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Edited by: Okinawa, Japan 17–19 January17–19 2011 Bankoku Shinryokan IPCC Workshop on on Workshop IPCC Katharine J. Mach, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Workshop Report This material has not been subjected to formal IPCC review processes. Michael D. Mastrandrea, Melinda Tignor, Kristie L. Ebi Christopher B. Field, Vicente Barros, Thomas Stocker,F. Qin Dahe, Marine Biology and Ecosystems and Biology Marine Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Acidification Impacts Ocean of Supporting material prepared for consideration by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. endorsement or approval of the proceedings or any recommendations or conclusions contained herein. contained conclusions or recommendations any or proceedings the of approval or endorsement This meeting was agreed in advance as part of the IPCC workplan, but this does not imply working group or panel panel or group working imply not does this but workplan, IPCC the of part as advance in agreed was meeting This IPCC WORKSHOP ON IMPACtS Of ocean ACIdIfication on Marine BiolOgy and EcosyStems IPCC Workshop on Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biology and Ecosystems Bankoku Shinryokan Okinawa, Japan 17-19 January 2011 Workshop Report Edited by: Christopher B. Field, Vicente Barros, Thomas F. Stocker, Qin Dahe, Katharine J. Mach, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Michael D. Mastrandrea, Melinda Tignor, Kristie L. Ebi This workshop was agreed in advance as part of the IPCC workplan, but this does not imply working group or panel endorsement or approval of the proceedings or any recommendations or conclusions contained herein. Supporting material prepared for consideration by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This material has not been subjected to formal IPCC review processes. Cover photo courtesy of David Luquet. © davidluquet.com ISBN 978-92-9169-132-6 Published September 2011 by the IPCC Working Group II Technical Support Unit, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, United States of America, and the IPCC Working Group I Technical Support Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic copies of this report are available from the IPCC website (http://www.ipcc.ch/), the IPCC WGII website (http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/), and the IPCC WGI website (https://www.ipcc-wg1.unibe.ch/). © 2011 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC WGII/WGI Workshop on Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biology and Ecosystems 17-19 January 2011 Okinawa, Japan WGII Co-Chairs Christopher Field (Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, USA) Vicente Barros (Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina) WGI Co-Chairs Thomas Stocker (Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland) Qin Dahe (China Meteorological Administration, China) Scientific Steering Committee Ken Caldeira (Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, USA) Anne Cohen (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA) Richard Feely (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA) Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (University of Queensland, Australia) Nancy Knowlton (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA) Yukihiro Nojiri (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan) Leonard Nurse (University of the West Indies, Barbados) James Orr (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA, France) Hans-Otto Pörtner (Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany) Local Organizers National Institute for Environmental Studies Ministry of the Environment Japan University of the Ryukyus Yukihiro Nojiri, Claire Summers, Mizue Yuzurihara IPCC Working Group II Technical Support Unit David Dokken Kristie Ebi Yuka Estrada Robert Genova Eric Kissel Katharine Mach (Coordinating Editor) Michael Mastrandrea IPCC Working Group I Technical Support Unit Pauline Midgley Gian-Kasper Plattner (Coordinating Editor) Melinda Tignor (Technical Editor) This Workshop Report should be cited as: IPCC, 2011: Workshop Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Workshop on Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biology and Ecosystems [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, M.D. Mastrandrea, M. Tignor and K.L. Ebi (eds.)]. IPCC Working Group II Technical Support Unit, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, United States of America, pp. 164. IPCC Workshop on Ocean Acidification - iii Preface Understanding the effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on ocean chemistry, commonly termed ocean acidification, as well as associated impacts on marine biology and ecosystems, is an important component of scientific knowledge about global change. The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will include comprehensive coverage of ocean acidification and its impacts, including potential feedbacks to the climate system. To support ongoing AR5 assessment efforts, Working Group II and Working Group I (WGII and WGI) of the IPCC held a joint Workshop on Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biology and Ecosystems in Okinawa, Japan, from 17 to 19 January 2011. The workshop convened experts from the scientific community, including WGII and WGI AR5 authors and review editors, to synthesise scientific understanding of changes in ocean chemistry due to increased CO2 and of impacts of this changing chemistry on marine organisms, ecosystems, and ecosystem services. This workshop report summarises the scientific content and perspectives presented and discussed during the workshop. It provides syntheses of these perspectives for the workshop’s core topics: (i) the changing chemistry of the oceans, (ii) impacts of ocean acidification for individual organisms, and (iii) scaling up responses from individual organisms to ecosystems. It also presents summaries of workshop discussions of key cross-cutting themes, ranging from detection and attribution of ocean acidification and its impacts to understanding ocean acidification in the context of other stressors on marine systems. Additionally, the workshop report includes extended abstracts for keynote and poster presentations at the workshop. We thank the Ministry of the Environment Japan, the National Institute for Environmental Studies, and the University of the Ryukyus for hosting the workshop and providing impeccable arrangements. The event could not have succeeded without the extensive efforts of Dr. Yukihiro Nojiri, as well as Claire Summers and Mizue Yuzurihara, at the National Institute for Environmental Studies. We also extend our gratitude to the members of the Scientific Steering Committee who contributed invaluable advice and considerable time in developing the workshop’s scientific content and programme, in addition to the summaries contained in this report. Finally, we thank the workshop participants for their productive exchanges about current scientific understanding, which underpin this report. We are convinced that this report, along with the workshop’s scientific dialogues on ocean acidification and its impacts, will provide important input for the authors of the AR5 and the broader research community, as well as further stimulating collaboration across WGII and WGI of the IPCC. Prof. Christopher Field Prof. Vicente Barros Co-Chair, WGII Co-Chair, WGII Prof. Thomas Stocker Prof. Qin Dahe Co-Chair, WGI Co-Chair, WGI IPCC Workshop on Ocean Acidification - v Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 1 Breakout Group Reports....................................................................................................... 5 Breakout Group I-1: Detection and attribution of ocean acidification and its impacts................. 5 Breakout Group I-2: Reconciling apparently contradictory observations................................... 10 Breakout Group I-3: Spatial and temporal scales of variability and rates of change ................... 17 Breakout Group II-1: Learning from the past and present to predict the future.......................... 23 Breakout Group II-2: Understanding the roles of multiple stressors........................................... 26 Breakout Group II-3: Scaling up to humans: the socioeconomics of ocean acidification ........... 32 Ad Hoc Breakout Group: Glossary entry for "ocean acidification" ........................................... 37 Synthesis Plenary Reports................................................................................................... 41 Synthesis Plenary IV-1: The changing chemistry of the oceans: the state of knowledge, key uncertainties, and the way forward........................................................................................... 41 Synthesis Plenary IV-2: Impacts of ocean acidification for individual organisms: the state of knowledge, key uncertainties, and the way forward ................................................................. 44 Synthesis Plenary IV-3: Scaling up to ecosystems: the state of knowledge, key uncertainties, and the way forward ................................................................................................................ 56 Annex I: Workshop Proposal .............................................................................................. 61 Annex 2: Programme.......................................................................................................... 65 Annex 3: Proposal for Plenary Session Presentations.........................................................
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