Secretariat Permanent

International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor Comité international de coordination pour la sauvegarde et le développement du site historique d'Angkor

Coprésidé par / Cochaired by

M./Mr Dominique Dordain M./Mr Katsuhiro Shinohara

Conseiller de Coopération et Ministre-Conseiller d’Action Culturelle

Counsellor for Culture and Minister-Counselor Cooperation

Ambassade de France Ambassade du Japon Embassy of France Embassy of Japan

Siem Reap – 12 et 13 décembre 2002 – Hôtel Princess Angkor Siem Reap – 12 & 13 December 2002 – Princess Angkor Hotel

UNESCO: 38 Samdech Sothearos Blvd., P.O Box 29, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (855-23) 426-726 / 723-054 / 725-071 – Fax: (855-23) 426-163 / 217-022 – E-mail: cicangkor@unesco.org Twelfth Technical Committee Meeting / Douzième Comité Technique 2 / 51

Standing Secretariat

• UUNESCONESCO OOfficeffice Address: 38 Samdech Sothearos Blvd. P.O. Box 29 Phnom Penh Cambodia

Tel.: (855) (23) 426 726 (855) (23) 723 054 / 725 071 (855) (12) 813 550 (855) (12) 813 844

Fax: (855) (23) 426 163 / 217 022

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

• SStandingtanding SSecretariatecretariat in Paris: Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH Scientific Advisor with the Culture Sector

in Phnom Penh: Ms Tamara TENEISHVILI Mr SAM Rithy

International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor Technical Committee Meeting – December 12 & 13, 2002 Twelfth Technical Committee Meeting / Douzième Comité Technique 3 / 51

Table of Contents

RECORD OF THE DISCUSSIONS 5

I. OPENING STATEMENTS 5 1. Statement by the French Cochairman, Mr Dominique DORDAIN 5 2. Statement by the Japanese Cochairman, Mr Katsuhiro SHINOHARA 6 3. Statement by the Head of the Cambodian Delegation, HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn 7 4. Statement by HE Mr BUN Narith, CEO of the APSARA Authority 9 5. Statement by the UNESCO Representative, Mr Étienne CLÉMENT 11

II. STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 12 1. Ongoing projects and studies and new projects 12 A. Organization of the international action at Angkor 12 B. Recent measures taken for the prevention of illicit trafficking: ongoing activities 22 C. Future activities 25

III. RESEARCH PROGRAM 27 1. Points of information on ongoing projects and activities 27

IV. PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION, RESTORATION AND PRESENTATION OF THE ANGKOR MONUMENTS 31 1. Projects submitted to the Technical Committee Meeting for consideration 31 2. Points of information regarding ongoing activities and projects 31

V. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM 38 1. Projects submitted to the Technical Committee for consideration 38 2. Points of information regarding ongoing projects and activities 38

VI. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 42 1. Projects submitted to the Technical Committee for consideration 42

Project Background 42

General Objectives 43

Specific Tasks 43

Progress So Far 43 2. Points of information regarding ongoing activities and projects 43

VII. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 44 1. Points of information regarding ongoing projects and activities 44

VIII. MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS 45

IX. CONCLUSIONS 47

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 48

Record of the Discussions

I. OOPENINGPENING SSTATEMENTSTATEMENTS

1. Statement by the French Cochairman, Mr Dominique DORDAIN

“Excellency, Mr CHEA Sorphorn, Secretary of State at the Office of the Council of Ministers, Head of the Cambodian Delegation, Excellency, Mr CHAP Nhalyvud, Governor of Siem Reap Province, Excellency, Mr BUN Narith, Chief Executive Officer of the APSARA Authority, Mr Étienne CLÉMENT, UNESCO Representative in Cambodia, Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH, Standing Secretariat of the ICC for Angkor, Honorable Ambassadors, Honorable members of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I would like to personally—this being the first opportunity since I only recently undertook my duties—and on behalf of Mr Katsuhiro SHINOHARA, Minister-Counselor at the Embassy of Japan in Phnom Penh, and subsequent to the most interesting site visits that we made yesterday, to welcome all of you to this meeting of the International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor.

Nearly two years have elapsed since the passing of the June 2, 2001 Royal Decree confirming the Royal Government’s will to move ahead rapidly with the concrete measures required in the field for the development of Angkor Park.

We feel satisfaction as we see this institution taking things in hand and giving tangible evidence of making over the site, reflecting both a greater constructive internationalism and an increasing appropriation by the Khmer public.

The increase in the number of international tourists is being accompanied by an even greater climb in the number of domestic visitors, which figure jumped by nearly 80 percent over the last year, indicating that traffic and security conditions have improved and that receipts are coming in from a fast-growing activity, benefiting the APSARA public institution, as well as the community and the Kingdom in general.

Evidence of this was seen concretely in 2002 in the form of various international events, such as the ASEAN Cultural Week, followed by the José CARRERAS concert and film production activities being carried out by Jean-Jacques ANNAUD and the last few days by Mr Rithy PAN. The year will end with the “Angkor Nights” show, and we hope that this performance will become a major drawing card along with other artistic events set in these masterpieces of Angkor architecture.

Allow me to express my feelings by means of a quotation: “Architecture really is the greatest of the arts because it calls upon all the others and it is the closest to man. Architecture leaves its mark on time, punctuates history and sets man in a contained, sometimes magical space.” This definition of architecture readily comes to mind within the precincts of Angkor Park, does it not?

We are also happy with the arrival or return of other international teams on new conservation projects, and we are speaking of course of the Swiss Confederation at Banteay Srei and India for Ta Prohm that we visited yesterday, in addition to the operations already being conducted by the other members of the ICC.

This fresh impulse to the international mobilization would not be possible without the unflagging will of the Royal Government as it expands its efforts to care for its broader national heritage, as seen in its application to have other sites included on the World Heritage List, in particular the Preah Vihear temple.

In this context highlighting the progress made by the various APSARA missions that will be reported on today, the proceedings of this 12th session of the ICC Technical Committee are of special significance in that they are taking place in 2003, which marks the tenth anniversary since the inception of this committee.

In conclusion, I would like to thank UNESCO for its provision of the services of standing secretariat for the committee, and in particular Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH for his energetic and skillful handling of the scientific and technical follow-up of these proceedings.”

2. Statement by the Japanese Cochairman, Mr Katsuhiro SHINOHARA

“Excellency Mr CHEA Sorphorn, Secretary of State at the Council of Ministers, Excellency Mr BUN Narith, Chief Executive Officer of the APSARA Authority, Honorable Ambassadors, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

On behalf of the cochairmen of this Technical Committee meeting, I would like to extend a hearty welcome to all of you participants. My welcome also goes to all the people involved in Angkor monuments preservation projects. It is with a sense of honor that I, along with my colleague, Mr Dominique DORDAIN, cochair the proceedings of this technical meeting of the ICC, which is expected to provide better insight into what steps should be taken next.

I take this special opportunity to share with you my view that since the monuments of Angkor are not only the symbol of the soul of the Cambodian nation but also on the World Heritage List of mankind, particular attention should be paid at all times to ongoing conservation projects. Given the invaluable heritage of Angkor, the strong desire and good will of the Cambodian people for their country’s development and its steady growth, Cambodia is enjoying a particularly remarkable upswing in tourism. The future conservation of the monuments should, for long-term benefits, be conducted in a most careful and responsible manner. And to achieve this, great efforts should continuously be put forth to further exchange the latest information and practical know- how and techniques among the all parties involved, so as to adopt if possible more appropriate and better methods for the effective implementation of the latest projects.

Having said this, I would like to declare that this twelfth meeting of the Technical Committee is now open, and at the same time encourage open and active debates on the session topics.

Thank you very much for your kind attention.”

3. Statement by the Head of the Cambodian Delegation, HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn

“Honorable Cochairmen, Honorable Chief Executive Officer of the APSARA Authority, Honorable Ambassadors, Honorable Representative of UNESCO, Distinguished Professors, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Compatriots and Aficionados of Angkor:

One year ago at this same table I said: “Angkor is sleeping. We will wake it up!” Today, I will say that Angkor is indeed awakening from a deep sleep. Thanks to your efforts, to the generosity of your countries, to the passion of all the operators, progress is continuing to take place. I would like to convey to you, on behalf of the Royal Government of Cambodia, our very deep gratitude and appreciation. During the proceedings of this twelfth meeting of the Technical Committee, we will review progress made as well as new projects. I will therefore not go into detail now, but I would like, on behalf of all of you, to express very sincere commendation to the APSARA Authority that, under the chairmanship of HE Mr BUN Narith, has a meaningful, praiseworthy record of achievements to report on this month of December 2002. We convey to all of APSARA’s staff members our congratulations and warm encouragement to keep up the good work! APSARA would not exist were it not for the expertise and generosity of all the countries sharing in this mutual undertaking, and I ask all of their representatives here present to accept the renewed statement of the Royal Government’s sincere gratitude.

Dear friends of Angkor,

The inauguration by HE Samdech HUN Sen, Prime Minister, of the Siem Reap Airport, is a crucial step in the development of Angkor and its region. I take this opportunity to express to the Société Concessionnaire de l'Aéroport (SCA) and to all on its staff the very great appreciation of the Royal Government for the excellent work done. I note with much satisfaction the excellent level of cooperation that prevailed between the ICC, the APSARA Authority and the SCA throughout this very important undertaking. This wonderful achievement means more tourists, and we must take into account more than ever before the meaningful recommendations that the SCA representative made here last December.

The grand success of the concert held in front of Angkor Wat, superbly organized by the prestigious Raffles Hotels Corporation, has given a fresh boost to the global image of Angkor and the Kingdom of Cambodia. Such an outstanding artistic promotion, along with the shooting of films likewise for international audiences, is a high quality endorsement in itself. My wish is for such quality advertising to continue. Honorable French Cochairman, I gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the French Cultural Center

that is cooperating with the Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts to put on a new installment of "Angkor Nights" in a few days’ time, this year featuring the Royal Ballet and the Ballet de Lorraine. You have pioneered this undertaking, and the Royal Government passes on to you its heartfelt appreciation. We will be very happy to give consideration to quality initiatives along these lines from other countries. Let me mention that the National Geographic television channel, with an audience of 400 million viewers worldwide, is planning to produce a documentary about Khmer civilization. The first sequences are expected to be shot in the near future. New unpublished images taken by satellite will be worked into this film.

Two other events of international dimension are noteworthy for their powerful promotion of Angkor, one being the ASEAN Summit, with its ancillary meetings, one of which focused on tourism and declared 2003 as the Year of Tourism, and the other the World Buddhism Conference that was attended by 2,000 delegates.

I take this opportunity to express a fervent desire of the Cambodian people, the most senior authorities of the country and of the Royal Government. Angkor is intimately linked to the Buddhist religion. Bringing Angkor back to life cannot be achieved without the religious dimension that made its glory, richness and grandeur. The safeguarding, conservation and development of Angkor will be achieved in a worthy manner only if its symbiosis with Buddhism, the State religion of Cambodia, is successful. Furthermore, it is remarkable that of all the Khmer masterpieces passed down by our grand rulers of the past, the immense majority are buildings of a religious character. I would like to see some reflective thinking undertaken so that the issue of religion, both past and present, is taken into account in our studies and operational decisions. This reflective thinking could meaningfully be led with the assistance of specialists in Angkorian religious history, including French and foreign experts from the École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Honorable Cochairman from Japan, your prestigious country could provide significant assistance in this regard.

While on the subject of Buddhism, for those who may not have heard about it, let me mention an outstanding discovery made by HE Mr Michel TRANET, Under-secretary of State with the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. Theravada Buddhism was probably introduced into Cambodia at an earlier date than its arrival in the emerging kingdoms to the west of the Khmer empire that later became part of Thailand and Burma. A stele with writing in two languages—Pali and ancient Khmer—was translated by Mr Michel TRANET. The stele dates back to the year 683 of the Saka era, which is about 761 A.D., or during the 8th century, hence well before the start of Angkor’s glory. HE Mr Michel TRANET published an article about it in the Khmer press, which drew considerable attention from foreign specialists such as Professor Peter Skilling in Bangkok, who hailed it as a preeminent discovery.

Excellencies, dear friends:

The Royal Government recognizes that some difficulties of a social and economic nature have not yet been satisfactorily resolved. Indeed, it has not yet been possible to relocate the families that have been settling for several years now along the road between the approach area to Angkor Wat and the airport. We are also concerned with the most disadvantaged communities in Angkor and the surrounding region. Some readjustments are in order. The Royal Government has decided to set aside major funding starting in 2003 for economic development projects with the ever-present desire to improve the welfare of the most needy communities. It is an ambitious plan involving

both the most basic infrastructure and direct investment focusing on employment. The contribution of the private sector will give rise to new motivations that hopefully will assist the government in encouraging private businesses, both national and international, to invest in the country and in Siem Reap province in particular.

Before concluding, I would like to emphasize the need for research activities to provide insight into Angkor’s past, so that no errors are made in safeguarding, conservation and development programs. It is in this spirit that I will listen carefully to what is said about the 7th Bayon Symposium, to the recommendations made by the Ad Hoc group of experts with regard to the preservation, restoration and presentation program for the Angkor monuments, the various projects concerning particular sites, as well as projects involving the training of future Cambodian specialists. As was shown by Mr Michel TRANET’s discovery, it can take just one stone to shatter a conclusion that we thought was accurate and final. Let us therefore boldly move forward in promoting research programs dealing with our past in order to better succeed the present.

