’ B E L L S CA T HE D RA L SE RI E S : E D I T E D BY G L E E SO N W HI T E W ST R G A N D E D A RD F. A N E

L I N C O L N

THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF L N C L N A HISTORY AN D DESCRI PTI ON OF ITS FABRIC AND A LIST OF THE BISHOPS

A A F E N D I K B . K R C . . . ,

' ‘ VV I I H FORTY - SI " I L L U ST RAT I ON S

LON D ON G E O RG E B E L L SO N S 1 898 0 4- 0 0 v 4 0 9 6 0 1 0 1 . 0 C 0 o 0 Q . t fl a t 5 ¢ Q « 6 0 a t o O

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H I T E A N D . L T D . W . H . W CO

RI E R I E P R E E D I N B R H . V S D SS, U G G E N E RA L P RE FA C E

THIS series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illus

- f trated guide books at a popular price . The aim o each writer has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of Archaeology too and History, and yet not technical in language for the use f or o an ordinary visitor tourist . T o specify all the authorities which have been made use of

in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place . But amongst the general sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful are the great county

histories, the value of which , especially in questions of gene 2 alogy and local records , is generally recognised ; ( ) the nu merous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological

Societies , (3) the important docu ments made accessible in the series issued by the Master of the Rolls ; (4) the well known works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals and ( 5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray to which

the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail ,

especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees .

E E O WH I E GL S N T ,

DWA D . R G E R F ST AN E ,

E di /07 ' s o {11 5 er i f S es . A U T HOR ’S P RE FA CE

T HE literature on the subject of Lincoln Min ster is c on i l s derab e . a of , but scattered The v luable researches the ' f A r c/zzeolo zca l late Precentor Venables , published chie ly in the g our na l j , claim the first place among authorities consulted in the preparation of the present handbook . The works of

Freeman , Scott , Rickman , and Parker have also been referred ’ For a to . the Episcopal Visitation s , Prebendary Perry s ccount in the thirty - eighth volume of the jour na l has of been followed and for the I nventories the Treasures, that of Prebendary Wordsworth in the fifty- third volume of the ’ ’ “ ’ “ olo z a H lin hed A r cfia . o s s C g hronicles, Bright s Early Eng ” C of lish hurch History , and the topographical works Leland , D Ca on ugdale, mden , and Stukeley, contain usefu l information f . o f the subj ect In the Rolls series , the chronicles Henry o H oveden Giraldus Huntingdon , Matthew Paris , Roger de , and Cambrensis of and , as well as the annals various reigns the ” f o . Magna Vita St Hugh , have been consulted . A number of old guides in the Library of the British Museum contain of useful MS . notes . Some the other works referred to have of been acknowledged in the pages this book . The author has to acknowledge his indebtedness to Shillak r r e . . fo . Mr J . and Mr G H Palmer kind suggestion s P . of M r . G Trendell has prepared the list the Bishops, and has given valued help in other ways . The illustration s are largely taken from photographs reproduced by the kindness of the

M. Co . . . o . . C . Photochrom , Messrs S B Bolas , M r F G

. a Beaumont, and Mr H . C O kden ; others are from the Lincoln volume of the Proceedings of the Arch aeological Institute

A . F . K .

a 8 M y 1 89 . CO N T E N T S

PA G E

- T he s f CH A PT ER I . Hi tory o the Building

- T h CHA P TE R I I . e Exteri or The We s t Front The Wes tern T o wers The G a lilee Porch The Ch a pter Archives

The Centra l T o wer . The Bell s in the Centra l T ower The Pres bytery The Ch antry Ch a pel s The E ast End The Mins ter Y ard The Pa l a ce of the Bi s h op s The Dea nery The Ca ntelupe Ch antry Hou s e ’ The Vicars Court

— CHA P TE R I I I . T he I n o n n C o s s C a teri r , i cludi g the l i ter h pter h ou s e The Ground Pla n The Vestibule The N a ve The N a ve Pulpit n a The Ce tr l Tower . The We s tern Trans ept “ ’ ” “ ’ The D eans Eye and the Bis h op s Eye The Screen ’ St . Hugh s Ch o ir The Ch o ir Sta ll s ’ The Bi s h o p s Thro ne a nd the Pulpit The Rered os The E as ter Sepulchre The S outh A i s le n o f H The Shri e the Little St . ugh The N orth Ais le The Eas tern Tra ns ept ’ The D eans Ch a pel ’ The Ch oris ters Ve stry The Angel Ch o ir The Linc o l n I mp The S ta i ned G l as s The Flemi ng Ch a ntry The Ru s sell Ch a nt ry ’ Bi s h o p Lo ngl a nd s Ch a ntry The M onu ments The Cl oi s ters The Library The Cha pter - h o u s e

CHA PT E R I V — o f o f . Lis t the Bi sh o ps Linc ol n I L L U ST RA T I ON S

Linc oln from the S outh - Wes t Arms of the Di oces e Ma p of Ancient Li nco ln a s o f a m D e Rouma ra Ea o f n o n a nd of Ranul h Se l Willi , rl Li c l , p , E arl of Ches ter and Linco ln a of H n D e a Ea of n o n Se l e ry L cy , rl Li c l M onumenta l Crocket The Cathedra l inthe Seventeenth Century E a rly Englis h Pier D n s F on and E G a . e The We t r t the xchequer te , by P Wi t O s a o o n o n Cas The b erv t ry T wer, Li c l tle The Wes t Front Ca rved Wo rk of the Centra l D o orwa y at the Wes t End n ns om Ca s F . a z The Mi ter fr the tle , by M cke ie G a o a nd o of a lilee P rch , S uth Side the N ve C n a o f om o The e tr l T wer , r the S uth n F a nz s om C o s s . The Mi ter fr the l i ter , by M cke ie f nland o E as o an C a s o s o L o S uth t P rch , with the Ch try h pel Bi h ps g and Ru ss ell Cas of F o f C s in So E as o h t the igure hri t , the uth t P rc View from the S o uth E as t N orth D oorw ay of the Angel Ch oir N or th Side of the Angel Ch oir ’ E a on of fo m a of s o s a a Bs o lev ti the r er Ch pel the Bi h p P l ce , with i h p ’ Alnwic k s To wer ’ vof Ha Foo a n of s o s a a n o n on Pl the Bi h p P l ce , Li c l , the le el the ll l r f n View o the Ancient De a ery . ’ a of n n D an w D an F m n s o P rt th e A cie t e ery , ith e le i g T wer Elevation of One B ay on the N orth Side of the N a ve H a on of a oo n s lf Secti the N ve , l ki g We t

a oo n s . The N ve , l ki g We t H P a rt o f the Double Arca ding o f St . ugh

s ans oo n o . The We t Tr ept , l ki g S uth ’ h01 r A s Doo a o of . H s C i le rw y , N rth St ugh

C o o o n Eas . The h ir , l ki g t E as ans oo n o The t Tr ept , l ki g N rth ’

s a ns . Triforium on the Wes t Side of St . Hugh Tr ept E as t End of the Angel Ch o ir Triforium on the N orth Side of the Angel Ch oir The Linc oln I mp Three Sculptured Angel s on the S outh Side of the Angel Choir T omb of Sir Barth ol omew B urghersh ’ Bish op Words w orth s T omb

C o s s f om o - E as Co n The l i ter , r the N rth t r er Arca de in the Ch a pter - h ou s e Ca pita l in the Ch apter - h ou s e The Ch apter —h ou s e

P L A N OF T H E CAT HE D R A L

L I N C O L N C A T HE D RA L

C HAPTER I

THE H ISTOR Y O F THE B U ILD I N G

T HE venerable walls of Lincoln Minster look down from their proud position upon a city far more ancient than them of selves . Long before the arrival the Saxon s and Angles, on C the spot which Lincoln Minster and astle stand , had been occupied by a settlement bearing a name which has

survived through various changes to the present day . “ “ ” d C : Lincoln is Lin um olonia _the latter word dates a f to from the Rom n occupation of Britain , and is su ficient show the importance of the city at such an early period ; the former carries us back further still to the times of the ancient w “ ” Britons, hose dwelling on the dun or hill , was named ” “ - llin or L lin . dun , from the mere at its foot The hill

is that on which the minster now stands , and the mere still B r r su rvives in the harbour of ayfo d . The limits of the Roman city on the summit of the hill were marked by massive

quadrangular walls, of which fragments may be seen at the

present day . These walls were pierced with four gates the position of the east and west gates is marked by the streets bearing these names ; the southern gateway was still in

existence at the beginning of the eighteenth century, but was battered down by a man named Houghton about the year 1 0 7 7 . The old Roman road to the north still passes under “ ” the northern or Newport gate .

The city occupied a proud position , and its importance in Roman times is shewn by the fact that it was the meeting of point five main roads , two of which , the Foss Way and of Ermine Street , met a little south of the presen t church

St . Botolph , and formed what i s now the High Street of the 4 LI NCOLN CATHE DRAL

of a city . Remains Roman Lincoln are abund nt, and some n t are preserved within the minster precincts . Passing o o of the time the Saxons, we read that the indefatigable of missionary Paulinus, Bishop York , j ourneyed into the “ of ol neighbouring district Lindsey, and preached in the d ” - f Roman hill town o Lincoln . His labour was rewarded by “ ” 62 8 of B laec c a the conversion (about the year ) its prefect , “ who immediately set about building a stone church of noble ” for of t workmanship the use the converts o the new faith . of nor to But it is not directly to the preaching Paulinus, the of B laec c a of energy , that we owe the foundation the minster . The “ stone church ” is now almost certainly represented by f B il at o . a e the church St Paul, in g , a church which still of retains the name , though in a corrupted form , the first of great Christian missionary to the people Lincoln . In this church Honorius was consecrated by Paulinus to succeed of f Justus as Archbishop Canterbury . The little village o

- of Stow, eleven miles to the north west the city , has been “ ” the Sidnac ester identified by Professor Freeman as ancient , and can thus claim to be the original seat of the diocese of

of . Lincoln . The venerable church St Mary at Stow was “ - t called by Camden the mother church o Lincoln . I n the 6 8 of year 7 , when the huge Northumbrian diocese Wilfrid rid was divided , n of Northumbria built a church at Sidna “ ” of c e ster . This church was made the bishopstool the of of new diocese Lindsey , and the line bishops may be Eadhed B erhtre d . traced for two hundred years , from to of 8 0 During the bishopric the latter , about the year 7 , the of church at Stow was burnt in an invasion the Northmen , and in consequence of their ravages the see r e mamed vacant for a period of eighty years . Lincoln itself fell i nto the “ of hands of the invaders, and became the chief the Five f D B oroughs o the anish Confederation . From this time until the Norman invasion the borough continued to be

- governed by its twelve hereditary Danish law men . About the of of s middle the tenth century , the seat the bishops of thi

D - oh - a district was removed for security to orchester Th mes, of was in the very farthest corner the vast diocese, where it of protected by the fortified camp . The Mercian see Leicester of Sidnac ester was here united with that , and in the next Ea noth d of a century d , the secon the n me , is styled Bishop THE HI STORY OF TH E B UI LDI NG 5

of Sidna c ester . Dorchester, Leicester, and The little city by the Thames was not long to enj oy the honour of being the “ ” bishopstool of the largest diocese in England . As the Saxons

gave way before their Norman conquerors , the Saxon bishop

of Dorchester was succeeded by the Norman bishop of Lincoln .

William the Conqueror brought many prelates in his train ,

and not the least conspicuous among them was Remigius, who was destined soon to share largely in the spoils of the

- e newly conquered country . This man was Almoner of F camp f on the coast of Normandy . His of er , for the projected

invasion , of a single ship with twenty knights, procured him

the promise of the first English bishopric vacant , and the C on Wulfwi onqueror redeemed his word the death of g, f D o . Bishop orchester I n the first years of his episcopate ,

Remigius commenced to build on a stately scale at Dorchester, him but it seemed to inconvenient , so Henry of H untingdon

records, that the see should be in a corner of the diocese . “ us had already begun to look on the distinguished In” as being more worthy to be the seat of a 1 0 2 bishop , when in the year 7 a council held at Windsor decreed that bishops should fix their sees in walled towns

i nstead of villages . Remigius would naturally turn to the

district of Lindsey , whence his predecessors had come , and

with his choice of Lincoln begins the history of our minster . - ' “ eTt D The y at this ti me , according to the omesday record ,

boasted eleven hundred and sixty inhabited houses . The C “ onqueror , in feare of rebellious com motions, had already com menced the erection of a castle there to overawe the

surrounding country . For this purpose , one hundred and

- w sixty six houses were destroyed on the top of the hill , ithin

the bounds of the Roman walls . Their inhabitants were driven beyond the Witham to found a new town i n the plai n Cole s we e n beneath , where the land belonged to g , an English

- - . l W favourite of the king . The towers of St Mary e igford and

- a t- owts St . Peter G stand to this day as the venerable relic s of

the churches built by hi m for these new tenants of his estate .

Th ey are extrem ely valuable records , be ing monuments of the earlie architecture , reared by English w men , hile the castle and cathedral i n the more advanced

Norman style were rising on the height above . ’ The foll owing is Henry o f Huntingdons account o f the 6 LI NCOLN CATHEDRAL

of V enable s z transference the see , translated by Precentor “ The king ” (William the Conqueror) “ had given Remigius who had been a monk at Fesc amp the bishopric of Dorchester n which is situated o the Thames . This bishopric being

larger than all others in England , stretching from the Thames to to the Humber, the bishop thought it troublesome

have his episcopal see at the extreme limit of his diocese . of n He was also displeased with the smallness the tow , the most illustrious city appearing far more worthy to be the see

of a bishop . H e therefore bought certain lands on the of highest parts the city, near the castle standing aloft with i its strong towers, and bu lt a church, strong as the place was t strong; and fair as the place was fair, dedicated o the Virgin of o to of Virgins , which should both be a jy the servants ”

befitted . God , and as the time unconquerable by enemies The transference of the s ee must have taken place between 1 0 2 1 0 7 and 7 5, since at the council held in the former year “ ” E isc o us Dorc ac ensis at Windsor, Remigius signed himself p p , “ and three years later at the coun c il of London Episc opus i ” L inc oln ensis . Lincoln thus became the centre of a diocese a comprising an enormous rea, including the ten following

— am counties Lincoln , Northampton , Rutland , Leicester, C d bridge, Huntingdon , B edford , Buckingham , Oxfor and f Hertford . In the strong city beneath the massive walls o ’ not William s castle, Remigius could build in safety, hindered , of as his predecessors at Stow had been , by the fear fierce

invaders from across the sea . The piece of ground purchased by Remigius lay a few ’ of th hundred yards to the east William s castle, just within e f Roman wall o the upper city . I t was the site of an earlier

. nc church, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene, which was doubt entirely destroyed to make room for the prouder 2 0 edifice of Remigius, and for the next 5 years, the parishioner

of St . Mary Magdalene retained the right of assembling in thc

nave of the minster . The building thus served a double pur

pose until the time of Bishop J ohn de Dalderby ( 1 300 - 2 0) who completed the arrangements begun by his predec es s o of for the union the parish of St . Mary Magdalene with tha

of All Saints .

The church of Remigius was cruciform , with a short easteri

1 ter m1 nat1 n - l mb , g m a semi circular apse, which, unlike thos

8 LI NCO LN CATHE DRAL

of . of Norwich and Gloucester , was destitute aisles I n the

west front, with its three deep and lofty arches, and its two - niche like recesses , we still see the work of the first

bishop , but the structure has been twice extended in an

“ — of easterly direction once by Bishop Hugh Avalon , who - " built the present choir and the second tim e to receive that ’

- bishop s miracle working relics , and to afford room for the

large and increasing throng of pilgrims that visited his shrine . The existing portions of the fabric built by Remigius are the of west front, part of the first bay the nave, and the side walls

now e nclosed in Early English chapels . The black basalt of font in the nave is of the sam e period . On the erection ’ St . Hugh s choir, at the end of the twelfth century , the whole

'

easternl imb of the original structure was removed . But the

1 8 2 . foundations remained, and were discovered in 5 by Mr of T . J . Willson , architect , of Lincoln , under the floor the

present choir . The apse was found to have extended a little

- way beyond where the litany stool now stands in the choir . of The foundations the . lateral walls were also laid bare for of on some distance . Just beyond the springing the apse of on the north side , there are traces a pilaster buttress, and of the inside the lateral walls, sixteen feet fro m the springing of of of the apse , the foundations still exist the piers the great transverse arch which divided the presbytery from the of choir of the Norman church . The measurement these

- foundations, as well as the still existing west front , are sufficient

to show the sturdy strength of the early church . The walls

of the apse must have been about eight feet thick . There of c r oss1 n appears to have been a lantern some kind over the g, '

2 - N o a fa r ms since the tower which fell in 1 37 9 was called r/ . The edifice was begun and completed by the energetic

bishop, and was ready for consecration within twenty years

of its commencement . To j udge from the portions yet

remaining, the building must have been severely plain not a moulding softens down the rugged edges in those parts

which are still as Remigius left them . But it was solid and of s strong, built to stand the wear and tear many centurie

I n fact , so like a fortress was it, that Stephen used it as such

fifty years after, when the castle opposite was held by his of enemies . Precentor Venables thus gives the dimensions ’ - 00 1 60 Remigius church 3 feet in interior length , feet less THE HI STORY OF TH E BU I LDI NG 9

2 8 8 than at present ; feet in breadth , as against 3 feet at

60 of . present , and feet in height to the level the ceiling of w a one The roof was undoubtedly ood , and probably flat f o d . painted boar s, like those of the transepts at Peterborough

The contemporary church at Canterbury , built by the primate 8 2 Lanfranc, was roofed in this way . The present nave is feet of dimen high , and the choir 7 4 feet , the comparison these sions with those already given shew that the old church was in every way smaller . And this is only natural . I n

Norman churches , the stalls for the choir and clergy were usually placed under the lantern or in the first bays of the nave , as at Westminster, Norwich , Winchester and other places . For this and for other reason s the naves were long . w The eastern limbs , however , ere short, and it remained for later builders to extend them for the transference of the

C . stalls to this part , and to erect Lady hapels beyond Remigius was not destined to witness the consecration of the cathedral he had reared . At the council of Windsor in 1 0 2 h the year 7 , T omas , archbishop of York , had laid claim to a jurisdiction over the diocese of Lindsey , which clai m had been disallowed . When the question of the consecration of the new cathedral arose , Thomas renewed his pretensions , w and the ceremony as thus delayed . We learn from Roger H ove de n o f de that Remigius , feeling the day his death draw near, wished to have the church consecrated as soon as possible , and that Rufus was finally won over by a su m of th money from the bishop . A date was fixed , the 9 of May, 1 0 2 9 , and all the bishops throughout the country were summoned to be present for the occasion . But on Ascension wa s day , three days before , Remigius died . H e buried in o wn C w hi s church , before the Altar of the H oly ross , hich stood in front of the screen that carried the rood . The character of the energetic bishop is given i n a fe w words o — by the historian Henry of Huntingd n small in stature , o but great of heart , swarthy i n c ol ur , but comely in 7 ’ s fa /wr a a r t/71 5 s ed ( 07 7 1 6 ma fl us [010m /SCI /S sea deeds ( p , g , fi , a ar /am um/21 5 w o o m . a s C f ) H is successor R bert Bl et , han c e llor W but Y to illiam Rufus , Thomas of ork objected to “ o his consecration as bishop o f Linc oln . He might be Bish p D o L inde s e of orchester , like his predecess rs but y, part of the o f wa s spiritual conquest Paulinus, of an cient right subject 1 0 LI NCOLN CATHEDRAL

to to the metropolitan authority of York . This claim came

nothing, and Thomas found better scope for his energies in the reform of his own A present from Bloet of 000 to s o 5 the king set matters right , and the ceremony long to delayed was at last perform ed . The bishop does not appear a have made any addition to the fabric before his de th , which “ n - occurred sudde ly, while riding with the king in a deer fold r oth 1 1 2 was uite at Woodstock ( January It ‘ q otherwise A " of with his successor, lexander the Magnificent nephew the f had princely Roger o Salisbury . Alexander already shewn of his love of building by the erection strong castles at Newark , r Banbury and Sleafo d, when a fire which destroyed the roof of 1 1 1 e the cathedral about the year 4 , gav him an opportunity

of exercising his talent in a direction more fitting to his office .

' relates that in this fir e the burning ’ beams fell from the roof and broke the slab of Remigius

tomb . This fact is interesting as adding support to the opinion that the slab now replaced in the nave of the minster was really that which covered the original burial - place of the

bishop . Of the stone vaulting with which Alexander replaced

the wooden roof after the fire, not a fragment remains but the lines of the vault may be traced at the western end of

the nave and against the two west towers . I n addition to of this, we learn from Henry Huntingdon that he so remodelled " “ fi ” the church by his subtle arti ce , that it looked more “ ” not beautiful than in its first newness, and was surpassed

by any building in England . The difference between the work of Remigius and Alexander is well seen in the west of front, where the three great uncompromising arches the earlier bishop are pierced by the rich and elaborate doorways to of the later . We are fairly safe in assigning these nder of the Alexa , and they probably formed part work he did , in Hove den 1 1 6. according to Roger de , in the year 4 The te rs ec tin g Norman arcade along the west front , j ust above of the work Remigius , may also be ascribed to Alexander,

as well as the lower portions of the two western towers . The connection of these towers with the original west front was unfortunately hidden by the erection of the present Gothic

- screen wall . I t will be noticed , however, that gables are

“ F man o man Con s . ree , N r que t TH E H ISTORY OF THE BUI LDI NG 1 1

added at the sides to the Norman work , and traces may be seen which prove that si milar gables decorated their western im n faces . There was probably another gable of larger d e sions in the centre . Precentor Venables thus conjectured the appearance of the west front as begun by Remigius and “ completed by Alexander : I t was furnished with three “ gables, like the facade of the cathedral of Ferrara , behind

which rose the low Norman towers still existing, richly

ornamented with three tiers of arcades, and terminated

with low spires of timber covered with lead , sim ilar to those or which once covered the western towers of Durham , those

still nearer, which have recently been replaced , with happy

effect, at Southwell . The angular turrets would also be

terminated in a similar manner , giving a picturesque com ” bination of spires . “ I n the time of the magnificent bishop, Lincoln was the scene of stirring events , in which the minster played a curious part . The lamentable war between Stephen and Matilda produced a miserable state of confusion and bloodshed in of every corner of the land . The strong castle Lincoln was R oumara Ranul h seized by William de , Earl of Lincoln , and p ,

Earl of Chester, and held for Matilda . The citizens and who Bishop Alexander sent word to the king, hastened to ’ on of their relief. The king s eye fell the massive walls the

minster , in such a convenient position opposite the strong

l . ac hold of the ear s The sacred fabric was seized , and ,

cording to William of Malmesbury , garrisoned as a fortress .

Such a proceeding could bring no good fortune to the king, of and omens evil soon followed . As he offered a wax

candle in the minster, Henry of Huntingdon tells us, it

broke just when Bishop Alexander was about to take it .

The chain too , by which the pyx was suspended , snapped

asunder, and the sacred vessel fell, in the presence of the

bishop . The decisive contest took place soon after ; Stephen

was left a captive in the hands of his enemies , and the city

was taken and plundered . Two years before these events , 1 1 in 39 , Alexander and his uncle Roger, bishop of Salisbury ,

had been treacherously seized by the king, and deprived of

their treasure s and castles . Roger died i nsane at the end

of the same year , and Alexander regained his liberty on

resigning his castles . 1 2 LI NCO LN CATH EDRAL

at I n 1 1 44Stephen was again Lincoln , besieging the castle , where his enemies repulsed every attack . Two years later , at

Christmas time, the king appeared crowned within the city, in defiance of an ancient superstition which foretold evil to any English sovereign who should do so . Eleven years after, of tradit1 on Henry I I . , out deference to this , was crowned W 6 on of ikeford . 1 1 outside the walls, in the suburb In 7 ,

E A L S W ILLI A M D E ROU MA RA E A RL IN C L N A N D 0 1: S OF , OF L O ,

R A N U L P H E A RL OF HE ST E R A N D I N CO L N . , C L

of the death Bishop Chesney, the king seized the revenues,

and the see remained vacant for many years . A prophecy that it would never again be filled seemed likely to prove son of true , when Geoffrey Plantagenet , a natural the king , was 1 1 elected in 7 3. He was never consecrated , and resigned to . m of nine years later During his ter office , Geoffrey gave “ ” the minster two great sonorous bells, which were probably

hung in one of the western towers . The fabric of the church is considered to have remained as h b Al x 1 of left y e ander until the year 1 1 8 5. On the 5th April this year occurred the great earthquake mentioned by Roger H v n de o ede . He tells us that it was felt throughout almost of of not the whole England , and was such a severity as had “ been known in the land a b T he _minster

was cleft from the top to the bottom . r The disasters of this year were more than compensated in

the next, when a man was consecrated to the bishopric who TH E H ISTORY O F TH E BU I LDI NG 1 3 has left a name as great as any that figure in the ecclesiastical f f o . St o history England a Hugh __ Lincoln was a son of a

' f n he e ntered o n . Lord Avalon , ear Gre oble At an early age of a priory, a dependency of the cathedral church Grenoble , ’ 1 1 60 re and near his father s castle and land . About he was c eived i nto the Grand Chartreuse , where he became eventually the procurator or bursar . Henry I I . of England , hearing of his fame , sent the bishop of Bath and other ambassadors C to the great arthusian monastery, begging that Hugh should

- come to England , and take charge of the newly established monastery of the Carthu sians at Witham in Somersetshire .

The prior was not at all inclined to part with Hugh , but the matter was settled by the bishop of Grenoble , and Hugh crossed over to England .

