. They do not seem to be frustrated by rings, and they receive positive reinforce- y^^^^^r ment. We feel a tremen- their mistakes, and Shumaker is careful ment in the form of food and Shumaker's dous ethical commitment not to push them beyond their limits. praise. to"ward these individual ani- Azy "weighs 270 pounds, and Indah mals, all of whom were born "weighs approximately 125 pounds. Gentle Yielding results here at the National Zoo." by nature, the orangutans' sheer sizes make Shumaker's results, so far, indicate that the "The cognitive capabilities of the them dangerous, and Shumaker cannot speed with "which the orangs learn a new great illuminate the evolution and risk entering their cage lest he be symbol increases with the number of sym- functioning of human cognition and bear inadvertently injured by their bols to "which they are exposed. "Azy ini- directly on the ethics of our relationships innocent play. Instead, he tially needed 600 exposures before achiev- "with these "wonderful creatures," Ben conducts his research Orangutans can use the "orang transit ing 90 percent accuracy, while Indah needed Beck, associate director for biological pro- from the other side system" to voluntarily participate in 540 exposures. There is no overall drop in grams at the National Zoo, says. of a cage cognitive research at the National divide. Zoological Park. (Photo by Jessie Cohen) 'Orangutans, ' continued on Page 6

Research Vistas, 2 • Trees, 2 • Pianos, 3 • Lost Revolutions, 4 m Elephant pregnancy, 5 Research Highlights, Series, Books & Recordings, 7 • Off the Shelf, 8 Research Vistas

Smithsonian marine research • The Smithsonian operates a network of coastal labora- tories and long-term marine research sites in the western Atlantic Ocean that extends along the East Coast of North and Central America, bridging the Panamanian isthmus, from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. In addition to infrastructure and staff expertise in marine sciences, the Smithsonian Marine Science Network provides unpar- alleled access to, and research support for, Atlantic Ocean and Atlantic shore ecosystems.

These marine ecosystems provide valuable environmental services for human popula- tions centered in the coastal zone. Understanding human interactions with the marine environment is critical: 70 percent of Earth's human population lives in coastal cities supported by these marine resources. The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md., emphasizes multidisciplinary, multiscale ecological analysis of the Jess Parker measures the girth of a tree in a forest study plot. (Photo by Richard Strauss) nation's largest estuary, the Chesapeake Bay, and its watershed. The center also is desig- nated as the national center for the study of biological invasions of coastal ecosystems. ECOLOGY

The Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce in Florida focuses on the Indian River Lagoon, a 156-mile-long ecosystem with the highest estuarine biodiversity in North A view from the top gives ecologist America. Researchers have access to mangroves, coral reefs, the continental shelf, and

Gulf Stream plankton and open sea communities. The Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosys- insight into what is happening below tems Program at Carrie Bow Cay in Belize is perched atop the world's second largest By Elizabeth Tait barrier reef. This undisturbed environment of mangroves, sea grasses and coral is Smithsonian Office of Public Affairs removed from immediate coastal influences. Ongoing investigations there include ana- Geoffrey "Jess" Parker never out- and plant species, "with the tulip poplar• lyzing mangrove ecosystems and the rich biodiversity of the Caribbean coral reef. grew climbing trees, he just got growing to heights upwards of 130 feet• more sophisticated in his meth- often the most dominant. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama bridges the Central Ameri- ods and more purposeful in his can isthmus, allowing biological and geological comparison of two oceans. The institute objectives. A forest ecologist at the IVIeasuring and analyzing Smithsonian Environmental Research Numerous measurements are made by is the nation's only long-term research location focusing on tropical biology and evolu- Center in Edgewater, Md., he studies the Parker at ground level in each plot•trees tionary change in response to fluctuations in sea level and the formation of land barriers. nature and function of forests, from the are counted, measured and identified, and top down, focusing on the treetop envi- their ages are determined by using a spe- The National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., has the world's ronment, the forest canopy. cial trunk-coring device. The acidity of largest collection of marine plant and animal specimens and geological samples. The the soil is measured to determine if it is Canopy revelations becoming more or less acidic over time. museum's staff of marine systematists analyze marine biodiversity and have documented "Once you've seen a forest from the major first discoveries and formal descriptions of several marine phyla, classes and orders. canopy, where the leaves are, it changes 'Trees, ' continued on Page 5 how you think about the world," Parker Research by Smithsonian staff and their collaborators has resulted in some interesting notes. "Most people see trees and think observations. For example, recently, three species of snapping shrimps with a social struc- about wood; they think 'slow, constant, # âtti&Mokbloiutttflagb inactive.' In fact, forests are dynamic, 3-D ture•the first such finding in a marine crustacean•were discovered by researchers at and constantly changing." the Carrie Bow Cay Marine Field Station. Behavioral observations confirmed that large The key, Parker says, is understanding Research R^orts that our view of the forest captures a male shrimp of these species care for broods and defend their sponge-dwelling colony moment frozen in time. But time in a for- No. 102 Autumn 2000 against intruders, while a single queen reproduces. This provides an entirely new biologi- est operates on a scale different from that Published quarterly by the Smithsonian Office to which we are accustomed. "The life cal system in which to address the origin and maintenance of advanced cooperative of Public Affairs, Smithsonian Institution Build- span of a forest is equivalent to three or ing, Room 354, Washington, D.C. 20560-0033, animal societies, such as those of honeybees, ants and naked mole-rats. four human lifetimes," he points out. for Smithsonian Contributing Members, scholars, The canopy, according to Parker, is the Researchers in San Bias, Panama, have observed gamete release by green algae on educators, museum personnel, libraries, journal- "machinery of production" for the forest. ists and others. To request this publication in an coral reefs and documented synchronized early morning mass spawning of 18 species "It tells the story of the current state of the accessible format, call (202) 357-2627, ext. 124 forest and its capacity for growth," he says. from five genera. These observations establish an unexpectedly prominent role for sexual (voice) or (202) 357-1729 (TTY). "The organization of the forest canopy has reproduction in the ecology of green algae and raise new questions regarding the fertil- a big effect on everything the forest does." David Umansky, Communications Director What a forest does•provides habitat Kathryn Lindeman, Associate Director ization dynamics, hybridization potentials, population biology and life history of these for plants and animals, absorbs carbon Jo Ann Webb, Editor important members of the coral reef community. dioxide from the atmosphere, and controls Colleen Hershberger, Production Assistant "wind speed and water flow, for example• As we consider that the Marine Science Network is greater than the sum of its parts, Telephone: (202) 357-2627 changes as a forest ages. E-mail: [email protected] an increased coordination of activities and resource allocation will further this notion. SERC's forest canopy studies utilize 50 Internet: w"ww.si.edu/researchreports forest plots at or near the Edgewater site. Some Smithsonian scholars feel that research is best advanced by curiosity and individu- The plots, with an average area of 65 by Contributing Members who seek information ally prioritized objectives. At the same time, large-scale environmental research often 164 feet, are comprised largely of upland, about the Smithsonian or about their member- mixed hardwood forests that are character- ships may write to The Contributing Member- requires team approaches to gather big data sets over enormous regions to address istic of the mid-Atlantic region. These ship, Smithsonian Institution, 900 Jefferson problems in the coastal zone. The Marine Science Network supports both approaches. forests are indicative of rich soil and are Drive S.W., Room 1479, Washington, D.C. typically very diverse in terms of tree sizes 20560-0410, or call 1 (800) 931-32CM. •Dennis O'Connor, Under Secretary for Science, Smithsonian Institution