Dear Mr Clément, UNESCO representative in Cambodia, just before turning the floor over to you, I would like to thank you for the fine arrangements that you made once again for our comfort and the success of our proceedings. Kindly pass on to your associates our praise for the fine work done by the ICC Standing Secretariat.

I thank you.”

4. Statement by HE Mr BUN Narith, CEO of the APSARA Authority

“Honorable Cochairmen, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The plenary session of the ICC, usually held in Phnom Penh, was held in Angkor / Siem Reap in July 2002 at the request of the Royal Government. Here we all are gathered today for the meeting of the Technical Committee, again in Angkor / Siem Reap.

Various high-level events this year have put the Angkor site as well as the rest of Cambodia in the limelight, and the town of Siem Reap of course was host to events of various kinds. The world heritage status of the Angkor site and the economic development of Siem Reap are attracting visitors, both tourists and investors. The political stability and security needed to win tourist confidence are no longer just ‘rumors or suppositions,’ but something that has really come about.

The figures compiled by the ticket sales operations confirm a steady increase of approximately 33 percent as of the end of November 2002. They do not include domestic visitors or guests who do not purchase tickets to enter Angkor Archaeological Park. Foreign tourists numbered 300,000 to which must be added some 300,000 Cambodian visitors, meaning that 600,000 people visited the Angkor site. The Ministry of Tourism has forecast 1 million visitors by 2005. This is no longer a utopian dream but a genuine possibility.

Various cultural and non-cultural events have also given recognition to the site: - The ASEAN Cultural Week brought together artists from the ten member countries who came to put on performances in front of Angkor Wat, - The ASEAN Summit, although held in Phnom Penh, brought in delegates who came up to visit the Angkor site,

- The José CARRERAS concert drew an audience of over 1,000 persons, - The Third World Buddhist Conference hosted 2,000 pilgrims who came up to meditate in the temples, - Miss Universe is now working on a promotional operation with the ACCOR Group on the Angkor site, and this list does not include meetings organized by various national and international organizations in Siem Reap.

Chosen to be the cultural tourism representative for ASEAN and proclaimed the tourism country for 2003, Cambodia will be host to the World Tourism Organization member countries, who will be in Phnom Penh from January 28 to 30, 2003 for the Tourism Forum.

All of these successes must not make us lose sight of the fragility of this activity sector, which is at the mercy of the least political incident that happens, even in another country of the region, like the terrorist attack in Bali, Indonesia, last October, which led to cancellations as far away as Cambodia.

The economic growth of tourism encourages us to redouble our efforts to have the Angkor site become the engine to pull the other provinces of the country along the way of development and make Cambodia a tourist destination of its own right. We should be happy about the spin-offs that are sure to bring benefits to the people; however, success is a two-edged sword.

There will be definite job creation in all trades linked directly or indirectly to tourism, but we should be taking the necessary action right now to deal with the mushrooming numbers of visitors that have been going through the temples these last few months.

Cambodia is a strong center of attraction for tourists, and the greater numbers of tourists that are expected to arrive can soon get out of control. We therefore need to be very vigilant and keep the monuments and the site from being victimized by badly managed tourism.

The tourism boom in Siem Reap is a matter of concern to my associates and me, and I am most interested in hearing what the ICC participants here have to share by way of advice and experience on the projects to develop intake spaces and showcase the monuments for tourists. At the 7th Symposium on the Bayon, it was very enriching to have heard the case studies on international sites coming to grips with problems similar to those that we are experiencing at Angkor.

The expansion of individual conservation units for the monuments will only be of value to the extent that it is accompanied by upstream protective measures, by doing the necessary work to properly set up the temple approach areas.

As for us, we are giving priority in the field to the management of domestic tourists who have not yet been conditioned to the need for heritage protection. The growth in local tourist numbers is a matter of great concern for the park, which is being harmed by the effects of daily picnicking (all manner of refuse) and the traffic congestion at nightfall. It is urgent to put rules in place to deal with the needs with regard to temple tours, environmental management and traffic movement in the park.

A rigorous management of flows can only be achieved by putting in place proper intake structures and enforcing the rules through competent surveillance agents and

vigilant checks, along with the implementation of new tour routes to reduce congestion during peak times, etc.

Human resources development programs must take into account the communities living in the park, in order to raise their awareness of heritage protection in view of the constant increase in visitor numbers. Visitor education must be done through tourism professionals who can serve as a communications network for informational material.

The Royal Government has emphasized the economics of tourism, notably its growth in Siem Reap, and the APSARA Authority is responsible for fleshing out this policy while fulfilling its key mission of safeguarding and protecting the Angkor site. The responsibility incumbent upon us is a heavy one, and we are aware that tourism development can only be successful if monument protection is successful.

Honorable Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for your attention.”

5. Statement by the UNESCO Representative, Mr Étienne CLÉMENT

“Honorable Secretary of State, Honorable Cochairmen, Honorable Director General of APSARA, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Each year, the ICC Technical Committee meeting is a source of great satisfaction derived from seeing, under the careful stewardship of the Royal Government and chairmanship of France and Japan, professionals from the world over and often from diverse cultural backgrounds, join their talents and their passion in order to protect the outstanding world heritage site of Angkor. This year being the tenth anniversary of this prestigious site’s inclusion on the World Heritage List, we feel this even more keenly.

The proceedings of the ICC are a testimony that there has been a stimulating interaction among international experts, but more importantly among international and Cambodian experts since 1993. In addition to the achievements of the last ten years, I would like once again to stress the great joy felt by UNESCO at seeing the young generation of Cambodian conservators distinguish themselves by their professionalism and desire to develop and perpetuate this action launched by the ICC.

This fruitful cooperation must be kept up because of the many challenges and ups and downs with which is fraught the development of a site as sensitive as Angkor. Clearly, through the advice it gives to the authorities in charge of the site, the Technical Committee wishes, for example, to try to harmonize the principles that provide the basis for the very essence of the safeguarding operations, such as the legitimate development of private initiative on the one hand and consideration for the overall interests and boundaries of the site’s protected zone as defined by its status as a world heritage site on the other.

Furthermore, in addition to tourism management, archaeological research, training of heritage professionals and sharing scientific knowledge, the Technical Committee, in close partnership with the APSARA Authority, is duty bound to continue supporting the cause of preventing illicit trafficking, demining programs and, most importantly, social

outreach, so that the poorest of the poor also benefit from the spin-offs of economic development in this region.

In this regard, UNESCO pays tribute to all those who are contributing to meeting all of these challenges, firstly the Royal Government and the APSARA Authority, the cochairmen from France and Japan, the experts of the Ad Hoc group, Professors CROCI, SUZUKI and LABLAUDE, indeed all the members of the ICC. In conclusion, I would like to thank our friend Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH, scientific advisor with UNESCO’s culture sector and member of the standing secretariat who, more than ever, enlightens us with his sagacity, erudition and wisdom.

On behalf of the Director General of UNESCO, Mr Koichiro MATSUURA, I wish every success for the proceedings of this twelfth meeting of the ICC Technical Committee.

Thank you for your attention.”

II. SSTRENGTHENINGTRENGTHENING TTHEHE NNATIONALATIONAL MMANAGEMENTANAGEMENT IINSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONAL FFRAMEWORKRAMEWORK

1. Ongoing projects and studies and new projects

A. Organization of the international action at Angkor

Before turning the floor over to HE Mr BUN Narith, Mr SHINOHARA reminded those participating at the meeting to pay careful attention to the timing allotted to their contributions because of the very long list of business on the agenda.

• APSARA Authority Activity Report, by HE Mr BUN Narith

HE Mr BUN Narith made the following statement:

“The opening statement made at this meeting gave considerable attention to the galloping tourism growth in the Siem Reap / Angkor region.

I shall not read to you the contents of the APSARA Authority Activity Report, a copy of which was passed out to you. However, I would like to highlight the activities of the various departments, the main purpose of which is to set up the infrastructure needed to improve visitor intake:

1. The Urban Planning and Development Department (Département de l’Urbanisme et de Développement urbain) is involved in monitoring the road infrastructure work in the future Angkor cultural and tourist city, in the spatial and statutory planning of the comprehensive development area map for the town of Siem Reap, as well as in riverbank enhancement operations.

2. Training activities were conducted by the Department of Culture (Département de la Culture) to upgrade the skills of tour guides, and it will be holding another training session, “Tanei IV,” in early 2003 for the recruitment of prospective young managers for the APSARA Authority. Priority will be given to applicants from the tourism sector. As soon as they finish their courses, they will be brought in to meet

the needs of the Tourism Development Department (Département du Développement touristique).

3. The Tourism Development Department gave priority attention to putting up signs on the Angkor site, in cooperation with the Urban Planning and Development Department. A landscape map will be produced to welcome tourists who visit Cambodia in 2003, the “Year of Tourism.” I would like to clarify a point regarding the figures given on the table of tourist numbers. It shows 27,853 tourists, which was the figure as of November 25, when the report was completed. I can now give the actual figure of 35,337 visitors as of the end of November, which is an increase of 35 percent compared with last year, and an average growth of 33 percent per month for the year 2002.

4. The Department of Monuments and Archaeology has worked hard to put in tourist intake infrastructures on the approach areas of the major temples and care for the routine cleaning, protection and maintenance operations on the monuments.

5. The Social and Economic Development Department (Département de Développement économique et social) held many negotiation meetings to finalize concession contracts relative to tourism on the Angkor site, with a view to increasing the revenue accruing to the APSARA Authority.

6. Obviously, the Central Administration Department (Département de l’Administra- tion centrale) is responsible for negotiations with the provincial authorities and communities for the acquisition of the land needed for tourist facility infrastructure.

All of the departments have their respective roles and joint or complementary undertakings that contribute to fulfilling the various missions incumbent upon the APSARA Authority.

Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I anticipate your input on our activity report and on the activities themselves. Thank you for your attention.”

• Department of Monuments and Archaeology activity report, by HE Mr ROS Borath

The contribution made by HE Mr ROS Borath was accompanied by a PowerPoint picture presentation to which the speaker referred.

“Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear friends:

Please allow me to present the activity report of the three units under the Department of Monuments and Archaeology.

I will start with the Maintenance Unit, and cover the various aspects that this unit cares for according to their nature: - “Health” reports, - Emergency interventions, - In-depth investigations. Emergency interventions basically involve propping-up operations, as illustrated by the following: Prasat Takeo, in which tilting of the structure at various points gives rise to concern, Bakong. Some of these interventions were intended to improve or secure access points to the temples, such as at Phnom Bakheng (a few levels to make access easier when going up the main stairway).

The “health” reports involving a dozen or so monuments have yielded enough material to propose a preliminary risk map. The risk assessment takes into account the many and varied aggravating factors, such as the crowds of tourists that converge on Phnom Bakheng at the end of the day. It also considers the need to undertake further studies to ascertain more accurately the nature and extent of the risk. The Angkor Wat galleries are an example of this, where the map shown here gives the current state of tilting obtained by a routine survey of cracks and leaning pillars. However, this outline of the tilting problem is not enough to allow characterization of the risks.

In parallel with the routine maintenance and upkeep operations, the work ahead of the Maintenance Unit is as follows:

- Make an aggregate of the health reports on the Angkor Thom monuments in order to come up with a timely risk map for monuments within the city’s walls, - The continuation of more in-depth investigations, such as on the Angkor Wat galleries.

We will now move on to the Perimeter Area Management Unit that, since its inception, has focused on the program for structuring monument approach areas. The map shown to you here gives the location of the studies conducted by this unit, in various stages of progress. The next map shows the nature of the intervention work done, according to the degree of urgency, involving amenities, bypass roads and intake facilities.

Let me illustrate this with the structuring plan for the Angkor Wat approach area that you already saw and that acquainted you with the main features. This project got underway with the construction of washroom facilities and opening up of the south bypass road.

The study on the Banteay Srei approach area was outlined to you yesterday when you visited the site. The main features of this structuring work include: - Setting up a definite protection area around the temple, - Access from the east and enhancement of the east-west perspective, - Bypassing the protected zone by relocating the road and creating an intake area.

As investigations continue with regard to structuring the approach areas, the work ahead of the Perimeter Area Management Unit is as follows: - Establish a set of general conditions and special requirements,

- Get a thinking process underway with regard to landscaping the approach areas and the overall site.

We now come to the Archaeology Survey Unit that works in close cooperation with the Perimeter Area Management Unit. Thus, the map showing archaeological study areas is quite similar to that made in conjunction with approach area studies. For example, the structuring plan for the Angkor Wat approach area was used as the basis for defining the archaeological sectors that were examined by the Archaeology Survey Unit. The most extensive archaeological studies have been made on the Angkor Wat approach area. This has made it possible to come up with a proposed archaeological risk map. We were able to draw up this map based on: - Routine core samplings, - Bore holes at locations where buildings would be put up as well as at locations suggested by the core sample findings. Here are two examples of bore holes that illustrate the typical stratigraphic profiles encountered on the Angkor Wat approach area: - The first is located at the southwest corner of the bypass road and yields a stratigraphy characterized by evidence of ancient occupation, a phase where man-made mounds appear, then more recent fill, - The second is southeast of Trapeang She where evidence of an occupation earlier than where the fill from the reservoir digging was found.