At Witham Hugh became a great favourite with the king, who , about ten years after his arrival in this country , offered him the vacant bishopric of Lincoln . The prior was not , ’ z however , daz led by the prospect of a bishop s mitre , and the king had to tax his persuasive powers before he could induce him to exchange Witham for Lincoln . When once installed ,

Hugh , like Thomas of Canterbury , soon made it clear that he would become no tool in the hands of ’ the king . Henry s chief forester was excommunicated for an offence against the church , and Hugh refused to bestow a vacant prebend on a courtier rec om mended by the king . The bishop was summoned to the royal presence , Henry instructing his

t w SE A L o p a m y D E A CY cour iers not to salute him hen H L , RL I N L N E A CO . he entered . Hugh found the OF L king sewing a bandage round a wounded finger , and apparently so occupied as not to notice his approach . The bishop, not at all disc oncerted , made some witty remark about the king reminding him of his ancestor o f Falaise whereupon Henry burst into laughter, and 1 1 8 explained the joke to his courtiers . I n the year 9 , i n

a council held at Oxford , Hugh and the bishop of Salisbury 1 4 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

’ stood alone in Opposing a grant for the king s foreign wars ; of on the saint Lincoln , grown into an Englishman English f for o . ground , spoke up the laws and rights Englishmen C of Richard was furious, and ordered the onfiscation his property ; but Hugh stood firm, and the king at last gave of way . Yet this dignified assertion his rights was not d accompanie by an arrogant spirit . The miracles which , and to in an ignorant superstitious age, were attributed many who a for had reputation piety , were strenuously disclaimed manwho 1 1 86 of by him . Such was the , in , became bishop f the vast diocese o Lincoln .

The building was in a most deplorable state, and Hugh of s o to had thus an opportunity becoming , speak , the second f t founder o the church . He quickly resolved o commence the building entirely afresh from the foundations . The sum of for money necessary this purpose was large, and Hugh proposed to retire to Witham until the accumulated revenues f o the see should reach the amount required . Although to do he was not permitted this, he often visited the little

Somersetshire monastery, where he would remain for a month or two of at a time, doing the duties a simple monk, and of For practising all the austerities the Carthusian order . six years Hugh diligently collected the materials for carrying out and of his great scheme, at last the foundations a new 1 1 2 choir were laid . The year 9 marks an epoch , not only of of in the history Lincoln Minster, and English architecture , f “ D but in that o Gothic architecture generally . What iocletian for did at Spalato the round arch , Saint Hugh did at

for a . how Lincoln the pointed rch We have seen , while the elder church of Remigi us was rising in the stern grandeur of wh to early Norman times, men were still found o clave of So the older traditions independent England . , while its eastern limb was giving way to the new form which rose of at the bidding Saint Hugh, men were still rearing the of naves Peterborough and Ely, works which shew in of their details some signs the change which was beginning ,

but which , in their leading lines and proportions, vary

not at all from the earlier works which they continue . to St . Hugh was strictly the first design a building in which h the pointed arc should be allowed full play, and should a of T o be accompanied by an appropri te system detail .

LI NCOLN CATHEDRAL

ornament , which do not at all resemble the ornaments

, D 81 0. find at Paris Sens, “ St enis, “ of As to the large rose window the north transept , which 1 1 0 1 2 00 is said to have been executed between 9 and , to without disputing that date , which appears me rather an one early for it, I cannot consider it as a French compo i i n not s t o . I n the first place, I do know a rose window of that period in France which is divided into four compartments the centre of thi s window does not resemble the arrange ment adopted in France ; and as to the de c oration with small roses which cover the a a mouldings, they are a very ch r cteristic

English ornament . Nowhere in France do we find between 1 1 9 0 and 1 2 00 pillars similar to those at n Lincoln , with the crockets placed betwee the shafts ; nowhere in France do we find crockets carved like these ; nowhere shafts with hexagonal concave section ; nowhere or a of MON U ME N M L capitals abacus simil r to those these

' ‘ . CROCK E I . pillars

— r A m er, I confess that I cannot believe to 1 2 00 for the different parts of th li t at e e ar es , better with the a rchitec tura l character .

We 1 n of . have in Normandy, especially the cathedral Rouen of of of 1 1 0 and the church Eu , architecture the date 9 ; it is urel French to a p y __ , that _is say , it corresponds ex ctly with the ‘ architecture of the I sle de France except in certain details . r L e At Eu , at the cathed al of Mans, at Seez, we have archi c the o of b t tecture whi h resembles that of ch ir Lincoln , u 1 2 1 0 to 1 2 2 0 that architecture is from , it is the Norman

of . a t school the thirteenth century There is , indeed ,

“ f d i of Lincoln , an ef ort at , a ten ency to original ty; a style ornament which attempts to emancipate itself ; nevertheless

_ ' ' ‘ r i - r n th e clTarac te s purely AnglO N O ma . — T h e cons n of d truction is E glish , the profiles the moul ings a of are English , the orn ments are English , the execution ST THE HI ORY OF TH E B UI LDI NG 7\

“ the work belongs to the English school of workmen of the ” inning of the thirteenth century .

G . G . Scott was entirely in agreement with the emin o ent French authority n this point . And the matter was summed up by Precentor Venables in the following words* of Regarding the choir and eastern transept Lincoln , as we

are fully justified in doing , as an English work , great and ] peculiar interest attaches to it as the earliest dated example " u of pure Gothic architect re , without any lingering trace of Transitional feeling ; the first perfect development of what of is known as the Early English style . Other examples

this style might , it is true, were their dates known , prove to unre have been earlier in execution . But their exact age i s of w corded , and Lincoln stands the foremost all hose dates

we know . Its fully developed style makes the work at first ‘ sight , as Sir G . G . Scott has said , seem almost an ana ’ hr ni V i llet le c o s m . o , and has caused some , especially M ‘ ’

Due . , to imagine that it must be antedated But there is no building i n England of which the precise age is

more certainly known , and of the date of which the

evidence is more indisputable . N O one has ever doubted the early date of Bishop de Lucy ’s eastern chapels at Win

chester . The commencement of these is placed by Professor 1 2 0 2 Willis on docu mentary evidence in , only ten years a fter p r 1 s the foundation of the Li ncoln choir, while their character i 4, even more advanced than that wh ch is found at Lincoln . One lefll ing characteristic of advance at Lincoln I S the circular

o f of The work St . Hugh at Lincoln is such extraordinary importance to the student of architecture , that it may be well to closely follow an eminent authority in tracing the parts ’

. . r e which date from this bishop s time . H who J ’ marked that the architecture o f L inc Ol Mms ter was his inves t1 ated favourite study for thirty years , carefully g the r matte_r_, and the results were published in the 43 d volume “ Of A r c/za’ol o za the g . He says that the work of the time of - ’

- . A . D 1 1 2 1 I . 2 00 e ar E if slT afid St Hugh , 9 , is pure f i o f F is the earliest building that style in the world . The rench av s o h e nothing early , not even i n the royal domain , which is usually c ried up as the district of the earliest Gothi c in v l "] . . 1 . o . p 79 B 1 8 LI NCOLN CATHED RAL E 1 nf r m the world . The best o ed French archaeologists admit - ‘ that they have ncffli rng ol Te Character of Lincoln for twenty T or H . . h or i o thirty _years after the time of St . ugh e p t n

of - H 1 st of the cathedral St. 1 gh_) consi s the choir or the aisles to it and the smaller eastern transept , with on of two the apsidal chapels the easter n side that , also bays on each side of the chancel arch in the great tran sept;

" " “ ‘ but the - walls Of the e astern side of that transept only the two ends with th e wheel windows and the western of f walls the transept are o later periods . The original on work had thin walls only, with flat buttresses the

one — on outside, and of the elegant wall arcades the lower ” of part the inside , making the wall still thinner . M r . Parker also considered that the vaults were insertions of sub

sequen t periods, and that the original building had only a to timber roof and a flat wooden ceiling, similar that which remains at Peterborough “ When the vaults were added it

was found necessary to make the walls thicker, and this was done by a casing on the inside ; but the builders being

- unwilling to conceal the beautiful wall arcade, made another of similar to it in the lower part the new inner wall , exactly one like the earlier against which it is built , but in such a

manner as not to conceal it . This arrangement is proved of by a flat vertical j oint up the middle the wall , n ot

content with this , when the vaults were inserted the architect

- to to of a also placed vaulting shafts help carry those the isles , for and these descend to the ground . This accounts the one of so three shafts in front the other, which have long been f a puzzle to architects and to students o architectural history . The walls were further strengthened by solid square buttresses built up against the flat ones ; these now strong buttresses of of receive and support the thrust the vault the choir,

which is carried over the aisle by flying buttresses, with

circular openings over the vault of the aisle , built against f the i nner flat buttress o the inner wall, which had been not h sufficient to carry the wooden roof, but would ave ” e carried the vault . It may be well to remark her that

some authorities have not agreed with Mr . Parker with respect

to - c on the stone vault and the double wall arcade , but have sider ed that the intention was from the beginning to construct n w them as they o are seen . TH E HISTORY O F THE B UI LD I NG 1 9

to . I n addition the work still existing, St Hugh united the north and south limbs of his eastern transe pt By a most . _r e ‘ u n — A P- l . markable apseH T O Team the character of this work we must agai n trace the foundations beneath the floor . In the year 1 1 7 9 the choir and presbytery were repaved , when parts of the ’ foundations of Hugh s apse were discovered . The Rev . John C m arter, who was master of the Lincoln Gra mar School at the time , made a sketch and notes of the discovery . The drawing was lithographed and published in the “ Associated ’ ” Societies Reports for 1 857 . Far more important revela " — h ' ' i rW Ere ma de 1 886 in , when it became necessary to take up a portion of the pavement at the south - west end of the south aisle of the presbytery . Precentor Venables had long desired an opportunity of investigating on this spot , and readily gave permission to have the pavement removed , at the same time instructing that an effort should be made to find the foundations of the destroyed apse . The work began in

November , and in consequence of the discovery of part of the

south wall , it was decided to systematically proceed with the

wa . investigations . The result s highly satisfactory A detailed ’ ‘ r olzazolo zoa l our na l 1 8 8 account was published in the A g j for 7 ,

‘

vol . xliv . From this it appears that the apse was almost in

the form of a triangle , of which the apex was cut off by a short

- wall , so as to form a half hexagon with two long sides, and a w shorter one at the end . I n each of the longer sides ere two

- chapels , the walls of one in the form of three fourths of a circle , 1 8 having a diameter of feet , and the other, a smaller one ,

ha vmg straight side walls and rounded ends ; a half- hexagonal chapel with an internal diameter of 2 3 feet occupied the centre o f the apse at the extreme east . I t was at first thought that

— the smaller chapels at the sides might indicate stair turrets , which would occupy a similar position to those in the apse at P eterborough , but no trace of the foundations of a newel could be the found i n either case . The apse extended to second bay

C 8 . of the present Angel hoir , 4 feet short of its eastern end T o hr ughout almost the whole of the i nvestigations , only the o rude c ncrete foundations were found remai ning , their upper surface being ab o ut 1 6 or 1 7 inches below the existing pave r o ment ; i n parts , however, fragments of the walling we e als

disc o vered . Th e eight years during which Hugh carried o n the work 2 0 LI NCOLN CATH E DRAL

were busy ones at Lincoln . Contemporary records enable us to picture him encouragi ng the workmen by his presence and z on example , even shewing his eal by carrying the stones his n t to own . o shoulders He did live see his work completed , as an Remigius had done . But he had set the example d given wOrk C the pattern , and the was ontinued by his successors until the building was again entire . Hugh had already finished of the the apse , the eastern transept, the choir, and part western transept the whole eastern portion of the church) f r . o when he fell ill Finding his death approaching, he sent his r the architect Geoffrey de Noye s, and enj oined him to hasten

f of t hi s n - o S . o . He completion the altar _ John the Baptist, p atr then gave directions for his funeral, and instructions that he was to be buried in the mother - church of his diocese dedicated f a of o . . to the Mother God, near the ltar St John the Baptist The personality of the great bishop comes vividly before us when we read that he also wished his tomb to be placed near the wall, in a convenient place , lest it should be a stu mbling 6 . 1 1 2 00 block to those approaching On the th November , on Hugh breathed his last, lying , as he had wished , the bare “ - on of . ground , a cross consecrated ashes A more self deny ing , earnest , energetic , and fearless bishop has seldom , if ever, ” of or ruled the diocese Lincoln , any other diocese whatever His instructions regarding the funeral were carried ’ out not but such a light as Hughns could be hid , and within a century we find his remain s e closed in a costly golden shrine , borne on the shoulders of kings and bishops, and placed at last in a structure erected specially for their re c eptiOhfi nefofa t he ”

of C . loveliest hu man works, the celebrated Angel hoir The ’ of original place Hugh s burial has been somewhat disputed . “ ' The Magna V z i a tells us that he was buried near the altar “ ' ' ' ’’ a oor ea lz z s z ns a ea zs r e ione he had named , p g . On the east of had side the eastern transept, Hugh placed four apsidal tw f o o . chapels , north and two south the central apse From the words above quoted , it has been considered that the northern

hapels was the site of his tomb . The chapel ’ was greatly enlarged about twenty years after Hugh s death, by the removal of the apse and the extension of the side walls * 0 e about 5 feet, the chapel being finished with a square ast wall .

a was ons a o n to its o na fo m in 1 2 The ch pel rec tructed cc rdi g rigi l r 7 7 .

2 2 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

This fact would certainly add support to the theory that

Hugh was buried here, the enlarged chapel forming a sort ’ of intermediate stage between the narrow apse and the

splendid Angel Choir . But Mr . T . J . Willson has pointed out * that this place was hardly large enough to be a chapel

at all, especially as it had a doorway in the north wall ,

leading from the common room . H e considers that the f of altar o St . John the Baptist was in the central chapel

the great apse , corresponding to its later position in the f of Angel Choir , and that the co fin found in the north side

this chapel , when the pavem ent was removed in the year “

8 6 f . a 1 8 o . , was the original tomb St Hugh The words ' ' ' ’ ’ ' oor ea l z z s za s a eazs r e zone p g would then refer, not to the of l northern side the church , but mere y to the n orthern side ’ Wills ons of the chapel in which the bishop was buried . Mr . one assumption certainly throws light on difficulty, that the northern chapel was called by Bishop Sanderson and others “ ' z ‘ r n f no eapella l ea z a e Ma r z a e Vi gi ie. The matter is o great of importance, since neither the chapels exists as it was at ’ of of the time Hugh s burial , and whichever them contained n n . Hovede his remains, it did not hold them lo g Roger de K on records that ing John , the day before the funeral , offered ’ f n a s t o . o e a golden chalice at the altar St John the Baptist, o n no o o er i v p e.

Of all the great names connected with Lincoln , none are of worthy higher honour than that of the sainted bishop , whose zeal and energy has left so conspicuous a mark on of the present fabric, whose shrine was a continual source

revenue for more than three centuries , and whose memory will be revered as long as the walls of Lincoln Minster shall

stand . Although it is somewhat uncertain where the bishop ’s of body was laid , some interesting details the ceremony have

been recorded . Hugh having died in London , the hearse

travelled by road to Lincoln , where it was met by King of J ohn himself, attended by a numerous retinue counts

and barons . Three archbishops and thirteen bishops were

also present at the ceremony . The body was borne by of the king and his nobles to the entrance the minster,

'

A r e/a eolo z eal our na l v l . o . 1 0 . g j , li p . 4

LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

of two west front . The span the last bays is also 7 " m in n lessened . Perhaps a slight error was ade the dffec tio ‘ the h ave Of at first , which became more evident as time

on . went , so as to necessitate the change I t has , however, also been suggested that the first intention may have been of to remove the west front Remigius altogether, and to build another at a somewhat different angle farther westwards .

If this was the case, economical reasons probably occasioned of f the change design , and secured the preservation o a most ’ interesting relic of Remigius church . I t should be remarked that some authorities con sider these narrow bays to be no d on later than the others, and that the work was carrie at of both ends the nave simultaneously, finally meeting towards the middle . There is no docu ment remaining which records of the precise date of the erection the nave at Lincoln , but it would not be difficult to shew that the first half of the thirteenth century practically covers the whole period of its construction . Very little, if any at all, can have been built

of . 1 2 00 before the death St Hugh in the year , and it was undoubtedly finished before the Angel Choir " " m f fi t f Bi 1 . O1TiO § lfi 3 55; Precentor Venables 1 2 1 00 to Wells, in his will dated 33, bequeaths marks the fabric of his church at Lincoln , as well as all the felled of timber which he might die possessed , through all his episcopal estates . He draws the conclusion that the legacy of so large a quantity of timber points to there being a good deal of roofing going on at the time . A new central tower ' ' was also begun about this time ; it fell ifi m fid fi as

' r a d b r n . e l e , still sta ds p c y a thi d _which As the newnave was approaching completion, the bishopric of Lincoln was conferred on a man who was destined to

play a part second only to that of St . Hugh in the history no one of the diocese . It has been said that probably had greater influence on English thought and literature for the ' ’ ' - next two centuries than “ R obe rt GrOssetOstag the friend of " r s t t a T ss n ton Roger Bacon . It is W G os e es e th t y y g refers ' ’ when he speaks of ctr/a s oomp a r a l zo a o 07727265 ' ' ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ a oel or es moa er nor es i vel zn eomp a r a tzo s olzs a o l a na nz gua na o ' ” ta r one eelz s a . p Of humble birth , Grosseteste rose to be r of the greatest scholars of his day, and the boldest defende of of of the rights and liberties the Church England . In THE HI STORY OF TH E B UI LDING 2 5 the first year of his episcopacy ( 1 2 35) he visited the monast1 c of e d d nec e s establishments his dioces , an foun it sary tO remove no fewer than seven abbots and four priors .

Such a proceeding was, of course, much resented , but when i the bishop meditated a still bolder stroke, ar d contem plated a Visitation of the cathedral , the opposition was brought “ to a climax . He says : In my first circuit some came to me ‘ n ou finding fault and sayi g , My Lord , y are doing a thing new ‘ ’ ‘ and unaccustomed . To whom I answered Every novelty ‘C ‘ which does good to a man is a blessed Grosseteste wrote a pamphlet of to in defence his claim , in answer which the cathedral body produced a charter, altogether a forgery, purporting to give authority to the clean to govern all things, requiring an appeal to the bishop only if his own discipline failed .

The matter was referred to the Pope , and finally decided by a Bull of I nnocent ’

1 2 . IV . , in 45, in the bishop s favour Amongst his reforms was the suppression of the “ execrable custom ” known as “ ” “ the Feast of Fools , when the House of God ” was turned into a “ house‘ of j oking, scurrility, and trifling . I t was enjoined that the minster authorities should “ E A RL fi ‘G L ‘S“ by no means permit to be holden this l l gé

Feast of Fools , since it is full of vanity de filed n 011 and with pleasures , in the church of Li coln ” the venerable feast of the Circumcision of our Lord . But there were troubles to come from higher quarters

still ; Grosseteste had put his hand to the plough , and

was determined not to look back . Six years after his

triumph over the c hapter , he was temporarily suspended by

the Pope for refusing to induct an I talian , ignorant of the

be ne fic e . English tongue , into a rich in his diocese I n 1 2 the year 53, the Pope again required him to appoint

an Italian (this time his nephew, Frederick di Lavagna) to

a canonry, and he again refused . I n spite of a sentence

of excommunication for this offence , Grosseteste fearlessly

co ntinued his episcopal duties . 2 6 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

l The new nave was completed during this episc opate . It of soared high above the west front Remigius, which had to be patched up in a m ost unfortunate manner before it could do duty under the altered conditions . The experiment was of of l tried putting a piece new cloth upon an o d garment , and , so far as appearance was concerned , it was a failure . The ol d Norman work was surrounded by a huge arcaded wall, dislocating the whole facade from the structure behind, and hiding the lower portions of the western towers . The deep t recess in the centre was raised far higher, and finished wi h a a of the new f pointed rch . The only piece honesty about ront wa s l w the gable in the middle , which certainly did fol o the — " line of the roof. The wall was flanked by two octagonal f . o turrets , each surmounted by a statue Beyond the aisles two on the nave , chapels were erected either side , enclosing ’ the outside walls of the last bay of Remigius church and together forming what might almost be called a third transept . ’ O n the south side of canons vestry was added — “ ‘

the Ea to the WeStern. to stern transept , and the Galilee porch ” L astl fhe of or yf lower portion the magnificent central, Broad , “ T - ’ ' e rec te d a lac e of the f tower ‘ whic h bad , t king the p ’ after Grosseteste s appointment . Matthew Paris tells us a curious story that one of the canons of the minster was declaiming from the pulpit against “ the actions of Bishop Grosseteste as he uttered the words If out for we were to be silent , the very stones would cry us,

the new central tower came crashing down , burying several

people in the ruins . This catastrophe he assigns to the year er o u 1 2 39 . The Pet b ro gh record / l the event as occurring in the year 1 2 37 . There the accident S to of ascribed , with far greater probability, the insecurity the foundations (pr of fer The Annals of of Dunstable give the same date as Matthew Paris . The fall f f ’ o o . the tower crushed part the vault St Hugh s choir, and of re c onstriic ted injured some the piers, which had to be We may be quite safe in assuming that the new tower was r a begun soon after , and the eticul ted pattern which covers its out of lower part, both i nside and , may be taken as a mark ’ Gro seteste s work . The tower was afterwards made higher, s ’ but and a timber spire added , Grosseteste s tower was also finished with a spire of timber and lead ; the stump of the TH E H I STORY O F TH E BU I LDI NG 2 7

central shaft may still be seen in the clock chamber . The

- - ten sided chapter house, formerly attributed to St . Hugh, was con structed while the nave was in progress . It bears the ’ characteristics of a later period than St . Hugh s choir, and ” since it is mentioned in the Metrical Life of S . Hugh , written 1 2 2 0 1 2 between and 35, it could not have been erected after the latter date . 1 2 The bishop died in 53, leaving the church again complete

‘ n w C though not quite as it is o . The loisters had not been — w' ’ erected, nor Th? to ers carried to their full height . The eastern end still retained the apsidal form given to it by St . of of of Hugh , and the demolition this part the building it is now time to speak . The fame of the bishop grew fast , and annually attracted to Lincoln a vast crowd Of pilgrims seeking h or . bodily spiritual benefit Twenty years after his deat , a decree of Pope Honorius I I I . announced his canonisation , and directed that the body should be removed to a more f honourable place . Whether the i m mediate outcome o this was the extension of the semi - circular chapel at the north f eastern angle of the eastern transept , it is di ficult to decide , but it is certain that before very many years had passed the '“ fame of St . Hugh gave rise to the destruction of thé ap se he h ms which i elf had reared , and the demolition of part of the

. th ancien t city wall This apse , did i t still exist , would be e “ most re mafkable eastern end of any Oathe dral i n England ; w the one hich replaced it is perhaps the most beautiful . Thus

' t n C o f - he, A gel hoir Lincoln was erected to contain the shrine of ’ ’ o f one of Lincoln s noblest bi shops, and one England s greatest

saints ; whose lowly tomb , placed in a corner at his own wa desire , for fear of its being in the y, had become the resort of such a vast concourse of pilgrims as to require the trans of the I 1 2 formation eastern arm of the min ster . n 55,

l icence was obtained from H enry I I I . for the removal of part wa the of the eastern city wall , which stood in the y, and in w next year the Angel Choir was probably begun . The ork

“ r O 11 s o ra i was car ied dly , that withi n a quart er of a century “ tra ns la 1 0 o o the place The ch ir was not , h wever, fully wa 11 w completed til l the fourteenth century s well 0 i ts ay . “ T he o w rk evidently lagged ; episcopal appeals , letters of De i ndulgence , and injunctions to the Rural ans for i ts com ple tion were issued by Bishop Oliver Sutton i n 1 2 9 7 and 2 8 LI NCO LN CATHEDRAL

1 2 8 d D 9 , and by Bishop John e alderby , at various dates ‘ 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 6 between 3 and 3 4. In 3 a contract for the noown op us was entered into between the Chapter and Richard of or Stow, Gainsborough , the plain work to be

done by measure , and the carved work and sculpture by ” the day . Richard of Gainsborough now lies buried in the Cloisters of T o who the minster . those have visited the Abbey of C of royland , on the southern borders the county, the following statement by Sir G . G . Scott may be of interest . In speaking “ old Of the ruined western front, he says that the details are “ hardly to be surpassed , and are the more interesting as having been evidently the work of the architect of the

eastern part of Lincoln Cathedral . Even the stone is fro m ” “ ”

a v l . o . Lincoln ( Lectures on Medi eval Architecture, i 1 p . 94l

of . hoir stan s Like the choir St Hugh , the Angel C _ d at “ 1 3 the threshold of a new period in architecture . The style e e a of the arliest Geom tric l, which the triforium and windows ” " r - are among the best examples in the world . 1 No ha d and of s fast line can be drawn , cour e , between the different of phases English Gothic , and when we consider that the period during which the Angel Choir was being built includes of the last years the earliest style, and carries us well into f the style which followed , it is not di ficult to reconcile the n r us n words of two eminent authorities o the subject . Fe g so says that “ true geometric (window) tracery is seen in fl - ” ’ in the Afi el hO1 r a t o s m 5 perfection g C Linc ln , whil t in Rick an “ book we read that we have here the richest . and latest ” un work of the Early English style . Both writers would “ doubtedly agree that it is one of the most beautiful ” “ examples of the best period of English art, simply perfect ” in its proportion and details . It may be hardly necessary to remark that the name is due to the beautiful sculptured angels filling the spandrels of the triforium . The 6th October 1 2 80 was the proudest day in the history of or the city . Perhaps never, before smee, has such an august of of assembly gathered within her walls . The body the Saint Lincoln was to be translated to the costly shrine in the centre ' v na A r el molo z ea l our na l ol . 1 . Ve bles , g j , ‘ E F man Yo n o n and A . . 1 Profes sor . ree , rk , Li c l , Beverley TH E HISTORY OF TH E B U ILDI NG 2 9

of the Angel Choir . The ceremony was magnificent . Edward own himself was present , and supported on his shoulder ’ the saint s remains as they were carried to their new resting place ; with him was his beloved queen Eleanor, whose effigy was so soon to be placed beneath the same roof.