2 • Smithsonian Institution Research Reports • Autumn 2000 CULTURAL HISTORY piano. "The instruments themselves," he says, "are the real primary documents, the laboratories, in which we find the know, From de' Medici to libemce: Celebrating edge we need. To read [about the technol- ogy of] a piano is as laborious, as techni- cally demanding and as exhilarating as it is 300 years of the piano and its music to read a historical document, such as a letter or a diary or a manuscript by By Angela CervettI Homer or Mozart." Smithsonian Office of Public Affairs But getting an original Cristofori would be a chal- The "wooden crate stands alone in piece in the history of the piano, but it had lenge. "Only three exist, the middle of the room. A taken so much to get it here. For me, it one in New York; one in small group of people•among "was an emotional moment." Leipzig, Germany; and one them National Museum of in Rome," Hoover American History Curators Cynthia Ge'tting a real jewel explains. "The one at the Adams Hoover, Patrick Rucker and Edwin "Piano 300," an exhibition on view in the National Museum of Good•silently looks on. The item inside Smithsonian's International Gallery in Musical Instruments in has come a long way, and they have waited Washington, D.C., until June 3, 2001, cel- Rome had been the least three years for it. ebrates the 300th anniversary of the inven- modified through the During these years of waiting, the three tion of the piano. The Cristofori master- ages. So "we decided to curators, responsible for putting together piece introduces visitors to a diverse and approach them." the museum's exhibition "Piano 300," have dazzling group of additional pianos and Hoover and Good contacted Antonio This Steinway & Sons piano, featured in the spent a great deal of time negotiating, related objects that tell the social, cultural Latanza, director of the museum, and exhibition and part of the museum's building relationships, seeking financial and technological story of the instrument. requested to meet with him and to see the permanent collection, was commissioned support, and planning and replanning• "From the very beginning, "we knew we Cristofori. A trip to Italy also would mean to represent American industrial progress in all to make this moment a reality. "wanted to include a Cristofori in the exhi- that Hoover and Good could conduct the American pavilion at the 1939 World's Carefully, the group takes the contents bition," Good says. "Beyond its historical research at the Archivio di Stato, the state's Fair in New York. (Robert Lautman photo) out of the crate and assembles them. significance, it was in itself an important archives, in Florence. This location was Under the glow of soft light stands a piano object of curatorial study." significant because it was there that with Latanza. "We talked to him about built in 1722 by Bartolomeo Cristofori, For the exhibition. Good focused on Cristofori, under the patronage of Ferdi- the show, and when "we thought it was the inventor of the instrument. understanding the technology of the nando Maria de' Medici, maintained harp- appropriate, we asked if they could loan "There wasn't a dry eye in sichords for the court and experimented the Cristofori to us," Hoover remembers. the room," Rucker says. "with his new creation. The ans"wer: "A big 'no.' But he "was very "Not only "was this a For a long time. Hoover says, it was courteous and polite. We then knew we very important believed that the piano was invented in had to approach this in a different "way. " 1709. "But that "was because Cristofori was In the meantime, Rucker, through his interviewed by Scipione Maffei, a Venetian "work with the Smithsonian Chamber writer, in 1709, and the article was not Music Society, knew Italy's ambassador to published until 1711," she explains. "So the United States, H.E. Ferdinando Salleo, the first time people "widely heard about and the first secretary, Giuseppe Perrone, the piano was then, and they assumed it both of whom had been guests at Smithso- had just been invented at the time of the nian concerts using Stradivarius instruments. interview, in 1709, two years earlier." After repeated requests directed to the The curators, ho"wever, knew Cristofori museum in Rome yielded nothing, the had invented the piano in 1700. "Several curators decided to approach the Italian scholars had already done research on the Embassy in Washington, D.C. "Our col- origin of the piano and the work of Cristo- laboration [with the embassy] culminated fori," Hoover adds. "Some felt that the in my visiting Rome in September 1999," piano was built earlier than 1700, but we Rucker says. "Once there, I met with and many others had not seen that evi- Latanza and Marissa Zaccagnini, who had dence. To confirm the date, we needed to supervisory responsibilities over the see the Medici inventory." National Museum of Musical Instruments. At this point, the exhibition was developed A trip to Italy enough that I could share detailed plans of At the archives in Florence, Hoover and its design and explain the setting and Good examined the important document. interpretation planned for the Cristofori. "It was a court inventory done in 1700. It Their response was largely positive." included a description of 'a keyboard, of Five months later, the Cristofori, accom- ne"w invention with hammers, that plays panied by Zaccagnini, arrived at the soft (piano) and forte (loud)' and mentions Smithsonian's International Gallery, Cristofori as its creator," Hoover says. located inside the S. Dillon Ripley Center "This could only be the piano." on the National Mall. "It was the culmina- The pianoforte, as it came to be known tion of a lot of effort and patience," for its dynamic effects, "was different from Hoover says. "But it "was well worth it." its predecessor, the harpsichord, in the internal action Cristofori designed for it. Selecting other gems "The harpsichord plucks the strings," Most of the pianos in the exhibition are Good explains. "The pianoforte had little part of the National Museum of American "wooden hammers covered with soft leather History's collection. "Choosing "which that hit the strings. This allowed the pianos to present was a difficult process," player to have control over the volume of Good says. "After taking into account all the sound by applying more or less force the factors•space, condition of the on the keys." instrument, availability and, most impor- Museum staff and contractors unpack the long-awaited Cristofori. From left are Stacey Kluck, tantly, which ones were crucial to tell our assistant chair of the National Museum of American History's Division of Cultural History; Negotiating for an original story•we narrowed the selection down to Edward Ryan, the museum's assistant registrar; Barbara Wolf, a contracted harpsichord and With one mission accomplished. Hoover the 25 you see today." piano builder and former museum employee; Cynthia Adams Hoover; and Thomas Wolf, also a and Good headed to Rome's National contracted harpsichord and piano builder and former museum employee. (HughTaiman photo) Museum of Musical Instruments to meet 'Pianos, ' continued on Page 6