As it continues its archaeological investigations, the work ahead of the Archaeology Survey Unit is as follows: - Zero in on the archaeological potential of the sites in order to develop a map of risks and constraints, providing us with a genuine territory management tool for use when developing a comprehensive land-use map, - Implement a number of operations on a larger scale, actually site training facilities, enabling the continuation of expert training programs progressing up to the making of final operational concept documents.

In conclusion, I would like to draw three issues to your attention:

WATER AND HERITAGE The map shown to you here is an archaeological map on which the contemporary urban networks and settlements have been deliberately left off. This map shows a few examples were threats are found, selected on the basis of their intrinsic nature on the one hand and the ancient structures involved on the other: - Canal, - River, - Roadways.

The first example is located north of Pourk. This picture was taken in November 2002. The ancient roadway is being used as a soil pit. The second example is similar in nature, found on the Royal Way between Angkor and Preah Khan of Kompong Svay. The third example is that where many buildings are going up in Siem Reap on the course of the old Krah Lanh canal. On the same canal, somewhat further north, the construction is not so dense. The final example more broadly deals with the river, where problems are being encountered due to the fact that the banks are not protected.

FOREST AND HERITAGE The forest is part and parcel of the site. The site is a whole that must be considered as an ecosystem made up of water, earth (mineral) and plants. Serious problems arise from a lack of forestry management from the following standpoints:

- Ecological: Uncontrolled deforestation and replanting without planning are susceptible of upsetting the ecological system to varying degrees, - Health of the temples: The lack of a management plan puts the monuments in immediate danger and the forest itself in danger down the line, - Environmental: The effects of unauthorized occupation due to the lack of balanced management of all features of the landscape are directly measurable.

Conclusions: We must act very quickly on these priority areas by: - Launching the necessary high-caliber studies, - Implementing area structuring and rehabilitation projects, - Developing recommendations and sets of specifications.

OCCUPATION ON THE ANGKOR SITE The growth of communities on this world heritage site, particularly in Zone I and Zone II, is a matter of serious concern.

These three issues are vitally important for the site and if we do not take firm and coherent action, irreversible damage will be done to the site in the future.

I thank you for your attention.”

• Progress report on projects supported by French cooperation, by Mr Michel VERROT, FSP PROJECT

Mr Michel VERROT made the following statement:

“Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are now at the halfway mark in the Fonds de Solidarité Prioritaire project on the theme of “The Angkor Site—Heritage and Development”.

This program has three components: - The first involves restoration of the Baphuon temple, and Pascal ROYÈRE will report on this later on, - The third is focusing on the prevention of illicit trafficking in Khmer artifacts, and again further information on this will be presented a bit later on.

At this juncture in our meeting, I would like to report on the second component of this program, which essentially is to provide institutional support to APSARA. The main goal of this component is to assist APSARA to build up within itself the skills base necessary to manage the heritage under its stewardship.

A short time ago, HE Mr ROS Borath gave the activity report of the line units under the Department of Monuments and Archaeology. I would like to point out here that three such technical units have put in place in this department in the framework of the FSP project: - Maintenance Unit,

- Perimeter Area Management Unit, - Archaeology Survey Unit.

There is another unit, placed under the authority of Ms CHAU Sun Kérya of the Tourism Development Department directed by HE Mr TEP Henn, that being the Public Observatory Unit.

After set up, the training of the relevant teams started in mid-2000, hence just two years ago.

Among the initial goals that it was designed to achieve, the FSP project was intended to give young specialists who already had exposure to heritage through the course at the Tanei site some hands-on training closely linked to field realities. Our work was to support this training essentially with regard to the approach and problem analysis methods, as well as familiarity with the tools, without, of course, laying down rules. For two years now, young experts from APSARA’s technical units have taken the floor at each of our meetings to outline their working methods and achievements.

We will now look at the program’s second phase. It involves a continuation of the use of the methods and provides a technical foundation, but meanwhile enlarging the field of issues and actions. Horizons are being broadened in different ways: - Exposure to various settings through hands-on immersion courses in equivalent structures in France. The first architect from the Maintenance Unit has just completed this type of training and the others will follow in improved formats, - Dealing with other essential missions of APSARA such as project ownership that, for the technical units, can be summed up in two words—requirements and monitoring. The carrying out of this particular mission is subject to method and procedure requirements which, based on the best possible technical skills, should also be based on laws and regulations.

You were given a quick overview a few minutes ago of the form that this exercise can take in the area of identifying conservation objectives, with the example of the stability studies on the Angkor Wat galleries. We will shortly give you another example of this exercise, with the presentation of the Banteay Srei work site, which on this occasion required APSARA’s involvement in the process of achieving pre-established conservation objectives through an active partnership arrangement, in which each one fully carried out his role.

The requirements and monitoring mission also finds expression in another area closely dependent upon tourism development, that being temporary occupation of the site. Here again, the approach used and adherence to procedures starting with the specifications development phase up to final approval of the facilities, are essential. This exercise also implies the need for smooth coordination among APSARA’s different departments.

Just before concluding, I would like, if you agree, to invite Mr HENG Jeudi, architect with the Department of Monuments and Archaeology, and Mr SOK Leng with the Tourism Development Department, to briefly show you what was involved in their work with the recent big-time film shooting that took place in a number of monuments in Angkor Park.”

Messrs HENG Jeudi and SOK Leng gave a PowerPoint presentation outlining their work with the Pathé Film Company, which required seeing to the following considerations: Preservation,Smooth running of the film shooting operation, Satisfaction of tourists who happened to come upon the film shooting activities in the course of their temple tour.The method followed included such activities as: Writing up the technical specifications, Making a site survey or inventory of fixture, Pre-filming check, Monitoring while the film shooting was underway, Approval of the site after the film shooting operation was completed.

Ms CHAU Sun Kérya thanked the teams from both departments and stressed the value of this experience for future film-shooting operations, adding that the APSARA Authority team assigned to duty with the film crew played a friendly game of soccer against the Pathé Film crew and took a 5 to 1 victory, and also carried the return contest with a score of 5 to 3.

Mr VERROT concluded his presentation by adding: “The final component involves the major archaeological research campaign being conducted throughout the whole of Angkor Thom by Jacques GAUCHER. Last June, you heard a progress report on this research work, the purpose of which is to provide APSARA with an archaeological master plan for Angkor Thom, a land management tool. Another campaign will start in January 2003.”

• Paris Conference on Angkor, by Mr Dominique DORDAIN, Embassy of France, and Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH, ICC Secretariat

Mr Dominique DORDAIN made the following statement:

“We recall that on October 12 and 13, 1993, the Japanese government arranged the first Intergovernmental Conference for the Safeguarding and Development of the Angkor Site. The various countries and international organizations that attended that conference agreed that a second conference be held in due time in order to review the progress achieved and discuss the need for further action. After ten years of work and achievements, it seems that the time has come to hold another meeting. I therefore have the honor of confirming the proposal that was made at the 9th Plenary Session by the Ambassador of France, Mr André-Jean LIBOUREL, for Paris to host the second Intergovernmental Conference for the Safeguarding and Development of Angkor. The date has not yet been determined, but the time of year has perhaps already been—it could be the last half of November. After consultation on this point, we can let you know a more precise date.

We will have to make a report on what the ICC has done over these ten years, build upon the experience, look at the results of the development undertakings and, of course, strengthen coordination. As we have seen in recent times, such coordination is increasingly beneficial and essential. As each year goes by, we have a greater number of operators, which we are happy about, but challenges are evolving. Doctrines have to be reconciled, approaches, procedures, means and technical choices require fine- tuning, results assessments and comparisons must be made, while cross-cutting, multidisciplinary analyses are to be encouraged. We see seated around this table engineers, technicians, sociologists, economists, architects, urban planners, etc. So this of course requires association, cross-matching and comparison. As I see it, the time has

come to make Angkor into a knowledge outreach center, a regional or possibly even global pivot point. We can also foresee the archaeological park becoming a school setting for heritage conservation and safeguarding.

Furthermore, new challenges have emerged. Angkor, along with the Siem Reap region, is in the process of becoming, according to the expression used by the chief executive officer of the APSARA Authority, a regional engine, at any rate, a focal point of regional development. We will no doubt have to rethink these opportunities in terms of economic infrastructure, in terms of activity localization, in terms of activity distribution as well as, of course, security and risk management.

The Paris Conference will also be an opportunity to mobilize new ways and means, new energies, to draw up an action plan for the next ten years, from 2003 to 2013. We will have the privilege of benefiting from both the proximity and fidelity of UNESCO, because we will be in Paris, as well as all the other ICC members and, if there is agreement on the part of the Royal Government, to involve all of ICC’s partners in it.

The Tokyo Conference was an emergency meeting. It was to some extent the rebirth of Angkor. The Paris Conference could be an outreach conference and deal with sustainable, harmonized development.

I thank you for your attention.”

Before giving the floor to Mr BESCHAOUCH to give some technical details regarding preparations for the Paris Conference, the Japanese Cochairman invited the International Monetary Fund representative, Mr Robert HAGEMANN, to make a brief statement. He was attending an ICC meeting for the first time, but had to rush away from Siem Reap to attend to other commitments.

Mr HAGEMANN stated that he felt somewhat like a financial architect among a group of conservation and restoration architects, but the fact that he had not attended previous meetings of the ICC was in no way to be construed as a lack of interest in the cause of Angkor. On the other hand, referring to the APSARA Authority’s chief executive officer, he wished to commend the Royal Government for the outcome with regard to renegotiating the share of Angkor entrance ticket sales receipts, while noting that it would be good to further improve things on this count. He also stressed that there was a need for continual vigilance to see that the receipts went into the government’s coffers and are wisely allocated, notably for the noble task of conserving Angkor.

Mr BESCHAOUCH took advantage of Mr HAGEMANN’s presence to thank the IMF for its efforts that have helped improve income sharing. He also noted that with the assistance of the IMF, financial and budgetary transparency—an issue raised several times at meetings of the ICC—was becoming the standard, as evidenced in the APSARA Authority’s activity report, which included tables specifically detailing the statement of revenue and expenditure.

Getting back to the subject of the Paris Conference, Mr BESCHAOUCH wished to focus on the technical points involved in preparing the conference. However, prior to outlining them, he wanted to remind the meeting of one of the major decisions of the Tokyo Conference at which he was present. That was the decision to promote ongoing consultation between the cochairmen, the Royal Government of Cambodia and the secretariat. Mr BESCHAOUCH pointed out that it was his privilege to confirm that this

decision had been carefully followed through upon and that it was with the same spirit that he outlined the technical aspects involved in preparing the Paris Conference. The following points are the pillars of this preparatory work:

Preparation of a technical briefing on the activities accomplished over the ten years of ICC operations. This job, following the example of the Japanese government that worked with UNESCO to draw up a bilingual document for the Tokyo Conference, was entrusted to UNESCO by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (FMFA). It is anticipated that the draft document will be submitted to the cochairmen and the APSARA Authority for their input in July 2003 so that it can be rounded out, edited and printed between July and November.

Preparation of an exhibition in the hall adjacent to the Kléber Hall, where the Paris Conference is scheduled to take place. The FMFA is making 50 panels available to the ICC players in order to provide a visual accompaniment for the Conference. UNESCO Paris and Phnom Penh will look after preparing a circular spelling out the procedures and the format of the documents to be submitted for this exhibition.

At UNESCO’s suggestion, the governments of France and Japan have decided to fund the production of a documentary on the ICC’s activities that will be made available in four languages—English, French, Japanese and Khmer. This documentary will be released in conjunction with the Paris Conference and subsequently be used by television stations world over, as plans call for it to be made compatible with various systems.

In conclusion, Mr BESCHAOUCH welcomed the presence of South Korea at the meeting, which demonstrated the potential for more partners to join the ICC.

Mr DORDAIN expressed his confidence in UNESCO’s ability to care for the technical aspects of preparing the Paris Conference.

• Recommendations for the safeguarding and conservation of the Angkor site, by Prof. Giorgio CROCI, Ad Hoc expert

Prof. CROCI gave a short report on the progress of drafting a set of recommendations for the safeguarding and conservation of the Angkor site. Firstly, he pointed out that the preparation of this document by a working group had been decided at the 2001 meeting of the Technical Committee. This document was to be prepared on the basis of ICOMOS recommendations. He also told the committee that the working group had held a meeting after the closing of the 7th Bayon Symposium in order to discuss a preliminary outline of the recommendations. The working group was joined by a number of new members, experts from various countries and representatives of different institutions. The APSARA Authority and UNESCO were also involved in the meeting.

Prof. CROCI stated that he felt the initiative had been fruitful. While the experts used the ICOMOS document as a basis, they delved into the details of conservation and restoration specific to the Angkor temples, including the unique climatic and environmental features and the actual structure of the temples. He expressed his satisfaction in view of the major changes that had quickly taken place with regard to national capacity for heritage conservation. Nowadays, APSARA Authority experts are the ones who are proposing the solutions, while the international experts act more in the capacity of consultants for them.

The working group will continue its work, exchanging information and comments by E-mail, and it is planned to get together again in June next year when a study workshop on Angkor Wat is held, and discuss practical ways of implementing the recommendations that have been made.

Mr SHINOHARA stated how happy he was to hear about this major development in a field that is at the very core of the terms of reference given to the ICC. He also expressed the wish that these recommendations would be worthy of the Angkor site and of the highest level of knowledge in the area of conservation.

HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn expressed to the French government the thanks of the Royal Government for this generous initiative of holding the second Intergovernmental Conference on Angkor in Paris. He also expressed his appreciation to Mr BESCHAOUCH for the technical details he had outlined on the conference preparation. He concluded by thanking Prof. CROCI for leading the broad consultation of experts that will one day lead to an “Angkor Charter”.

Mr BESCHAOUCH then took the floor to highlight three points:

Referring to a French proverb “that which goes without saying goes better if it is said”, he repeated how happy he felt at seeing the growing number of Cambodians specializing in conservation. All of the participants could note the caliber of the presentations made by young experts working on the APSARA Authority’s temple maintenance, perimeter area management and archaeological survey teams, as well as the professionalism of the young Cambodian experts working side by side with international experts on the JSA and Swiss teams. Taking advantage of the presence of the Secretary of State with the Office of the Council of Ministers, Mr BESCHAOUCH wanted the Royal Government to be informed that one of the most important recommendations of the Tokyo Conference—that senior management staff among Cambodians be trained to take over the conservation, development and management of the Angkor site—had produced tangibles results.

Going back to the opening statement made by HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn, Mr BESCHAOUCH stated that he was happy to have heard form the Royal Government confirmation of its desire to deal with unregulated situations in Angkor Archaeological Park, such as near Angkor Wat. However, he encouraged the APSARA Authority to initiate management measures as quickly as possible, before anyone sent a letter of complaint about those situations to UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee.

In conclusion, Mr BESCHAOUCH suggested that the APSARA Authority teams under the technical and administrative direction of HE Mr ROS Borath and under the technical supervision of Mr Michel VERROT prepare a detailed technical report on all of the problems linked to water and the structural stability of the temples, and have it passed around in the framework of preparing for the study workshop on Angkor Wat.

Prof. NAKAGAWA, while welcoming the Paris Conference as an event of major significance for the promotion of the Angkor heritage on a world scale, hoped that the third Intergovernmental Conference on Angkor would be held in Siem Reap under the auspices of the APSARA Authority.

Mr BOISSELET offered the following comment:

“I would like to go back to an issue that was raised by Mr ROS Borath when he stated that the hydraulics system in the Angkor region was threatened. He indicated that that was true both for the temple zone and the urban sector. I would like to say that the Agence française de développement is most concerned by the problem of water in the zone, which means in the temple area as well as in the urban sector. This involves both runoff water and drinking water as well as sanitation. For example, you know that we funded the new access road to the temples, and this work had to be oversized with regard to the lateral runoff canals because this road also has an important function in hydrology, that is, to facilitate water runoff. One difficulty that comes up when linking these canals to the urban drainage system is that this system is partially clogged up. Therefore I think that more attention should perhaps be given to the water problem in the zone, no doubt by promoting a multi-disciplinary approach and with more coordination among the various actors working along with APSARA, notably the municipality and the government’s technical departments. As far as the AFD is concerned, we are prepared to promote cooperation along these lines. Thank you.”

Dr Helmut OHLRAUN, the German ambassador, made a statement as the representative of a country that has long been involved in the joint efforts for restoring and safeguarding Angkor. Although admitting he was not a restoration or conservation specialist, he nevertheless felt that he was well informed as to the operational setting of an independent institution like the APSARA Authority. He expressed the wish that APSARA continue to operate so as to be free of political influence and that its funding be guaranteed in a sustainable way. He felt confident in the major successes noted in this direction, but wanted to encourage the APSARA Authority and the Royal Government to pursue things along these lines, so that APSARA could continue to play its role as a leading organization and continue to be a dependable partner of all of those now meeting around this table.

Mr SHINOHARA stated that he supported the statements made by Mr OHLRAUN and stressed the need for the APSARA Authority to maintain its independence.

B. Recent measures taken for the prevention of illicit trafficking: ongoing activities

• Action by the Heritage Police Unit, by Lieutenant-Colonel TAN Chay

Lieutenant-Colonel TAN Chay made the following statement:

“Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The Special Police Unit for Heritage Protection is now in its third year of existence. In compliance with the subdecree that created it, it is fulfilling its role and mission in close cooperation with the APSARA Authority and other competent agencies in order to ensure not only cultural heritage protection, but also the security of both national and international tourists.

At the present time our unit has a staff of 283 persons at 57 stations in Angkor Park, providing overall surveillance 24 hours a day.

I would like to repeat here that our staff is very much inadequate, given our very heavy daily work load, all the more so with the ever growing numbers of tourists coming to visit Angkor as the years go by. Having said this, our unit is in no way disparaging the significant aid made available to it, including funding from the APSARA Authority and the donation of 200 bicycles recently made by the French government, which has considerably facilitated field surveillance.

Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

In spite of our staff’s 24-hours-a-day vigilance to protect heritage, it is impossible to guarantee a zero risk. Looters are using increasingly sophisticated equipment to commit acts that cause irreparable damage. Here is a recent example: Last May 25, at 3:30 in the afternoon, our brigade came to face to face with two looters digging right on the Angkor Thom site. We opened fire, injuring one of the men who we succeeded in taking into custody. He was interrogated and admitted that in general the bands break up into small groups of two to four people, using the most modern equipment to detect objects under the ground. This shows that looting and trafficking in artifacts have not been totally eradicated. It is necessary, and this is what we hope for, that the international community, with the aid of competent agencies, helps us to stop this trafficking.

As for us, on behalf of all the officers, non-commissioned officers and staff of my unit, I reaffirm to all of you here our determination to protect cultural property in the area under our jurisdiction, both above and below the ground. Let me simply repeat my wish that the French authorities and others can continue to support us in the form of material aid as well as specialized training.

I thank you for your attention.”

• Prevention of trafficking in Khmer artifacts—Progress report on the FSP project

Mr Michel VERROT provided details on Component 3 of the FSP project:

“The third component of the Fonds de Solidarité Prioritaire project ‘The Angkor Site— Heritage and Development’ hinges on two objectives:

Strengthening the Heritage Police Unit: This means providing the Heritage Police Unit with additional equipment and appropriate training to assist it in pursuing and expanding its surveillance and prevention activities. We will not dwell on this, as Lieutenant-Colonel TAN Chay has just given you an overview of what they are doing. I will simply deal with the second objective, which is:

An inventory of Khmer artifacts: It is designed to enable the identification and description of objects on all listed sites susceptible of being looted, in order to prove the wrongful origin of any such objects that may end up for sale on the international art market.

This inventory is expected to be complemented by the creation of a specialized bureau to deal with the prevention of trafficking in works of art within the Cambodian Central Office for the Prevention of Trafficking in Cultural Property (Office central de lutte contre le trafic des biens culturels [OCBC]). This bureau will become the correspondent of

counterpart departments in countries that receive trafficked items in order to identify the objects and share in the dismantling of smuggling rings.

Efforts to achieve this second objective began in early December with the inventory component directed by Mr Bruno BRUGUIER, member of the EFEO. All vulnerable objects spread over more than 2,000 archaeological sites throughout Cambodia have to be catalogued. To do this, an image bank has been linked to a digital data management software package developed by an officer from the French Central Office for the Prevention of Trafficking in Cultural Property. Furthermore, an office has been set up in the Ministry of Culture’s Heritage Branch and a specialized unit staffed by four persons has been put under it. It includes two officers in charge of computer programming and a mobile unit of two scouts responsible for collecting data in the field.

In its preliminary phase, the exploratory program will focus on the province of Takeo, south of Phnom Penh. In January, it is expected to include the provinces of Kompong Chhnang and Pursat, and during the month of February the province of Preah Vihear. In the long term, this will make available to the Ministry of Culture under the Royal Government of Cambodia a file that will enable it to alert customs and police units responsible for the prevention of illicit traffic about any missing objects. It can also be used when Khmer works of art are put up for sale, to confirm the origin of the objects. At the same time, the pre-inventory work on archaeological sites that goes with the data collection process may prove to be a very useful tool in identifying heritage conservation priorities.”

• Demining, par Colonel Jean-Pierre BILLAULT

Colonel BILLAULT made the following statement:

“At this time, we can consider that demining the Angkor temples has been brought to a successful conclusion. Over 3,000 mines were disposed of in this space. However, although in very small numbers, various pieces of UXO subsist (grenades, mortar shells, rockets). They are buried underground and are sometimes discovered during excavation work. These munitions can be dangerous, as they are sensitive to impact and fire (some just to a little movement). For this reason a team specializing in disposing of this type of munitions is on standby at CMAC. At this time when there is a lot of work going in the town of Siem Reap, one or two interventions are required every week.

With regard to temples far away from the Angkor site—such as Beng Mealea, Koh Ker, Preah Khan of Kampong Svay, etc.—contradictory information is getting around and it is hard to give an accurate update. However, at this time it is known that:

1. Temples that are thought to be mine-free inside are mined in the periphery and along the enclosure walls (example of Koh Ker: 27 mines and 401 pieces of UXO in the southwest enclosure). 2. Partial demining work has been done in some cases, but only to clear access into the built-up sections. The perimeters have not been inspected (Beng Mealea). 3. Tourists are attracted to the more remote temples, and without guides and accurate signage, there is a risk of accident.

In 2002, 38 hectares of archaeological and tourist zone apart from the Angkor sites were inspected by CMAC and over 2,000 mines and pieces of UXO were found.

Right now (in 2002 and 2003), work is continuing at Beng Mealea, as well as at Koh Ker and in its surroundings. Due to poor access, it is sometimes only possible to work during the dry season, so demining work will be necessary for several years to come. Until then, measures must be taken to direct visitors on specific tour routes so as to prevent any accident happening to a tourist.

Funding for interventions on historical and / or tourist sites has been provided thus far by France and Germany, as this work is not part of the normal terms of reference or vision of CMAC. So before the support from the current donor countries comes to an end, a solution must be found in order to continue this specific undertaking.

At one time there was talk of setting up a specialized team within the APSARA Authority. It may be possible to work out an agreement with the Cambodian Mine Action Authority (CMAA) which is in charge of the deployment of demining units through the Kingdom, and thus have this mission included in the long-term national plan.”

C. Future activities

• Prevention of illicit trafficking—Outlook for 2003, by Mr Étienne CLÉMENT

Mr CLÉMENT made the following statement:

“Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The issue of illicit trafficking remains a crucial one because, as you know, when the Angkor site was included on the List of World Heritage List in Danger, it was, among other things, because it was being looted. The report that we just heard from Colonel TAN Chay shows that this is still a reality at Angkor, although looting has dropped off considerably when compared to what things were like 7 or 8 years ago.

The prospects for 2003 in the area of preventing illicit trafficking are, as I see it, linked with some extremely important developments that took place in 2002 from both the legislative and operational points of view.

In the legal field, the subdecree in implementation of the 1996 Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage was signed on September 10, 2002 after lengthy interministerial discussions. These discussions were conducted under the aegis of the Office of the Council of Ministers, with major involvement on the part of the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, as well as with the [Cambodian] National Commission for UNESCO, in particular its executive secretary, Ms TAN Theany, who is with us here. These pieces of legislation are now enforceable and it is noteworthy that the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts undertook a number of spectacular seizures of stolen objects in different provinces of the country. Such good progress was facilitated by the existence of written laws that include sanctions.

Furthermore, it must be pointed out that even prior to the passage of this law, there was the political will in Cambodia to prevent such trafficking. A circular was drafted in March 2002, in anticipation of the passage of statutory documents, in order to come to grips with the immediate problem of illegal excavations on archaeological sites, notably the famous Phum Snay site.

Cambodia also ratified the UNIDROIT Convention, which is an important asset in the long-term, as it will enable Cambodia to retrieve stolen objects more easily.

In order to deal with this legal and institutional aspect, as Mr Michel VERROT pointed out, there was this major development at the operational level, that being the FSP project component focusing on the prevention of illicit trafficking. There is the support given to the Heritage Police Unit as well as other vital elements put in place to ensure the linkage between objects susceptible of being stolen and police action. When this project comes full circle, I think that Cambodia will be one of the only countries in the world with such an interministerial coordination mechanism to effectively fight this type of trafficking. The prospects in this area for 2003 are therefore quite encouraging.

In the framework of the international awareness-raising campaign regarding the theft of artifacts from Cambodia, it is important to note that there were also a number of items returned in 2002, notably from the Honolulu Academy of Fine Arts as well as from collectors who have cooperated in efforts to return a number of stolen artifacts to the national authorities.

However, as already mentioned, archaeological sites outside of Angkor and thus difficult to get to remain extremely vulnerable.

In conclusion, I would like to mention something that we have often talked about, and that is a national seminar on the prevention of illicit trafficking. Lengthy discussions have taken place in order to determine if such a seminar should be held before or after the laws were passed. The Royal Government wished that it be held after the legislative arsenal was in place. Now that these statutes are on the books, I think that it would now be good for the various partners in this area to undertake discussions with the Royal Government in order to propose their services to assist with the organization of this seminar that will certainly bolster dialogue among all the ministries concerned.

I thank you for your attention.”

Prof. LABLAUDE shared an observation regarding the theft of artifacts, stating that in France some 300 to 400 auction sales are held each year that involve half a dozen archaeological items, perhaps a third of which are of Khmer origin, often appraised by the experts as being of the Bayon, Baphuon, or some other style. The items are usually of average quality and go for average prices, in the range of US$ 3,000. Prof. LABLAUDE raised the question of whether or not there was a centralized department with the means to check things out and do an analysis on where such items came from.