The king and queen were accompanied by Edmu nd , Earl of Kent , brother of Edward , and his wife ; the Earls of Gloucester and Warwick ; the Archbishop of Canterbury ; the bishops of Lincoln , Bath , Ely , Norwich , Worcester ,

- Llandaff, Bangor, and St . Asaph ; the bishop elect of Exeter and two hundred and fifty k nights . The shrine , ornamented on with gold and silver and precious stones, was raised a lofty stone pedestal , and about thirty years after was protected r w . I t o by an iron grille , rought by Simon the Smith is ec rded

' ' that the faste nings of the grille were still to be seen in the pavement at the middle of the last century , but all traces have now entirely disappeared . It must have been soon after the translation that the head was removed from the d body, and enclose in a metal case , enriched with gold and silver and precious stones . A keeper was appointed to guard two the precious relic during the day , and had this charge f wa s . o at night Yet , i n spite al l such precautions, it stolen from the church in the year 1 364; the head was thrown into a field , and the case sold in London for twenty marks .

The thieves were robbed of their ill - gotten gains on their d way back , and were afterwar s convicted of the crime, and hanged at Lincoln . The head was found and restored to 8 . W r 1 0 the cathedral The treasurer John de elbu ne (d . 3 ) either restored the old shrine or made a new one o f the same materials . The accou nts for many years of the receipts

- and expenditure at the half yearly opening, when the relics were exhibited to sti mulate the offerings of the faithful , are 1 6 preserved in the muniment room . At Pentecost 3 4 (the o f w 6 2 . as s . d year the theft) the amount received £3 , 3 , and h 1 2 ad 2 2 s . d . at Pentecost 53 i t fallen to £ , 5 , a sure sign Of I n 1 0 of the decline rel ic worship . the year 54 , thi s the o shrin e shared fate of so many ther precious relics ,

- V finding its way to the melting pots of King Henry I I I . C o By the erection of the Angel h ir , the ground plan of was the minster completed al most as i t i s now . Since that

a . ti me; the three towers h ve been raised to a greater height , 30 LI NCO LN CATHE DRAL

C r the loisters and library constructed , the minster yard p o

' tec ted b o e in ‘ l y gates , and several alterati ns mad the detai s ' ' m of the ain building . I n the year of the translation of ’ St . Hugh s remains , Oliver Sutton succeeded Richard de ’ Gravesend as bishop . H e removed the canons stable , to which stood i n close proximity the minster, and began of C the erection the loisters, starting the work , as his registrar, Sc halb of J ohn de y tells us , by a gift fifty marks from his

own purse . Since Lincoln was a secular foundation , and of n was never the church a monastery, there was o absolute of C need the loisters at all , but it is a pity, since they were u ndertaken , that the work was not more substantially done .

Three walks still remain , after having been strengthened by to buttresses , and finally reconstructed , owing the insecurity of the original foundations ; the fourth has quite disappeared , and has been replaced by a most incongruous classical

C . structure , after the design of Sir hristopher Wren The date of the Cloisters can be given approximately ; they are ’ of 5 mentioned as being in progress in a letter Bishop Sutton , 2 rd 1 2 6 dated August 3 , 9 , and such a fli msy structure would

probably not take long to finish . Up to this ti me the central

tower still remai ned as it had been left by Grosseteste . But in the year 1 30 7 B ishop Dalderby issued letters of indul

gen ce for raising it to a greater height . The work was begu n on 1 th the 4 March in that year, and was probably completed 1 1 1 during the next four years , since in 3 a question arose regarding the cords for two bells which had been lately

. of hung in the tower A tall spire wood , coated with lead ,

was afterwards added . A Lincoln historian of the early part of the present century assigns this spire to Bishop D alderby , but little reliance can be placed in his testimony, since he ascribes the compan ion spires on the west towers

to the same bishop, and the upper storeys of these towers

were not added until a century later . During this episcopate occurred the trial of the Knights

- V f . . o C Templars in the chapter house A Bull Pope lement , of the creature the French king, who feared the immense w po er of the knights, pronou nced the suppression of the Order 0 i n the year 1 3 9 . The cruelties with which this was carried

o ut abroad were avoided in this country . The English

Templars were put under custody in London , Lincoln , and

32 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

’ St . Hugh s, had been awaiting their completion for many to of 2 00 years . They were now raised a height nearly feet, of by the addition early Perpendicular storeys, constructed immediately above the Norman work of Alexander the

. one Magnificent These towers, as well as the centre , were f o . crowned by tall spires wood , coated with lead The height of these timber spires was 89 feet from the base to 1 2 to of the ball, and another feet to the p the vane ; their fate will - b e recorded later . and Besides the three west windows, the upper portion s of of the western towers, the only other parts the minster in the Perpendicular style are the three chantry - chapels added f ' to the Angel Choir . The first o these was built by Bishop

. 1 0 on Fleming (d . Jan 43 and stands the north side .

Bishop Russell (d . 1 494) added another opposite to it on the south side . The third chapel was constructed by Bishop f ’ L on land . o g (d It is a copy Bishop Russell s, on of to of and stands the same side the choir, the west the of a doorway . The old library, which a fr gment only remains, 1 2 of was erected in the year 44 over the east walk the Cloisters . 1 60 f and 1 8 I n the year 9 it suf ered severely from fire, in 7 9 of all that remained was taken down , with the exception the t part forming a vestibule o the new library . Turning from the building itself to the internal history of the of minster, we find that, towards the middle the fifteenth century, dissensions had arisen among the cathedral body, not of which , if such historical importance as the differences of f under Grosseteste, are su ficient interest to be worth ec c l si recordi ng . They give considerable insight into the e

a stic al of . life the time John Mackworth, the dean , was

of . 1 a man violent temper I n 435, having some difference or with the chancellor, Peter Patrick Partridge , he entered one the church day during vespers, attended by ten armed servants . The chancellor was dragged from his stall in the choir, brutally assaulted , and left in a wounded condition on the pavement of the church . I t is said that over this affair the point was raised during the trial at Westminster, ‘ whether the Cathedral Close was in the eounzy or the county ‘ of zize ci ty of Lincoln ; the delinquents had been described f not as o the former, and since this was legally correct, they escaped the punishment they richly deserved . Matters came ' rom a \V a e r - c olo r a nt i n b e e r De nt ( F t u P i g y P t Wi , in the S o uth Ke nsington Mus e um. ) 34 LI NCO LN CATHEDRAL

to a crisis, and the chapter brought before the bishop , William

- Alnwick , forty two charges against their dean . The following ’ are sufficient to shew Mac kworth s haughty temper — He would not walk in processions in a straight line ; he had 8 the 2 s . d fraudulently kept back from chapter 5 . he came to the chapter attended by armed men to the great terror of the can on s ; at vespers and prime he made the bell stop before the officiating priest had arrived , but made the choir for of wait him , if he was late ; he had pulled down part the wall of the Cloister to build a stable . The dean in return ‘ accused the chapter of appropriating to their own use the c loth bought out of the common funds of the church for clothing the 1 L au um f poor . The matter was settled in 439 by a d o the of n bishop , who set himself the task co structing a new body of t statutes for governing the church ; these are s ill in use .

Dissensions, however, did not end here , and we find a to complaint made the bishop four years later, that the dean “ had , in the choir, called the precentor a buffoon and a

vile tailor, and had offered personal violence to him . In 1 of 449 the bishop issued a commission for the trial the dean , but died before it could take place . Before speaking of the grievous losses which the minster sustained under Henry VI I I . , it may be well to refer to a Visitation which was u ndertaken by Bishop S myth in the

first year of the sixteenth century . The charges then brought against the dean , George Fitzhugh , shew the deplorable negligence of the cathedral body with regard to the sacred building under their care . The dean stated that all was right in the cathedral , but from the following statements it would appear that there were several abuses which might f 1 with advantage have been corrected . It was a firmed ( ) that the chaplains Often resorted to a chantry within the church , and there played at dice , bones , and cards in question 2 able company , often staying till after midnight ; ( ) that the servants of the dean and other residentiaries did great mischief to the fabric of the church , by breaking the glass windows and the stone tracery with their arrows and cross bow bolts, and by piercing the lead on the roof with their missiles . In the exam ination that followed it was found on that , though large sums had been spent the fabric, there was still urgent need of further repairs, and an appeal to THE H I STORY OF THE B UILDI NG 35

“ the public was necessary . We may well be grieved at the ” great mischief done at this time , which would partly account for the dilapidated state of some of the stained glass windows but the minster was to suffer far more severely under Henry V 1 2 0 I I I . I n the Chapter Acts of 5 we find mentioned the int ” head of s e hugh closed in silver gilt and enamelled .

The treasure belonging to it is also carefully detailed , down “ ” “ ” li il I h n to a tt blew stone and j q s s y s of silk . Thus zealously had it been guarded ever since the mishap of f 1 6 . o 3 4, but its doom was now pronounced At the end a “ Registre and I nve ntarye of all Jewell Wes timentes and “ r w m x o . c c c c c . x xv other ornamentes in the yere of lorde god j, “ is A Copye of the Kinge s Lettres by force whereof the “ shrynes and other Jewels were taken Part of “ the letter may be given here : For as moch as we u nder “ stand that there ys a certain shryne and di[vers] fayned R eliquye s and J uels in the Cathedrall church of L ync oln with [which] all the symple people be moch de c eaved and broughte into greate su[per] stic ion and I dolatrye to the dyshonor of god and greate slander of th(is) realme and e r ll their e p y of own soules, ’ r We Let you wyt that (we) beinge mynded to bringe o 8 e lovinge s ubiec te s to y r ighte knowledge of y truth by k n I dolatr e su rs tic i n ta y ge away all occasions of y and pe o . e For y especiall trust (and) confidence we have in yowr f del t e s w sdoms dis c re c ons y y y , y and , have (and) by theis presentes doe auc tho r is e name assign and appointe you fowre or three of you that immediate lye uppon the s ighte 8 here of re pairinge to y sayd Cathedrall church and dec laringe e unto y Deane R ec yde nc yarye s and other mynis te r s tl1 ere( of) e the cause of yowr c omynge ys to take downe as well y sayd shr ne su e rs tic ious r eli u es s u e rfluous e uele s y and p q y as p J , plate Copes and other suche like as yow shall think e by yowr w s doms c o nt new re ma ne y not mete to y (and) y there , unto e the wych we doubte not but for y c o ns idera c ons re hers ed the th s ayde Deane and Re s yde nc ya rye s w other wyll be conform w llin e ow able and y g thereunto , and so y to procede accord to reli u e s u ls in l . e g y And see the sayd q y , J and plate safely and surely to be c o nve yde to owr towre of London ' in to o wr J e wyll house there c ha rge ing the m of owr J e wyls ( t ‘“ w the same . 36 LI NCOLN CATHE DRAL

And further we wyll that you charge and comande in owr name the sayd Deane there to take downe such monumentes as may geve any occasion of memorye of i n I la r such s uper stic o and do t ye hereafter . h w Underneath is the following memorandum , proving o great was the treasure possessed at that time by the author ities of the minster Memorandum that by force of the “ e above wrytten c omys syofi there was taken owt of y sayd m c Cathe drall church of L ync olnat that tyme in gold ijvjxxj02 2 2 1 oz 2 8 oz B es e ( 6 i n (4 5 . ) yd a greate nombre of Pearles 81 pre c iouse stones wych were of greate D a mondes Sa hire s turk es ar valewe , as y , p Rubyes , y , C t me tw h n bunc les etc . There were at that y oe s ry e s in the t h r h one of sayd Cath . c u c e the pure gold called S Hughes Shryne standinge on the backe syde of the highe aulter t neare Dal s ons S f unto y tombe , the other called John o e Dalderby his shryne was of pure sylver standinge i n y south ende of the greate crosse Ile not farre from the dore where ” e ll l k e te y ga y ey courte ys used to be p . L the rland of Harry y was the last treasurer Lincoln . As of he he saw the last the treasures carried away , cried so of ceasing the Treasure, ceaseth the office the Trea ” n on of surer, and fli ngi g down the keys the pavement the f n out o . o choir, he walked the church This occurred the 6th 1 0 L therland June 54 y never sat in his stall again . 1 6 Of the risings in 53 , resulting from the religious changes,

Li ncoln was one of the chief centres . The Lincolnshire in a s rgents, assembled at Horncastle , sent six demands to the L on land king, the last being that Bishop g should be deprived . The Chancellor of Lincolnwas captured and conveyed to

H orncastle , where he was killed , and his garments and money

were distributed among the rebels . The Abbot of Barlings

rode into Lincoln with his canons i n full armour . A number ’ of insurgents gathered in the city , and the bishop s palace was

attacked and plundered . The rebel council was sitting in the

- chapter house when the messenger arrived from the king . His “ answer was characteristic ; he reproved them for their presump ” o f tuons follie and rebellious attempt, called the shire one of the most brute and beastly the whole realm , and summoned n the people to depart qui etly to their homes . An attempt o the part of the gentlemen to read the letter s ec retly:c aused__a pan ic TH E H ISTO RY O F TH E BU I LDI NG 37

among the commons , who decided to kill them all . The gentry ’ hurriedly e scaped into the chancellor s house , where they bar i r c aded . the door Shortly after, the com mons , deserted by “ m their leaders, and each istrusting other , who should be “ sudde nlie shrinke noted the greater meddler, began t o , and got them home to their houses without longer abode ” ’ Holinshed s ( On the arrival of a royal force , “ wa s the cathedral turned into an arsenal , fortified and ” garrisoned . Lord Hussey , a prominent Lincolnshire noble , of was executed , and the Abbot Barlings was hanged , together of with the Abbots Whalley , Woburn , and Sawley . Another event which occurred towards the end of the same reign b of should not pass unnoticed . Anne Askew was a mem er old of an Li ncolnshire family , being the daughter Sir William Askew or Aysc ough her birthplace was probably Stalling “ ” borough , near Grimsby . When she was at Lincoln , we “ C are told , she was seen daily in the athedral reading her n Bible , and engagi g the clergy in discussion s on the mean

ing of particular texts . Her bold Opinions at last brought

1 6 - five her to the stake in 54 , at the age of twenty , a martyr f to the doctrines o the Reformation . A few possessions of value appear to have survived the reign of o f Henry , but these were sacrificed to the rapacious greed the unscrupulous ministers of his son and successor . The following statement occurs in “ An Historical Account of the Antiquities i n ”

C . the Cathedral hurch of St Mary , Lincoln , published in that “ c ity in 1 7 7 1 — A second Plunder was committed in this “ C 1 8 hurch Anno 54 , during the Presidence of Bishop H ol

bech , who being a zealous Reformist , gave up all the remain i ng Treasure whi c h Henry had thought proper to leave behi nd ; this B ishop toge ther with George H e nage Dean of of Lincoln , pulled down and defaced most the beautiful Tombs in this Churc h ; and broke all the Figures of the Sai nts round about this Building ; and pulled down those

o f C s o . [ ] our Saviour, the Virgin , and the rucifix ; that at o f Y 1 8 F the End the ear 54 , there was scarcely a whole igure ” o e o o f or Tomb remaining . Henry H lbeach becam Bish p ’ V o o o o f I I I . s Linc ln i n the year Henry death , and s n after that event he surrend ered to the Cr own twenty - six ( o r according to Stry pe thirty - four) rich manors belongi ng to the H 1 1 e . see . died at Nettl eham i n 55 38 LI NCOLN CATHEDRAL

on to Passing the beginning of the next century , a fire which broke out in the year 1 609 partly destroyed the old library over the east walk of the Cloisters little further damage appears to have been done . The turbulent times of the Civil War were disastrous for

Lincoln in com mon with so many other places . An account of the troubles which the struggle brought upon the city is

— of given by Mr . Edward Peacock in the thirty eighth volume

' A r ena ol o z a l our na l the g e j . The shire appears to have been

1 6 . distinctly Puritan , and up to July 43, at any rate , the

f . city was in the hands o the Parliamentarians J ohn Vicars, “ the author of Jehovah Jerah . God in the Mount or ’ ” Parlia mentarie England s Chronicle, printed in London 1 6 of in the year 44, gives an account an unsuccessful attempt “ of the Royalists to capture the city about that time . And as proeme and preamble to the ensuing tragedie or treac herie Purfre had , Serjeant Major y let into the town , bloodie at a back gate , about sixty cavaliers, all of them ’ mark etmens h disguised in countrie abits, who were all hid ’ and sheltr ed (as it was credibly enformed) in the Deane s

L inc olne . house in The attempt was unsuccessful, but the ’ of city soon after fell into the Royalists hands, an event our unhappy interest for subj ect , as it gave rise to an attack (in April of the following year) of the Parliamentarians under of the Earl Manchester . The capture of the city was soon

followed by the mutilation of its most glorious monument . Through the misguided zeal of the rude soldiers of the of Parliament , the stained glass the minster was nearly all

broken , the tombs were injured , and the brasses torn from

their matrices . I t should yet be remembered that consider

able damage had already been done under Henry VI I I . , and of 1 6 even earlier, and that the injuries 44 were not so great

as it might appear at first sight . Lincoln was again attacked ’ 1 6 8 by the Royalists in 4 , when the bishop s palace was

stormed and taken , and the city given over to plunder . In of 1 1 a description the minster, published in 7 7 , the follow ing account of the injury is given ' Bishop Winniff had “ little Enjoyment of his Honor in presiding over this See ; for in the Year 1 645 he had the M ortification to see all

the Brass Work of the Gravestones pulled up , the rich Brass

Gates to the Choir and divers of the Chantries pulled down ,

40 LI NCO LN CATHE DRAL

C . good houses, especially hurches and abbeys The minster of almost comparable to that York itself, abounding with

marble pillars, and having a fair front (here was interred

Queen Eleanora, the loyal and loving wife who sucked the ’ out of poison her husband s wound) ; the abbot founder, or T om with rare carving in the stone ; the great bell, ,

as they call it . I went up the steeple, from whence is a

goodly prospect all over the county . The soldiers had lately knocked off most of the brasses from the grave s o stones, as few inscriptions were left ; they told us that

these men went in with axes and hammers, and Shut

themselves in , till they had rent and torn Off some barge of not of loads metal , sparing even the monuments the dead ; s o hellish an avarice possessed them : besides

which, they exceedingly ruined the city . for At the Restoration , Robert Sanderson was rewarded his long faithfulness to the royal house by the bishopric of

I . wh . o Lincoln H e had been a chaplain to Charles , is “ reported to have said , I carry my ears to hear other “

c Ons c ie nc e Dr . . preachers , but I carry my to hear Sanderson 1 66 Sanderson died in 3. Four years later, William Fuller, “ the antiquarian , was appointed bishop . He bestowed very ” n of much in adorni g his church , and restored many the

monuments and inscriptions . Fuller ’s efforts at restoring something like order to the grievously ill - used fabric were seconded by those of Dean H on wood 1 6 y , who in 74 caused the present arcade to be of C constructed on the north side the loisters, with the library not above it . Sir Christopher Wren , the architect, did take the least care to let his work harmonise with its H on wood surroundings . From the times of Fuller and y to our own , there have been many whose energy has led them to undertake various works in and about the minster . Some have undoubtedly worked with mistaken zeal ; but, taken as a whole , Lincoln has escaped with less inj ury than many others 2 of our public monuments . I n the year 1 7 7 an attempt to of re move the timber spires the western towers , resulted in a serious riot (see p . and the townspeople were only pacified 0 by a promise that the spires should not be touched . N such I n 1 8 0 disturbance occurred when they were finally removed 7 , the excuse then being that they were very insecure , and would TH E H ISTORY OF TH E BU I LDING 41

cost much to repair . B ut it seems that even at this time the removal was not entirely approved of ; a lament , clothed in ’ Gentlema n s Ma a z ine ridiculous rhyme , was published in the g of 1 8 0 8 January , and a local writer two years later relates how the “ lofty spires ” were “ levelled by tasteless inconsiderate “ ” improvers . Early in the last century the western towers of began to shew signs instability, and caused considerable An anxiety . architect named John James was employed about 1 7 30 to strengthen the towers by constructing arches fOrme d of underneath, which a kind triple porch just inside ’ the church . The materials of the chapel of the old bishops palace were employed i n the construction of these arches . The central porch was reconstructed by James Essex about thirty years later . An anonymous historian of about forty years ago quotes the following extract from a letter written by

Sympson , at one time clerk of the works to the fabric ; to Browne “ — of Willis Before I make an end this long letter, I must “ acquaint you that I took down the antient image of St . h 6 Hug , which is about foot high , and stood upon the su m mi t Of a stone pinnacle at the south corner of the west Of front , in the month June last and pulled down 2 2 h wa s foot of the pinnacle itself, whic ready to tu mble 6 c i nto ruins , the shell being but in . thi k , and the ribs so 011 much decayed , especially the east side , that it declined o visibly that way . I hope to see the saint fixed up n a ” w o firmer basis befo re wi nter . The date of this rk coi ncides with that of the appoint ment of Bishop Thomas ( 1 7 43 who appears to have zealously a pplied hi mself to the repair f 1 1 w of the fabric . The historian o 7 7 rites as follows “ D wa uring the Presidence of Bishop Thomas , and to rds

e D r . the first of the pr sent Bishop Green , over this See , this Church was repaired and modernised i n the State whi ch Da o o it is this y seen . Als , during the Presid ence of Bish p “ o n o the the o f the Thomas , he set F ot appropriating tenth Fines arising from the renewal of the Leases o f their re s ec tive e fo r the o R o f p Estat s , as a Fund c ntinual epair this

C e . hurch , hi msel f setting the Laudabl Example “ ” T he sc rapi ng pro c ess to which the e xteri o r o f the minster was subj e c ted und e r the late J ohn Chessel Buckler o of Oxf rd is withi n the mem o ry of many . I t caused much o e angry discussi n and bitterness at th e ti m e , and r sulted in 42 LI NCOLN CATHED RAL

the publication of a book , i n which Buckler undertook to

justify his work on the minster . The chief part of this

volume consists in long chapters of abuse , written with a

most extraordinary flow of language , and directed against all who ventured to object to the way in which his work had

been done .

Under the late consulting architect to the chapter, J . L .

R . A . restora Pearson , , many necessary strengthenings and tions were carried out ; but as no radical changes are in

progress they do not call for detailed notice in this place . C HAPTER I I

T H E E "T E RIOR dy O T H E external beauty Of Lincoln M inster is rendered doubly

7 h i i - impressive 53 t e d gn ty of i ts position . While so many of

‘ diSadvanta e our cathedrals are at a g i n this respect , the si te at

D was . Lincoln , as at urham and Ely , most happily chosen

Had i t been less exposed , the spires would probably have yet

been standing , but these are a small loss compared with the w advantages gai ned . Especially hen glowing with the rays of

the setting sun , the three noble towers , each a conspicuous d object for miles aroun , create an impression not soon for

‘ in ir gotten . The distant view of the minster has sp e d the enthusiastic utterances of many writers ; but it may be enough for us to describe it i n the words of one of the most eminen t “ ” among them . Throughout a vast district around the city , “ F r eema n says , the one great feature of the landscape is the

mighty mi nster , which , almost like that of Laon , crowns the

Of - edge the ridge , rising , with a steepness well n igh unknown w i n the streets of English towns , above the lo er ci ty and the

plai n at its feet . Next i n i mportance to the m inster i s the

castle , which , marred as i t is by modern changes , sti ll crowns

the height as no unworthy yoke - fellow of its e cclesiastical

neighbour . The proud polygonal keep of the fo rtress still

- groups wel l with the soaring towers , the sharp pointed gables , “ C o f the long conti nuous line of roof, of the hurch Remigius ” and Saint Hugh . Such words need no c o mmen t ; i t only remains to poi nt

o ut the positions from whi ch the mi nster i s seen at its be st .

o o o o f o - The view fr m the pp site side the river , i n a s uth easterly f o o . o o o o direc ti n , is go d The l ng straight li ne r of is br ken by the b old projec ti o n Of the transe pts ; the faulti ness of the west o no t o o f fr nt i s apparent , and the gr upi ng the three towers t with their numerous pi nnac les appears o advantage . 44 LI NCOLN CATHE DRAL

V B ra ford too The iew from y , , is fine , although in thi s case

the foreground i s perhaps not s o picturesque as it might be . From nowhere does the minster look more imposing than

from the towers o f the castle ; a water - colour by Frederick M of ackenzie (see p . painted from the roof Cobb Hall , F r admirably illustrates this . o a closer prospect, the best

- posi tion is undoubtedly the n orth east corner, especially when

the sun is setting behind the western towers . Lastly, the view not fro m the High Street , beyond the Stonebow, should be

forgotten . of The minster is built Lincoln stone , a hard limestone ,

' '

well capable of r esiSting the action of the weather . It yet

remains to be proved whether the fast - increasing number o f tall smoking chimneys will have the undesired effect of blackening the exterior and destroying the sharpness of

its lines . W The es t F r ont is massive and imposing , and possesses

some features of considerable i nterest ; beyond this , little can

of . be said for it , as it is architecturally somewhat a sham

Why the architects threw away the opportunities they had , and ' finished off the western end of the church with an enormous n w t o o . screen wall , it is difficult say The Norman front was one originally furnished with three gables , in the centre , follow of old of i ng the line the nave roof, the others in front the to Norman towers , and similar those which may still be seen S of on the outer ides of these towers . The greater height o f the Gothic nave necessitated the raising the central gable , and this was done but i nstead of preserving the gables in front of for the towers and adding two more the side chapels, a huge m of flat wall was constructed , asking the lower parts the towers ,

and altogether hiding the western chapels . The result is that

the towers appear too close together, and lose all connection off with the facade , which should rather set their proportions no for than conceal them . There seems, too , reason the one the great width of the facade, until passes round and sees

- low side chapels hidden behind it . Turning , however, to

are of . details , there are points which deserving close attention of The severe and strong wall in the centre , with a fragment the now of y first bay behind it , is the only part which remains the f n s o o . o first Cathedral Li ncoln I n gazing this massive work ,

rt - of fo ress like and forbidding , we are reminded the warrior

48 LI NCO LN CATHEDRAL

of some to be Saxon origin , and either to have belonged to the

of . on earlier church St Mary Magdalene , which stood thi s spot, or D to have been brought by Remigius from orchester . They not do , however , appear from their style to be earlier than the

eleventh century , and since Remigius would have most probably

arranged them differently , had they been specially sculptured

for their present position , it is possible that they were inserted

later than his time . That they were there not very long after, is proved by the fact that one relief on the south side of the now southern tower is enclosed i n the Early English chapel , which we know to have been built before the m iddle of the

thirteenth century . The sculptures are illustrated in the A r e/ze o ’ n l m t l o zea l our a . o n . o whé g j , vol xxv , fr ph ographs procured the n repair of the west front was going o . The subjects were at the same time identified by Archdeacon Trollope (afterwards

o f . 6 B ishop Nottingham) The band i s about 3 ft . i n . in

. of depth , and is protected by a plai n cornice The traces paint still seen on some of the reliefs would lead to the conclusion that the whole series was once bright with glowing n colours . Parts of the origi nal reliefs are ow represented by

modern copies .