Smithsonian Institution Research Reports • Autumn 2000 • 3 HISTORY leads. When I was on the right track, I'd form a plan for integration of schools. add another piece to the puzzle. In some "Instead," he says, "there was silence, until cases, I found collections of papers that I some political leaders decided to revert to Lost Revolutions shows 1950s South had no idea existed that led me to ne"w antebellum political theories. information." "The deeper question," he adds, "is why Daniel's research in la"w libraries uncov- "were racists and segregationists so intimi- as an era of conflict and turbulence ered significant legal changes ushered in dating to 'nice' people? The answer, I by the New Deal and the use of synthetic think, is that most people were reluctant to ByVicki Moeser chemicals after World War II. He also confront them. They feared retaliation. Smithsonian Office of Public Affairs interviewed many people who lived during And no one came forward to lead." that time. "That's how farmers, bureau- The years between World War II consin. "I spent that year going on the crats, fire ants, pesticide residues, stock-car Impact of tlie Great Migration and 1964's Freedom Summer road for a while, coming back and organiz- drivers, rock 'n' roll artists, segregationists, Central to all the sections of the book is "were not tranquil and placid in ing my materials, writing some and then integrationists, heroes and villains ended the theme that a great exodus took place the South, says Pete Daniel, going back out on the road." up in the book," he adds. during this time. Half of the South's rural author of Lost Revolutions: The South in the population•some 11 million sharecrop- 1950s, a new book published by the Uni- Digging for tlie trutli Tliree books in one pers, tenants and small farm o"wners • versity of North Carolina Press. Instead, it In remarks at a book-signing at a book- After completing the research, Daniel real- moved to towns and cities between 1940 "was a time of displacement, conflict and store in Washington, D.C., Daniel told of ized that the material was so comprehen- and 1965. "The breakup of rural life had creativity. meeting with a former professor in 1994 "I had finished a book in the mid-1980s and telling him that what he was learning on agriculture, follo"wed by a survey book in his research was not what he recalled on the 20th-century South," says Daniel, a from growing up in the South in the '50s. curator in the National Museum of Ameri- "Nor did it support most of the scholarship can History's Division of the History of that portrayed the 1950s as a calm, dull, Technology, "and I was interested in look- apathetic decade that was simply a prelude ing into questions that came out of those to the glorious 1960s," he says. books. I "was intrigued with how the South Daniel says that, when he first started had changed in the middle of the century. research for the book, "I had only a few What happened between the 1940s, "when pieces of a puzzle with no picture to guide many Southerners anticipated a tranquil me. The other pieces were hidden in and prosperous future, and the 1960s, a libraries and archives. The picture would time of great social change?" only emerge after I found and put together Subsequent research resulted in Lost Rev- the pieces." Louise Smith, a race-car driver from Greenville, S.C, during the 1950s, was among the few olutions, which explores such subjects as He built on research he had done as one women racing cars at that time, but she was one of the most well-known. (Photo courtesy the civil rights movement, segregation and of the curators of two museum exhibi- of the International Speedway Corp./NASCAR) school integration. The book also exam- tions, "Science in American Life" and ines the breakdown of traditional agricul- "Rock 'n' Soul: Social Crossroads," an sive that he would need to divide Lost Rev- profound implications," Daniel writes, "for ture and the ensuing rural-urban migra- exhibition that opened in Memphis in April. olutions into three major sections. In Book I, Southern exiles transplanted rural culture tion, gay and lesbian life, the emergence of In driving across the South, Daniel says "The Postwar Landscape," he "writes that "wherever they settled." rock 'n' roll and stock-car racing, and the he would arrive at a particular archives prosperity created a new sense of hope, at triumph of working-class culture. "when it opened and leave when it closed. least for whites. Segregation, however, A satisfying product Daniel "was able to begin his research in "Archivists and librarians were invariably remained a dominant issue. "There were Lost Revolutions y^ent through 10 drafts, at October 1994 as a result of a Smithsonian helpful, many going beyond the call of so many possibilities for change," Daniel one point growing to more than 1,000 Regents Fellowship Award for independent duty. I accumulated enough of the puzzle says, "yet the old guard held on, creating a pages. "These things have to work them- study. The fellowship relieved him of his pieces to start putting it together." solid wall of opposition to integration that selves out," Daniel says. "I would write day-to-day curatorial duties in order to do Indeed, Daniel inspected almost 70 punished anyone who opposed them." something, think about it, clarify it, then research for this book. manuscript and archival collections, rang- There was a lot of pressure from rela- rewrite and write some more." In addition, the fellowship provided ing from the Agricultural Extension Papers tively fe"w people to support segregation, Ultimately, he says, "entire chapters dis- money for travel and other research at Louisiana State University in Baton Daniel says, and he investigates the ques- appeared, others were salvaged and w^hat expenses. Daniel, a native of Spring Hope, Rouge to the "Beale Street Black and Blue " tion of "why no group of "whites formed an little I had written on politicians vanished. N.C. (population 1,000), visited libraries oral history transcripts at the Memphis opposition party to the hard-liners. There was no use in discussing major and archives in North Carolina, South Public Library. Daniel expects some readers will take events covered so well by other authors. It Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Tennessee, "I did a lot of traditional research," offense at the term "lowdown" in Book II, was not apparent until the ninth of 10 Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi and Wis- Daniel says. "I'd get a hunch and follow titled "Lo"w Culture." But, he says, "work- drafts that this was a three-dimensional ing-class culture is not an adequate term puzzle, thus three books within the book." for what I "was discussing. I wanted to find a term that had not been used in this con- Redefining tlie South text. I "wanted it to have an edge and to It has been typical of historical scholarship encompass both blacks and whites. Many to see civil rights as separate from the rural of the people w^ho appear in this section transformation that sent millions of people "were wild, talented and fearless." into towns and cities across the country, In those chapters, Daniel "writes about Daniel says. But he included aspects of such people as NASCAR founder Bill civil rights in the chapter on agriculture, France; bootlegger and stock-car racer and rural life in the civil-rights chapters. Junior Johnson; wrestler Sputnik Monroe; "In the middle decades of the 20th cen- Sun Studio founder Sam Phillips; and a tury," Daniel writes in Lost Revolutions, number of black and white performers, "brave Southerners opposed repression and including Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Jerry united in the fight for equal rights. At the Lee Lewis, Charlie Rich and B.B. King. same time, stock-car drivers and musicians "These folks had national, indeed, inter- embodied the hard gem of "working-class national reputations," Daniel says, "and spontaneity and genius. Before they "were they changed the way culture was regarded divided or tamed, these people redefined throughout the world." the South and established enduring cul- Book III, "Fatal Divisions," is about the tural monuments." South and civil rights in the post-Brown Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s vs. the Board of Education era. During the ($45 cloth; $19.95 paper) is available from Newspaper boys preparing to deliver an issue of The Afro-American with the lead story "Boy- summer of 1954, Daniel says, there was the University of North Carolina Press by cott Spreads" (Photo courtesy of South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina) the opportunity for Southern leaders to calling 1 (800) 848-6224.