Mr BESCHAOUCH took advantage of this remark to explain to the meeting that Mr Étienne CLÉMENT, UNESCO representative in Cambodia, used to work at the UNESCO office in charge of international agreements on heritage protection, including the convention on the prevention of illicit trafficking in artifacts, prior to being appointed to this post in Cambodia. Thus, with its support, there has always been an inspection of Paris auctions by UNESCO’s expert, Prof. Claude JACQUES. However, Mr BESCHAOUCH went on to ask that the Cambodian Embassy in London and the one in Washington, as well as its United Nations delegation in New York monitor the major selling that goes on in these cities.

HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn thanked Messrs Étienne CLÉMENT and Michel VERROT for their respective contributions to the legal and institutional framework for the prevention of illicit trafficking. However, he stressed that much was yet to be done, since trafficking was a vicious circle: If there were no dealers, there would not be thieves, which means that the problem must be addressed at both the national and international levels. He went on to thank Colonel BILLAULT and the German Embassy for what they were doing at Beng Melea temple.

In reply to the statement made by Prof. LABLAUDE, Mr CLÉMENT stated that in the framework of the 1970 Convention on the prevention of illicit trafficking in artifacts, countries are urged to cooperate in this area. He gave examples of the procedures being followed by the United States and France. The U.S., for instance, focuses its efforts at the customs inspection level, providing officers with catalogs of items susceptible of being stolen, and these have been available for Khmer artifacts since 1999. However, France gives greater consideration to police cooperation, such as through the Office pour la protection des biens culturels (Office for the Protection of Cultural Property). As for Thailand, the procedure follows the lines of diplomatic negotiations on a single object or lot of objects basis.

In conclusion, Mr DORDAIN expressed his satisfaction at seeing that Cambodia had completed its legal instrumentation for the protection of cultural artifacts. He emphasized that this was a major step forward as far as the country was concerned, but he also wished to stress that the battle had to be waged on both the national and international fronts with the progress of globalization. In response to Prof. LABLAUDE, Mr DORDAIN informed him that as far as he knew, France had an inventory list of stolen artifacts that was compiled by the police. This was the basis on which the Inventory Unit had been set up within the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts so that this experience could be extrapolated to the Cambodian scene. In the framework of this tool, it is possible to find items that disappeared form Cambodia over the last 30 years, but this would be triggered by a second theft from the family owning the artifact. Thus, the bottom line is that an inventory of stolen artifacts must be complemented by a list of items that have gone missing.

III. RESEARCH PROGRAM

1. Points of information on ongoing projects and activities

• Surveys of the microclimate and research on the cleaning and protection of the stone bas-reliefs on the Tanei site, by Mr Taderu NISHIURA

Mr NISHIURA gave a report on the research work he has been conducting with the APSARA Authority’s Department of Culture, highlighting on the one hand the microclimate data and, on the other, protection and cleaning of the bas-reliefs on the Tanei temple. He informed the Committee that the annual report on this activity was currently being written up.

• Highlights of the 7th Bayon Symposium, par Prof. Takeshi NAKAGAWA

Prof. NAKAGAWA made the following statement:

“The Seventh International Symposium on the Bayon was held on December 9 and 10, 2002. For the first time our new UNESCO/JSA project office, built with Japanese Funds-in-

Trust with UNESCO, served as the venue for the Bayon Symposium. It was attended by over 80 participants including HE Mr BUN Narith, Chief Executive Officer of the APSARA Authority, Mr Étienne CLÉMENT, UNESCO Representative in Cambodia, many international experts and colleagues on the Angkor site, as well as young experts from APSARA. The series of Bayon Symposiums started in 1996 under the sponsorship of JSA, with UNESCO providing the services of secretariat. It is held every year in December at Siem Reap in order to discuss a master plan framework for the conservation and restoration of the Bayon temple and surrounding area.

How should we conserve and restore the Bayon, this foremost treasure of the Khmer people and a truly unique part of mankind’s heritage? The living temple is still respected by Cambodians, and it is also a center for tourism. How should we safeguard it?

This issue is of deep concern not only for the Bayon, but for the whole Angkor area. We need to pool all the results, techniques and knowledge relevant to Bayon and Angkor as a whole, and dovetail this with the knowledge and experience of experts from around the world.

At this year’s symposium, we heard presentations by experts from the Cathedral of Cologne, Joya del Céren in El Salvador, and Baalbek in Lebanon. Each presented a fascinating report of their experiences and gave us a comprehensive overview of the practical management considerations, as well as the conservation and restoration measures implemented on their projects. They all gave us good suggestions and encouraged us.

The JSA team and the APSARA Authority reported on their respective ongoing activities in Angkor. I shall highlight two main points out of the material presented:

• Concerning the drainage research at the Bayon that was strongly recommended at the 6th Bayon Symposium, JSA presented some of the research data. Recently, in relation to this, JSA is researching the hydraulics system of the Angkor Thom Royal Plaza. In tandem, the system of controlling the water in the Angkor area is being investigated. We have invited other international teams to cooperate with us. Much interest was expressed, and cooperation agreements are in the works. HE Mr ROS Borath, Deputy Director General of the APSARA Authority, urged that immediate action be taken with regard to understanding and controlling the water resources. He also made a strong appeal for cooperation in this area. We hope that this topic will lead to concrete results.

• The Bayon still requires that thousands of surveys and research activities be carried out. But the daily maintenance, that is treatment for endangered parts, stone deterioration measures, minor repairs, making temporary passageways, monitoring, etc., is very demanding. These routine jobs cannot be neglected, and we have to deal with new problems as they arise. This involves identifying the kind of preparation needed and making plans for more sustainable conservation and restoration activities. In a word, that describes the purpose of the Bayon master plan.

As everyone knows, tourists are arriving in unprecedented numbers. The APSARA Authority is doing its best to cope effectively. We need to strengthen international cooperation and working in order to complete the Bayon master plan. Full-scale activities need to get underway. JSA has proposed a framework Bayon master plan, which shows the basic practical activities and surveys at the Bayon necessary to monitor

all of the important points. We have also recommended the development of a so-called “Bayon Charter,” a document that would provide new guidelines for the conservation and restoration of Asian and world cultural heritage, through the experience gleaned at Angkor and the findings since the older guiding documents were made.

This year, we looked back on the results of the past six symposiums and defined future prospects. The name ‘Bayon Charter’ is not final. It is a proposal to establish guidelines for the conservation and restoration of all Angkorian monuments, based on the Bayon Symposium series, yielding a fundamental plan for conservation, restoration and maintenance based on surveys and research. The Bayon Charter would be a basic indicator for organizing the activities and spell out what we need to do to safeguard Angkor. We are looking forward to this bearing fruit, with the full cooperation of the APSARA Authority and the international community.

As you well know, the Bayon symposium is a forum for specialists, offering a platform for open discussion and opinion exchange. These characteristics can be seen especially at the site visits. This year we visited the work site on the western bank of the Angkor Wat moat being cared for by Italy, then the Angkor Wat northern library by JSA, Prasat Top West by APSARA, and concluding with the Bayon site by JSA. At every site, important technical discussions took place.

JSA considers the Bayon Symposium as a vital complement to its daily restoration and training activities. We have made every effort to put on a successful symposium, but can we never thank UNESCO enough for its secretariat services, and especially Mr BESCHAOUCH for his contribution to the success of this event. I deeply appreciate their cooperation.”

Mr BESCHAOUCH commented on the satisfaction felt by all participants with the success of the symposium and outlined six recommendations:

- Acting on the recommendation made by the participants of the 6th Bayon Symposium, the JSA team undertook an in-depth study of the evacuation of rainwater within the Bayon temple and presented its first conclusions. Along with an expression of congratulations to the team, it is recommended that the problems revealed by the initial data obtained be analyzed.

In keeping with the wishes expressed by the representatives of the JSA, EFEO and GACP teams, it is strongly recommended that, in liaison with APSARA and its Department of Monuments and Archaeology, a comparison be made of the data obtained on the various locations where these teams have conducted or will be conducting technical analyses and studies of the water drainage system, that such investigations involve not only the ancient hydraulic network, but the current system as well, with any imperfections it may have. In this way, matters of archaeological and historical interest as well as sustainable monument conservation, can be given due consideration.

- Due to the importance of the water system within the ecological and historical region of Angkor, it is recommended that a comprehensive summary be made of all studies previously made as well as those ongoing, on the past and present water network between the Kulen Plateau and the Tonlé Sap Lake.

With the support of UNESCO and in close cooperation with the teams involved in the international action for the safeguarding of the Angkor world heritage site, the APSARA Authority will conduct the preparation of this summary to facilitate the submission of new projects to the I.C.C.

- Given that the teams working at Angkor are confronted with similar problems in stone conservation (structural instability, deterioration caused by rainwater and pollution, weathering), it is strongly recommended that close ties of cooperation be developed among all the teams, in order to ensure:

1. The ongoing exchange of information and the pooling of experience; 2. Routine consultation regarding chemical products prior to using them for treatment interventions; 3. Continuous monitoring of damaged stone during both the diagnosis and treatment operations.

Furthermore, to ensure the effectiveness of this cooperation arrangement, it is recommended that the APSARA Authority coordinate these activities.

- The presentation of a monument or site is primarily a cultural act intended to showcase to the public the history, significance and values relating to the particular monument or site. Therefore, in order to ensure direct and balanced access to all publics in all their diversity (nationality, social and cultural background, financial resources), it is especially recommended that:

1. There be no exclusion, due to reference to a dominant cultural identity, regarding the showcasing of other features of cultural heritage that have a historical link or relating to groups that have now become minorities; 2. To this end, see to it that UNESCO’s recommendations regarding cultural diversity are implemented; 3. Give the greatest possible consideration to the sensitivities of the local communities when developing plans for presentation.

- In parallel with the external urban pressure being exerted on the town of Siem Reap, that was not difficult to foresee with the return of peace to civil society and political stability in the country, resulting in an upsurge of tourism at Angkor, it is noted that a similar internal pressure of an urban nature is beginning to grow within Angkor Archaeological Park itself.

Indeed, within this site on the World Heritage List, a moving in of people from outside Angkor is taking place, which is already causing an over-densification of the existing habitat.

The APSARA Authority, particularly through its Economic and Social Department and Department of Culture, is therefore urged:

1. To conduct as quickly as possible field surveys or supporting surveys in order to ascertain the scope of this phenomenon; 2. To come up with reliable statistics on the number of people living within Angkor Archaeological Park as well as on the particular occupations of these people.

This information is to be distributed to all members of the International Coordinating Committee for Angkor and lead to the completion of a current land use map

based on available cartographies (JICA, IGN, etc.) as well as a land ownership inventory.

- It is recommended that all teams sharing in the international action for the safeguarding of Angkor continue to provide concrete inputs to the JSA team, organizer of the Bayon Symposium series since 1996, in its efforts to develop a master plan for the preservation of the Bayon Temple and to draft a “Bayon Charter” in conformity with the principles of ethics and practices for the conservation of cultural heritage.

• Research on the Tani site, by Mr TABATA, Sophia University Mission

Mr TABATA referred to the discussion paper passed out to all in attendance at the meeting, adding that the report on all archaeological work done since 1996 was in the process of being compiled.

IV. PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION, RESTORATION AND PRESENTATION OF THE ANGKOR MONUMENTS

1. Projects submitted to the Technical Committee Meeting for consideration

• Ta Prohm temple conservation project, by Mr GROWER, Archaeological Survey of India

Mr GROWER referred to the discussion papers passed out to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

The Committee recommended that the project proposal be fleshed out with the APSARA Authority and, once this has been done, that the project document be forwarded to the Ad Hoc group of experts for study.

• Pre Rup temple restoration project—Phase III, by Mr Valter Maria SANTORO, Italy

Mr SANTORO referred to the discussion papers passed out to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

Given that a funding package is available, the Committee recommended that work start on Phase III of the Pre Rup temple restoration project in January 2003.

2. Points of information regarding ongoing activities and projects

• Baphuon temple restoration project, an FSP supported project, par M. Pascal ROYÈRE

Mr ROYÈRE referred to the discussion papers passed out to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

• Restoration of the northern section of the Angkor Wat western causeway- dike, by Mr Masao KATAGIRI

The Committee referred to the discussion papers for its consideration of this point.

• Study of the causes of deterioration of Angkor Wat sculptures and conservation measures, by Mr Simon WARRACK, GACP

Mr WARRACK presented a summary of activities accomplished in recent years. A similar report is found in the discussion paper.

• Project for development of a master plan for the safeguarding and conservation of the Bayon temple, project for the conservation and restoration of the Prasat Suor Prat and its terraces, and northern library of Angkor Wat, by Prof. Takeshi NAKAGAWA

Prof. NAKAGAWA referred to the various discussion papers passed out to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

• Chau Sey Tevoda temple restoration project, by Mr Jiang LIU, CSA

Mr LIU referred to the discussion paper passed out to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

• Project for the restoration of the embankment steps on the Angkor Wat western moat, by Valter Maria SANTORO, Italy

Mr SANTORO reported on the progress of the new restoration project for the restoration of the Angkor Wat moat embankment, badly affected by torrential rains that fell in September 1997, causing a major collapse of the embankment steps.