Co mmencing over the northern n iche , the first subject is of of the Torments the Lost , who are seen i n the clutches of on demon s ; next is Christ standing at the jaws hell , the f prostrate form of Satan . On the northern j amb o the recess two more reliefs one are . , representing six saints , the other “ identified by Trollope as Christ the Custodian of all faithful ” on souls . Our Saviour is seated a throne , holding a sheet the before H im , in whi ch are souls of four personages the

symbols o f the Evangelists appear at the corners . Opposite t o these are two other reliefs ; one represents Christ sitting at

meat with the two disciples at Emmaus , the table at which the three figures are seated being placed beneath an arcade

capped by turrets with conical roofs . This relief is i n very a good preservation , and the architectural features furnish guide to the date of the series . The next subject is the f Blessed End of the Righteous and the Torments o the Lost .

On the front of the pier is a fragment of a draped figure . The next relief should be the first of the series it represents Adam

and Eve expelled fro m Paradise , and is placed on the southern f ar e two jamb of the central recess . On the front o the pier I “ S [Jo/a s c o . \V H \V E CARV ED OR K O F T E C E NTRA L D OOR\V A Y AT T H E ST EN D .

TH E E"TERI OR 51

the men tilling ground , probably typifyi ng the Condemnation to of Man Labour, while the hand grasping a bag above would symbolise God ’s providing care for H is people along the top is a band of foliage . There are two reliefs on the jambs of the southern recess ; the first i s mutilated and obscure , but tis probably intended for Hannah with the I nfant Samuel , and ’ Samuel announcing God s revelation to Eli . On the other aside of the recess is Christ i nstructing a disciple , probably

« . either Nicodemus or Peter The three other reliefs , over the t s outhe rn : n iche , are The Building of the Ark Noah i s seen with a ham mer , and another figure , probably one of his an 2 D sons , with axe , the ark being visible behi nd ; ( ) aniel i n ’ Den the Lions , this subject made conspicuous by a moulding D : all round it ; ( 3) The Entry i nto , and eparture from , the Ark I to the left the ark s seen , with Noah , his wife , and three sons i nside , while a procession of animals in miniature is advancing towards the vessel ; to the right of this are eight figures leaving the F ark , with the Almighty ather beyond , apparently making l the covenant with Noah . The last re ief, hidden by the chapel ~ D : at the south west corner , represents the eluge three half submerged figures are cl inging to trees or rocks ; the prow of the ark is seen to the left . The Gothic arcading which covers the later portions of the facade varies considerably i n detail ; thi s i s particularly notice 1 bl o e on the north and south ends , where narrow lancet d ors ' n T deep porches give access to the western chapels . hese

) orches were at one ti me wall ed up . They are not shewn ’ ’ ’ n H o l lar s plate i n D ugdale s nor i n Wi ld s or " ’ o 1 8 1 ney s plates of 9 . The chapels are lighted by the t b i rc ula r windows ab o ve the doors . I has been c onsidered y s o o f fa ade O f ome that the G thi c part the g i s different periods , n o the i d that St . Hugh c mmenced building here at same tim e i s O at the eastern end of the church . thers have thought that d to do Old o o he first i ea was away with the fr nt alt gether , i n vhic h case the enlargement wo uld no t have c o mmen ced unti l a G ter . At any rate , we may be fai rly sure that the othic i o rtio ns were all c o nstruc t e d s o me ti me during the first half ) f W e e t e the thirt eenth century . can g a littl nearer than this w to b e the d a nd e ith regard the ga l i n mi dl e the arch ben ath i t , vhe re the trellis o rnament is suppo s e d to mark th e w o rk o f l is ho p Gro sset e st e ( 1 2 35 T his bish o p a ppears to have 52 LI NCOLN CATHE DRAL

removed the central Norman arch, and to have carried the to recess up its present height, piercing the head with the

finel - ci nquefoil window, outlined by a band of y carved scroll “ foliage . Rickman calls attention to the exquisite workman ” Of ship the mouldings of this window . The rest of the arch

- i s filled with trellis work , quatrefoils , trefoils and circles , while

at the crown there is a large carved boss . In the spandrels are two n iches with royal statues . The gable contains seven ‘ arches below , two of them pierced with windows . The two of at the ends contain statues, and in the centre is a fragmen t

a carved subj ect . Above is another arch , over which are two angels with heads bent downwards . One of the Sloane MSS . in the British Museu m contains certain “ Observations ” by

. 2 of Dr Edward Brown in 1 66 . Speaking the west front at “ to or Li ncoln , the writer says that almost at the p are four

five fine pictures , but broken down in the late troubles, but ” with small dexterity and by as bad a handicraft . The vast

- facade is finished off at the ends by two octagonal stair turrets , to capped by tall , pyramidal roofs . O n the p of the southern turret is B ishop St . Hugh , with staff and mitre ; on the other eek of i s the Swineherd of Stow, whose reputed gift of a p si lver pennies towards the building of the minster has secured for his statue a position as exalted as that of the great bishop one hi mself. The first statue i s the original , though it was once taken down and afterwards r e fixed on a firmer basis (see

. of p The other is a copy the origi nal Swineherd , now preserved in the Cloisters . The suggestion that this statu e to represents Bishop Bloet , the horn having reference the ’ bishop s name blow i s hardly worthy of serious attention . The row of canopies above the central door contains eleven royal statues , ranging from William the Conqueror to Edward I I I . , the sovereign on the throne when the figures were placed there 8 Welburne . 1 0 by Treasurer John de (d 3 ) they are all bearded ,

o f . very similar to one another, and the tamest possible character h They were originally coloured and gilt . T ere was a great outcry i n the last century at the report that they had been re moved to make room for a list of the subscribers to the iron railings which unti l quite recently enclosed the mi nster ’

. f Dr uk l s o . St e e front The following is a memorandum y , found ’ “ his Willis s in copy of Browne Cathedrals , when sold in “ — 1 66 I n Of 1 Dr . 7 the beginning 7 53, the wicked chanter,

56 LI NCO LN CATHEDRAL

’

. or . central tower The southern , St Hugh s, tower, has a ring f o b ells . or eight I t is not known when , by whom , the ring

was formed , but the tower must have been used for bells very

. 1 0 2 anciently U ntil recently four of the bells were dated 7 , and 1 1 60 6 1 1 1 8 one 1 8 . the others 59 3, , 7 7 and 34; was recast in 95 The fifth bell is rung daily at morning and evening at six in the Da morning , from Lady y to Michaelmas, and at seven for the rest of the year in the evening it is rung at eight all the year

round . The day of the month is tolled after each ringing . These one towers, as well as the central , were origi nally crowned with of tall spires timber, coated with lead . The central spire had been blown down in a gale nearly two hundred years before it was decided by the cathedral body to remove those on the wes t

n . towers, the excuse bei g that they had fallen into disrepair The work of destruction was commenced on the 2 0th September

1 7 2 6 or 1 7 2 7 . As the citizens in the town below saw the

workmen engaged in this way, cries of indignation were of 00 raised , and towards evening a crowd 5 men assembled to of prevent the removal the Spires . The main gates of the

minster yard were secured against them , but the small postern on the south side was apparently forgotten . T o this the “ ” besiegers turned their attention , and , rushing up the Grecian

stairs , they soon battered down the gate, and entered the close . “ ” of i cars One the Old V , named Cunnington , appears to have

suffered especially at their hands , whether he was the chief h culprit or not . He is said to ave been dragged from his ’ C on house in the Vicars ourt, and co mpelled to dance the di s minster green in the midst of the mob . The crowd only persed on the promise that the spires should be allowed to re remain . The next day , the Mayor and Aldermen were quested by the minster authorities to send the bellman round the city with the following message Whereas there has been for a tumult, these two days past, about pulling down the two of i of west spires the church , th s is to give notice to the people

the city , that there is a stop put to it , and that the spires shall be “ ” repaired again with all speed after which , we are told , one G od the mob with accord gave a great shout, and said , ’ of bless the Ki ng . The spires remained during the lifetime

these zealous townsmen , but their descendants seem either to or have been more indifferent in the matter, else to have been

wanting in a similar courage, when the spires were finally THE E"TERI OR 57

removed in 1 8 0 7 . A foolhardy feat was performed in the year “ 1 one 7 39 by a man named Robert Cadman , who did fly from

of the spires of the min ster , by means of a rope , down to the

— C . C astle Hill , near to the Black Boy public house adman met his death in the next year at Shrewsbury , while attempting a similar performance there .

On passing round to the south side of the minster, the artificial nature of the west front becomes plai nly apparent . We now get a much clearer idea of what the Norman towers were originally like . The gable , with its i ntersecting Norman

- arcades and diaper work , is doubtless similar to that originally ’ on the western face . I n front of the towers is St . Hugh s or ’ the ringers chapel , with its single wi ndow to the south . Next is the chapel used as the Consistory Court, with two windows facing south, and two others facing east . The gable of this chapel is worthy of notice . At the head of its tall central lancet i s a “ D grotesque figure , commonly pointed out as the evil looking ” over Lincol n ; there appears to be no satisfactory solution Of l the origin of this phrase . The m ost curious egend is that ' ' ’ s till z ns za e which describes the devil as the minster , and afrai d to come out for fear of being blown away I At the heads of the the two side windows are sculptured figures which have been considered to represent pilgri ms . The seven bays of the nave are i ndicated by stout buttresses with triangular heads carried up clear above the parapet of the aisle , over the roof of which

flying buttresses are thrown . The clerestory windows are divided i nto groups of three , and the two windows i n each bay of the aisle are separated by a slender buttress . The wavy parapet over the clerestory is of the fourteenth century , o and ab ve i t stand six canopied niches for statues , with grotesque figure s projecting from their bases . The cornice w the below has been restored at the eastern end , she ing heads and bosses with which it appears to have been dec orated

for its entire length . The l o fty panelled buttresses of the western side o f the great transept are surmounted by tall

pinnacles with niches . These pinnacles are of later date than o f the transept . A grotesque figure projec ts fro m each corner

their slender c rocketed roofs .

At the s outh - west c o rner of this transept is the G a l il e e P e o or c h . I t w ill be rem mbered that the same name is als d borne by two other celebrated porches i n Englan , at Ely and 5s LI NCOLN CATHE DRAL

f of D . o urham Both these are , however, at the western end f “ ” their respective churches . The origin o the name Galilee has had so many different explanations , that it would be tedious to give them here but the

n a m e , p r o b a b l y, has some reference to the room above

the porch, in which the judicial Court of the Dean and Chapter was form

erly held . I nto the Galilee Porch at D u r h a m w o m e n were not allowed

t o e n t e r . T h e porch at Lincoln w a s c o n s t r u c t e d a b o u t t h e y e a r 1 2 0 3 , as a state entrance for the

b i s h o p , w h o s e palace lay on the south side of the

minster yard . The plan is in the form of a cross, and the porch may be en te red at the south W CSI bOth and ends? L td P lz oto. P /z otoe/z r om Co . , ] Wt h A I E E P O H A N D OU H I DE OF Of are Open . G L L RC , S T S AV E THE N , An arcade of slender arches runs round of the walls . At the end the north limb the arches are open , l w and rest upon a o wall . The two stone c offin- covers in the pavement do not appear to have been originally placed here they apparently date fro m

w or . the t elfth thirteenth century The porch has a stone vault, with a profusion of tooth ornament o n the groins and else on h where . Someone has left it record t at there are 5355 T HE E"TER IO R 59 dog - tooth pyramids used in the decoration of the Galilee Porch alone . Two massive oak doors at the east end open into the transept the doorway is richly carved with foliage and tooth 1 6 2 ornament . I n an engraving of the year 7 this fine porch is shewn as walled up i t was used , i n the last century , as a work shop for the plumbers of the cathedral . The ground round the minster has been considerably lowered in recent years , and i n this way the proportions o f the building are displayed to greater ’ 1 8 1 advantage . I n Wild s plan of 9 , a flight of steps is indi c ate d by which the Galilee Porch was entered, but the lower i ng of the ground has caused their removal . Above this porch is the room in which the Cha pte r A rc hive s are carefully preserved . An accou nt of these is given by the Rev . Prebendary ’ Wic k e nde n in the thirty - eighth volu me of the A r e/zeeol ogzea l r n mmo jou a l . The cathedral plumbers seem to have been ac c o dated here after the porch below was reopened , until the year 1 8 1 5 , when the chamber was appropriated as the muni ment For room . nearly a century before this the documents had

- been kept i n what is now the singing school over the vestry .

- The plan of the room is T shaped , and it is lighted by eleven lancet windows rising from the floor ; the walls are covered with Early English arcading . The docu ments have suffered considerably from damp and neglect , and some of them still bear traces of the time when George Huddleston , a priest vicar i n the early part of the seventeenth century , kept pigeons Th tw in the muniment room . e o most precious docu ments no w are preserved i n the cathedral library . one of the few C existing contemporary opies of the Magna Charta , and w C a copy , made early i n the t elfth century, of the harter o f William the Conqueror for the transference of the see

D I . e to . from orch ster Lincol n A charter from Edward , the 1 2 8 o e of year 5, is als still preserv d , by which perm ission to o is given build walls r und the close , and to shut the gates o f of the same at night . Lastly may be mentio ned a series C o o 1 0 hapte r Acts , nearly c mplete fr m 3 5 to the present ti me , o o and audit acc ounts c vering the same peri d . The e mbattl ed parapet whi ch surro unds the low modern o o e r f is i n the Perpendicular styl , and is , of c ourse , later than the stru c ture i tself. F o o o f G o the r m a p int a little westward the al ilee P rch , t I ts e a rl e o f Ce ntr a l T ow e r is seen o advantage . y nam the 60 LINCOLN CATHED RAL

— Rood Tower, from the rood screen which fills the eastern

most of the four great i nterior arches supporting it , has been ” corrupted i nto Broad Tower . Very excellent authority could be brought forward for calling this the finest central tower of any

English cathedral . The height to the top of the corner pinnacles i s 2 7 1

feet, an altitude which is exceeded b y o n l y t w o cathedral spir es in

England , those Of Salisbury and N or

wich . The tall of spire timber,

covered with lead , which originally crowned this tower reached an alti

tude, it is said , of 52 5 feet ; but thi s

i s doubtful . This spire was blown down during a tempest in January

- 1 547 8 . The out side measurement of the sides of the

6 . tower is 54ft . in This i s not the first central tower of

P lz oto . / r . L td . P /z otoe z ouz Co , ] L i n c o l n . T h e E A O\V E F OM U . THE C NTR L T R , R THE SO TH of original tower ,

' noua tur r zr Norman work , was succeeded by a , which fell h 1 2 about t e year 37 . The celebrated Grosseteste was bishop w at the time , and the ork of reconstruction would appear to of have been begun almost im mediately . The lower part

the present tower, both inside and out , bears the peculiar

lattice - work ornament which has been noticed in the gable

w . Of the est front Here , as there , it may be considered TH E E"TER IOR 61

’ was a mark of Grosseteste s time . The tower then carried as high as the top of the arcading j ust over the ridge of the nave roof, and a wooden spire was added . I n this state it appears to have remained for at least half- a - cen h 1 0 tury . When the work was agai n taken i n and , in 3 7 , 1 1 1 it was speedily completed , and by 3 the tower was w w raised as high as e now see it . The two lofty windows hich w occupy each side of the upper storey , ith their crocketed pillars and canopied heads , are extremely beautiful . At the four corners are octagonal panelled turrets , surmounted by wooden pinnacles coated with lead . The spire which fell in

- 1 1 1 547 8 carried the parapet with it . I n February 7 5three of the pinnacles were blown down ; their r e - erection was completed

1 2 8 . i n 7 Nearly fifty years later, the dean wrote to James

Essex , the architect , asking his Opinion about the erection of a stone spire . H e replied that the height was too great and the situation too exposed , but recom mended , instead , battle 1 ments and four stone pinnacles . I n 7 7 5, Essex was em w ployed to erect th e present open parapet . The estern side D 1 8 8 was blown down i n ecember 3, but , falling i nwards , it did w as . o little damage , and easily replaced The f llowing details concerning the tower are c o pied from a pocket - guide to Lincoln

C . r e shire by the late Sir harles Anderson , Bart (third edition , C o vised by anon Maddis n ) , a most i nteresting book c ontaining o much useful inf rmation I t was a bold undertaking , and

executed with marvellous skill , for , i n order to lessen the addi tio nal weight without buildi ng strengthening arches below , f c which would have i njured the i nterior ef e t , as at Salisbury o a and Wells , two thi n walls are tied t gether at i nterv ls , so as

to leave a vacuu m between , bound by squinches at the top

corners . Compared with the great Victoria Tower of o d Westmi nster, which , from many points of view , looks br a er to o o e r fe c at the p than the bott m , the Li ncoln t wer is the p ti o n Of sym metrical pro po rti o n ; the reas o n is that i t i s o 2 o gathered in ab ut inches , 5 feet bel w the parapet , o tr ifle s m w hi c h shews up n what as they ight be called , W a llc o tt d beauty and prop o rti o n depend . escribes this “ o s o o f e a nd d i a nd e t wer as full stat , gnity , maj sti c grandeur , a no d o r 0 11 c o th t church in Englan , the ntinent , can be cited ” i n the same descri pti o n .

- o B e ll s in the Ce ntr a l T ow e r . The t wer is the abiding 62 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

“ place of the present Great Torn of Lincoln but before describing hi m and his companions, we must give an account of of - his predecessors the same name in the north west tower, as well as of the former occupants of his present abode . We find that in 1 31 1 a question arose respecting new ropes for the two bells lately hung in the new tower . These were not the

first bells possessed by the minster , as there is a record in the “ works o f Giraldus Camb rensis of da m ca mp a ma s gr a ndas ” Cl i ue smzom s q , given by Geoffrey Plantagenet , who held the 1 1 1 1 8 2 temporalities of the see from 7 3 to . The number was afterwards increased to six , although it is not known when . They “ for were called the Lady Bells , and were rung the minster service . The largest Lady Bell was tolled forty times at the shutting of the church doors every night , after which the searchers of the church partook of bread and beer provided for them u nder the watching chamber in the east transept ; they then walked round and searched the church . When the Lady 1 8 Bells were taken down i n 34, four were found to be dated “ 1 1 6 1 T o m 593, one 33, and one 7 37 . The original Great h was hung in the nort west tower . It is not known how it was acquired some say it was a gift , others say it was stolen from f B hi f o eauc e D or . the Abbey , erbyshire, from Peterborough

too of . The origin of its name, , has been a subject dispute Stukeley considered it possible that it had been consecrated of to St . Thomas Canterbury . Others think it took its name of of C C from that the old bell hrist hurch , Oxford , which bore ' [72 7 72077251 6 l a ude 7 650720 E l m B om s ine the curious inscription , , ’ r a ua e f . I t should be remembered that Oxford was i n the diocese of Lincoln in olden days, and that several Bishops C of of Li ncoln were hancellors Oxford . Wherever the first ’’ Great Tom came from , it was recast in the minster yard by two bell founders from Nottingham and Leicester early in the seventeenth century , when the weight was increased from 8 8 “ 7 43 pounds to 9 94% pounds . The bell was cast and hung upp and upon Sonday the x xv1jof thi s month [January 1 61 1 ] w o te . 1 8 0 2 ronge and all safe and well I t was tolled u ntil , when it was found that this process shook the tower too much . The followi ng extract from the Sta mfor d Menzzry o f the 6th “ 1 8 0 2 of August , is given by North in his Church Bells ” “ ’ Lincolnshire : Great Tom 0 Li ncoln is to be rung no more "The full swi ng of four tons and a half is found to

64 LI NCOLN CATHEDRAL

experienced ears detected that something was wrong , and by

Christmas it became plainly evident that the bell was cracked .

It was finally decided to have it recast in a larger size . For own this purpose it was broken to pieces with its clapper , and sent to London To provide the extra metal , the six Lady ll Be s were u nfortu nately sacrificed . The cathedral thus lost the distinction of being the only one in the kingdom possessed f “ o two rings of bells . Great Tom was recast by Thomas Mears at the Whitechapel Bell foundry on the 1 5th November 1 8 w 34. It was taken by road to Lincoln , dra n by eight horses, T wo and raised to its new position in the central tower . new quarter bells , cast at the same time , were also hung in this 1 88 0 tower . The number of quarter bells was increased in to

. C four, one new bell being given by Mr Nathaniel layton , and “ ” T om the other by Mrs . Seely . The present Great weighs

8 . 6 . 0 . 5 tons cwts , is ft % in high , with a circumference at in 6 . 2 1 . the base of ft , and is i n size the fourth bell i n the kingdom . The hours are struck upon it with a hammer 2 weighing 2 4lbs . The chief feature of the south side of the western transept “ ’ ” is the beautiful round window , the bishop s eye , with its

- delicate leaf like tracery . Fro m the outside , this window would look much better if it were a little higher up , but the reason of its position is sufficiently evident from the inside, where it is quite clear of the vault , while the admirable round window on the north side i s spoilt by not being completely visible until you approach i t very closely . “ ’ ” Above the bishop s eye is a horizontal band of seven

- elaborately carved quatrefoils , considered to have formed part of the tracery of the earlier round window . They are enough to shew that the window was different to “ the dean ’s eye at the other end of the transept . The window in the gable , though much too large for its position , i s nevertheless of of worthy notice on account its fine flowing tracery , which was inserted , like that of the rou nd window below, about the middle of the fourteenth century . This window is n ot visible from the inside . The gable is outlined by a curious band of open Gothic tracery , surmounted by a cross .

Thi s band was erected by the architect to the fabric, named

1 8 0 . Hayward , in the year 4 It is a copy of the original , which had been constructed about the time of the insertion T H E EXTERI OR 65

f on 2 0th o the window below, and was blown down the ’

1 8 0 2 . January I t fell at about eleven o clock in the morning, but fortunately did little damage . It will be noticed that the two turrets are different : the western i s octagonal and

- crocketed ; the other is shorter, plainer, and four sided . Near the top of the last buttress on the east side of the 1 6 transept is a stone with the date 7 4 , apparently a record f o . of restoration . The roof the choir of St Hugh, the of earliest Gothic portion the building, is somewhat lower than that of the nave the clerestory windows are remarkably slender . The narrow buttresses are later additions , con structed to resist the thrust of the stone vault . I n the corner of the east transept is a small stone flue from the old fireplace ’ - of in the choristers vestry . At the south west corner this ’ transept is the canons vestry the buttresses, which appear above , pass right down to the ground , and are seen inside the vestry , clearly shewing this to be a later addition to the tran sept . Over this vestry i s the room where the muniments of the chapter were kept until they were removed to the chamber above the Galilee Porch . The room they had occupied was then

- appropriated as a singing school , and a small organ was erected in it , which is still there . The vestry is plain and unpretending , w but it ould have been a pity if, as was at one time proposed , 1 8 wa s it had been altogether removed . I n 54 it thoroughly restored u nder the architect , J . T . Willson , when the present w parapet was added . Underneath are seen the low indows of an old vaulted crypt, which was probably used as a treasury .

The south face of the slender transept of St . Hugh looks very different to that of the western transept , its many windows leave but little wall space . First is a pair of lancets , then o f two rows three above them , and lastly three narrow lights to fill the gable . O n either side are two octagonal turrets , with pyramidal roofs surmounted by sculptured

figures of angels . On the east side of the transept are seen ’ - f the two se m i c ircular chapels o St . Hugh s design . On the buttress at the south - eastern c o rn er o f the transept are two o o ne sundials , with inscripti ns , bei ng the familiar quotation

' fro m Martial — P er emzf ez the other i s Czto ( wa s ' ‘ r f r z p e e z . P r es b te r o f the 1 5 The y y , or eastern li mb mi nster , th e finest example o f the be st peri o d of English G othic . E 66 LI NCOLN CATH E DRAL

Its crocketed gables and pinnacles, its panelled buttresses , of its elaborate tracery, and , above all, its wealth sculpture , ’ form a striking contrast to the simplicity of St . Hugh s T he work . choir is divided into five bays, indicated by

- the boldly projecting buttresses , once covered with statues ; the canopies and pedestals still remain, within arches supported by tall clustered pillars with foliaged capitals . The buttresses are crowned by slender crocketed gables , at the

P /z ol o /z m c r o . l to. Co L td . , ]

- U R C T HE C R - C E F SO TH EAST PO H , WI TH HANT Y HAP LS O B O L ON GL AN D A N D R ISH PS USSELL .

of f . o bases which grotesque figures project One these , on of on an imp the back a witch ( the third buttress), serves, of for like the sculpture in the gable the consistory court, the “ ” devil looking over Lincoln .