4 • Smithsonian Institution Research Reports • Autumn 2000 VETERINARY SCIENCE Mother has to wait nearly two years for the arrival of her 'bundle of joy'

By Jennifer Buff Conservation and Research Center, National Zoo

Animal keepers, scientists and deposit viable sperm deep "within an ele- staff at the Smithsonian's phant's reproductive tract, virtually guar- National Zoological Park gath- anteeing sperm access to the ovulated egg. ered with anticipation. Veteri- Artificial insemination has been attempted nary scientists Thomas Hildebrandt and in elephants without success for more than Frank Goeritz of the Institute for Zoo t"wo decades. However, a unique interna- Biology and Wildlife Research in Germany tional partnership, which combined this "were performing an ultrasound-aided preg- novel insemination technique with the nancy check on Shanthi, the National advances in hormone-monitoring tech- Zoo's 24-year-old Asian elephant. And the niques, made the successful insemination results were all good news. The late May possible. ultrasound showed that Shanthi was preg- This is Shanthi's second pregnancy. Her nant, following two artificial insemina- first calf, Kumari, born Dec. 16, 1993, tions performed in February. "was produced by natural mating. Sadly, The image on the ultrasound monitor confirms Shanthi's pregnancy for Smithsonian staff Shanthi's pregnancy follo"ws several years Kumari died in 1995 from a mysterious and visiting researchers. (Photo by Jessie Cohen) of research on elephant reproductive biol- infection that was later identified by ogy, much of it conducted at the National National Zoo Pathologist Richard Montali on improving artificial insemination tech- bulls, a stressful and expensive undertak- Zoo's Conservation and Research Center and then pathology resident Laura Rich- niques in elephants and in getting Shanthi ing. In addition, recent reproductive stud- in Front Royal, Va. Project leader and man as an unkno"wn herpes virus. Thanks pregnant again," Bro"wn says. "This preg- ies done at the Conservation and Research Reproductive Biologist Janine Brown and to the identification of the virus, methods nancy is a dream come true." Center have shown that an increasing her staff have developed hormone assay have been developed to diagnose and treat Unlike her first conception, the new number of captive female elephants do not techniques for monitoring reproductive this deadly infection. artificial insemination technique allo"wed have normal reproductive cycles. cycles in elephants. "Ever since Kumari died of the herpes Shanthi to remain in Washington, D.C., A normal female elephant has a 16-"week "The artificial insemination was success- virus, we have focused our research efforts "with the security of her elephant "family ' reproductive cycle, making her fertile three ful," Brown says, "in part, because of the and keepers. Viable semen, shipped by times a year. New research sho"ws that one recent progress we have made in monitor- commercial airline from Canada, was col- in five zoo elephants have irregular cycles ing reproductive hormones. This informa- lected from a 13-year-old bull elephant, that prohibit ovulation and conception. tion ensured that Hildebrandt and Goeritz who lives at African Lion Safari in To prevent a population crash, the could artificially inseminate Shanthi at the Toronto. American Zoo and Aquarium Association precise time of her ovulation." Elephant Species Survival Plan has recom- In 1995, Shanthi was the first elephant Elephant reproduction mended breeding all reproductively ever inseminated by the German team. Shanthi's pregnancy becomes even more healthy females, preferably before age 20. Despite the fact that she did not conceive, significant in light of recent findings from Both natural breeding and artificial insem- and three African elephants in other zoos the National Zoo Conservation and ination have been endorsed, and although did, Shanthi has remained one of their Research Center's hormone laboratory, artificial insemination is still considered special favorites. So special that Hilde- "which has confirmed serious problems experimental, its success to date suggests it brandt and Goeritz have returned five "with elephant reproduction in zoos. Fewer could become an important tool for aiding times to Wishington, D.C., for a total of than five elephant calves are being born in the captive management of this species. six insemination attempts. U.S. zoos each year. At this rate, in 15 years, there will not be enough calves born Awaiting the results Impregnating Shanthi to ensure the continued existence of ele- Shanthi's pregnancy will last 22 months, The procedure is complex: A 6-foot-long phants in zoos in the United States. with her due date in mid-December 2001. endoscope-guided semen catheter, devel- Shanthi, pictured here, was impregnated Natural breeding of zoo elephants is The birth of her calf will point to the oped by Hildebrandt and Goeritz, is used through artificial insemination and is exceedingly complicated. Bull elephants future success this technology may bring in conjunction with transrectal ultrasound. expected to deliver her calf in mid- are too difficult to house at most zoos, so to captive management and preservation of The techniques allow the scientists to December 2001. (Photo by Jessie Cohen) females must be transported to zoos with elephants and other endangered species.