• Banteay Srei temple restoration project, by Mr Rolf GROSSENBACHER, DDC Switzerland and HE Mr ROS Borath, APSARA Authority

Mr GROSSENBACHER made the following statement:

“On June 5, 2002 representatives from the Swiss and Cambodian governments signed an agreement regarding the project for the development of Banteay Srei temple and its surroundings. On July 1, 2002, the Banteay Srei Conservation Project (BSCP) partners—the DDC and APSARA Authority—approved on the general work schedule.

The initial months of the conservation program were mainly spent on assessing the health of the monument and its perimeter area, drawing up the site inventory and collating the fund of archaeological knowledge in accordance with the methodology presented in 2001 by the DMA-APSARA intervention units. For five months now we have been carrying out architectural and archaeological surveys and diagnosis, maintenance and exploratory activities. We will briefly outline the results at this 2002 meeting of the technical committee.

Architecture Three types of architectural problems have come to light:

− Type 1: Structural failures caused by the effects of water; − Type 2: Localized failures caused by the falling of nearby trees;

− Type 3: Deterioration of the stone, in particular sandstone, caused by water, micro- fauna and micro-flora.

A preliminary overall health assessment of the monument and its perimeter area revealed the extent of damage to the structures and the scale of problems linked to the environment in which they are found. A detailed assessment of Type 1 and 2 failures is presently being carried out. Initial work was conducted during the rainy season and as a consequence, studies focused on Type 1 failures, in particular drainage issues in the central section of the monument. We are currently assessing the condition of the infrastructures.

Type 1 The central section of the monument is surrounded by moats, while two enclosure walls divide it into three courtyards referred to as Courtyards I and II and Inner Courtyard III going from the center outwards. It is covered with a pavement floor, with connections to the walls and structures of the central courtyards. The buildings inside Courtyards I and II were renovated between 1931 and 1936. The central structures were dismantled and reassembled using the anastylosis method. The peripheral structures do not appear to have been renovated at that time. The enclosure walls, paving and embankment steps show major failures, while the foundation soil shows strong evidence of upheaval in some locations.

The pre-existing drainage system was actually designed for the surface. It is made up of slopes and six culverts that allowed the rainwater to flow from Courtyards I and II out towards the northern and southern floors of Inner Courtyard III. Obviously the system does not handle the drainage of rainwater in the roofless long halls and gopuras closed in by walls. The inefficiency of the system is further compounded by the uneven floor.

According to the field surveys, the central section of the monument suffers from the combined effects of rainwater and water in the moats, both of which are responsible for subsidence in many parts. Rainwater has seeped through the now damaged and disjointed floor pavement. It has also eroded foundation soil away, and is forced to flow into the moats, since the embankment steps do not form a not watertight barrier. The water from the moats has undermined foundations in the central area of the monument, especially in the corners. The impact of ground water and possible underground water flow is yet to be assessed.

We are confronted with two water management issues—water channeling and water retention. However, the continuous dipping of the corners shows that the collapse of Enclosure Wall II, the outer floor and the inner embankment steps of the moats are probably all related. In this context, stabilizing the foundations or the possible restoration of the structures that rest on them seems just as vital as restoring or putting in an efficient drainage system to safeguard the whole structure in the long term.

A good drainage system must be close to the surface, above the foundations of the enclosure walls, and ensure that the water is quickly drained into the moats. The original collection process was probably designed that way, but not the evacuation process. If this was the case, we could consider reusing the former and improving the latter.

The successful structuring and testing of a temporary system in the southwestern quadrant of Courtyard II and Inner Courtyard III means we can consider restoring the

ancient system in the other quadrants as well. However, we still must install additional drainage culverts to drain away the water that now stagnates in the closed in spaces.

Any operation to renovate or install a drainage system calls for prior conservation operations to stabilize the foundations and restore the moat embankments. This work will begin as soon as the health assessment of the infrastructures is completed and will be carried out during the dry season when conditions are more favorable.

Type 2 Trees seem to be involved in most of the collapses and in many out-of-plumb situations. They may also be partly responsible for the sagging of the enclosure walls and other structural features.

We have a current record of 801 trees. Over 170 may present a risk for the temple structures and visitors alike. The inventory sheet is also used as a health record. The description includes estimated tree height, distance from the temple buildings, presumed state of health and the direction of leaning when applicable. This information is used to assign a risk factor (from 1 to 3) and make recommendations.

The health records are compiled in a file that will be passed on to the relevant department at APSARA. A subsequent file will provide information on all the trees and will be used to develop a landscaping plan for the perimeter areas of the monument.

It must no doubt be recommended that trees inside the central courtyards that present a risk for parts of the monument out of which they are growing or to which they are near be cut down. The same applies to unhealthy trees, which regularly shed branches. We must also consider leaving a perimeter free of trees around the buildings. Some of the more distant trees may also have to be cut down because of their size and poor state of health.

Archaeology The architecture of the monument has been a primary focus of the project, but our conservation approach nonetheless involves a process of archaeological evaluation, monitoring and diagnosis.

Assessment We conducted an archaeological assessment over a 6-hectare area that includes the monument and its perimeter area. As a preliminary intervention, it is guiding the diagnosis and survey operations. The results of surface exploration and approximately 2,000 bore samples taken to depths of 2 to 7 meters and spaced from 2.5 to 35 meters apart depending on the research objective, have revealed the potential of the areas studied.

The results focus primarily on the diagnosis of the temple structures: The standard profile reveals the presence of clay at a shallow depth. The clay may be a factor of instability and over time it may have played a significant role in the undulatory patterns seen in the Banteay Srei temple enclosure walls. In addition, a strong archaeological potential has been identified near the temple structures, in particular outside the enclosure walls, where the presence of architectural elements has made the ground impenetrable: fragments and blocks originating from the construction of the main or secondary structures, the collapse thereof or from more recent clearing operations.

They also contribute to future archaeological research: A heavy build-up of gravel in the lower deposits is indicative of the bed of a river that likely once crossed the site, perhaps the Siem Reap River that now flows 700 meters to the east and 300 meters to the south of the temple. This feature would provide insight on the ancient landscape. In addition, we find localized traces of bricks, tiles and pottery at considerable depth inside Inner Courtyard III. The artifacts remain to be interpreted but they are evidence of human occupation, either at the time of the construction of the temple or prior to it.

Once the first core-sampling phase is completed, we will conduct surveys to ascertain the condition and origin of the architectural elements to see if they can be retrieved for subsequent restoration, and then study the nature of the archaeological deposits and the stratigraphic organization of strategic points.

Monitoring As the assessment was going on, we conducted an archaeological monitoring as surface soil was cleared away and sorting areas were set up.

The base of Enclosure Wall III and the edge of the embankment steps along the moats are being cleared. Archaeological monitoring has uncovered the finials that adorned the ridge of the wall and the various architectural pieces found in the soil covering over the upper embankment steps. The study of these artifacts will be published in a catalogue of Banteay Srei temple furnishings.

During the archaeological monitoring of the future south sorting area for Courtyard IV, we uncovered numerous blocks and fragments from surrounding structures. They are evidence of the dismantling of this part of the monument, which was incompletely restored in the 1950s. The architectural items will be laid out on the sorting area once it ready, while waiting to be returned to their original location. The lower deposits show traces of previous occupation, characterized by the use of light structures. The construction involved the use of poles, most likely of wood, judging from the numerous holes found in the lower fill. The latter covers the foundations of the surrounding laterite structures. We are currently phasing the site.

Diagnosis Lastly, the archaeological diagnosis complements the health assessment and will possibly govern the restoration process. By then full diagnosis will be complete.

Over 14 bore holes have already provided information on the nature, state, organization and purpose of the structures buried in the central section of the monument. These include the base of Enclosure Wall II, its foundation system, drainage culverts, peripheral pavement floors and the upper foundation of the embankment steps. The diagnosis excavation work is now focusing on the buildings that show the greatest architectural failures so that we can study the foundations in detail and gain further insight.

The first five months of the project, dedicated to assessing the health of the monument and its surroundings, drawing up the site inventory and collating the available archaeological knowledge, have been particularly productive. We have gathered a sizeable fund of information, which will help us start the analysis process with the help of experts and offer solutions to the conservation issues relevant to the Type 1 and 2 architectural failures. This means, for the first type, developing an efficient drainage

system and for the second, coming up with an approach for the preservation of the enclosure walls.

The health assessment of the monument is not yet complete. It is therefore too early to finalize the long-term restoration program but we can already identify a number of interim priorities from the diagnosis stage to restoring the monument and its perimeter areas:

Diagnosis 1. Detailed analyses of Type 3 failures, 2. Completion of Type 3 failures survey.

Maintenance 1. Management of emergency interventions, 2. Management of high-risk trees.

Restoration Restoration work on the moats, Renovation of the drainage system.

Thank you.”

• Upkeep of the Banteay Kdei temple, by the Sophia University Mission, Japon

The Committee referred to the discussion paper for its consideration of this point.

• Preah Khan and Ta Som temple conservation and monitoring of the “Churning of the Sea of Milk” gallery in Angkor Wat, by Mr John SANDAY

Messrs SANDAY and STUBBS referred to the discussion papers distributed to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

Mr STUBBS made the following statement:

“Excellencies and colleagues:

It is a pleasure to be before the International Coordinating Committee again on behalf of the World Monuments Fund, this time with the aim of reporting briefly on progress on WMF's Angkor Wat Bas-Relief Galleries Conservation Project.

Since 1998 a team of both Khmer and international experts have been documenting and analyzing the various issues conservation faced at a representative section of the perimeter gallery at the Third Level at Angkor Wat, a zone within the structure we have chosen to call the Bas-Relief Galleries. One section in particular has been the object of our attention, the galleries and contiguous towers at the south half of the east elevation, better known as the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery. The APSARA Authority asked that we address this gallery first due to concerns for water infiltration in this area of the building that could affect the famous low profile bas relief in stone depicting the Churning of the Sea of Milk scene from the Hindu epic Bagavata-Pourana.

The CSM Gallery is representative of seven other almost identical galleries located at the same level extending around Angkor Wat that all together contains some 600 meters of

bas-relief from the 12th and the 14th centuries. WMF's logic of limiting the primary study area to one gallery at Angkor Wat, not trying to address all eight at once was purely practical; analyzing conservation issues at one of eight identical areas of the monument would allow for the others to be understood as well based on comparisons.

Documentation and Analysis The documentation of the CSM gallery has entailed the updating, verification and supplementation of existing drawings to provide a basis for recording various conservation analyses. For this, a team of Khmer draftsmen has done an admirable job under Project Architect Lek Sareth, who is masterminding the project and who serves as general director for the whole project. All architectural components—interior and exterior—are documented at this time, including a recently completed computerized line drawing of the bas-relief.

Technical analyses to date have concentrated mostly on structural systems, there being two principle building types: the galleries with their characteristic double colonnades supporting both full and half vaults, and towers of two sizes which serve as ends to the galleries.

Important aspects of the structural analysis have been stone strength testing and sondages to determine foundation details and ground water drainage systems. With regard to stone testing and conservation in general the WMF project team looks forward to continued and even deeper collaboration with the German Apsara Conservation Project who are doing such excellent work in sandstone surface research and conservation at Angkor Wat. This technical partnership is being formed at present.

Engineers Kim Reth and Predrag Gavrilovic have installed a relatively simple monitoring system to determine structural movement that although it was installed only in April of 2002 is already producing some interesting results. Patterns of movement in both the gallery and tower areas and at their junctions are now better understood. One new realization, for instance, is that long walls have a tendency toward bowing due to changes in temperature and moisture within the stonework.

As suspected moisture is the chief culprit in the deterioration of the sandstone of the galleries of Angkor Wat and probably of the monument as a whole. While the deleterious effects of moisture are seen everywhere at the project the scientific study of moisture movement and its effects are just getting underway. The Italian expert on humidity in buildings Ippolito Massari is advising the project from Rome at present and will join the WMF team in the field in March 2003.

We know already that the chief sources of the water problems derive from leaking roofs, the inadequate 'throw' of water from roof drip edges, and from poor ground water drainage, especially from the present grassy areas located behind the galleries.

Urgent Issues and a Recommendation Both in the primary project area and at the other bas-relief galleries there are a number of urgent conservation issues to be faced. A section of the west half of the south gallery, that contains the famous ‘Surayavarman II Going into Battle’ bas relief is definitely moving as is evidenced by cracks that have appeared since the 1995 restoration. Of course, as beams break and the roof stones open further, more water will intrude with the result that the degradation rate will accelerate. In light of this situation, with our experience to date in the south east corner of the monument, and WMF's experience in

dealing with exactly this kind of problem at Preah Khan over the past decade, WMF suggests that the APSARA Authority might consider the extending the monitoring of movement as well as the development of design stabilization and conservation measures in the Southwest Gallery.

It is our hope that these recommendations could be prepared and presented as part of the APSARA Authority’s proposed interdisciplinary Technical Workshop, at which the Churning of the Sea of Milk gallery conservation analysis and planning project would be 80 percent complete. WMF plans for its regular March Mission at which time the team will develop further these recommendations for presentation to the APSARA Authority and to the next ICC Meeting.”

The Committee recommended that the APSARA Authority hold a study workshop on the Angkor Wat temple that all players in restoration, safeguarding and research activities be invited to input regarding the methodology of the work to be done, in order to avoid any confusion as to the assigned missions.

V. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM

1. Projects submitted to the Technical Committee for consideration

• "Les Voyages Célestes" (Celestial Voyages), nighttime travel shows, by Mr Fabrice CEREZALES, Extramundi

Mr CEREZALES referred to the information package distributed to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

The Committee recommended that the project paper be submitted to the Ad Hoc group of experts for consideration.

2. Points of information regarding ongoing projects and activities

• Project for an exhibition area at the Angkor Conservation Office, by Prof. Jaroslav PONCAR, GACP

Prof. PONCAR informed the committee that the project had received the approval of the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and that the start-up of operations depended only on the availability of funds.

• Work done by the APSARA Authority in the tourism development sector, by Ms CHAU Sun Kérya, APSARA Authority

Ms CHAU Sun Kérya made the following statement:

“Since the setting up of an on-site operational structure in Siem Reap in 1998 and since it moved into its own offices in 2001, the Angkor Tourism Development Department (Département de Développement touristique d’Angkor [DDTA]), thanks to staff members recruited on a yearly basis, has trained intervention teams to carry out the various missions for which it is responsible.

Contacts with the Ministry of Tourism and the appropriate provincial authorities have made it possible to conduct joint operations in all areas relating to tourism. A

cooperative relationship with the countries of ASEAN and international agencies in the field of tourism has promoted technical assistance provided by consultants and assisted in getting the Angkor site included on the agenda and hence talked up at various international meetings.

The DDTA has a solid management and administration unit that cares for administrative operations and visitor intake in the APSARA Authority’s office in Phnom Penh. Operational units based in Angkor / Siem Reap follow through on the decisions made in Phnom Penh.

1. In order to carry out its operational missions, the DDTA set up various action units in the field that either work on their own or are connected to another department within the Authority:

- The Public Observatory has become a permanent fixture for the DDTA, providing it with information for implementation of a tourist facility master plan. The operation of the Observatory will be enhanced with the assistance of experts and consultants, and the officers in charge will be able to go to France for training. Surveys are being conducted by a team of 8 interviewers with multi-language abilities (Khmer, French, English, Japanese, Thai and Chinese), - The retraining sessions for tour guides on the Angkor site have helped the ASPARA Authority to enjoy a better relationship in this sector, but this has necessitated the setting up of a facility to provide training and skills development for the human resources involved. It is based on a cooperation arrangement between the DDTA and the Department of Culture. We will be trying to expand tour guide training to include languages that are encountered less frequently, such as Korean, - The Commercial Concessions Inspection Unit in the park provides a reception office for the DDTA, open 7 days a week, at the ticket sales booths, - The Filming and Space Occupation Unit works in cooperation with the Department of Monuments and Archaeology to supervise all cultural and artistic events taking place on the Angkor site, - The Site Management and Tourism Enhancement Unit, set up just this year, is streamlining the work done by the monument guards who check visitors. The existing team has to be increased to enable the APSARA Authority to assert itself as site manager and control the tourist flows that are certain to get heavier in the years to come, - The upcoming establishment of a Guide and Operator Unit will expand efforts to work closely with private tourism operators.

2. Promotional and marketing missions: The DDTA will soon be setting up an arrangement for monument guards to write up a report on any deficiencies or incidents involving tourists that they deal with. The report forms will be passed around to the various departments before being put to use in the field. This will be a means of improving visitor intake services and will complement the enforcement of visitor regulations.”

• Project progress report, by Mr Bertrand BOISSELET, AFD

Mr BOISSELET made the following statement:

“I would like to review the financial assistance that the Agence française de développement has made available up to now. The AFD offered an initial package in

1995 amounting to US$ 1.25 million to assist with the establishment of the APSARA Authority and the land reserve, as well as to conduct a number of studies. This funding was put in place six years ago, in early 1996, I believe, and it ended a few months ago, on June 30 to be exact. It has been fully utilized. Among other things, it was used to fund the recent Group 8 studies supported by Mr BESCHAOUCH of UNESCO and involving what has come to be called ‘The Gates of Angkor.’

A second package was made available by the AFD two years ago, in the amount of Euro 3.8 million, for the access road project to the Angkor site. You have perhaps seen this road that is now practically finished. They are now putting on the last layer of asphalt, and completion is slated for January 31, 2003. These financial assistance packages are grants made to the Cambodian government but earmarked for the APSARA Authority.

What is our vision for the coming years? I would put it this way: to develop a vision, we undertook what is called a retrospective evaluation last month, in November, over a two-week period. This mission was made up of an AFD Paris expert and an urban planning architect with experience in handling problems of this type, as he had worked previously at Luang Prabang in Laos. The purpose of the mission was to assess the assistance we had given, the use that was made of our money, as is routinely done, and expanding it to include the APSARA Authority, looking at its strengths and weaknesses and more generally the urban development of Siem Reap. The report made by this mission is expected to come out in late January and will provide us with a number of direction indicators. I will share just a few points with you, but the mission report will be the final word.

Firstly, the mission noted that the APSARA Authority had now truly established its stewardship position, which was not the case a few years earlier. Among the very positive points noted was the tremendous amount of work done by the Department of Monuments and Archaeology, with most of the presentations we have heard up to this point emanating from this department. I can also mention the development of the land reserve that we used to call the ‘hotel zone’ and which has now become the ‘tourism development zone,’ and despite its long gestation, it truly exists. The APSARA Authority now has over 300 ha of land in its possession.

We cannot overlook the fact that a number of challenges have yet to be overcome. Regarding APSARA’s management, a number of problems with regard to its budget management and accounting have been noted. Other problems involve matters for which the APSARA leaders are not responsible, such as the Board of Directors not having had a meeting for a year and a half. A draft set of urban planning regulations has not yet been approved. Generally speaking, it was noted that perhaps there was not the level of collaboration that could have been hoped for between APSARA and other urban development actors. There are also perhaps some communication problems, which have also been mentioned by a number of those who have spoken up till now. This lack of coordination is something that affects everyone. It was noted that it was very difficult to get information on very important infrastructure projects involving the town of Siem Reap, such as the drinking water supply project, which is part of a sanitation project involving the western section of the town. There is also a 10-megawatt electricity generating plant that is expected to eliminate the electricity problems—indeed, basically all of the hotels have their own generators—and there are road-building projects too. But there is very little working together among the people looking after those projects, and APSARA itself is not always aware of all that’s going on.

In a few words, then, I would say that the AFD is prepared to continue is financial support to the APSARA Authority as well as to the urban development of the town of Siem Reap which should take place in a balanced way, devised together. I think that the AFD is in a position, once things are talked out with APSARA’s leaders, to very quickly come in with support for its budgetary and accounting management. At the same time, we could provide assistance to market the hotel and tourism development zone (specifications for the zone, master plan, etc.). Those things would no doubt require a specialized operator. We think that APSARA is not presently equipped to go it alone in this venture. Thus, in the months to come, we will try to identify a number of structuring features for urban Siem Reap that we would be in a position to help fund. This could involve things such as developing the access road into the town from the airport, National Highway 6, enhancement of the riverbanks or retrofitting and upgrading the downtown area.

I would suggest by way of conclusion, if you allow, when this retrospective evaluation mission report comes out in a couple of months or so, that this provide an opportunity to get the various players on the town’s urban development scene together, from both the private and public sectors, and together to talk up what this development is going to require in the years to come.

I thank you.”

• Another look at the Siem Reap-Angkor temples economic equation, by Mr Vincent PIRON, SCA

Mr PIRON made the following statement:

“Honorable Cochairmen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:

My presentation last July highlighted four points:

1. That the growth in tourism had a direct impact on that of the town and the airport. 2. That it was urgent to make certain infrastructure investments in the town and archaeological zone. 3. That the overall economic equation of the system was healthy, because the forecast economic resources over the next 10 years would give a return on the investments to be made. 4. That a quick decision was needed and that the VINCI group was prepared to share in the investments once the decision procedures were established.

Today, we are looking at the following situation:

• Air traffic is on a slight growth curve: up 7 percent since 2001, • Passenger traffic is increasing quickly: up 30 percent since 2001, • The number of temple visitors is growing even faster: up 40 percent, • Next year, a 30-percent increase is anticipated. • Then the level of one million foreign visitors a year will be reached at the threshold of 2010, i.e. nearly two million visitors including Cambodians.

This represents a business turnover of $ 30 million at the ticket turnstiles and $ 200 million in terms of economic activity in the region.

That is a bright picture, but there are some flies in the ointment:

1. A pronounced season effect This sharply reduces the earning power of both hotel and tourist infrastructures. The impact is that hotels have to lower their prices and by doing so will attract a clientele that is not as monument friendly.

The government and the private sector must therefore do everything possible to spread the visitor demand throughout the whole year.

2. The takeoff of investment procedures Now is the time to be investing in infrastructure if we want to maintain upscale tourism.

The VINCI group has recommended, in the framework of a balanced agreement with the government, to share in the initial investment to the tune of $ 2 million. For now, this financial equation is totally in limbo due to uncertainty about the VAT and new investment laws.

Also, the procedures for deciding how funds are to be used and what will be left over from them are up in the air. This is no doubt because the sum of $ 2 million that we are talking about is so low in relation to the generated business turnover that it seems meaningless right now. Thus I draw the attention of the meeting to the urgency of making the necessary decisions in the areas of general organization and coordination, so as to enable fast-track, effective decisions.”

VI. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

1. Projects submitted to the Technical Committee for consideration

• Database of Cambodian cultural heritage professionals, by Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH, Standing Secretariat of the ICC and Ms Katheryn BENNETT, UNESCO

Mr BESCHAOUCH introduced Ms BENNETT’s presentation by explaining that the development of a national training strategy in the field of heritage conservation and presentation has always been one of the concerns of the ICC. The database of cultural heritage professionals that will be outlined is only one step in this direction.

Ms BENNET presented the following briefing note:

Projject Background This project was devised by the UNESCO Office in Phnom Penh as a response to a request by Deakin University (Melbourne, Australia) to formulate a useful and meaningful assignment for an Australian Youth Ambassador in the field of cultural heritage.

This project is aimed at directly assisting the Government of Cambodia, and more specifically APSARA Authority, in the effective and sustainable management of Angkor World Heritage site.

Generall Objjectiives The general objectives of this project are to: • Create tools to assist in the effective operational management of Angkor World Heritage Site; • Strengthen the institutional capacity of APSARA Authority; and • Contribute to the development of a National Training Strategy for the field of heritage conservation.

Speciifiic Tasks The specific tasks of this project are to: • Create a database containing relevant information on Cambodian cultural heritage professionals working for both national authorities and international teams at Angkor World Heritage Site; • Work with APSARA Authority staff members in gathering information for the database, and in the design and use of the database; and • Prepare a series of recommendations related to skills development and capacity building in conservation and historic site management, and aimed at assisting the development of a National Training Strategy for the field of heritage conservation.

Progress So Far • Formal notification of the commencement of the project was given on 29 September 2002 to APSARA Authority, and to the various international teams currently working at Angkor. • A request for information from international teams was circulated on 30 September 2002. The project objectives were outlined in this correspondence, and teams were requested to submit curriculum vitae (CV) of their Cambodian staff members with tertiary qualifications related to the field of cultural heritage. The deadline for the submission of CVs was 28 October 2002. • A draft background paper has been prepared, and will form the first section of the project report. It provides a context for the project, and briefly examines past and present tertiary and vocational training courses offered to student within the field of cultural heritage. • The scope of the project was broadened as a result of information submitted by international teams. It became apparent from the CVs submitted that there are numerous skilled trades-people working at Angkor who contribute greatly to the conservation activities at the site. A request was sent to international teams on 6 November 2002, for information relating to the skilled trades-people working within their teams. • Seventy-four CVs have been received so far, however, it is expected that more will be received in due course. • A preliminary design for the database, which is to be run in Microsoft Access, has been completed, and data input has commenced.

2. Points of information regarding ongoing activities and projects

• Technical assistance for the Faculties of Archaeology and Architecture— Report on the 2001/2002 academic year, by Mr Étienne CLÉMENT, UNESCO representative in Cambodia

With regard to the assistance provided for the Faculties of Archaeology and Architecture, Mr Étienne CLÉMENT made the following brief statement:

“The first point I would like to make is that UNESCO’s commitment for this project is in conjunction with Japan and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, which has jurisdiction over the Royal University of Fine Arts.

The 2001-2002 academic year was organized in a way similar to the usual pattern, and the format for student instruction was the same as before. However, it is noteworthy that this year the initial project has been extended for another year.

After eight years in the works, an outside mission evaluated the project, which is in keeping with common practice in such international projects.

The results of this evaluation were passed on to the three parties concerned. I would like to briefly highlight the key points of the findings. The evaluators found that during its eight years of existence, the project has significantly improved the quality of instruction, as can be seen by the participation of several graduates from both faculties at today’s meeting. Many of them are working in departments under the APSARA Authority and with various teams involved in Angkor safeguarding and conservation projects.

The evaluation also highlighted the need for clarification to be made in the management of the faculties, notably the urgent matter of appointing the dean of the Faculty of Architecture. This requirement must be met for the concerned parties to decide in what way assistance to both faculties can be continued.

The evaluators also noted the urgent need to improve the student recruitment system, as well as their transfer from one year to the next.

The recommendations resulting from the assessment of the assistance project for the Faculties of Archaeology and Architecture led the three parties to begin negotiations with a view to resuming the project, if possible. These negotiations are presently taking place. We are very optimistic and hope that we will be in a position to inform the next meeting of the ICC that the negotiations were successful.