Both in the aisles and in the clerestory, broad windows, of filled with elegant geometric tracery, take the place the plain lancets seen in other parts . The most magnificent exterior feature of the eastern arm is undoubtedly the on sculptured doorway the south side . Leland , in the time f o . : D Henry VI I I , writes There is a very faire oore in the T HE EXTERIOR 67 upper part of the Churc he Southward to go into the Close and ’ ' ' i n de o againe this ly th the B yshop s Palace hangginge i clzw . It was probably constructed , like the Galilee doorway , as a state for ro entrance the bishop . The porch fills the third bay, and p jec ts as far as the buttresses ; its sides recede inwards to the pair Of doors giving access to the Angel Choir . Although the

" 1 mont I . G 1 1 . B ea u P ho o . , t . )

’ CAS I T H E I G U E C 1 1 R1 5T I N T H E U T H - AST H OF F R OF , SO E POR C .

a k e n be fo r e the o rc w a s r e ( T P h stor e d . )

our doorways of cathedrals, as a rule , cannot i n any way be compared with the magnifice nt portals to be seen in France , yet this single example at Li ncoln would be quite enough to prove that English architects were capable of designing a really magnificent doorway . I n the tympanum is the subject f a o the L st Judgment in relief. A majestic figure of Christ o the e w the Judge ccupie s c ntral space , ith an angel on either side swinging a censer . He is surrounded by a quatrefoiled 68 LINCOLN CAT HE DRAL

T . o aureole supported by angels the left, the dead are rising l on from their tombs, and are borne a oft by angels the other side demons are dragging the condem ned down to the jaws ’ of hell, which gape wide open beneath the Saviour s feet .

The archivolt is richly decorated with sculpture . I n the row of inner band is a niches with twelve seated figures, apparently kings and queens : next a double band of delicate open - work foliage ; outside this a row of sixteen slender

standing figures enclosed by interlacing stems , richly decorated of tw with foliage . The doorway is formed o cinquefoiled

arches, separated by a central pillar having the canopy and base for of a figure the Virgin , which has been removed . On either of a for side the doorway is triple canopy statues, and behind f this a row o slender columns with foliated capitals . The hand of the restorer might well have spared this beauti of of ful porch, where the question the stability the fabric did

not . in any way arise B ut, unfortunately, an attempt was made a o to about thirty years g restore the mutilated figures, and further f restorations are now [1 8 9 7] being carried out. A cast o the C two headless figure Of hrist , with the angels at the sides, has

recently been acquired by the South Kensington Museum . It is valuable as shewing the state of the central figure before

restoration (see illustration , p . I t is believed that Essex

also had tampered with this door in the last century . On the on of buttresses either side the doorway are four headless statues, n resting o corbels supported by projecting figures . The two small Chap els which stand to the right and left of the doorway are those built as Chantries by Bishops Russell and one of l L ongland . The on the eastern side is that Bishop Russe l t f (d . The mullions which run from top o bottom o the f three windows , dividing them into vertical strips, are su ficient to mark this building as of the Perpendicular period . Between the windows there is only just room for the panelled buttresses c on which separate them . The embattled parapet, far more spic uous and elaborate than one of an earlier period would have been , is covered with tracery, and broken by crocketed on extrava pinnacles . The whole shews a small scale the gance into which Gothic architecture had lapsed , and contrasts unfavourably with the sober dignity of the structure to which to this small chapel is attached . The other chapel the west

- - was built half a century later by Bishop L ongland (d .

7 2 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

1 430 which formed a model for the two Chapels on the other side Of the choir . The parapet is panelled , and the f r buttresses contain niches o small statues . In the next bay is a door leading into the Choir its position corresponds to on the sculptured porch the other side , but it is much smaller f and plainer . One Of the mouldings o the arch is of oak ; in the tympanum is an aureole with a bracket for a figure . The doorway is divided by a central shaft , an addition Of the latter f m part o the fourteenth century . The shield Of ar s in front f o of . 1 the capital is that Richard I I ( 37 7 quarterly, first m and fourth , the ythical Arms Of Edward the Confessor ; f o . second and third , the Royal Arms England The sup porters are dexter, a lion ; sinister, a bull . It will be of noticed that the next window the aisle, and the buttress beyond i t , are much plainer than the rest , left so doubtless owing to their having been to a great extent hidden by the walls Of the lengthened chapel (see p . In the year 1 8 7 5the ground round the chapter - house was lowered , and the foundations Of the chapel were laid bare .

They extend as far as the second buttress Of the angel choir . A general idea Of the appearance Of this chapel may be had ’ ’ V of Du dale s from a iew H ollar s, in g There two were windows in the east wall , and above these a blind arcade . The roof was pointed its outline may still be traced n o the transept wall . Between this chapel and the vestibule Of the chapter - house now is the Old common chamber , Of which parts are used as

- - a lavatory . The position Of the ten sided chapter house , like

C . that Of the neighbouring loisters, is somewhat u nusual

- Two windows, with a lozenge shaped panel above them , occupy each of the sides . The buttresses attached to the walls at the angles were origi nally crowned by pedimental of r e gables, all but the two westernmost which have been placed by crocketed pinnacles of the Decorated period . The e pressure Of the stone vault , which was added some time aft r

— the chapter house was built , necessitated the strengthening Of Of the walls , which was done by means flying buttresses to 2 0 attached eight huge blocks of masonry, standing about feet s urmonuted from the walls . The roof is pyramidal , and is

- of 1 8 1 0 by a cross . A guide book states that there was origin a not ally fine spire rising from the roof, but was taken down T HE EXTER IOR 7 3

t long since , being greatly decayed . This apparently refers o

1 61 - 2 an alteration made by James Essex in 7 , when the roof “ ” was reduced to an ugly hipped shape . It was again altered I ts 1 8 00 to original form in the year . A wall , which is shewn in f early prints, between some o the outer buttresses was removed

fl Orr/Mn [Vi ol a . C . e , ]

N O RT H D OOR \V A Y O F THE AN G EL C HO I R .

1 8 0 6 f in . On several O the buttresses the marks may still be seen Of houses once built against them . These houses have of now been all removed , and a d elightful view the minster has been Obtained by cleari ng away all the dwellings which stood u ntil quite recent years 011 the now vacant piece of ground

- beyond the chapter house . o f The north side the minster is , to a large extent , o b the d bl cked y eanery, but a fine general view may be had 74 LI NCO LN CATHEDRAL

— - from the road at the north east corner, with the chapter house just in front , surrounded by its massive supporters . The i transept Of St . Hugh , beyond th s , is hidden by the chapter house vestibule and the Cloisters . At the end Of the western “ ’ transept is the circular window, the dean s eye , with the large quatrefoil in the middle, surrounded by a band Of sixteen small circles . Above , in the gable , is a lancet window Of five two lights . The difference between these windows and those inserted I n a corresponding position on the south side of the

. are transept , is very noticeable The southern pair over a on century later in date . B oth the turrets the north side are

octagonal , but neither Of them is crocketed . The view from

this spot at su nset is particularly fine . After passing the deanery, and turning to the left, it will be noticed that the north side of the nave has not a row Of niches such as has been seen on the south side . The tower at the west end has on to on a gable its north face , similar that the opposite side of the companion tower . A visit to the minster would not be complete without a a climb to the breez y top Of the gre t central tower . The ascent f C w s n t . a is o di ficult , and may be made for a small fee The lock W 81 1 8 80 made by illiam Potts Sons Of Leeds, in , and weighs a one I n 1 about four tons . It took the pl ce Of made 7 7 5by V lli m u a . Thwaites, and afterwards improved by y

C or Min r Y r d - The Cathedral lose, s te a , as Old fashioned to Lincoln people still love call it , was first protected by a wall in the last years Of the thirteenth century . The licence from to C Edward I . the Dean and hapter, giving them permission ’

1 2 8 . to undertake this work , dates from the year 5 Edward s successor granted a further licence in the year 1 31 9 to fortify the walls ; the two ruined towers in the Chancery garden are relics Of the fortifications begu n about this time . Massive to double gateways were erected protect the approaches, one except in instance , where a steep ascent was considered to f o . justify the erection a single gateway only Unfortunately, these gateways were for the m ost part destroyed early one in the present century . The principal remaining is that Opposite the western end Of the m inster, known as the ” Exchequer Gate . I ndeed , even when all the gateways were standing, this seems to have been the chief. who Leland , was at Lincoln in the latter part Of Henry THE EXTER IO R 7 5

V I I I ’ . s : reign , writes thus Al the hole Close is e nvironid G w1 the hl he havn e d vers an g stronge wawle y g y Gats in it, whereof

‘ ’ " ’/ S a l zoz . . B . b ol a s Gr L , o J R N O R T H SI DE O F TH E AN G E L C HO I .

rinc i all the E sc he ke r . the p p i s gate Of course , when Leland the o wrote , companion uter gateway was yet standing , and it remained so unti l early i n the prese n t century . I t had 7 6 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

then fallen into disrepair, and does not seem to have been An considered worth renovating . idea Of the appearance ’ of the Exchequer Gate will be gained from De Wint s

on . . picture, reproduced p 33 Like its former companion , it has a large archway in the middle and a postern on two either side ; above are storeys Of rooms, formerly let as

- of 1 8 1 0 dwellings . A guide book the year mentions that a “ publio house was at that time kept in the apartment to the north of the southern postern . Another gateway Of the same period (early fourteenth century) i s still standing near

- the top Of the New Road , at the south east corner Of the now close . This was the only single gateway . It is called “ f Of P otter ate . o g Arch A little westward this gate , a flight to steps , with a postern at the p, leads up to the minster yard “ ia from the New Road . Respecting its name, the Grec n f Stairs, much has been written . It may be su ficient here to remark that the Old name appears to have been simply “ n r e G ree se e . The , from the early English g , a step

a s entence ” as a z or s ma s lo s . Which , gri e tep y help the e ver ” O o A c t 1 . SC. . thell , iii

to - n The Priory Gate the north east, ear the chapter two house , is a plain m odern arch , a poor substitute for the 1 1 gateways destroyed in the year 8 5. In addition to those two already mentioned , there were anciently other double gateways to the Close . O ne Of the m stood between the White of Hart and Angel Inns, at the west end Eastgate the other f o . was near the deanery, at the end East Bight The venerable ruins Of the Old P a lac e Of the Bis hops

at Lincoln bear sufficient testimony to long years of neglect . “ But it is gratifying to know that this beautiful spot has been

restored in recent years to its ancient use, and that a new ’ bishop s palace now occupies an appropriate place beside the n a nd Of . o ruins the Old It lies the south side Of the close , anciently commanded a lovely view over the straggling city in

the valley beneath, and over the surrounding country . The

n w - prospect is o marred by a fast increasing number Of tall , of i smoking chi mneys, signs awakeni ng activ ty ; but it is still V of s beautiful , and the iew the minster from the palace ground

i s as fine as ever .

7 8 LINCOLN CATHE DRAL

Special permission is necessary to visit the ruins . The ’ a entr nce gateway, at the corner Of the Vicars Close, bears C to the arms Of Bishop Smyth . The hapel used stand On

- w no . the left , where the coach house and stable are In ’ Alnwic k s front is Bishop tower, which was restored by the

. are late bishop , Dr Wordsworth . Just westward Of the tower the ruins Of the hall , extending in a southerly direction towards of the ruins Of the kitchen . The present chapel the bishops n stands between the ancient hall and kitche , and has been quite recently erected . There are also remains Of buildings Of less importance . T h on e Deanery lies the north side Of the minster, just

— — C . a beyond the loisters The present house , built half century a o g , replaced a much finer building, with a quadrangular central court . The commencement Of the Old deanery is of dated as far back as the end the twelfth century, but the chief part was the work of Dean Fleming ( 1 451 Leland seems to imply that there were traces Of more ancient buildings . “ ” “ W D L nc olne s here the eane Of y Howse is , he says, and \ there about was a Monasterye Of Nunes afore the time that Remigius began the new Mynstar Of L ync olne : and in this ” w of rema ne c erta ne . Ho se yet y y tokens it The demolition , 1 8 towards the end Of the year 47 , Of the fine tower built by D ean Fleming caused much regret . It used to be called “ ’ ” Wols e s y tower, from the popular Opinion that it was built by that celebrated prelate when bishop of Lincoln . In the

n - o . painting by Mackenzie, reproduced p 53, the tower is

— shown , to the left Of the chapter house . The new deanery lies a little to the eastward of its predecessor . The most interesting of all the old houses around the n r ho s e minster yard is the Ca ntelup e c ha t y u , which stands almost Opposite to the south - east doorway Of the ’

C . minster, near the entrance to the Vicars ourt This house was originally the residence of the clergy who served at f o . the altar St Nicholas in the minster, where Nicholas, C 1 Lord antelupe, founded a chantry in the year 355, with an endowment for the maintenance Of three priests . It is ’ probable that the house was erected by Lord Cantelupe s widow eleven years later, when the foundation was enlarged by her for a warden and seven Chaplain s . The house is Of v stone, with a fine oriel window, which has, howe er,

8 0 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL d have been fille in , and the interior has been completely transformed . ’ C to V i r lose by is the entrance the ca s Cou rt, founded by Bishop Oliver Sutton ( 1 2 80 the work was continued by his successor, J ohn de Dalderby , and taken up again by Bishop John Buckingham ( 1 363 The entrance gateway is the work

his . Of Bishop Buckingham , and bears shield Of arms Some on of houses the east side the court also bear these arms, and

V E OF E C D E R I W TH A N I E NT EAN Y .

’ ’ of date fro m the same bishop s time . Part Bishop Sutton s to on work is be traced in a house the south side . The other

. C buildings are Of later date The residence Of the hancellor, on of the eastern side the close , near the south end , may be

- recognised by its fine Old red brick front, dating from the latter part Of the fifteenth century ; parts Of the house are Of n earlier date . The precentory stands o the south side Of the C to n w . o lose, next the Exchequer Gate Very little remains Of the ancient building ; the present front was designed by

- . R A J L . Pearson , . The next house eastward , the sub deanery, has more extensive remains of early work ; a bay window of TH E EXTERI OR 8 1

the fifteenth century should in particular be noticed . I n 1 88 the year 4, when the eighteenth century railings at the

R H C D R \V PA T O F T E AN I ENT EAN E Y , I TH D L ' EAN F EM I N G S TOWE R .

Of the the western end minster were removed , and ground

o o w - e was c o ns 1 derabl r und this part l e red , the sub d anery y f h altered to all o w Of the wideni ng o t e r oad . CH APTER I I I

E ER R C U D G C O R D TH I NT I O , I N L I N THE L ISTE S AN

C HAPTE R - HO U SE

A DETAI LED description Of the i nterior of Lincoln minster may fi in l f be tt g y preceded by a brief review O its chief features . As or C exc e regards the Presbytery Angel hoir, no one , with the p of tion a recent American critic, has ventured to lower the j ust reputation Of this lovely work , distinguished for a rare combination Of beauty of architecture and sculpture . The next place in point Of architectural excellence must be assigned to of the Nave, a harmonious and characteristic example the Early

English style . But the unique position the Choir Of St . Hugh holds i n the history of Gothic architecture should not be lost f o . sight The pri ncipal interior defect , and this rendered all the more conspicuous by the general gracefulness of other f O . parts , i s the lowness the vault But, after all , there are one of only four loftier vaults in England , and these is only two higher by feet ; nevertheless the defect is conspicuous , n o e . and is a serious Of the windows , the most noticeable ” are the great east window and the two eyes , and these are equal to any in their respective styles in the country . The modern coloured glass which fills the former , as well as many lesser wi ndows in the minster, brings out i n greater contrast the loveliness of even the wrecks of the early stai ned glass still remai ning in some others . Considering that Lincoln once poss es s sed the monuments of our m of a queen , Of another direct ancestress Royal fa ily , and of two bishops whose fame has spread to the farthest limits of C Of hri stendom , as well as others of more local celebrity , it must be confessed that the monuments at present i n the of re re minster are disappointing . That Queen Eleanor is p ’ sented by a modern reproduction ; Catherine Swynford s is

mutilated almost beyond recognition ; those Of St . Hugh and 8 2 TH E INTERI OR 8 3

Grosseteste are gone altogether ; and the ancient monuments which are left retain very little of their original splendour . The Ground P la n illustrates the lengthening process to which the buildi ng has been subjected . It is a double cross , with side Chapels extended beyond the nave walls at the western end . The lesser transept has four apsidal Chapels towards the east , and the great transept has a single eastern aisle divided f into six chapels . The symmetry o the presbytery has been

- one on disturbed by the addition of projecting chantry chapels, n C the north side and two o the south . The loisters are

- accessible from the eastern transept , and the chapter house from the Cloisters . The westernmost bay Of the nave has been formed into a of b l kind ves ti u e by means of the archways constructed , dur ing the last century , to strengthen the towers at that end . The two of vestibule is i n three compartments , which , under the one in western towers, are square . The centre is the most te res tin of g, since it preserves to us a portion the first bay of ’ h Remigius nave . High up in the side walls is a Norman arc , part Of the original clerestory . Below this we can trace the Of outline a wider arch (now filled in) , which belonged to the triforium . Considerable alterations were made in these walls by Treasurer W elbur ne in the second half of the fourteenth century , and the arches were filled i n during the early part Of the eighteenth century , owing to the instability of the towers . The arch dividing the vestibule from the nave was constructed by an architect named John James (apparently not James 1 0 Gibbs , as some have supposed) about the year 7 3 , and altered by James Essex thirty or forty years later . I n the time of Bishop Grosseteste ( 1 2 35- 53) the side walls were carried to above the Norman clerestory the height of the present nave , and c overed with the characteristic lattice - ornament which we have already seen i n the central arch outside . The great west ’ ( lros s e te s te s wi ndow was also inserted i n ti me , as well as the n w ci nquefoil wi ndow ab o ve . The tracery o filling the former the i s i n the Early Perpendicular style , and dates from F the o o f end of the fourteenth century . rom br ad sill this O f window a good view the i nterior can be Obtained , and a much finer one still fro m the passage which runs beneath the o F o the o other window ab ve . r m latter p sition we have an O f the o f uninterrupted view entire length the minster , which 84 LI NCO LN CATHE DRAL

looks longer than it really is , from the fact that the vaulting is

carried at an almost uniform height throughout . I n the floor are slabs bearing the

names of Chancellor Reynolds (d . 1 7 66) and Of Precentor Trimnell “ ” who (d . the chanter was accused Of removing the statues over

the central doorway outside . On the

wall at the north - east corner is a t tablet o the memory Of the Officers, non f commissioned O ficers , and privates Of the 1 0th or North Lin ln hir of who c o s e regiment infantry , died in the campaigns Of the Sutlej ( 1 845— 46) and Of the Panjab ( 1 848 49) the tablet was erected by their

surviving comrades . The compart ments under the western towers were vaulted by Treasurer Welburne 1 0 to (ab . 35 whom is also due

the tracery which covers the walls . The curious chambers constructed in the thickness of the Old Norman west front are accessible from the

sills Of the western windows, these being j oined by narrow passages in

the wall . On the north side we are able in the same way to reach a long C narrow hamber, which probably as served a treasury, constructed in

the north wall Of the tower . The chamber was originally lighted by

- four small round headed windows . of on One them , the west side, is still Open the two facing north E E ATI N r L V O OF ON E B A Y ON T HE wa ds , formerly outside windows, NORTH SI D E OF T H E NA V E are now enclosed by the north C west hapel , and blocked up ; the on fourth , the east , is also blocked . A square hole in the floor formed at one ti me the only means of access to the C now hamber beneath , which may be reached by a doorway TH E INTER I OR

of from the porch . In the north wall this lower chamber is a

- low se mi circular arch , supposed to have been constructed by

the Norman builders, i n order to avoid some Obstacle in the way Of the founda

tions . This arch was filled

in with masonry, now pierced

by a doorway . The north C west hapel , which is entered

by this doorway , encloses the ’

f . outer wall o St . Mary s tower The corresponding chapel on the south side Of the minster is sometimes called ’ ” the Ringers Chapel . O n its walls is painted a seven tee nth century list Of the “ Names of the Companie of Ringers Of our Blessed

Virgen Marie Of L inc olne . “ In o ne place we see Edward “ Whipp 1 61 7 at the kings l ” coming to L inc o ne . This refers to the visit of King of James I . in March that

year, when he visited the

minster , and touched a num

ber Of persons for the evil . H is Majesty went also to a

cock - fight at an in n near the

- S tone bow , and to a horse

race on the Heath . Edward Whipp wa s evidently one of those w ho rang the bells in

honour Of the royal visit . ’ The Ringers Chapel e n cl o ses part of the south ’ Of St TI U ll S 1 FHI wall g tower , l l A 1 . which ha s a large arched w recess and a niche , similar to those in the est front . w The curious st o ne beam , about hich so much has 8 6 LI NCOLN CATH E DRAL

n u been conjectured, and so little is know , is constr cted of two between the walls the western towers, just above the

stone vault Of the nave . It is really an arch Of very slight

of - of curvature , composed twenty three stones unequal length , but Of uniform depth and breadth . Examination has proved but no that there is nothing mortar in the j oints , and there are traces Of iron having been used in the construction . When “ ” jumped upon , the beam vibrates appreciably . It has been suggested that it was constructed i n order to try whether the towers were capable Of supporting the additional weight of to as upper storeys , but nothing appears be satisfactorily known to the purpose it served or the date Of its erection . two The N ave was constructed , together with the chapels at its western end , during the first half Of the thirteenth century . Attempts have been made to distinguish earlier and later features in different parts . For example, the morning Chapel on the north side is considered to be some what earlier than the consistory court opposite to it ; but no to there being documentary evidence guide us, all that we may safely say is, that the nave i s later than the time Of

St . Hugh (d . and was practically completed before the

1 2 . death Of Bishop Grosseteste, which occurred in 53 Taken one of as a whole , it is Of the best examples the Early English on style we possess . The late Sir G . G . Scott, in his lectures a of it h Medi eval Architecture , thus speaks It ex ibits an Early “ English style in its highest stage of development : massive

without heaviness , rich in detail without exuberance , its parts

symmetrically proportioned and carefully studied throughout,

the foliated carving bold and effective, there seems no deficiency ” es ec i in any way to deteriorate fro m its merits . In dignity p ally , the eminent architect considered the nave to be superior to all other parts Of the cathedral . The general complaint against the interior — the lowness Of

— the vault is applicable here . The architects were , undoubtedly , ’ C 8 influenced by the vault Of St . Hugh s hoir, which is feet lower than that Of the nave . According to the measurements ’ “ G rimthor e s on 8 2 in Lord p B ook Building , the height is feet

- 2 1 1 1 feet less than is found at Westmin ster, feet less than at 6 2 York , feet less than at Ripon , and feet less than at Salis Of a bury . Lincoln comes fifth the English cathedr ls in interior height , but since this height is maintained almost uniformly

8 8 LI NCO LN CATH EDRAL of the nave , which would be felt to a much greater extent if the windows had their original stained glass, and thus admitted less light than at present . Mr . Penrose has investigated the 1 8 8 of matter, and given the result in the Lincoln volume ( 4 ) “ A r h l ic al the c a o og Institute . He states that the ratio Of voids to solids appears to be more remarkable than is to be i n found any vaulted building in Europe at least , among the

larger structures . The piers, we are told , are quite secure .

The greatest care was taken in their foundations, and the footing courses extend so as to reach those Of the side walls . of The nave is in seven bays, the two westernmost which are conspicuously narrower than the others . The reduction is a m 2 66 little ore than 5feet , the measurements being . feet, and 2 1 . 3 feet . Another peculiarity, already noticed , is that these two western bays are not quite in a straight line with the others 2 (see p . The vault drops about feet, and turn s slightly Of northwards . Each pier the nave is surrou nded by eight C ircular shafts, some more slender than the others the slender

ones are separately banded in the middle . The shafts are prin c i all of p y Purbeck marble , which is capable Of receiving a fine polish . This marble has been used extensively throughout the

interior . I t has, however, become much decayed , and in many parts has had to be renewed ; whilst in some cases it appears

to have been replaced by the far more durable Lincoln stone . Many o f the Purbeck shafts in the minster are being

poli shed up or restored . The bases Of the nave piers are

seen to be higher on the north side than on the south .

This peculiarity is also fou nd in the western transept , in St . ’ “ ’ C . Hugh s choir , and in the Angel hoir beyond The dean s on eye, too , the north , is higher than the round window at on of the southern end Of the transept , and the west front the of on min ster, the lower rows arcading the north side are at I t a higher level than the corresponding rows on the south . has been conjectured that this peculiarity was owing to the

of . inequality Of the ground . If it had been a mere freak St ’ Hugh s architect , it seems hardly probable that the succeeding architects would have imitated it for another century . Turning to again the nave , a difference will be noticed in the foliage Of

on . the capitals the two sides The arch mouldings , like those ’ “ of . St Hugh s choir, were considered beautiful specimens by

Rickman . They are deeply cut , and throw good , bold shadows T HE I NTERIO R 8 9

a In the triforium , each bay contains two rches, supported by

Clustered columns with foliaged c apitals . The spandrels are decorated with sunk trefoils or quatrefoils . In most cases the

' B lm - I S . a Cfi Ca , lzoto . ] R H E D B D T U G . PA T O F T O U LE A RCA I N G O F S . H H

arche s are each divided into three sub - arches with clust e red shafts , the tympanum being pierced with quatrefoils . A differ the ence is noticeable , however, in easte rnmost arch , and the two o westernmost bays (five arches alt gether) on both side s .

- H ere the sub arches a re only two in number . The narrowness 96 LI NCO LN CATHEDRAL

tw Of the o western bays accounts for the variation at that end .