'Trees, ' continued from Page 2 top, it is equipped with instruments to tions are best made from above, "where a a major advancement over former "skin measure light, wind speed, relative humid- technique called remote sensing works best. deep" remote-sensing methods. Using Fallen leaves are collected in buckets, ity, temperature and carbon-dioxide fluc- SLICER, "the information on canopy sorted by species, dried and weighed. This tuations in the atmosphere surrounding A bird's-eye view structure can be used to show how a whole is one "way, Parker says, "we figure out the forest canopy. Seeking a fast and accurate means to region may be performing," Parker says. "which tree species are in each plot and The 12-year-old program of forest moni- obtain a bird's-eye assessment of the for- Parker has applied for a grant from the how that mix is changing." toring is known as the Deciduous Canopy est's vertical structure, Parker is no"w using National Science Foundation to continue Observatory. "Much as conventional obser- data from a remote-sensing tool developed "working on a portable version he calls Getting to the top vatories use a variety of instruments to by the National Aeronautics and Space SPLICER, which can be carried on a The primary logistical hurdle for a scien- study stars," Parker points out, ""we use Administration. It is called a Scanning researcher's back. tist studying the forest canopy is to gain many approaches to understand forest Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recov- SERC is coordinating its Deciduous access to it. Parker and his colleagues canopies." He has launched sensors ery, or SLICER. Lidar works like radar but Canopy Observatory research "with similar climb ropes, ladders and scaffolding and mounted on balloons, as "well as a camera uses pulsed laser light rather than radio programs elsewhere in the United States use hoists and cranes•both hydraulic and equipped with a telephoto lens. "waves. The SLICER instrument was flo"wn and around the world. This collaboration to"wer•for direct access to the canopy. The internal organization of the canopy, on an airplane five miles above the promotes greater understanding of forest One prominent landmark at the research the top-to-bottom 3-D arrangement of research center forest plots. dynamics on a global basis and allo"ws for center is a 164-foot-high walk-up tower leaves, branches and trunks, is the best Parker likens the ability of the SLICER comparisons between forests. that rises 33 feet above the canopy of trees indicator of the forest's age, growth rate to look inside forest canopies to that of a surrounding it. At various levels and at the and habitability for animals. These evalua- CAT scan examination of the human body. Patricia Acton contributed to this article.

Smithsonian Institution Research Reports • Autumn 2000 • 5 'Pianos, ' continued from Page 3 Ne"w Ysrk apartment and used it to com- "The piano," she continues, "may take pose his special "sacred" concerts. The different shapes, be made of new materials, Determining which pianos would be in cathedral agreed to loan it to the Smithso- but it will continue to link us with past the exhibition did not automatically mean nian. "Ellington is an important part of repertoires and to inspire new types of that the ones selected "were ready to be the story we "wanted to tell," Hoover adds. music. It seems most likely that the piano exhibited. One of the pianos that needed The exhibition also presents a piano "will be with us for years to come." restoration "was the art deco grand piano o"wned by Irving Berlin and other pianos designed by Walter Teague and made by typical at the time of Mozart, Beethoven Related programs Steinway & Sons. The piano "was commis- and Liszt. Liberace's piano also is there, on Special events related to the exhibition sioned to represent American industrial loan from the Bald"win Co. The makers take place "weekly. A popular series has progress in the American pavilion at the used 125 pounds of rhinestones to create been the performance tours in which 1939 World's Fair in New York. its dazzling casing. In addition, there are museum staff and professional pianists give "Unfortunately, the limited budget with original manuscripts of such masters as tours of the exhibition and perform classi- which "we operated did not allow for the Mozart, Chopin and Gershwin, and tools, cal, jazz, gospel and traditional music. Per- type of restoration the piano needed," photographs, playbills and sheet music. formance tours take place in the gallery at Hoover says. "If it hadn't been for the gen- noon, every Thursday and Saturday. erosity and expertise of many people at A link to old and new The exhibition was organized by the Steinway & Sons, the restoration "would "In a sense, I have been preparing for this National Museum of American History not have happened." exhibition my whole Smithsonian career, a and sponsored by the National Association The firm also helped in the restoration career that began in 1961," Hoover says. of Music Merchants-International Music of a piano o"wned by Duke Ellington, one "Through the years, I have studied key- Products Association, with additional sup- of the few pianos in the exhibition that board collections here and at other muse- port from the Piano Manufacturers Associ- does not belong to the Smithsonian. The ums to learn about their technical charac- ation International, the Music Educators In the early 19th century, Europeans curators found the white grand in New teristics, to admire their beauty as musical National Conference, the Irving Caesar preferred vertical pianos in the home, such York City at the Cathedral Church of St. instruments and their place in decorative Lifetime Trust, Alitalia Airlines and U.S. as this Giraffe piano, made between 1809 John the Divine. Ellington had it in his arts, and to discern their cultural history. Airways. and 1811. (Photo by Hugh Taiman)