I thank you for your attention.”

Ms KAWAHARA expressed the satisfaction she felt at seeing many young Cambodian experts working side by side with the international experts. She referred to the decisions of the Tokyo Declaration that assigned to Cambodia the leading role in the noble task of conserving and managing the Angkor site. The UNESCO project being carried out in close cooperation with the Royal University of Fine Arts has proved to be a tremendous contribution to this welcome development. In conclusion, Ms KAWAHARA thanked UNESCO for its commitment and hard work in implementing the project.

• Training activities conducted by Sophia University

The Committee referred to the discussion papers for its consideration of this point.

VII. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

1. Points of information regarding ongoing projects and activities

• Point of information on the research being conducted with local communities in Angkor Park, by Mr Bernard WOUTERS, University of Lund

Mr WOUTERS referred to the discussion paper distributed to all in attendance at the committee meeting.

VIII. MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS

• Presentation of various publications on Angkor, by Mr IM Sokrithy, APSARA Authority

Mr IM gave an overview of recent publications by the APSARA Authority, focusing on the importance of social research.

• Presentation of various UNESCO publications, by Mr Azedine BESCHAOUCH, ICC Standing Secretariat

Mr BESCHAOUCH briefly introduced the following items:

- The JSA Annual Report, which is now more than simply a record of what was accomplished during the year, but a high-quality publication.

- A brochure from the Culture Department of the French Embassy regarding cooperation among various French agencies and APSARA. A concise and pleasant outline of the basic information in the form of handy cards.

- Les gens d’Angkor (The People of Angkor), a most interesting book of photographs with captions.

- An APSARA guidebook with ANG Choulean as the main contributor, with the information presented in English, French and Khmer.

- The proceedings of the “Angkor and Water” seminar, published through the combined efforts of three institutions—the EFEO, UNESCO and APSARA—written in French, English and Khmer, with some sections in Japanese.

- Prof. PONCAR was the impetus behind the publication of a photo calendar with information in several languages.

• Point of information on environment and landscape protection in Siem Reap, by HE Mr BUN Narith, CEO of the APSARA Authority

“In my opening statement, I mentioned the need to look after the environment not only of the temple perimeter areas, but also throughout Angkor Archaeological Park. I would like to share a point of information on what the APSARA Authority has been doing with regard to environment and landscape protection.

1. Tree management:

A special unit of the Department of Monuments and Archaeology regularly monitors the condition of trees growing in the temple zones, but more particularly in and around the monuments themselves.

A tree management unit goes through the park on a regular basis and cuts down trees that are seen to be a danger for visitor security.

2. Enhancement of the riverbanks:

The provincial authorities have removed sand sludge from the Siem Reap River. The Urban Planning and Development Department under the ASPARA Authority invited the private sector (the Grand Hôtel, the Sofitel Royal Angkor and the Pansea) to provide funding in order to complete the river rehabilitation and enhancement work, clean up garbage strewn along the banks and plant trees. This operation was completed prior to the arrival of public figures attending the ASEAN Summit.

3. Garbage cleanup:

Operations to clean up and collect garbage are performed by 300 workers who each day pick up the refuse left in the wake of domestic tourist picnicking in the areas surrounding Angkor Wat temple. Then there is garbage that the businesses in the temple approach areas discard behind the trees. Getting this project up and running requires a prior study to determine the volume of the garbage pickup and treatment, after which an invitation to bid can be made and a contractor selected. Structuring the tourist intake areas and walkways must also be included in park management operations.

4. Quality management:

Under a partnership arrangement with Japan Quality Assurance (JQA), the APSARA Authority is taking steps to adopt the ISO 14001 procedure. This requires that the concerned staff under the APSARA Authority take a three-year training course in quality control so that a department responsible for this work can be set up. JICA has agreed to fund the project, which has a price tag of US$ 50,000.

5. Joint committee to put order into unauthorized building and anarchistic activities:

The APSARA Authority was also able to set up a joint committee to handle issues regarding unauthorized buildings in Angkor Park, in particular those that have a direct or indirect impact on the environment or landscape. The chairmanship has been assigned to the APSARA Authority, and the vice-chairmen are from the office of the Governor of Siem Reap. The Siem Reap district chief, the armed forces, the various police detachments as well as all provincial authorities concerned are members of this committee.

• Date and venue of the next Plenary Session of the International Coordinating Committee

A proposal was made that the next Plenary Session of the ICC be held during the second half of June 2003. It would be necessary for the authorities to be consulted to see if the date could be set for June 16 and 17, 2003.

IX. CONCLUSIONS

The Cochairmen expressed their satisfaction with the way in which the ICC has fulfilled its role as a forum for meeting and debate. They thanked HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn and all members of the Cambodian delegation, the Ad Hoc group of experts, UNESCO and all members of the ICC for their positive input to the debates.

On behalf of the Royal Government of Cambodia, HE Mr CHEA Sorphorn expressed his deep gratitude to the representatives of the many donor countries and organizations working to safeguard the Angkor site. He expressed the wish that efforts continue to be put forth to contribute to the harmonious development of the site.

List of Participants

NAME TITLE ORGANIZATION AKAZAWA Yasushi Architect JSA APPERT Sébastien Architect GACP ANG Choulean Director, Department of Culture and APSARA Authority Research ARNDT Robert Reporter "CAMBODIA DAILY" BALL Molly Reporter "CAMBODIA DAILY" BENNETT Katheryn Trainee UNESCO BESHAOUCH Azedine Scientific Advisor with the Culture UNESCO Sector BILLAULT Jean-Pierre Colonel CMAC BOISSELET Bertrand Agence française de AFD développement BRONKE Heide M. Communication attaché Embassy of the United States BUN Narith Chief Executive Officer APSARA Authority CEREZALES Fabrice Director general and artistic director EXTRAMUNDI CHAP Nhalyvud Governor Province of Siem Reap CHAP Chamroeun Architect APSARA Authority CHAU SUN Kérya Director, Tourism Development APSARA Authority Department CHEA Sophorn Secretary of State Office of the Council of Ministers CHEA Sarith Archaeologist APSARA Authority CHEA Sophanua Interpreter JSA CHEAM Phally Architect W.M.F. CHEAM Pronk Architect JSA CHEVANCE Jean- Archaeologist FSP Baptiste CHHEAN Ratha Architect Sophia University Mission CHHIM Phet Architect APSARA Authority CHHUN Soma Architect W.M.F. CHIN Sothea Inspector Ministry of Interior CHOURN Bunnath Archaeologist APSARA Authority CLÉMENT Étienne Representative in Cambodia UNESCO CROCI Giorgio Ad Hoc expert UNESCO CUNIN Olivier Architect C.R.A.I. CUNNINGHAM Anne F. Embassy of the United States DAVINE Keo Architect APSARA DORDAIN Dominique Cochairman, Counselor for Culture Embassy of France and Cooperation

EA Darith Deputy director, Department of APSARA Authority Culture and Research EGUCHI Chinami Urban planner JSA ENG Ragnau Administration APSARA Authority FEILDEN B.M. Consultant W.M.F. FRANIATTE Marc Archaeologist BSCP GAMONET Marie Librarian UNESCO/APSARA GIRAUDI Carole Architect BSCP GROSSENBACHER Rolf Co-director BSCP GROVER A.C. Conservation director Archaeological Survey of India – DELHI GINHUT Julien Trainee UNESCO HAGEMANN Robert Resident representative FMI HANG Bunnak Deputy director general MLUPC HAY Hunieng Archaeologist APSARA Authority HEN Sinath Architect assistant W.M.F. HENG Jeudi Architect APSARA Authority HENG KAMSAN Archaeologist APSARA Authority HENIG Dara Engineer I.Ge.S. HIM Dara Architect JSA HOU Nolamony Archaeologist APSARA Authority IKEDA Hirotsugu First secretary Embassy of Japan IM Soktithy Archaeologist, Department of Culture APSARA Authority and Research JIANG Huaiying Project director C.S.A. JINNAI Teruo Culture Unit, Officer in charge UNESCO KANEKO Mari Official representative Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs KAPUR P.K. Ambassador extraordinary and Embassy of India plenipotentiary KAWAHARA Setsuko Director, Department of Cultural Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Affairs KEAV Bunthoeun Architect FSP/EFEO KEO Davine Architect APSARA Authority KIM Chay Engineer APSARA Authority KIM Hakchul E. Architect Global University of Handong KOH Chhan Architect I.Ge.S. KONG Vireak Archaeologist APSARA Authority KONG Kanty Archaeologist I.Ge.S. KOLATA Alan Researcher University de Chicago KRAUSE Dana Assistant GACP KUMMU Matti Hydrologist University de Helsinki LABLAUDE Pierre-André Ad Hoc expert UNESCO LACOSTE Daniel Police attaché Embassy of France LAM Sopheak Archaeologist NARA Institute LEISEN Hans Project director GACP LELY Meiliani Third secretary Embassy of Indonesia LEK Sareth Architect W.M.F. LENG Nhean Under-secretary of State Ministry of Economy and Finance LIM Kanara Architect APSARA Authority

LIN Christina Interpreter CSA LIU Jiang Architect CSA LLOPIS Eric Archaeologist FSP LOEUNG Ravattey Archaeologist NARA Institute LONG Kosal APSARA LONG Nary Site Manager G.A.C.P. LOUK Sok Leng Tourism agent APSARA Authority LY Vana Student Sophia University MAO Loa Department of Monuments and APSARA Authority Archaeology MARUI Masako Archaeologist Sophia University Mission MATSUKURA Nobuhiro Architect JSA MEY Ra IGS Unit APSARA Authority MIWA Satoru Architect Sophia University Mission MORIMOTO Susumu Archaeologist Nabunken MOTOKI Wakako Student NARA Institute MUHLEN Konstanze Assistant GACP NAKAGAWA Takeshi Director general JSA NAY Sophea Archaeologist APSARA Authority NEOU Bonheur Deputy director Ministry of the Environment NISHIURA Tdatem Deputy director NRICPT International Center NGETH Sothy Assistant APSARA Authority OHLRAUN Helmut Ambassador extraordinary and Embassy of the German Federal plenipotentiary Republic OUK Sokha Secretary Office of the Council of Ministers OUK SUN Heng Archaeologist APSARA OR Chankosal JSA PASNIK Florence President "AIDÉTOUS" Association PEYCAM Philippe Director C.K.S. PHOU Sochea Architect Sophia University Mission POL Chan Mony Engineer APSARA Authority PONCAR Jaroslav Professor GACP POTTIER Christophe EFEO member EFEO PRAK Sinath Archaeologist Sophia University Mission PROM Som Ean Accountant APSARA Authority PUTH Soth Architect APSARA Authority ROS Borath Deputy director general - APSARA APSARA Authority ROS Sokhom Archaeologist APSARA Authority ROS Tatheany Engineer APSARA Authority ROS Try APSARA Authority ROYÈRE Pascal EFEO member EFEO SAKURADA Shigeru Siem Reap Director JSA SAM Kim Heng Architect W.M.F. SAM Rithy ICC Standing Secretariat UNESCO SANDAY John Siem Reap office director WMF SANTORO Valter Maria Project leader I.Ge.S. SARAY Kim Hour Archaeologist APSARA Authority SAY Sophearin Archaeologist APSARA Authority

SCHWANEWEDER Helen Student GACP SHINOHARA Katsuhiro Cochairman, Minister-Counselor Embassy of Japan SEUNG Kong Deputy director general - APSARA APSARA Authority SIM Suong Consultant National Tourism Authority SOEUR Sothy Architect JSA SO Chhing Archaeologist CSA SO Peang Archaeologist APSARA Authority SO Pot Assistant Archaeologist BSCP SO Sokuntheary Architect JSA SOK Kimsan Architect Sophia University Mission SOK Sarah Architect APSARA Authority SOM Sopharath APSARA Authority SORN Saravuth Reporter TVK SRUN Tech Archaeologist APSARA Authority STOCK Emiko Consultant UNESCO STUBBS John Vice-president WMF SY Barith Civil engineer APSARA Authority SUZUKI Hiroyuki Ad Hoc expert UNESCO SUOS Yara Executive Secretary National Tourism Authority TABATA Yukitsugu Archaeologist Sophia University Mission TAN Chay Colonel Heritage Police Unit TAN Sambon Deputy director general - APSARA APSARA Authority TAN Theany Cambodian National Commission for Office of the Council of Ministers UNESCO TANN Sophal Archaeologist APSARA Authority TENEISHVILI Tamara Standing secretariat UNESCO TEP Henn Deputy director general - APSARA APSARA Authority TITH Sopha Engineer APSARA Authority TRANET Michel Under-secretary of State Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts TSUCHIYA Takeshi Architect JSA UCHIDA Akito Heritage architect NRICPT UK Sameth Deputy director general - APSARA APSARA Authority UK Topotra Architect APSARA Authority ULISSE SYlvain Student School of the Louvre UN Moninita Archaeologist APSARA Authority UNG Charattana BSCP VERROT Michel F.S.P. Embassy of France VONG Dara Engineer APSARA Authority WARRACK Simon Head conservator GACP WOUTERS Bernard Researcher Lund University YIM Saranith Archaeologist APSARA Authority YIT Chandaroat Administration APSARA Authority YOK Pathournath Accounting assistant APSARA Authority

International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor Technical Committee Meeting – December 12 & 13, 2002