The clerestory is the same throughout its length , having three tall narrow windows in each bay, with slender banded shafts . “ In the nave we have, according to Fergusson , a type Of the ” “ first perfected form Of English vaulting . H e calls it very of simple and beautiful . At the j unction s the ribs are elaborate bosses Of foliage . The compartments are covered with plaster, once decorated in colours and gold . I n the

: w L R — second bay from the east is the name . . PA I S evidently intended as a record Of some repairs to the vault . The springers

on C of — rest lusters three long slender vaulting shafts, rising from foliaged corbels j ust above the c apitals of the nave piers .

I n the aisles , each bay has two lancet windows, except the

on . easternmost bay the south side , which has only one I n

f . the jambs are slender Purbeck sha ts, twice banded Just beneath these windows, an arcade Of trefoiled arches runs on along the whole length Of the nave, being continued the screen walls to the western Chapels . The arches are deep ,

C . with bold mouldings, and are supported by lustered columns

There are five arches in each bay , but they are n ot placed in on f the same manner both sides o the nave . On the south , the arches are arranged in groups Of five, with blank spaces

f — o . wall between , in front Of which pass the vaulting shafts d On the north, the arcade is continuous , an is so arranged that each Cluster Of shafts supporting the vault passes in front

Of an arch . The work on the south side is more elaborate ;

— tooth ornament is used , a string course runs along at the height Of the capitals, and foliaged bosses are fou nd in the C lower corners Of the spandrels . In addition to the lustered

- vaulting shafts already mentioned , there is a single vaulting of shaft in the centre each bay, between the windows, risi ng from

- a corbel above the wall arcade . On the north side these corbels on merely have plain mouldings, but the south side they are

- foliated . The arrangement Of the vaulting ribs is different in the north and south aisles and in the latter it will be noticed

fi ure — that some Of the bosses have g subj ects , besides the foliage ’ on A nus D ez on met with the north side . The g carved the boss in the fourth bay from the west should be noticed . T o such minor differences, continually found in the corre s ondin p g parts Of a Gothic edifice , the style undoubtedly owes

C . a peculiar harm In the case of the nave at Lincoln , they

9 2 LI NCOLN CATH ED RAL

C the disastrous times Of the ivil War in the seventeenth century , when the mere beauty Of a work Of art appears to have Often f served as a su ficient excuse for its destruction . In the Windows of the aisles the glass is all coloured , but modern . The lower lights Of the great west window are also filled with modern of two glass , the work amateurs, the Revs . Augustus and m Frederick Sutton , who produced any others Of the coloured glass windows in the min ster the upper lights contain fragments Of glass Of the same date as the tracery (latter part Of the

fourteenth century) . The cinquefoil wi ndow above has been w 1 8 of filled ith modern glass, inserted in 59 in honour the who founder, Remigius, is seen in the centre , holding his ’ r one chu ch i n hand , and his bishop s staff in the other . The

windows Of the clerestory are plain .

The nave has very few monuments . Of those which remain , the foremost place must certainly be taken by the dark mutilated

on . slab u nder the easternmost arch the north side Remigius, it Of will be remembered , was originally buried near the altar the

C - Holy ross, where his tomb slab was broken by the beams

which fell in flames from the roof Of the Norman church . a o So me years g , a monumental slab , in two parts, with carved t subj ects, which might very well date back o the time Of

to C . Remigius, was brought light in the loisters Canon Massing to now not berd had this removed the spot where it lies, far

from the original burial place Of the bishop . The carving con sists Of various scriptural subjects in low relief ; it is now

much worn . The surrounding inscription records the founda 1 0 2 tion Of the cathedral by Remigius in the year 7 , and the

- 1 8 2 restitution Of the tomb slab in 7 . On the Opposite side , at

the end Of the aisle wall, is a marble tablet i n memory Of H n 1 . Michael o ywood b . 59 7 d who was made Dean Of f Lincoln in the year o the Restoration . The present library 8 0 was erected by him at a cost Of £7 , and received his

collection of books .

Near the western end Of the nave are slabs in the floor,

- f 1 1 marking the burial places o Bishops Smyth (d . Jan . 5 3

. 1 2 0 Alnwick (d . and Atwater (d Feb . 5 Bishop f o . Smyth was the founder Brasenose College , Oxford Bishop Alnwick was buried in the place where he used to

stand when processions were formed in the nave . Besides c on the slabs in the pavement, other monuments Of a more THE I NTERI O R 93 s ic uous to p character appear have once adorned the nave .

A century ago , beneath the easternmost arch on the south “ of m side there stood a raised Altar Tomb grey arble , this “ for Dean Mackworth it was once very costly adorned with

figures Of Brass Work , but defaced in the time Of Crom ” O - well . N altar tomb now recalls the memory Of the dean to who refused walk in a straight line in processions , and brought armed men into the chapter - house to lend weight to his argu ments . The carved mahogany P ulpit again st the second pillar from the east on the north side has been moved to its present to position from the choir . It may be hardly necessary remark that the idea held by some, that this pulpit dates from th f e o I . time James , is quite erroneous the slightest examina so tion will shew that very little , if any, could be Of early a period . The details Of the ornament are Of the last century . m a of . I t is hexagonal , and is supported on open rches ogee for

A sounding board has recently been suspended above . The brass eagle lectern was given as a memorial of the late Dean f Butler (d . whose recumbent e figy now rests in the

C . angel hoir Before passing under the central tower , an at irregularity the western end should be n oticed . The great arch which spans the nave , separati ng it from the vestibule , is not placed in the centre ; it will be seen that there is more n wall space o the south side than on the north . The Ce ntr al T ow e r rests on four lofty arches supported m by assive piers . These piers were enlarged to carry the of the o f additional weight upper storeys the tower, and are surrounded by banded shafts , chiefly of Purbeck marble . The foliage at the crown of each arch should be noticed ; the same occurs on the great central arch of the west front . Above the

- w spandrels , which are covered with the trellis ork also seen w elsewhere , are two rows Of arcading , ith slender clustered shafts . There is a passage all round the upper arcade , and the wall behind is pierced with four windows on each side . T he o f w vaulting , like that the estern towers , was erected by

We lburne 1 2 . Treasurer (d . it i s 5feet high The i ron m w ri ngs in the great piers , two or three feet fro the ground , ere the Of used for fasteni ng ropes the Lady B ells , which were hung w w e i n the to er above , and er rung be fore service by the four choristers i n black . 94 LINCOLN CATH E DRAL

The We s te r n T r ans ept is considered to be the least satisfactory part of the interior Of the min ster . The lowness Of to the vault is especially noticeable . In fact , it had be raised in

’ the last bay to the north , in order to include the whole Of the of circular window, part which would otherwise have been cut

Off. Yet the transept possesses features of considerable interest .

I t was planned and com menced by St . Hugh and continued by low his immediate successors . A aisle runs along the eastern are r es ec side , divided into six chapels, which dedicated p

tivel . . y (beginning at the north end) to St Nicholas, St Denis ,

or . . . St . James ( St Thomas) , St Edward the Martyr, St John the T O C Evangelist and St . Giles . the walls Of these hapels we ’ must look in order to trace the limit Of St . Hugh s labours . A ’ characteristic of the bishop s work i s the curious double aread

ing which lines the walls he built . It is found in the choir and ’ the eastern transept . Mr . Parker s theory that the front arcade

was an afterthought , put up when the original flimsy walls were a strengthened to support the vault, has been alre dy given in his O own words (p . T whatever circumstance the feature may

be due , its effect is certainly very good . It will be noticed two of two that the chapels nearest the choir, and parts the to h chapels next them , have t is double arcading, in which

out. a slight difference has been pointed On the north side,

the trefoiled arch is against the wall , and the simple arch in

front ; onthe other side the order is reversed . This fact seems rather to strengthen the opi nion of those who consider the double

arcade to have been designed as such from the beginning . The

end Of this arcading must be taken to mark the limit Of St . ’ of Hugh s work . An arcade single arches is seen in the last on chapel each side , and this simpler design is continued rou nd

the other walls Of the transept, the arches varying i n breadth n and resting on clustered shafts . The chapels each occupy o e er e n bay Of the aisle , and are formed by proj ecting p p y walls

n . Of stone , originally continued to the piers by wooden scree s f of The arcading o these walls is deserving attention . It now

remai ns to notice the screens placed between the piers, to

separate the chapels from the transept . The most interesting on m is that Of the chapel nearest the choir the south side , so e “ ” times called the Works Chantry . The endowment Of this chapel was to provide for prayers on behalf Of the benefactors

Of the church , both living and dead . The screen is Of carved

9 6 LI NCO LN CATH EDRAL

n f - slab may still be seen . I n o e o the pavement slabs in the out next chapel to the south , nine holes are pointed , which served a very different purpose . They are said to have been

for of f - one used games by some the O ficials (choir boys, would suppose) connected with the minster . The two large round windows in the end walls are the most n . o interesting features Of this transept That the north , the “ ’ ” D n of ea s E y e, is the same date as its surroundings, and 1 2 may be placed about the year 2 0 . The tracery Of the southern “ ’ ” i h of window, the B s op s E y e , is much later ; it is the D ecorated period , and was probably inserted soon after the m f r e iddle o the fourteenth century . It has already been row of outs ide marked that the quatrefoils above the window , are relics of the earlier tracery . Near this window was John l ’ ’ de Da derby s shrine . Although this bishop s admirers could not bring forward a record of sufficiently numerous miracles to procure his canonisation at the papal court, yet he was revered ha s as a saint by the people , and it been suggested that the offerings at his shrine may have supplied the mean s to insert of one the tracery this window, as well as the above, which lights the roof, and can only be seen from the outside . The round window has been sometimes called the “ Prentice ’s two Window”; but this name is never heard n ow, and the “ ” eyes of the minster will always retain the name which they “ ’ f r have borne o more than six hundred years . The dean s eye ” and the “ bishop ’s eye are both mentioned in the ” Metrical Life Of St . Hugh, which, it will be remembered , was 1 2 written sometime between the years 1 2 2 0 and 35. The simplest explanation Of the names seems to be that the one ’ faces the deanery and the other faces the bishop s palace , but a far more poetic interpretation than this has been devised . of The n orth is the region Lucifer, and in that direction the ’ dean s eye must look to guard against his approach . Mean ’ while the bishop s eye is turned towards the sunny south, the of c a n region the Holy Spirit , whose sweet influence alone overcome the wiles Of the wicked one . Both windows are “ ’ ” filled with fine early glass . The dean s eye presents a most of magnificent example early thirteenth century stained glass, of earlier than most the glass at Canterbury, which is the f richest o all our cathedrals in works Of this nature . The subj ect has been described by C . Winston in the Lincoln T HE I NTERIOR 9 7

1 8 8 Of volu me ( 4 ) the Arch aeological I n stitute . I t represents the Church on Earth and the Church in Heaven . In the centre is our Saviour seated in the m idst Of the Blessed in

Heaven . Around are four large compartments, containing Of portions different subjects , which do not appear to have all originally belonged to their present positions . The most i nteresting is that shewing the translation of the relics of St . Of Hugh , represented as borne on the shoulders crowned and C mitred personages . Of the sixteen outer ircles , the topmost represents our Saviour seated on a rainbow ; on either side are angels with the instruments Of the Passion ; i n the next circles St . Peter and other saints are conducting holy persons to heaven ; below these is the General Resurrection ; the lowest f r five circles each contain the figure O an archbishop o bishop . T he subjects can be best seen from the neighbouring triforium or fro m the passage which runs just beneath the window ; it will be noticed that the glass in some of the compartments is be much mutilated , as might naturally expected , considering its antiquity . From below, the subjects are confused and not easy to distinguish , but the rich and harmonious blending of the the colours can be seen to fullest advantage , and the general Of effect is much finer . Rickman believes the form the tracery be e to quite u niqu i n England , but states that there is a window exactly similar at Laon . Beneath the window is an arcade Of seven lancet arches ; the wall behind five of the m i s pierced Old with windows , which are filled with glass , chiefly medallions and fragments . Below are two larger lancet windows , one on ’ o f each side the dean s doorway . That to the west represents angels seated amid foliage and playing musical instru ments ; the three lowest figures are quite distinct , but the two above are confused . These fragments have been removed fro m some w other part of the minster , probably from the west indow of the nave ; they date from the end of the fourteenth century . The more easterly window i s filled with Old geometrical patterns to and fragments . The doorway leads the deanery , and has th o . e a porch outside Over do r , inside , is a modern clock , o with a carved wood canopy whi ch , acc rding to the tablet w ha d C belo , been originally placed over an earlier lock in the f o . o minster Thomas Louth , Treasurer of Li nc ln , gave a to 1 2 be clock the church i n 3 4, c onsidered to the one o o o f T he f rmerly at the s uth end this same transe pt . canopy G 98 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

for was some years in the church at Messingham , and was o n to o . removed thence its present p sition , the north side “ ’ ” The bishop s eye on the south side is filled with delicate to and beautiful flowi ng tracery , which has been compared to the fibres Of a leaf. Rickman considers it be the richest f remaining example o its period . It is enclosed within a kind of arch formed by two rows of Openwork quatrefoils an Open framework of a similar nature is Often to be seen n round Circular windows in French cathedrals . The glass c o of sists fragments from other windows, chiefly Of the Early

English period . Although the pieces are placed quite at no ff random , forming subject whatever, yet the e ect Of the

colouring i s good , especially when seen from the Opposite end

Of the transept . Of all the modern windows in the minster, o ne with their elaborate subjects, it may safely be said that n ot f can be compared in effect with this mass o glowing colour . The glass i n the four lancet windows below also dates from f the Early English period . It chiefly consists o medallions

containing various subjects, collected from other windows .

The rest Of the stained glass in the transept is modern .

Towards the north, the ribs and bosses Of the vaulting were a o decorated some years g with colours and gold , in imitation

Of the original colouring . The southern limb Of the transept was the site Of a shrine f w ’ which shared with those o the t o St . Hugh s the attention t Of the numerous pilgrims o Lincoln . I n the pavement near the western wall towards the Galilee Porch is a slab ’ ’ ' l r n D A oe o E z c CCC"". with the i scription y p s . M I His monument “ ” to - of is said have consisted Of an altar tomb rare marble,

surmounted by a rich canopy . The shrine , Of massey silver,

was enriched with diamonds and rubies, and encompassed

- with rails of silver gilt . It went with the other valuables to f of th replenish the cof ers e spendthrift Henry VI I I . Leland ’ “ ’ mentions that Dalderby s Tumbe was taken away nomzne ' T wo s u er s tztzoms . to p stone shafts belonging the monument, of and a fragment a third , still remain against the wall . It will be remembered that it was through the energy Of this bishop

that the upper portion of the present central tower was erected .

O n the west wall , against the Galilee door, is a marble slab f o b . 1 6 d . 1 00 with a bust in relief Dean Samuel Fuller ( 35 7 ), who received the appointment, according to Kennet , through

1 00 LI NCO LN CATHE DRAL

is is executed with the utmost skill and care , and without

f f of ur - the laboured ef ect o s o much o later stone work . The injured parts were carefully restored about 1 7 7 0 by James on of Pink , who was also employed by Essex the canopy the reredos . The doorways have modern iron gates : it is

’ P /z to H . . Oa a n o . C k e , ]

D R R OF . U G C R AISLE OO WAY , N O TH ST H H S HO I . probable that the “ brass gates carried away by the Parlia me ntarian s oldiers used to be here . It is well worth while to notice the gorgeous effect of the early glass i n the end

of . windows the aisles, as seen through these doorways The soft harmony of their lovely transparent mosaic contrasts greatly with the washed - out appearance of the glass in the large window between them .

The ritual choir occupies the four bays built by St . Hugh, S . B . B o l a s Co , E C R K G E TH HOI , LOO I N AST .

11 64 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

doubt added considerable strength , but rendered them far from

too to . beautiful . The arches, , had be partly reconstructed I n on of the first arch the south side , the rings stone across the mouldings mark the point where the later work j oined the earlier, of but did not quite fit . A similar example faulty j ointing will be seen on the corresponding arch on the north side towards the aisle . Turning to the triforium , we see that in the western bays clumsy eight - lobed pillars have taken the place Of the original clustered shafts . These have been compared by Precentor ” Venables to pounds of candles . They are certainly very ugly, and were probably intended only as a temporary makeshift . The crooked state of some Of the trefoils and quatrefoils of the tympana is probably due to the same cause .

u . The vault is most remarkable, and is fortunately nique The architect has made each cell strike obliquely to points

dividing the central ridge Of the bay into three equal parts, so that neither the cells nor the diagonal ribs fro m either side ever

meet one another, but each cell is met by an intermediate or an ” “ Seott Oblique transverse rib from the opposite side ( , Lectures on M ediaeval As this vault appears to have been of constructed after the fall the tower, we can hardly consider of the deviation to be the result inexperience, and there seem s to be no excuse for this extraordinary freak . The shafts sup porting the vault are alternately hexagonal and circular . They of were originally carried down to the springing the great arches, and thence continued in front of the piers to the ground . When ’ — the choir stalls were added , these shafts were cut away to make

room for them , and finished Off with panelled corbels . of This part the building, which had received such a severe

shaking by the fall of the tower, was further strengthened by

the erection of the arcaded screens between the piers . They on fill all four arches both sides , dividing the choir from the

aisles to the north and south . The next bay eastward , which on of crosses the lesser transept , is filled both sides by screens

wrought ironwork , having that scrolled pattern so Often found in

early examples . They are illustrated in the South Kensington

on . Museu m Handbook Ironwork , by Mr Starkie Gardner, who calls them the best preserved specimens of their style now

existing in England . The screens are apparently thirteenth

. century work , and they might be as early as the ti me of St

of — Hugh . The awkward row gas jets along the top is in strange TH E I NTERIOR 1 0 5

‘ on contrast to these fine screens . Above the latter, each side , two constructive beams of oak stretch across the arch . on One is at the height of the pier capitals, and the other a level with the base of the triforiu m arcade . An attempt was made i n the last century to mask their ugliness by encasing them in Gothic work of carved wood .

T he S h r - s al magnificent eries of oak C oi t l s , with their forest of - pinnacles rising to the height of the pier capitals , forms o ne Of the chief glories of the minster . They were considered by Pugin to be the finest examples in the kingdom . Their uai ter erection , in the third q of the fourteenth century , i s munific enc e W e lbur ne due to the of the treasurer , John de , a n great benefactor of the mi nster . A full list of the carvi gs was given by the late Canon Wic ke nde n i n the thirty— eighth volume of A r t /z o/o r w oe iea t ou na l . t o the g j The stalls are in rows , 62 the 6 the upper of seats , and lower of 4 the former nu mber has now been i ncreased by six , and the latter by two . The e upper stalls have laborate trefoiled canopies , surmounted by an i ntricate maze of buttresses and pinnacles , rising to a height

2 6 h . . t e of 4 ft in . above choir floor The niches above the canopies have recently been filled with statues of saints i n the Anglican Calendar . The stalls i n both rows are provided miser er es with hi nged seats or , i ntended to serve as supports in the long services during which the occupants of the stalls w - ere required to stand . These seats , as well as the elbow rests finia ls e and , are richly carved with those grotesque subj cts in w T he r hich the medize val artist so greatly delighted . carve C1 tu1 al has give n full s c ope to a most fertil e i magination . S ip subj ects do certainly occur O11 some Of the mi s er er es i n the T he upper row , but others are of a playful character . fox is to seen preaching birds and beasts , and the n running riot o am ng them ; monkeys are at play , or occupied i n the more serious busi ness of h a ngi ng one o f their numbe r and burying him afterwards ; we als o find me n fighting with w ild animals ; the o d a lab urs of husban ry ; kings , knights , ladi es , dr gons , r iffin d s o o a nd . e g , li ns , h gs , wyverns Wheth r there is a hid e n o f e 1 l1 a s meani ng in any these quain t subj e c ts , i t is p p di fficult

but the fo x i s . now to say , preachi ng certainly suggestive ' l o 1 aise each 717 1 58 1 01 8 in O 1 der to exam i ne the subject underneath would no t o nly pr o ve to be a s o mewhat tedious o o a and dusty task , but i n s m e case s w uld l ead to dis ppoint 1 0 6 LI N COLN CATH EDRAL

ment, when nothing but a plain block is seen where the carved mis er er es subject ought to be . A few Of the original in the lower row are missing, and have been replaced in this way . Those who have not the time or the inclination to examine all the subjects, may take the following as representative examples Of the whole series . They are all in the upper row mis er er es the lower are, as a whole , i nferior, and are restored to ’ a much greater extent . Commencing with the precentor s stall

the — on north side Of the door in the rood screen , the poppy head in front is carved with the monkey episode referred to above . The numbers in the following list are counted from the ’ precentor s stall the names are those inscribed on the tablets of hung up at the back the stalls . The subjects are in each case those carved underneath the miser er es

— ( 2 ) Archdeacon of Lincoln a fine head and two roses .

— (4) Archdeacon of Bedford foliage . (5) Archdeacon of Huntingdon — a man beating down acorns , and pigs feeding .

8 n— ( ) Milton Mano the gateway Of a castle , and the heads of two warriors in arm our .

— ( 1 0) Bedford Manor grotesque winged monsters .

— ( 1 2 ) Welton Beck a b oy riding on the back of a bird . ( 1 8 ) Welton Rivall — a mermaid with comb and mirror

2 2 — two two ( ) Biggleswade men with a plough , drawn by two to bullocks and horses to the left , a man with a harrow

of . the right , sacks corn

1 C D — a n (3 ) arlton cum alby Ascen sion , with two angels s wi n 1 n g g censers .

This 1 8 the last stall on the north side before the new ones, to 1 8 which were erected cover a residence pew , in the year 7 7 , ’ at the same time as the bishop s throne Opposite . ’ Turning to the south side, and numbering from the dean s of stall to the west , the followi ng are worthy notice

1 D — f ( ) ean the Resurrection o Christ .

2 - — n ( ) Sub dean a knight o horseback .

— f . C o (4) Norton Epi the oronation the Virgin , an d angels

with musical instruments . ’ — of . (9) Leicester St . Margaret s the Adoration the Magi

1 6 - one on ( ) Ketton two monkeys , riding a lion , and the

other riding on a unicorn .

— ( 2 6) Asgarby a king enthroned under a canopy .

1 08 LI NCOLN CATH E DRAL

one The earlier throne, which the present replaced , was designed i by Sir Christopher Wren . The pulpit opposite s still later in date . I t was erected in recognition of the services of Pre bendary Trollope (afterwards Bishop of Nottingham) to the f f cause o architecture in the diocese O Lincoln . It was de

1 86 - signed by the late Sir G . Gilbert Scott, and executed in 34 f k o . oa by Messrs . Ruddle Peterborough The pulpit is Of , with scriptural subjects in relief and statuettes . It has an f o . elaborate Gothic canopy wood , and a marble base On

of . the whole , it can hardly be said to be worthy imitation The subjects are carved with little regard to durability ; some of the most delicate parts project so considerably that small too portions have already been knocked Off. The canopy , , to awkwardly fixed the pillar behind , looks like a huge ex

tin ui sher on . g , threatening to descend the head of the preacher of old I n the middle the choir is the litany desk , with the nta te ki t Ca . stone beneath , inscribed with the words The ’ foundations of the eastern limb of Remigius church lie b e neath the floor ; the semi - Circular apse stretched a few feet beyond the spot where the litany desk now stands . A little to way the east i s a fine brass chandelier, suspended fro m

of . the vault by mean s an iron rod , partly gilt I t has scrolling bran ches , supporting sixteen lights, and bears 1 6 8 of the date 9 . The brass lectern is the eagle form , m and was ade in London , as an inscription records , 1 in the year 667 . The following are the inscriptions it

— — I OHA N N E S hears t ECC L ES CAT HE D B MA R U E LI N C OLN D D .

— E R R A M 1 a V GV L I EI . MV S DO . 66 bo e G O C H A M I G E N . 7 ; and f two B OR R OV G HE S L ON D I N I ME FEC IT 1 667 . The dates o these fine specimens Of brasswork suggest that they may have taken the place of earlier pieces removed by the soldiers of the

Parliament . The stone R e r e d os is enriched with Gothic arcading in the Decorated style . Parts of it belong to the latter half of the thirteenth century , but it dates principally from the f ti me o James Essex . The original reredos was double , ’ with a space in the middle used as a sacristy . Essex s screen one of was preceded by classical style , erected soon after the middle Of the seventeenth century . It is shewn in ’ ’ “ H ollar s plate of the year 1 67 2 in Dugdale s Mona s tit on n l ” A i ca na m. C g This screen was removed to Sleaford hurch , and T HE I NTERIOR 1 69

was used in the chancel there until about fifty years ago . The tall central canopy of the present screen was designed by James Essex in the style of the monu ment Of Bishop William Of Louth

De 1 2 0 - 8 Of C ( Luda, 9 9 ) in the choir Ely athedral ; it was

- n 1 6 . carved by James Pi k , in the year 7 9 An altar piece in oils formerly occupied the middle arch at the back of the canopy . I t was painted and given by the Rev . William 1 8 00 Peters , LL . B . , and bears his signature , with the date . “ The subject is the Annu nciation . I t is called a beautiful

— 1 8 1 0 picture in a guide book of the year , but modern critics might form a somewhat different Opinion ; those who wish to judge for themselves may find the picture in a dusty corner of the triforium , where it is now very appropriately stowed away . The late J . C . Buckler removed Of the solid wall at the back the canopy , and inserted the mullions and tracery . The first arch to the east Of the lesser transept on the north side is occupied by the E a s te r

Sep ulc hr e , probably erected by someone who i ntended the w o f western portion for his o n tomb . I t is a fine piece

- D stone carving i n the ecorated style , and dates from abou t the end of the thirteenth century . I t i s in the form of six slender canopies , with trefoiled arches . The three sleeping

— soldiers in the right hand lower panels should be noticed . A Latin inscription was placed by B ishop Fuller on the

- middle one of the three left hand panels , stating that this

- was the burial place of Remigius . Of course , it i s quite i mpossible that the bishop should have been originally buried at this spot , and it is improbable that the body ’ was ever removed here . I n Sanderson s survey is the fol lowing record I n the choir, on the north side , two tombs ,

not known . But i t i s famed that one of them i s Remigius , n w 1 8 whose bare sheet of lead is o ( 65 ) to be seen . N O ” o Of i nscripti n , coat , or other mention anyone . There is some well - carved foliage 011 the side panels beneath the canopies . Two mutilated tombs are now squeezed together u nder the c orrespondi ng arch on the south side of the choir ,

- o beneath a flat arched canopy , dating from the sec nd half

O f the seventeenth century . These tombs have been robbed

o f . C Sw nford thei r brasses The first i s that of atherine y , ’ of I o daughter Sir ayn e Roet , and wid w of Sir Hugh de 1 1 0 LI NCO LN CATH EDRAL

Swynford of Kettlethorpe . She afterwards became the third of of who wife John Gau nt , was made Earl Of Lincoln i n for 1 62 . 3 , and was a long time resident in the city Henry

Beaufort, son Of J ohn Of Gaunt and Catherine, was bishop ’ of of Lincoln at the time his mother s death, which occurred in 1 403. The other tomb under the same canopy is that ’ of who Henry s sister, Joan Beaufort, became the wife Of of Sir Robert Ferrers , and afterwards Sir Ralph Neville, f Earl o Westmoreland . Before being placed as they are at present, the tombs stood side by side in this same bay . f o of . Leland , the historian the time Henry VI I I , gives the following account Of them , which shews that they cannot “ now be far from their original position — I n the Southe “ Parte Of the Presbytery lyithe i n two severalle high marble to Tumbes in a Chapell Catarine Swineforde the 3. Wife of Of L anc easter D J ohn Gaunt Duke , and Jane her aughter ” ounte s We stmerland of C Of e . After having been robbed all that was con sidered valuable by the soldiers Of the Parliament , m n the to bs were left i n a neglected conditio , until at the

Restoration they were placed under this arch , and the canopy f m Wa s . o erected over them The brasses, which the atrices “ ” no are still seen , doubt formed part Of the bargeload which was floated down the Witham to the sea .