from us in terms of the social system and humans. It is these patterns that interest behavior," Shumaker says. Shumaker and drive him to discover more Living exclusively in the forests of Bor- about Azy and his little sister's communi- neo and Sumatra, orangutans are a criti- cations abilities. cally endangered species and will likely be extinct in the wild by the year 2020, scien- tists predict, as a result of deforestation, poaching and hunting. With an average Junior's great escape life span of between 30 and 60 years, they National Zoological Park primate are solitary animals, forsaking hierarchical keeper Doug Donald reports that the groups or families. 34-year-old orangutan Atjeh, also Surviving on a diet of fruit, adult males known as Junior, is "back to normal" spend their time alone, except when they follo"wing a short jaunt through the are briefly in the company of a single National Zoo on Aug. 29. The 250- female for the purpose of mating. Females pound male orangutan had never, can be found alone or together, "with their before the day of his brief escape, ven- most recent offspring. By contrast, chim- tured out on the system of steel cables panzees live in male-dominated societies, and 45-foot towers kno"wn as the and in families consisting of a "orang transit system" that links the dominant male and a handful of females. National Zoo's Great Ape House to the As Azy sits, his hands under his chin, "Think Tank" exhibition. scrutinizing the audience of adults and Atjeh, who "was named by former Because of the sizes of the orangutans, Rob Shumaker conducts his research from the other children that have assembled beyond his Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley side of a cage divide. A narrow opening in the divide allows him to pass objects and rewards cage to watch the day's session, it is easy to and is the father of the National Zoo to the orangutans. (Photo by Jessie Cohen) recognize that this huge, hairy ape has orangs Indah, Iris, Kiko and Azy, was behavior patterns that are characteristic of somewhat lethargic and likely nursing 'Orangutans, ' continued from Page 1 since I started working at the National sore muscles and joints following his Zoo in 1984." physical exertion on the cables and comprehension when more objects are " and cognition, immobilization by veterinarians with a added," he explains. including their capacity for languagelike dart gun, who returned him to the Both animals have no"w progressed from behavior, is relatively well-studied, but less Great Ape House, keepers say. using symbols to identify objects to using is known about gorillas and orangutans," Smaller orangs have routinely demon- symbols to identify actions and using Ara- Beck says. strated their arboreal locomotion skills bic numerals to identify quantities. So far, Shumaker's colleague, Smithsonian post- "without incident on the orang transit Azy has been able to correctly point to the doctoral fellow Mindy Babitz, focuses on system, but this very hairy and very numbers one and two when shown the the orangutans' tool use, while Karyl long-armed older male was able to corresponding number of objects. Swartz, a professor of psychology at overcome the barriers and climb to the Lehman College in New York City who ground from one of the towers. A matter of choice spent a year on sabbatical at the National Once on the ground. Junior was As a biologist "with a special interest in per- Zoo, returns every couple of "weeks to con- extremely docile. He visited a flower ception and cognition, Shumaker was duct research on the animals' memory. bed, then traveled about 100 yards to interested in studying the animals' abilities All the projects may be regularly the National Zoo police station, "where to communicate using abstract symbols. observed by the public in "Think Tank." he tried, without success, to open the He chose orangs for this work "because The various projects provide a rare oppor- locked door. they were clearly the least studied and tunity to watch a real scientific observa- "Our animal escape procedure worked understood of the great apes in terms of tion as it takes place. as planned, and Junior was brought their mental abilities," he explains. "I had Of all the species of apes, which include home safely," Curator Lisa Stevens says. also been working "with these individual gorillas, orangutans, and Orangutans are shown here using the No one was injured during the escape. animals, Azy and his little sister, Indah, , "the orangutan is the farthest "orang transit system." (Jessie Cohen photo)

