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Akun Publik Dalam Realitas Virtual Studi Film Citizenfour Karya Laura Poitras

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Akun Publik Dalam Realitas Virtual Studi Film Citizenfour Karya Laura Poitras AKUN PUBLIK DALAM REALITAS VIRTUAL STUDI FILM CITIZENFOUR KARYA LAURA POITRAS Skripsi Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S. Sos) Oleh : Nadia Karimah NIM: 11140510000025 PROGRAM STUDI JURNALISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU DAKWAH DAN ILMU KOMUNIKASI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1440 H / 2018 M ABSTRAK NADIA KARIMAH Akun Publik Dalam Realitas Virtual Film Dokumenter Citizenfour Karya Laura Poitras Film dokumenter Citizenfour merupakan dokumentasi dari perngungkapan program mata-mata pemerintah Amerika Serikat yang dilakukan oleh mantan pegawai National Security Agency (NSA) . Data dari akun publik dalam virtual maya dikumpulkan secara sengaja dan disimpan di pangkalan data milik NSA. Bebagai bukti yang muncul dari film ini memberikan aspek penanda makna akun publik dalam realitas virtual. Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab pertanyaan, Bagaimana makna denotasi dan konotasi dalam realitas virtual yang dibentuk film dokumenter Citizenfour? Adakah Mitos akun publik dalam film dokumenter Citizenfour? Dalam hal ini, penulis menggunakan teori analisis semiotik model Roland Barthes dengan pemaknaan dua tahap, yaitu denotasi dan konotasi yang nantinya dapat menghasilkan mitos. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui data primer, dengan data elektronik berupa film dan data skunder, yaitu literature yang berkaitan dengan film Citizenfour. Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan paradigm konstruktivis yang menekankan pada suatu realita dari yang paling umum hingga yang paling khusus. Metodologi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah analisis deskriptif yang berfokus pada penelitian non hipotesis sehingga dalam langkah penelitian tidak perlu merumuskan hipotesis. Penulis memperoleh hasil dari penelitian ini terkait akun publik dalam realitas virtual tidak aman. Tergambar dari berbagai aksi dan program yang pemerintah Amerika lakukan demi kepentingan negaranya. Makna denotasinya, Snowden tidak takut mengungkap program mata-mata pemerintah Amerika Serikat, karena ia merasa tindakannya benar. Makna konotasinya, aksi mata-mata yang dilakukan pemerintah Amerika Serikat melanggar hak privasi dan kebebasan manusia. Terdapat pula Mitos, tindakan pemerintah Amerika Serikat telah melanggar hak kekayaan intelktual manusia untuk bebas bersosialisasi dan berdiskusi dalam akun publik. Amerika mencederai sistem negara demokratis yang mereka anut, yang seharusnya bebas. Kata kunci: Film, Dokumenter, Realitas vitual, privasi, akun publik i KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Segala puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah SWT. pemilik alam semesta, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan karuniaNYA sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Tidak lupa pula shalwat beserta salam, semoga selalu tercurah kepada baginda Nabi besar Muhammad SAW, yang telah membawa ummatnya dari zaman jahiliyyah menuju era digital seperti saat ini. Semoga kita semua menjadi ummatnya yang taat dan mendapatkan syafaatnya sampai akhir zaman. Amin Yaa Rabbal Alamin. Tahap demi tahap dengan selalu memohon ridho kepada Allah SWT, Alhamdulillah akhirnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini, tentunya dengan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Dalam kesempatan ini penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Dr. Arief Subhan, M.A, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi, Suparto, M.Ed, Ph.D, selaku Wakil Dekan I Bidang Akademik, Dr. Hj. Roudhonadh, M.A, selaku Wakil Dekan II Bidang Administrasi dan Keuangan, dan Dr. Suhaimi, M.Si, selaku Wakil Dekan III Bidang Kemahasiswaan. 2. Drs. Kholis Ridho, M.Si, selaku Ketua Jurusan Jurnalistik dan Dra. Hj. Musfirah Nurlaili, M.A, selaku Sekretaris Jurusan yang membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan persoalan akademis dan administrasi. 3. Ade Masturi, M.A, selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik yang telah memberi masukan dalam persoalan akademis selama perkuliahan. 4. Dr. Suhaimi, M.Si, selaku Dosen Pembimbing yang telah sabar, meluangkan waktunya dan memberikan pengarahan yang sangat baik kepada penulis. ii 5. Seluruh dosen dan staf Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi yang telah membantu penulis selama di bangku kuliah sehingga penulis bisa menyelesaikan kuliah tepat waktu. 