The brass gas - standards behind the altar — rails were designed

R A . by J . L . Pearson , The South Ais le is separated from the choir by the stone has screens already mentioned . The opposite wall a double of arcade, such as we have seen in some Of the chapels f two t the western transept . The arcading o the western mos screen s dates from the ti me of Bishop Grosseteste ( 1 2 35- 5

That of the fourth screen is slightly later in date . The D third screen is in the ecorated style , and formed a back to h bo hr in f h L i l . the famous S e o t e tt e St Hug , a y who was said to have been crucified by the Jews in the year 1 2 55. It is difficult n ow to say whether there is any truth at all in d c on such legends , which , it need hardly be remarke , are not

nor to . . fined to Lincoln , even England The story Of St of one William Norwich is a similar , and there were strong of communities Of Jews in both cities . As the thrifty habits or these people, Often untrammelled by conscientious humane

1 1 2 LI NCOLN CATH E DRAL

- flower of ball , a distinctive mark the period traces Of colouring f and gilding still remain . The stone co fin below was opened 1 1 o f in the year 7 9 , when it was found to contain the skeleton a child , 3 ft . 3 in . long, encased in lead . An inscription in the pave ment of the aisle marks the burial of f 1 0 80 1 0 8 : place Henry O Huntingdon (b . between and 5 d . about This famous chronicler, who has recorded Of many interesting facts concerning the history Lincoln , was probably brought up in the household of Bishop Bloet . I n 1 1 0 9 or the following year he was made Archdeacon Of

Huntingdon (then in the di ocese of Lincoln) . I t was at the request of Bishop Alexander the Magnificent that he undertook “ ffi s tor i a A fl /or a m the g , which he carried down to the year

1 1 54.

- The N orth A is le has the double wall arcade Of St . Hugh n o e . on the side , and the arcaded screens on the other Three ’ of the screen s are of Grosseteste s time ( 1 2 35 that in the easternmost bay is a slightly later work .

At the western end , an oak screen , carved with Gothic tracery and the linen pattern , separates the aisle from the chapel of St . James . The two westernmost piers on the south side shew the clumsy way in which they were restored after f the fall o the central tower . On the side of the third pier is a carved head supporting a bracket in Purbeck marble .

The E a s ter n T r a ns e pt is also the work of St . Hugh . There have been alterations made at a later period ; these

t - 011 will be pointed ou . The four semi circular chapels the east side were considered by Professor Willis to have been

of . finished after the death St Hugh , though no doubt forming part of the original design . There hardly appears to be any necessity to assign them to a later date than the Of rest the tran sept . The northern arm is in two bays, with the

- two semi circular chapels on its eastern side , and a chamber, ’ ”

D C . misnamed the ean s hapel , to the west

' Off arc h The end bay of the tran sept is cut by an , carrying a wall above which reaches to the vault . The wall is pierced by n openi gs similar to those of the triforium and clerestory, but they are u nglazed , and through them we can see the windows of the outer wall . The compartment which this end bay thus forms has a stone vault at the height of the lower arch , leaving the part above Open to the roof. Thus it happen s that , looking LIST OF T HE B ISHOPS OF LI NCOLN 1 49

— D - 6 n 1 660 . 1 66 1 6 ubli , July Bishop Of Limerick , Mar 34 7 ; to repaired damage done the Cathedral , and restored monu f o . ments Remigius and St Hugh, supplying epitaphs a beque thed books to Cathedral library .

T homas Ba rlow ( 1 67 5 buried at Buckden . T homas T e nis on ( 1 69 1 Archdeacon of London ;

C 1 6 . 1 1 . translated to anterbury, 94 d 7 5

— — 1 6 - 1 0 D J a mes G ar diner (Mar . 945 Mar . 7 4 Sub ean of 1 6 1 Lincoln , 7 rebuilt episcopal residence, ruined by f storming o Castle and Close in 1 644. Willia m Wak e ( 1 7 0 5 Dean of Exeter ; translated

C 1 1 . 1 . to anterbury , 7 5; d 7 37 E dm nd b 1 1 6 of u Gi s on ( 7 Archdeacon Surrey ,

1 8 . 1 0 1 2 . 1 7 ; tran slated to London , 7 3; d 74

R d R d 1 2 — 1 D ic ha r ey nol s ( 7 3 Jan . 7 43 ean of Peter

- 1 1 8 Dec . 1 2 1 1 2 . borough , 7 ; B ishop Of Bangor, 7 7 3 hn 1 1 61 J o T homas ( 7 44 translated to Salisbury, 7

. 1 d 7 66.

J ohnGre en( 1 7 61 Dean of Lincoln and Vice - Chan ’ ll r c e o Of C 1 6 C of . ambridge, 7 5 Resident anon St Paul s

C 1 1 . athedral , 7 7 T homas T hu r l ow ( 1 7 7 9 or P r m n mlin 1 8 G e g e ety a T o e , baronet ( 7 7 trans

1 8 2 0 . 1 8 2 lated to Winchester, ; d 7 . G eorg e P e lham ( 1 8 2 0 Resident Canon of Chi 1 0 1 chester Cathedral , 7 9 Prebendary of Wi nchester , 7 9 7

- - 1 80 1 8 0 1 80 1 8 0 1 8 2 0 . 3; Bishop of Bristol , 3 7 ; of Exeter, 7 J ohn Kay e ( 1 8 2 7 Vice - Chancellor of Cambridge

1 8 1 Of 1 8 2 0 - 1 8 2 University , 5; Bishop Bristol , 7 resided at Old Of 1 8 palace Buckden u ntil 37 , when he removed to the

- newly erected palace at Riseholme . ohn a 1 8 C 1 8 J J c k s on( 53 anon of B ristol , 53; trans 1 68 1 8 8 8 . lated to London , ; d . 5 Chr i s tophe r Wor d s w orth ( 1 868 Headmaster of

1 8 6- 1 8 1 86 Harrow School , 3 44; Archdeacon of Westminster , 5 resided at Riseholme . ’ E dw a r d K ing Bishop s palace at Linc oln restored I ts to ancient use . DI MEN S I ON S .

— T ota l I nterior Length 482 feet .

— a n to n 2 2 . n u n N ve Le gth Scree , 5 feet Width , i cl di g

H f a 2 0 f . o 8 . 8 eet eight V ult , feet

— f f V o n 8 . H O au f C . h ir Le gth , I 5 eet eight lt , 74 eet

— f f n 2 . H O au f Presbytery Le gth , 7 eet eight V lt , 74 eet .

— n n 2 2 2 f . 6 f a s 1 . West Tr ept Le gth , eet Width , eet

— Ea 1 f . s ans n 0 6f . t Tr ept Le gth , 7 eet Width , 3 eet

— C n a o H 2 1 f . H of a e tr l T wer eight , 7 eet eight V ult ,

— West T owers Height a b out 200 feet .

— C a - o s D am 60 f . h pter h u e i eter, eet

CHU L EE P ORCH

KEY T O A . O O U E ET C. PL N T M BS , M N M NTS ,

- R ur r . o s a . I . o B he sh A. N rth We t Ch pel bert g ’ n a 2 . R . u B i gers Ch pe l Bi sh op B rghersh .

nn a a . n n . o E C M r i g Pr yer Ch pel Quee lea or .

n o . D . s . Co i st ry Court Sir N Cantelupe .

Of . o as . o Wim i h . E . Ch apel St Nich l Pri r b s c e

D n . . B ur he rsh . F . St . e is Sir B g

m . . a s o o s o G . St J es . Bi h p W rd w rth

a a om ee . H . St . Edw rd the T ble T bs (s p I 3

D n r a . M artyr . e Butle

n an s Ka St . J oh the Ev Bi h op ye . i t m s o n . gel s . Bi h p Fle i g

. m St Giles Countess of West oreland . ’ D an a a n r w nfo d . e s Ch pel . C theri e S y ’

. an D sk . L Ch oristers Ves try . Lit y e

n - V m . R s M A te estry . e igiu n ’ on . Cano s Ves try . F t

- a o s s . Ea u . O. Ch pter h u e Ve tibule ster Sep lchre ld mm n m P . O Co o Ch a ber . Littl e St . Hugh . ’ m - T lb o s R U . H s a G . a Q, , T , ugh Se i circul r Sir y

Cha pels .

o n a on Of n n S . F u d ti s Le gthe ed

Ch a pel .

L on l n n V . d g a Ch a try . F m n an . W . le i g Ch try

". R uss ell Ch antry .

Y . Presbytery . ' l v /ns ér ’ Ca S . o , ’ T H E T RA N SE I T K G R . EAST , LOO I N N O TH H

1 1 6 LI N COLN CATHE DRAL

— - with wrought iron hinges and bands . The tie beams of the of east and south arches the compartment still remain , and are now built up in the walls . The more northern of the semi - circular chapels i s the one that was lengthened in the early part Of the thirteenth century the present eastern wall is of who entirely the work James Essex, , it will be remembered, 1 reconstructed the chapel in 7 7 2 . I t would be difficult to trace the history of this chapel . Whether it was dedicated t o St . John the Baptist, and was consequently the original

- r D of . o burial place St H ugh , whether it was (as ugdale called * of it) the chapel the Virgin Mary, is a question still undecided .

Like its neighbour, it is divided Off from the transept by an oak screen carved with Gothic tracery (partly in Openwork), of and the linen pattern , constructed probably about the end the the fifteenth century . I n north wall there was originally n w o C . a doorway , walled up, leading into the ommon Room of of Fragments the monum ent B i shop Grosseteste , which of stood in the south arm the transept , are n ow stored away in this chapel . Each chapel has arcading round its walls, and is lit by two windows . On the wall which separates the “ ’ ” Dean s Chapel from the transept are painted full - length figures of Robert Bloet and the three bishops who came after

— C him Alexander the Magnificent, Robert de hesney , and

Walter de Coutances . They are said to have been buried m near here ; if so , their tombs ust have been removed from not some other spot, as the transept was built until a later of 1 6 2 period . They are marked in the plan the year 7 in ’ “ ” n a na m Dugdale s Mona s ti eon A giie . The bishops are r e presented beneath Gothic arches , and have their names inscribed above them . They were painted in the year 1 2 8 z D 7 , by a Venetian artist named Vi ncen o amini , aided 1 1 0 T . : . wo by his pupil , Giles Hussey (b 7 d years later Hussey accompanied his master to I taly ; Damin i de ’ camped at Bologna with all Hussey s property , and the latter t f Ghislonz oni was obliged o obtain relief rom Signor , a former ” Venetian ambassador in London . Time , eighty years after, “ ” was fast destroying the tints, and another eighty years has

of . continued the work destruction From what still remains , it seems that it will be no great loss when the pictures are entirely effaced .

m is f to on . 2 0 The atter re erred p . T HE I NTERIOR 1 1 7

The southern arm of the transept has been considerably two altered since it was first built . It is in two bays , with ’ apsidal chapels to the east, and the choristers vestry and

- - an ante vestry to the west . At the south west corner, the ’ large square canons vestry has been built out at a later period . There are indications which shew that the end bay was cut Off by an arch , i n the same way as the northern bay Of the transept . These are noticeable in the column

H P /z oto . . C . Oa kde n, ] R R U H D ' E U G R . T I FO I M O N T E WEST S I E O F ST . H H S T ANS PT

between the two apsidal chapels , and the lines of the origi nal low vaulting of this end bay may still be traced 0 11 the south

. and west walls When the arch and vault were removed , i t would appear that the upper part of thi s end of the transept was rebuilt . The last ba y Of the triforium 011 the west has four narrow arches of equal height , whereas the adj o ining bay does no t differ from that i n the northern I n arm . the south Wal l there are two ro ws o f three o wi nd ws i nstead o f two rows of two . The chief i ndica o f e o tions a lat e r dat are , h wever, i n the smal ler details . " To o th o rnam ent is used to a greate r exte nt tha n in the 1 1 8 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

rest Of the transept, and the wall spaces between the clerestory windows and the vault are covered with diaper not c on work . This profusion Of ornament would be sistent with the ti me Of St . Hugh . The alteration appears to have been made about the middle of the thirteenth cen to tury . Precentor Venables considered that its Object was ’ throw a brighter light upon St . Peter s altar, which stood in was to the southern apsidal chapel , and , next the high altar, the chief altar i n the church . The companion chapel has an oak screen with Gothic tracery, an d a similar screen opposite ’ divides the choristers vestry fro m the transept . They both appear to date from about the end Of the fifteenth century . The southern chapel has a low iron screen of modern workman Of ship . Thi s chapel was the scene the murder Of Subdean B ra mfield or one of of William Bramford , by the vicars the C 1 2 0 of hurch , in 5 the murderer was tied to the tail a horse , dragged to Canwick Hill and there hanged . The recumbent f of the e figy in marble John Kaye , bishop Of diocese from 1 8 2 to 1 8 Wes tmac ott now d C 7 53, by , is place in the hapel for it formerly stood in the transept, and was removed here

. C protection At ambridge , Kaye was Senior Wrangler, Senior ’ ’

m . 1 8 1 Chancellor s Medallist , and Junior S ith s Prizeman I n 4 ’ he was appointed master Of Christ s College ; six years later Of to he became Bishop Bristol , whence he was transferred 1 2 of C Lincoln in 8 7 . The walls both hapels are lined with

arcading . The southern , unlike the other apsidal chapels , f has three windows . The south wall o the tran sept has the of double arcading , with figures angels projecting from the

small compartments formed by the intersecting arches . ’ The Chor is te r s V es try occupies the corner nearest the ’ south aisle Of St . Hugh s choir, from which it is separated by of D on a stone screen the ecorated period , excellently carved to both sides with diaper designs . The screen reaches the

crocketed colu m n before referred to . The long stone lavatory within the vestry appears to be of the same date ' B elow the as this screen , against which it is placed . trough i r w f hi s o o ot c . a G arcading I n the corner is an Old fireplace ,

the stone flue of which can be seen outside . The double arcading along the west wall is less injured than elsewhere the sculptured angels which fill the spaces formed by the inter s ec ting arches are in fair preservation . Between this vestry

TH E INTERI OR 1 2 1

’ two one and the canons vestry are narrow chambers , of which

- 1 8 0 1 0th is used as an ante vestry . I n the year 5, between the 1 m n and the 5th January , the com union plate belongi g to the cathedral was stolen out of one of the vestries . It consisted of one two fla ons two large dish , three plates, large g , and cups for with covers , all Of silver gilt . A reward was Offered their recovery, but without success . A stone in the pavement in front of the chapel containing of the effigy Bishop Kaye , marks the position of the tomb

f f . o . o Grosseteste Leland , in the time Henry VI I I , mentions “ that Robert Grosted lye the in the hygheste South I sle with a ” goodly Tumbe Of Marble and an I mage Of B rasse over it . The monu ment was wrecked i n the wars of the followi ng century . Fragments Of the stone canopy are still preserved ; they are now deposited in the n orthern most semi - circular chapel of this transept . The general effect of the interior of the m in ster would f o St. undoubtedly have been better, had the original apse Hugh still remained ; the monotony of the continuous li ne Of vaulting, carried to such a great length at an almost uniform

d . height , would then have been avoide But , taken by itself, there i s n o structure Of modest dimension s in the whole range of Gothic architecture which is more beautiful in its details m ’ or more ajestic in i ts effect than Lincoln s A ng e l Choir . Architecture and sculpture of the highest excellence are here his 011 u nited in a single work . Sir G . G . Scott in Lectures a Medi eval Architecture , speaks of the angel choir in the following words I t is the m ost splendid work of that period

which we possess , and , did it not lack internal height , I do not think it could be exceeded i n beauty by any existing ” church . The period during which it was in great part erected

1 2 6- 1 2 8 0 ( 5 ) was favourabl e to such an u ndertaking . The primitive simpli c ity of th e Early English Gothi c was giving D o way to the m ore elaborate forms of the ec orat ed p e ri d . D e the uring this tim e , when tracery had not yet r ached D w fl owing lines of the later phases of ecorated ork , Gothic G wa s architecture , and i n fact othic art generally , at its F best in o ur land . The angel choir was called by ergusson ” fi the most beautiful presbytery in England . I t is i n ve u bays , carried eastward at a niform height and breadth with o f e the choi r S t . Hugh . Lincol n ston is used throughout , 2 2 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

of relieved with shafts and capitals Purbeck marble . A better idea of the piers can be gained from the aecom panying illustration than from any description . The span drels Of f the great arches, which are plain in other parts o the building , are here decorated with sunk geometrical forms . two Each bay Of the triforium is divided , as elsewhere , into

h - arches , both of w ich enclose two sub arches but the details are richer than in the earlier parts of the minster . The clerestory

one b a - has window of four lights in each y, with an eight foil and two trefoils in the head . The compartments of the vault were originally coated with plaster, which has been scraped away so as to shew the stone surface underneath . It is a question whether it does not n ow look better than with the

Old plaster, and the gaudy colouring which once , most prob

it. ably, decorated The springers of the vaulting are supported by slender shafts , which rest on elaborately foliaged corbels in the spandrels Of the great arches . The beautiful foliaged bosses along the ridge rib are best seen from the triforiu m or the clerestory . The great east window is considered to be the finest example “ Of its style in the kingdom . It is of eight lights, formed by ” - h C doubling the four lig t , and has a great ircle in the head ,

- - a - filled with a six foil surrounded by half dozen quatrefoils .

- Bar tracery being fully developed , we read in a note to ’ “ ” “ Rickman s Gothic Architecture , the general appearance of D the wi ndow is rather ecorated than Early English , but the “ m ouldings still belong to the earlier style . This window together with the whole of that part of the choir is singularly and beautifully accommodated to the style Of the ” rest of the building . of The aisle win dows are each three lights, with three circles two one in the head , filled with cinquefoils and with a quatre two of to foil . The east windows the aisles are similar the others . The wall below the windows is decorated all round with arcading of a richer design than that i n the nave . Two i trefoiled arches are ncluded in a larger arch , with a quatre foil within a circle filling the head . The spandrels have sunk of trefoils . The bosses the stone vaults to the aisles are carved with sacred subjects , foliage , and grotesque figures .

The sculptured angels , from which this part of the minster derives its name, fill the spandrels of the triforium , occupying

TH E I NTERI OR 1 2 5

1 1 8 on length Of feet each side . I t has been suggested

eat the idea may have been taken from the angels i n St . ’ H w - ugh s double all arcading, remains of which are still seen 1 1 different parts . The whole series has been fully illustrated n d exhaustively described and interpreted by Professor C . R . loc ker e ll , in the Li ncoln Olume ( 1 848 ) of the

Archae ological Institute . fwo hands Of different nerit are recognised by 1 im in the work ; he con 1 8 :iders Nos . 4to (count ng round from the south east corner) to be amongst

:he best . The others are Df i n fe r i o r e x e c u t i o n , though often of excellent

design . They were carved before being placed in their present positions , as is

N O . 1 1 evident from , the j oints of whi ch are not

perfectly adj usted , and they are of the same stone as was employed i n the archi

tecture of the cathedral . Could i t have been Ri chard o w o r o of St Gai nsb rough , ooze/Ma r i us who wa s the ( , empl o yed to execut e these sculptures ? A descripti o n o f Lincoln minst e r wo uld not be c o m ple te with ou t a refere nc e T 1 1 15 LIN CO L N

) - ~ S 1 . 1 1 1 o un. to a small scul ptured T RA W N I V II . P . C figure o f vastly diffe re n t charac te r to the ch o ir o f angels — that d elightfully gro tesqu e h o f o t e L nc o n I m . littl e spe c i m e n ugliness , kn wn as i l p to be 0 11 e o n o a H e is se e n a spandr l the n rth side , squ t T he ting und e r the c o rb e l abo ve the eastern m o st pi er . o the two o o e the the br ad grin , sh rt h rns b hind ears , hairy 1 2 6 LI NCOLN CATH E DRAL

to body , and the cloven hoofs all combine form a characteristic f record o the exuberant fancy of our mediaeval artists . The incised lines in the pavement Of the south aisle , just where it of j oins the eastern transept , mark the position the fou ndation s ’ of . St Hugh s apse . The first window in this aisle , j ust over ’ Bishop Longland s chantry , is inscribed with the names and dates Of the Chancellors of Lincoln . The series commences at the en d Of the eleventh century, and the last name recorded “

E w. 2 . d . . . 1 8 is White Benson , S T P 7 The east windows Of the north and south aisles are filled with beautiful s taine d g las s of the Early English period .

The subj ects are arranged within medallions, and, though somewhat difficult to decipher, appear to represent scenes in the lives of two saints whose story has many points of r e

— of semblance St. Thomas Of Canterbury and St . Hugh

Lincoln . The glass is said to have been moved about the end f o the last century fro m the windows of the nave aisles . The date of the medallion s may be placed towards the middle of of of the thirteenth century, about the ti me the erection the of now nave , and , course , earlier than the windows which they ' r zs a i/Ze occupy . The g into which they are now reglazed , is considered by Westlake to be the earliest in England .