6 • Smithsonian Institution Research Reports • Autumn 2000 of certain animals through induced pro- EXIST, an X-ray telescope operated from Bananas: An American History, by Vir- Research Highlights tein deficiency. Working closely with Olav the international Space Station; and the ginia Scott Jenkins (Smithsonian Institu- Oftedal, a nutritionist at the National South Pole Submillimeter Telescope, a tion Press, 2000, $16.95). Covering every Zoological Park, and Bert Drake, a plant complement to existing Smithsonian facili- Largest donation ever. Kenneth Behring, physiologist at the Smithsonian Environ- ties in Hawaii and Antarctica devoted to a California philanthropist, developer and mental Research Center, Voltura is investi- submillimeter astronomy. former owner of the Seattle Seahawks, has gating how the foraging behavior and increased his support of the Smithsonian reproductive performance of the common FOODYALUE to $100 million by making an $80 million vole, Microtuspennsylvanicus, can serve as of the donation to the National Museum of an early indicator of nutrient shortages for Series Publications American History. It is the largest single animals that graze on plants. BANANA gift ever to the Institution. In 1997, Behring gave $20 million to the National Domestication of goats. Smithsonian sci- The following publications on research in Museum of Natural History. The latest entist Melinda Zeder has devised a various fields were issued during the contribution will allow the Smithsonian to method for detecting animal domestica- period May 1 through July 31, 2000, by begin a complete transformation and mod- tion. Working "with museum skeletal col- Smithsonian Institution Press in the regu- ernization of the National Museum of lections of modern wild goats, she has lar Smithsonian series. Diane Tyler is man- American History. Initial plans, according developed a way to distinguish the selec- aging editor. Requests for series publica- to Museum Director Spencer Crew, call tive slaughter of managed domestic herd tions should be addressed to Smithsonian for the creation of thematic exhibition animals from prey animals killed by Institution Press, Series Division, 470 halls highlighting the history and contri- hunters. She detected this domestic profile L'Enfant Plaza, Suite 7100, Washington, butions of the American people in preserv- in the goat remains from two archaeologi- D.C. 20560-0950. ing and protecting freedom and democ- cal sites in modern-day Iran. Using a ne"w racy. In recognition of the gift, the technique for precisely dating small frag- Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology ments of bone (atomic mass spectrometry • 91 Myodocopid Ostracoda from the radiocarbon dating), Zeder determined Late Permian of Greece and a Basic Classifi- Front cover of The Food Value of the that goat domestication first took place cation for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocop- Banana, which was published in 1928 by 10,000 years ago in the highlands of Iran ida, by S. Kornicker and I.G. Sohn, the Food Co. of Boston (Courtesy of Ann and then expanded some 500 to 1,000 33 pages, 22 figures, 1 table. Lovell's Banana Museum) years later to arid lo"wland regions well outside the natural homeland of wild Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology aspect of the banana in American culture, goats. The research resolves a long-stand- • 607 Zoogeography and Systematics of the the book provides an insightful look at a ing controversy over the environmental Lanternfishes of the Genus Nannobrachium fruit with appeal. and social context of initial domestication (Myctophidae: LampanyctiniJ, by Bernard J. and highlights the importance that Zahuranec, 69 pages, 25 figures, 34 tables. China Pilot: Flying for Chennault During museum collections play in ongoing scien- the Cold War, by Felix Smith (Smithsonian tific exploration. These findings were pub- Institution Press, 2000, $1795). Smith lished in the March 2000 issue of Science shares a fascinating view of the events that magazine in an article co-authored "with Books & Recordings shaped modern Asia as he saw them while former Smithsonian Fellow Brian Hesse. flying throughout the region for Civil Air Transport in the tumultuous years follow- Prehistoric dwelling found. A prehistoric Witness in OurTime: Working Lives of ing World War II. d"welling at the edge of the Great Sand Documentary Photographers, by Ken Dunes National Monument in Colorado Light (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, Angels Zero: P-47 Close Air Support in "was found in mid-August by Pegi Jodry, an $45 cloth; $1795 paper). This book traces Europe, by Robert V. BruUe (Smithsonian Kenneth Behring holds the sword of Civil archaeologist at the National Museum of the recent history of social documentary Institution Press, 2000, $29.95). Combin- War Gen. Ulysses S. Grant from the Natural History, and her research team. It photography through 22 of the genre's best ing anecdotes from his diary, research in National Museum of American History's is the first Archaic-age dwelling found in photographers, editors and curators. U.S. and German records, and interviews collections. (Photo by Hugh Taiman) sand dunes in Colorado. The house floor "with participants from both sides, the and charcoaled hearth of a primitive Deep Ocean, by Tony Rice (Smithsonian author links his daily experiences as a building that houses the National Museum dwelling, dug in a hillside near Indian Institution Press, 2000, $14.95). This fighter pilot with events in "wider Europe. of American History will be inscribed Spring on the Nature Conservancy's lively, informative book tells how oceanog- with the designation "Behring Center" Medano-Zapata Ranch, "was inhabited raphy developed as a science and summa- Beyond the Moon: A Golden Age of Plan- beneath the museum's name. some 4,000 to 6,000 years ago, Jodry says. rizes "what is known about the organisms etary Exploration, 1971-1978, by Robert S. The research team recovered a probable that live in the deep ocean. Kraemer (Smithsonian Institution Press, New moon discovered. Using data taken basket-making tool made on a deer 2000, $34.95). Providing an insider's view by the University of Arizona's Spacewatch metapodial, a small stone pendant, grind- Lichens, by William Purvis (Smithsonian of "what has been called a golden era in program, a team from the Minor Planet ing stones and a stone tool. Institution Press, 2000, $14.95). In this space pioneering, the author describes the Center at the Smithsonian Astrophysical generously illustrated book, the author, a financial, political and technical hurdles Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., deter- Astronomical research priorities. The lichenologist, contends that understanding facing each space mission during this time. mined that Jupiter has 17 satellites, one National Research Council of the National and maintaining lichen biodiversity may more than previously thought. After por- Academies in Wishington, D.C., has cited lead to the discovery of ne"w medicines and The Museum in Transition, by Hilde S. ing over data "with a new software pro- four proposed initiatives based, or originat- increasingly precise monitoring of the envi- Hein (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, gram, the Smithsonian team first thought ing, at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for ronment's health. $40 cloth; $1795 paper). Suggesting that the object might be a comet. However, Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., as prior- the current emphasis on experience and upon further examination, the researchers ities in astronomical research for the new Snakes, by Petter Stafford (Smithsonian multiple perspectives may be replacing an noted that its trajectory put it right around millinneum. Among the proposed projects Institution Press, 2000, $14.95). The old monolithic value "with a new one, Hein our solar system's biggest planet. This is selected by a national panel of astronomers author charts the biology and natural his- urges museums to amplify and sharpen the first Jovian moon discovered since are Constellation-X, a linked array of sev- tory of these creatures, highlighting the their distinctions from one another. 1979, w^hen the \byager spacecraft orbited eral orbiting X-ray telescopes, which would variety and complexity of a group that Jupiter and spied three new satellites. be the successor to the Chandra X-ray includes almost 300 living species. America's Public Holidays, 1865-1920, by Observatory; the Very Energetic Radiation Ellen M. Litwicki (Smithsonian Institution Carbon dioxide and animal behavior. Imaging Telescope Array System, or Asteroids: A History, by Curtis Peebles Press, 2000, $39.95). The author argues Mary Beth Voltura, a Smithsonian fellow, VERITAS, a ground-based array of seven (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, that the invention of more than 25 holidays hopes to utilize the resources and staff of a 10-meter-diameter telescopes designed to $29.95). The author covers asteroid investi- between the close of the Civil War and the couple of Smithsonian research centers to study the very-high-energy gamma rays gation, sho"wing ho"w ideas about the orbit- end of World War I provided various find out if elevated levels of carbon diox- that permeate space; the Energetic X-ray ing boulders have evolved and discussing ide in the atmosphere impair reproduction Imaging Survey Telescope, known as the ebb and flow of scientific debate. 'Books, ' continued on Page 8