6. Segenap karyawan Perpustakaan Umum dan Perpustakaan Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 7. Kedua orangtuaku tercinta, Papa Ahmad Zulkarnain Estu dan Mama Suci Zaedah Anwar yang sudah memberikan motivasi yang tak ada hentinya kepada penulis. Sehingga penulis mampu mengerjakan skripsi ini dengan baik. 8. Kepada kakak terbaik Amran Zainuri Rosadi dan adik tercinta Fadila Aisyah yang selalu memberikan doa dan kata-kata penyemangatan kepada penulis. 9. Seluruh keluarga besar Alm. Basthony dan Alm. Anwar Nuris yang telah memberikan doa dan dukungan kepada penulis sehingga semangat menyelesaikan penelitian ini. 10. Kepada para sahabat saya di SMP Al-Ma‟arif Pekanbaru yang selalu menyempatkan waktu untuk silahturahmi dan memberi pesan-pesan motivasinya. 11. Sahabat SMA 5 Pekanbaru yang masih terus berhubungan baik dan sebagai penyemangat penulis, Elsa Ayu Lestari dan Maya Imelda. 12. LKS, Sahabat perkuliahan penulis yang selalu mewarnai hari-hari dengan canda, tawa, kebahagiaan, baik, buruk, doa, harapan dan dukungannya yang tak pernah berhenti diberikan selama penulisan skripsi ini, Sofie Medina Pasha, Arita Ambarani, Ikrimah Afifah dan Nur Isrojah Muniroh. 13. Pejuang skripsi seperbimbingan, Dede Uswatun Hasanah yang selalu bersama melalui proses bimbingan dan penulisan skripsi. 14. Teman-teman Jurnalistik A 2014, Wilda Hayatun Nufus, Siti Maulida Fatmawati, Amimatul Iklilah, Ma‟rifah Istiqomah, Nikmatul Fikriyah, Khairunisa dan lainnya yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan. 15. KKN HUGOS 2014, Mustika Diani Dewi, Nurlaela, Ulfa Mardiyah, Hafsah Mawarni, Rahmawati, Sri Intan E. Lestari, Riska Isnaeny, iii Ramadika, Amir Artha, Fathur Rahman, Idris Fitriyan, Indriansyah, M. Faried dan Dimas Permadi. 16. Teman-teman Jurnalistik 2014 yang tak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu. Suatu anugerah bisa mengenal berbagai macam karakter. Kita telah berjuang bersama menghadapi hari-hari selama perkuliahan. Tentunya untuk semua pihak yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu per satu dalam lembaran ini. Penulis berterima kasih atas kebaikan yang kalian berikan, semoga bantuan yan telah kalian berikan kepada penulis bisa dibalas suatu saat nanti oleh Allah SWT. Aamiin yarabbal alaamiin. Ciputat, 21 November 2018 Nadia Karimah iv DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................................ i KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................................................... v DAFTAR TABEL.......................................................................................................................... vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................... 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................................... 1 B. Identifikasi Masalah ......................................................................................................... 4 C. Batasan Masalah ............................................................................................................... 4 D. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................................ 5 E. Tujuan Penelitian dan Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................ 5 F. Tinjauan Kajian Terdahulu ............................................................................................... 5 G. Metode Penelitian ............................................................................................................. 6 H. Sistemaika Penulisan ........................................................................................................ 8 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................................................ 10 A. Tinjauan Umum Tentang Film ....................................................................................... 10 1. Sejarah dan Perkembangan Film Dokumenter ...................................................... 10 2. Teknik Pengambilan Gambar ................................................................................ 11 B. Tinjauan Umum Tentang Semiotik ................................................................................ 16 1. Pengertian Umum Semiotik ................................................................................... 16 2. Model Semiotik Roland Barthes ............................................................................ 18 C. Tinjauan Tentang Media Siber dan Akun Publik ........................................................... 21 1. Tinjauan Sejarah dan Perkembangan Internet........................................................ 21 2. Tinjauan Realitas Virtual ....................................................................................... 23 3. Tinjauan Akun Publik ...........................................................................................
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