Smithsonian Institution Research Reports • Autumn 2000 • 7 The book, divided into more than 30 cost. "We wanted to reach as many people Council of Ministers and V)lvo. The show Off the Shelf chapters, is replete with color photographs, as possible with the new and unfamiliar also will travel to Los Angeles; Houston; drawings and maps of Viking sites, arti- information that it was the Vikings, not Denver; and Ottawa, Canada. It is pre- facts and landscapes. It first leads readers Columbus, who reached America first." sented in partnership with the White Vikings: The North through Scandinavian culture, art, religion The Vikings exhibition, which opens House Millennium Council. and daily life and then into Europe. It Oct. 20 at the American Museum of Nat- •Jo Ann Webb Atlantic Saga traces the expansion of farmers and explor- ural History in New York City, was pro- ers throughout the North Atlantic and into duced as part of a large international exhi- This fall. Donor Level and above Contribut- Edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth the New World. bition on Vikings. It was organized by the ing Members will receive the book Vikings: I. Wird (Published by Smithsonian Institution Vikings also reveals that contacts with National Museum of Natural History and The North Atlantic Saga as a benefit of Press, 2000, $60 cloth; $34.95 paper) Native American groups were far more received primary funding from the Nordic membership. extensive than has previously been The Vikings, not Columbus, believed and that the outnumbered Norse- reached America first, according men never established more than tempo- to a newly released Smithsonian rary settlements in North America. Institution Press book titled "Topics were determined by need•to 'Books, ' continued from Page 7 more than five hours of music first pub- Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. The book cover the subject fully•and by expertise, lished in the historic Broadside magazine, not only corrects misconceptions, it uses because there was a body of scholarly American groups with the opportunity to which promoted social change and made the history of the Vikings as a firamework information already available," says recast the story of the United States with available the underground music that for a range of events in world history. A Fitzhugh, who, with the help of Ward, themselves in the pivotal roles. fueled the innocent-sounding folk revival The book commemorates the 1,000- pulled together both the book and the and the explosions of angry rock and rap. year anniversary of the Vikings' exhibition in 18 months. The Flowering of Man: ATzotzil Botany of expansion from their Scandina- "Getting 38 manuscripts sub- Zinacantán, by Dennis E. Breedlove and Lord Invader: Calypso in New York vian homelands west across the mitted, edited and illustrated in Robert M. Laughlin (Smithsonian Institu- (Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 2000, Atlantic to North America from less than a year is not a typical or tion Press, 2000, $24.95). Considered to be $15 CD). This compact disc features 26 about A.D. 800 to A.D. 1000. desirable publication plan," he one of the most comprehensive studies of songs, 13 of which have never before been The expansion culminates in says. "Fortunately, many of the Mesoamerican ethnobotany, the book released, by the composer of the song the voyage of Leif Eriksson, authors had already done looks at this Mayan culture and its inten- "Rum and Coca-Cola," which popularized who brought his ship to research on these topics sive use of the botanical landscape. calypso in the United States. shore in what is today and could write quickly northeastern Canada, for us." Rain Forest Exchanges: Industry and Calypso Awakening (Smithsonian Folk- becoming the first Euro- By putting together the Community on an Amazonian Frontier, by ways Recordings, 2000, $15 CD). A flour- pean to set foot in the book and the exhibition, William H. Fisher (Smithsonian Institu- ishing of calypso creativity, a dramatic New World, around the Fitzhugh wanted to dis- tion Press, 2000, $45 cloth; $19.95 paper). period in Trinidad's history and an audio year 1000. pel stereotypes of Vik- Drawing on both historical sources and engineer named Emory Cook inspired Vikings was edited by ings as raiding and pil- indigenous informants. Fisher argues that these tracks, originally released on Cook William Fitzhugh, a laging people in horned decisions to cooperate with frontier indus- Records between 1956 and 1962. curator in the National helmets. "The Vikings tries are best understood by taking into Museum of Natural His- A^ho came to the New account the power of native social systems Books published by Smithsonian Institu- tory's Anthropology World were explorers, to shape the acquisition of trade goods. tion Press can be ordered from P.O. Box Department and director farmers, fishermen and 960, Herndon, Va. 20172-0960. To order of the museum's Arctic settlers, home folks inter- The Politics of Ritual in an Aboriginal by phone or for more information, call 1 Studies Center, and ested in their families and Settlement: Kinship, Gender and the Cur- (800) 782-4612. There is a $3.50 postage Elisabeth Ward, a ancestral deeds," he says. rency of Knowledge, by Françoise Dussart and handling fee for the first book ordered museum specialist in The book's goal, (Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, $45). and $ 1 for each additional book. the department and Fitzhugh adds, was not The author looks at how female ritual lead- Smithsonian Folkways Recordings can assistant curator for to provide a primary ers transcend the rigid physical divisions be ordered by writing to Smithsonian the Vikings project. source but to gather that separate them from their male coun- Folkways Mail Order, 955 L'Enfant Plaza, It was published to primary sources terparts and how they function simultane- Suite 7300, Washington, D.C. 20560- accompany a trav- In 1831, a spectacular cache of 93 chessmen into a single, read- ously in various roles within their culture. 0953. To order by phone or for more infor- eling exhibition of carved from walrus ivory, such as this one, able and highly mation, call (202) 287-7297 or 1 (800) the same name, was found on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer illustrated volume The Best of Broadside: 1962-1988 410-9815. There is a $5.50 fee for ship- which closed at the Hebrides.These islands were connected to that could be pro- (Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 2000, ping and handling of the first 15 record- museum Aug. 13. a trade network controlled from Norway. duced at a modest $69.95 CD). This collector's set contains ings ordered; call for other shipping prices.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bulk Rate Washington DC 20560-0033 Postage & Fees Paid

Official Business Smithsonian Institution Penalty for Private Use $300 G-94

# SkiaitluoauiiilBftltstlfla NO. 102 AUTUMN 2000