The great east window is filled with modern glass . I t is believed to have originally contained the arms of many of the 1 62 P ec kitt English nobility . In the year 7 it was reglazed by of o f York ; the design that time seems to have been chiefly, ’ of Of P ec kitt s if not entirely , geometrical forms . Portions glass now occupy a place in the north wall Of the eastern f transept . The arrangement o the subjects in the presen t window is due to the late Dean Ward . The compartments

contain subjects illustrating the life of Christ , and various scenes from the Old Testament history . The wi ndow was executed by Ward and Hughes about the middle of the present century . The three Chantries in the Perpendicular style which have been added to the angel choir were constructed at different f f o . o periods by bishops the diocese The earliest these, the n F lemin Cha ntr o . g y , is the north side Richard Fleming, of C the founder Lincoln ollege , Oxford , was appointed B ishop of 1 1 for Lincoln in the year 4 9 , and occupied the see twelve

years . I n earlier years he was known as a zealous supporter

1 2 8 LI NCOLN CATHEDRAL

of W of many Of the doctrines yclif, but was afterwards called of to to upon , as Bishop L incoln , give effect the council Of Constance by exhuming the bones of the reformer from the churchyard at Lutterworth , burning them and casting them “ into the River Swift ; as the Swift bare them into the Severn , “ and the Severn i nto the narrow seas, and they again into the of ocean , thus the ashes Wycliffe is an emblem Of his doctrine , F a lter which is now dispersed over all the world ( ) , The front Of the chapel facing the Choir is formed by a broad flat ’ arch enclosing the founder s tomb , with a narrow entrance of oak at the side . The door is carved , with an ancient iron f of not handle . On the tomb i s the e figy the bishop, restored

long since to this its original place . I t presents a recumben t figure holding in the left hand a pastoral staff ; the mitre is b ’ U n held by two angels, and at the ishop s feet is a dragon . derneath i s a horrible emaciated figure intended to represent

the body Of the bishop after death . Such figures are not uncommon perhaps the best known example is in the choir

— of Canterbury Cathedral the figure of Archbishop Chichele . So me authorities have considered that the figure at Lincoln

does not represent Bishop Fleming, but that it formed part in of an earlier monu ment . The chapel has been restored

C . . . . memory of the late Sir harles H J Anderson , Bart (d of Of a native Lincolnshire , and the author an entertaining

. of oak pocket guide to the county The roof is , carved with ak V ine and o foliage . R r The u s s ell Cha nt y , occupying a corresponding position of on the Opposite side the choir, was built by Bishop John 80 1 1 to . Russell, who held the see fro m 4 494 He is called by Sir Thomas More “ a wise manne and a good and

- one of the best learned men , undoubtedly , that England had in ” C . hys time . He was hancellor Of England under Richard I I I , and also held the post Of Chancellor of Oxford University for 1 some years . He died at Nettleham in 494. The chantry is ’ similar i n style to Bishop Fleming s ; its roof is of oak . The i ncised brass Of the tomb has gone the way Of all the minster ’ d n on brasses . Bis hop L ong la n s c ha try is the other side of of the south door . The general design is an imitation Bishop ’ Russell s chantry , but the details are much more elaborate . Over the flat archway facing the choir is the punning insc rip “ ” t ion , Longa Terra Mensura Eius Dominus Dedit , a quota TH E I NTERI OR 1 2 9

v . . . tion from the Vulgate ersion of the book of Job (ch xi , ver Round the inside walls of the chapel is an unfinished row of stone niches , with elaborately carved canopies ; there i s a panelled oak ceiling . This chapel was not erected until some ti me after the others ; John L ongland was Bishop Of Lincoln

1 2 1 1 . from 5 to 547 He held , like Russell , the post of Of Of chancellor the University Oxford , bu t does n ot see m to have been very popular there , since on one occasion he was pelted with stones . When Henry VI I I . visited Lincoln in 1 1 of 54 , he was received at the western end the minster by L n . o land this bishop , and stayed as his guest in the palace g 1 died in 547 , at Woburn , leaving i nstructions that his bowels were to be buried there his heart at Lincoln and his body in the chapel Of Eton College . The building of the chapel at Lincoln seems to have been co mmenced soon after the bishop ’s B h . s o e accession to the see Leland says y p Russell , and “ L o n la nd B sho C g , now y p, Tu mbes be in to hapells cast out ” f Of Southe Of h r o the uppar Parte the Wall the C u c he . The 1 8 chapel underwent a restoration in 59 . The two chief monume nts in the angel choir were the shrine of . Q . m St Hugh and the m onument of ueen Eleanor The for er , f O . silver gilt , fell a victim to the royal greed of Henry VI I I the latter , of more hu mble material , survived those perilou s of times , only to be destroyed by the rude soldiery the Civil

Wars in the seventeenth century . A description of the monument has , fortunately , been left to us by Bishop S f anderson , and the gilt brass e figy of the Queen in West minster Abbey was the work of the same artist as that at

b . wa Li ncoln , and most pro ably a duplicate of it Eleanor s

o f . C 1 2 the daughter Ferdinand I I I of astile , and i n 54 was ’

to I I I . s a s married Henry eldest son , afterwards ki ng Ed ward I . Her attachment to her husband led her to acc o mpany him o n his adven turous expedition to the H oly Land with Louis IX . f F e 1 2 0 The L o o . (St . uis) ranc in 7 ki ng and queen seem to T have travelled much t ogether . hey were b o th present at ’ I l u h s 1 o o f . e 2 8 0 Li nc l n at the translation S t g r li c s i n , and ten o w l years later , were agai n travelling n rthward , he n Eleanor fel

o f o to o l - l a rde b i ll a sl w fever, and had be l dged at y (Harby) , w o f a just ithi n the b rders o Nottingh mshire . Li nc o ln wa s five o ff d o the c o miles , and m e i c ines were pr cured i n ity fr m H en ry nte s sula no to o th o f 1 de Mo e e . d . p , wh m su m 3s 4 was paid . 1 36 LI NCOLN CATH EDRAL

of no on 2 8th These remedies, however, proved effect , and the 1 2 0 the f November 9 the queen died , in presence o her husband . Her body was embalmed and carried to Lincoln , where the viscera were buried in the minster, and a noble

m . th onument was raised On the 4 December , the funeral t o . procession left Lincoln , and j ourneyed London The heart, ’ own C f at the queen s desire, was deposited in the hurch o the

Friars Predicants in London , and the body was buried in West on 1 D of minster Abbey the 7 th ecember, the Bishop Lincoln

Officiating . There the monument was raised which still exists .

The famous crosses , twelve in number, were erected at the for different places on the route where the body rested a night, ’ doubtless i n imitation Of those in memory Of the king s old crusader friend . St . Louis had died at Tunis, and the body to o n was taken back Paris , whence it was borne the shoulders of men to the venerable resting - place of the French kings at

D . St . enis Crosses were erected where the bearers rested in

t D . the j ourney from Paris o St . enis of The first the Eleanor crosses was at Lincoln , and “ ” there are records of payments to the c ementarius Richard de Stow for the work . The last was at Charing . With refer n ence to the monument i n Li ncoln mi ster, we learn from Bishop Sanderson ’s description that it was an altar monument “ ’ ” effi ies of marble , whereon was a Queen s g in gilded brass, ” and had the following inscription in Saxon characters z— i e ’ s imt Sep a tta vis cer a A lienor ee ouorza a m R egi me A ngliae ux or is ’ ’ n a R e is E dw a r a i tii R e is H e r i ci ea us mmw r o ioietur D eus . g fi g , j p p

— A me D men e n. The marble tomb was executed by y g de Ab n ton 2 Legeri and Alexander de y g , who received £ 5 for

1 1 6 8 d . the work ; Roger de Crundale had £ , s . for marble ; William de Suffolk was paid 8 marks for three little images of the queen , cast in metal , to be placed near the tomb . William de Suffolk also produced some small i mages for the effi ies Church Of the Friars Predicants in London . The g Of the queen , both at Westminster and Lincoln , were cast by

Master William Torel, goldsmith and citizen Of London . For the gilding , Flemish coin were procured from the merchants Of

Lucca . of A modern stone monu ment , with a bronze effigy Queen to 1 8 1 Eleanor on the p, has recently (in 9 ) been placed under

C . the great east window, near the antelupe monument It is

1 32 LI NCO LN CAT HEDRAL

’ “ : ing Of the bishop s tomb , says there is also buried at his lz is B r ot/za r Kni hte of Fete , Robart , , a g great Fame in the

Warrs . But the general Opinion seems to be that Robert was

not of . the brother, but the father, Henry and Bartholomew to This tomb is Of similar style the former, having figures beneath

on one on . arches side, and shields Of arms the other The f e figy is gone from the top . The elaborate Gothic canopies which originally surmounted both tombs were much injured by boys clambering upon them , and , becoming unsafe at last , were removed in the early part Of the present century . Against u the Opposite wall , within a recessed arch nder the eastern ’ Of most window , is the monument Henry s elder brother,

B r h r — of u e sh . 1 a Bartholomew, Lord g (d 355) soldier much who f o . renown , had a share in the victory Crecy He held the i mportant office Of constable of Dover Castle and warden of n C . 1 2 o the inque Ports I n the year 3 9 , he was sent a mission to the Pope to plead for pecuniary aid from the revenues Of the English church ; a tenth of them was granted to the king for of of four years . The base the monument has an arcade six two for arches, each having small pedestals, figures which are now gone . The armorial shields of the persons originally

represented beneath the arches still remain in the spandrels . f i n on The e figy shows him clad in plate armour, and recl n i g his two of helmet angels at the head uphold the shield hi s family, and two others at the foot bear away in a cloth the deceased ’ o f warrior s soul . The canopy over the tomb bears the arms w of Ed ard I I I . and hi s four sons (the same as on the tomb of his brother the bishop) , together with the shield Thomas, of of Earl Lancaster and Lincoln . A detailed account the shields of arms on the B urghersh tombs may be found in

the Lincoln volume ( 1 848) of the Archaeological I nstitute . ’ J oined on to the end Of Bishop B urghersh s tomb is the of on lofty base a portable shrine . I t has three niches , two one for to k the n orth side and in the front, worshippers neel

in . Over the arches are shields bearing the Instruments of the ’ Passion . I t is apparently of the same date as the bishop s of monument . The Old pavement slab, worn away by the feet wh i o . those v sited the shrine , has been left in front Opposite to B ur hersh m of the g onuments, just to the south the great of iehola s east window, is the monument N de Cantelupe, third l wh C o 1 . Baron ante upe , died in 355 This warrior was much

1 36 LI NCO LN CATH E DRAL

’ saint s shrine was in the centre Of the choir , but it is supposed that when the shrine was melted down the body was removed and placed somewhere else , perhaps in this spot marked by 1 8 86 Bishop Fuller . The tomb was Opened in the year , when the stone coffin was found to contain nothing but decaying ’ “ of vestments . In Leland s time, St . Hugh lay in the Body Hi he the Est Parte of the Chirche above the g Altare . The of next monu ment is that Bishop Fuller himself, who was ' ex uttima fi fioer ma to su mmoned , as the epitaph records, preside over the See Of Lin coln . William Fuller was a Of C chaplain Christ Church athedral , Oxford , but, as a steady

Royalist , lost his post during the war . At the Restoration he ’ D of . was rewarded with the deanery St Patrick s, ublin , and 1 66 became soon after Bishop of Li merick . I n the year 7 the bishopric of Lincoln was vacant . There were two candidates

D f Dr . D r . O for the appointment , Glenham , ean Bristol , and f o C . Rainbow, Bishop arlisle Fuller, hearing Of this, suggested that the difficulty should be solved by ‘ his own transference

out. fro m Limerick to Lincoln , and his suggestion was carried ’ Pepys , a friend of Fuller s, mentions the fact with delight . The n ew bishop did his utmost to repair the inj uries per petrated during the Civil War . He restored many monuments and was meditating other work s in the same direction , when 6 2 rd 1 . he d ied at Kensington , 3 April 7 5 The third monu of who m ent is that Bishop Gardiner, presided over the see

- 1 0 . for ten years , dying in March 7 45 Thi s bishop , in a of f visitation the diocese , fou nd a bad state of af airs in several churches where the chancels were disused and left “ in a more nasty condition than the meanest cottage, while the holy

- ins ri table was brought down into the mid aisle . The Latin c p tion s on the monu ments of B ishops Fuller and Gardiner are of of somewhat quaint . The last the four monuments is that 1 1 n Subdean Gardiner (d . 7 3 and his o ly daughter Susanna, who of died a year later . Near the monument Bishop Gardiner “ is a slab in the pavement , marking the tomb of Michael n D of 6 Ho wood D . . y , , who was grandchild and one the 3 7

Hon wood . persons that Mary , the wife Of Robert y Esq , did ” see before she dyed lawfully descended from her . The elaborate stone monument i n the third bay on the north side

1 8 0 : . i s i n memory of B ishop Wordsworth (b . 7 d a

nephew o f the poet . The base i s decorated with Gothic TH E I NTERIOR 1 37

arcading , and has figures Of the twelve apostles . On it rests fi the recumbent ef gy of the bishop , clad in a cope and mitre .

At his head are two angels, and a dragon lies beneath his feet . of Above is a lofty and intricate Gothic canopy , with a figure

Christ in the centre . 1 A monu ment to Dean Butler (d . 894) has recently been f placed near the tomb of Subdean Gardiner . It is o alabaster Of and red marble, with a recu mbent effigy the dean , who is buried in the Cloister garth . I n the next bay eastward is a slab which marks the burial place of Oliver Sutton (bishop of the diocese from 1 2 8 0 to C of by whom the loisters were built . The slab , Purbeck 1 8 8 marble , was raised in the year 9 by work men engaged in

. C repairing the pavement Beneath was an oblong stone hest , w Of li ned ith sheets lead , enclosing the skeleton of the

o f . bishop , which lay i n a mass decaying vestments On

Of - the right side the skeleton a silver gilt chalice was found , a Of with a paten l id upon i t , covered with a piece fine linen . The chalice stands 4s i n . high , with a broad shallow

. Of bowl , 4 in . in diameter The foot is circular , the same diameter as the bowl , and the knop projects {7 i n . from the stem . I t is entirely destitute of ornament . The paten is [l a ma s D ei . O f 42 in in diameter, with the l in the act benediction , issuing fro m conventional clouds . The large

fin r- ge ring of the bishop was also discovered . It is of pure

- gold , with a massive hoop ; a large piece of rock crystal i s set in the oval bezel . These extremely i nteresting relics are preserved in the Cathedral Library , where are also the rings of Bishops Gravesend and Grosseteste . O11 the left side o f the skeleton lay the m ouldering remai ns Of a wooden crozier , carved with leaf ornament . I n the north ai sle is o D buried R bert ymoke (d . a member of the ancien t ’ fami ly who held fo r nearly five c enturies the o ffice o f King s ’ o was th C to O11 Champi n . I t e hampion s duty ride his horse o \V e s tmins te r the o i nt Hal l at coronati n banquet , and three times to chall e nge to c o mbat any pe rs o n who disputed the ’ o f D . e sovereign s title A m mber this family , Henry ymoke , o o o o o i th acted as champi n at the c r nati n of Ge rge IV . ( 9 July the la st o c casi o n O 11 whi ch this cust o m was

Observed . The Cl oi s te r s are reached by a doorway in the n o rth 1 38 LI N COLN CATH EDRAL

k of . oa wall the eastern transept The door is Of , with some a ancient wrought ironwork scrolls on the outer side . A n rrow barred window over the door lights a small room anciently

- used as a watching chamber . A long, narrow vestibule leads C to the loisters it has a stone vault, rendered conspicuous by modern colouring ; the bosses are carved with foliage and

’ a n P /i oto. H . C. Oa k e , ] \V ’ B ISHOP ORD SWOR T H S TOM B .

to figures . The windows are filled with tracery similar that C in the Cloisters, but they are glazed, as the loister windows probably were originally . The Cloisters are in an unusual position ; they were on of C generally built the south side the hurch, against the wall Of the nave, where they would be protected from on the cold north and east winds . At Lincoln they are d the north si e, opposite the choir, and stand away from

T H E I NTERIOR 1 41

th of . C e walls the church Lincoln had no need of loisters , or L ic hfie ld any more than York , all three being secular churches . There seems to have been no idea of their erection before the end of the thirteenth century . The a Of colonn de which has taken the place the north walk, together with the Library above it , was erected from the 1 6 designs of Sir Christopher Wren in 7 4. The cost was paid by Dean H ony wood , who also gave to the chap ter his collection f o books . An account of the contents of the L ib r a ry is given by Beriah B otfield in his Notes on the Cathedral Lib raries of Eng land

The MS . library

includes several A D E N T H E H A P TE - SE AR C I C R HO U . Latin B ibles and

w . Psalters , as ell as a most valuable MS of Old English

1 0 - 0 Romances , c . 43 4 , collected by Robert de Thornton , wa s 1 0 who Archdeacon of Bedford i n 45 , and lies buried n 1 8 1 6 in Lincol Cathedral . S ome time b etween the years 1 8 2 8 Cax tons and , all the and many early volumes were Of sold , the proceeds being devoted to the purchase more

modern works of which the Library stood i n need . A nu mber Of o usefu l books were thus added to the collecti n , bu t only by the sacrifice of works which i t would be qui te i mpossible to ’ o f B o tfie ld s b replace . At the ti me visit , th e li rary c ontai ned 1 o e o o c o 445 v lumes , relating to th l gi cal , classi al and hist rical o o f the b w o subjec ts . A mong the English versi ns Bi le e re f und ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ T nda le s Co ve rdale s Cra nme r s w the B o y , , , Matthe s , ish ps Bible b o and the Genevan Bible . The li rary c ntai ns a portrait , said o f Th C . e t o be by ornelis Janssens , i ts great benefac tor o d o b auth rship of this painting is ve ry u tful , since Jansse ns left 1 6 8 H o n wo o d wa s d o 1 660 1 6 8 1 . England i n 4 , and y ean fr m to L I NCOLN CAT HED RAL

The inside measurement of the Cloisters is 1 2 0 feet from

0 to . east to west , and 9 feet from north south I n the middle o f the south walk there is a doorway in the wall . A good ’ f f . o view Of the north side O St Hugh s choir, the side walls the transepts , and the central tower, can be had from the

. doorway . An Old cast lead cistern in the corner is worth noticing

- of . I t is cylindrical , with bands vi ne stems in relief I n the wall to the left Of the door are the fragments of the monu mental slab of Richard of Gainsborough (d . He is probably the same man as Richard of Stow (a village not far

from Gainsborough), who was engaged o n the carved work of the angel choir, and was also employed on the crosses

in memory of Queen Eleanor . O n the other side of the door is a restoration of the slab in r e stora~ plaster, and another

tion i s in the pavement . The m n ’ aso , with a carpenter s re re square by his side , is p sented beneath a Gothic canopy around is the insc rip tion Hie jac et Ric ardus de Gaynisburgh Olym c eme n tarins istius ecclesie qui obiit dU OdeCI m kalendarum unn CA P ITA L IN T H E C H A PTE - SE j R HO U .

An no domini MCCC . I n the north walk beneath the library is the original Swine Of herd Stow, which for many centuries crowned the northern turret Of the west front . A modern copy has now taken its of place . At the east end the walk , near the library stair of of case , are several fragments ancient carving , chiefly the f Norman period . A stone co fin , carved with interlacing circles, probably goes back to Saxon times . From this point may be V w of d of had the best ie the north en the great transept , with its fine round window . Some interesting relics of Roman Lin coln are placed on the floor at the foot of the library staircase ; they have been described by Precentor Venables .

of C row of - Along the east walk the loisters is a wall arcading , with Purbeck shafts and tooth ornament .

1 44 LI NCO LN CATH EDRAL

1 8 choir) and his wife , and Precentor Venables (d . 95) and his daughter . The late precentor will be long remembered by those who are interested in the history of the minster ; the results of his patient investigations, published chiefly i n the can not fail to be of great service to any who are desirous of information with respect to the architecture f o Of . C the minster, or the anti quities the city The loisters still i n t bear marks Of the rough usage they received the last cen ury, when they served the purpose of sheds for scaffolding and building materials . The doorway opening into the vestibule

- oak of the chapter house is i n the east walk . The door is a

Dr . gift of the present bishop ( King) . Over the door inside is an arcade of slender arches with a large round window above , which would look better filled with coloured glass . The Chapter — hous e i s one of the earliest of the series of

- polygonal chapter houses in E ngland , dating from the early of part the thirteenth century . It is a decagon with two windows in each bay nearly all of these have now been filled of c on with stained glass, in memory differen t dignitaries nec ted with the minster . The glass is by Clayton and B ell , and deals with the history of the minster from its foundation .

Below the windows an arcade run s right round the walls , with Purbeck shafts, foliaged capitals with masks , an d a Of profusion _ tooth ornament . Below the arcading is a l projecting stone seat . The stone vault is a ittle later than of of the rest the chapter house . It i s supported by a cluster shafts , again st the wall , in each angle, resting on corbels carved

. i s with foliage Besides these, there a massive central colu mn , a I n surrounded by ten hex gonally fluted Purbeck shafts , banded the middle . Greater experience was necessary before the Gothic architects were able , as at York , to di spense with this central l pillar, and to produce a perfect Gothic dome of such arge dimensions . A corbel , carved wi th oak foliage , formerly supporting a figure Of the Virgin Mary, is attached to the h eastern side of t is central colum n . In front of thi s is a socket in the pavement for holding a processional cross . The ’ o ne of dean s chair, at ti me in the library, is a fine piece

- early fourteenth century carved woodwork . On the arms are crouching lions ; the front panel below the seat is carved with

f . rows o quatrefoils . The canopy over the chair is modern

The Chapter - house was restored under the directions of the late

n R . A . a C . . consulting rchitect to the hapter, J L Pearso , C H A P T E R I V

LI ST OF T HE B I SHOTS OF LI N COLN

R m i — e — I o 6 e e ig u s R mi ( 7 Almoner Of F camp , in Norm made Bishop of Dorchester by William the

Conqueror, and soon after transferred the see to Lincoln . Rob e 1 0 of of ert Bl o t ( 94 brother Hugh , Bishop Bayeux ; Chancellor o f England under William the Conqueror and William Rufus ; Justiciary under Henry I . “ A l e x a nd e r — the Magnificent nephew Of of 1 1 2 1 Roger, Bishop Salisbury ; Archdeacon Of Sarum , ’ rebuilt chan cel of St . Mary s at Stow ; bequeathed certai n books of the B ible to the Dean and Chapter ; gatehouse of Eastgate in Lincoln granted to him as an episcopal residence by Henry I . Rob er t d e Ches ney ( 1 1 48 Archdeacon of

Leicester ; founded Gilbertine priory of St . Catherine outside south Bar - gate bought site for episcopal residence at Lincoln 1 1 in 55, and commenced building palace ; purchased previous “ ” ’ 1 1 62 to The Old Temple in parish of St . Andrew s,

Holborn , as London residence Of bishops . 1 1 The see was vacant until 7 3, when Geoffrey Plantagenet, natural son of Henry I I . , was appointed . He was never consecrated , although he retained the temporalities for nine years . Walte r d e Co uta nc e s — de Constantiis

- C Of Vi ce han cellor of England , Canon and Treasurer Rouen C d 1 1 1 1 athe ral , 7 3; Archdeacon of Oxford , 7 5; translated to

1 1 8 1 2 0 . Rouen , 4; d . 7

8 - 1 8 6 1 1 1 . See vacant , 4

— Hug h of Ava l on St. Hugh of Li ncol n ’ l roc urator of the C 1 1 0 monastery of Grande hartreuse , 7 ; Prior o f C o t 1 1 - 6 arthusian m nas ery at Witham , in Somerset , 7 5 to ’ \ 1 1 8 6; c o mmenced the grea t hall i n the bish o p s pa l a ce a t

Lincoln . 1 46 LI NCO LN CATHED RAL

Willia m de Blois ( 1 2 03

1 2 06- 1 2 0 See vacant, 9 . Hug h de Wells ( 1 2 09 Prebendary of Louth in C 1 2 0 of 1 2 0 the athedral , 3; Archdeacon Wells , 4 built ’ kitchen and completed hall in bishop s palace at Lincoln ; also

- built manor house at Buckden . R ob e rt r os e e s e 1 2 of G s t t ( 35 Archdeacon Wilts, 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 4 an d ; Of Northampton , ; first Rector of 1 2 2 of Franciscans at Oxford , 4 Prebendary Empingham in C d r for f the athe al , afterwards exchanged Archdeaconry o

Leicester .

Henr de L e x in on 1 2 - 1 2 of a b y t ( 53 Treasurer S lis ury, 1 2 41 ; Prebendary of North Muskham at Southwell previous 1 2 2 D 1 2 to 4 ean Of Lincoln , 45. Ric ha r d d r v nd 1 2 8 a of e G a es e ( 5 De n Lincoln, 1 2 54; Treasurer Of Hereford previous to 1 2 58 absent from

1 2 6 - 1 2 6 Maide nstone diocese about 7 9, when John de was in charge . Oliver Sutton ( 1 2 8 0 Dean Of Lincoln ; built the C loisters . ’ 1 00 f D J ohn de Dalde r by ( 3 Canon o St . avid s ; of C 1 2 8 C of Archdeacon armarthen , 3 hancellor Lincoln , 1 2 93 one Of the Commissioners in 1 30 9 in proceedings against the Knights Templars . H n ‘ B ur h r h 1 2 0 e ry g e s ( 3 Prebendary Of Riccall , 1 1 6 C in York Minster, 3 Treasurer and hancellor Of England ,

1 2 8 of 1 0 re - 3 ; deprived chancellorship, 33 elected Treasurer, ’ I 1 Of 334 dismissed , 337 obtained right sanctuary for bishop s ’ palace and canons houses at Lincoln .

— 1 6 T homas B ek ( 1 341 Feb . 34 Doctor Of Canon Law 1 Prebendary Of Clifton in the Cathedral , 335. of J ohn G y nw e ll ( 1 347 Archdeacon Northampton . J ohn Bu c king ham— B okyngham 1 363- 1 Preben

' dar of L ic hfield D 1 a y and ean , 349 Archdeacon Of North mpton , 1 1 of C 1 2 35 Prebendary Gretton in the athedral , 35 Keeper f L i hfi ld 1 o a . c e Privy Seal to Edw rd I I I ; translated to , 39 7 ; retired to monastery Of Christ Church at Canterbury d . 1 8 39 . 1 8 of Henry B ea ufort ( 39 Prebendary Thame, 1 8 1 1 D 1 3 9 ; Of Sutton in the Cathedral , 39 ean Of Wells, 39 7 ;

1 0 . 1 . translated to Winchester, 4 4 d 447

1 48 LI NCOLN CATHE DRAL

- J ohnT ay lor ( 1 552 1 5 deprived by Queen Mary . J ohn White ( 1 554 Prebendary of Winchester ; to 1 6 z translated Winchester, 55 deprived by Queen Eli abeth, I SS9

T homas Wats on ( 1 557 - 1 5 Dean o f Durham deprived by Queen Eliz abeth .

- — 1 6O . 1 0 N ic holas Bulling ha m (Jan . 559 Jan 57

- a to . 1 0 1 1 6 tr nslated Worcester, Jan 57 d . 57 .

— — T homas Coop e r Couper ( I 57 0 - 1 Dean of

C C 1 66 - C of hrist hurch , Oxford , 5 Vice hancellor the Uni D of 1 6 to versity ean Gloucester, 5 9 ; translated Winchester, I S84; d 1 594 William Wic kha m ( 1 584 Dean of Lincoln trans to 1 1 lated Winchester, 594 d . 595. Willia m Chadertonfi Chatterton— ( I 595 President ’ of C C m 1 68 of Queen s ollege , a bridge , 5 Archdeacon York ; of 1 6 of C 1 Prebendary Westminster, 57 Bishop hester, 57 9 1 59 5 resided at Southoe . Willia m r l 1 60 8 of B a ow ( B ishop Rochester,

1 60 - 1 60 8 5 . Ri ha r d il 1 61 of c N e e ( 4 Bishop Rochester,

1 60 8 - 1 61 0 of L ic hfield 1 61 0 - 1 61 of ; and Coventry, 4;

D 1 61 - 1 62 1 62 - 1 6 1 urham , 7 7 Of Winchester, 7 3 Archbishop

- 1 6 1 1 0 . 1 0 6 6 . Of York , 3 4 ; d 4

— G e org e Monta igne Mountain 1 61 7 - 1 62 Dean Of 1 61 0 1 62 1 Westminster, ; translated to London , to Durham ,

- 8 to 1 62 8 . . 1 62 1 62 8 . Feb 7 ; York , July ; d . Oct J ohn Willia ms ( 1 62 1 Dean of Westminster and

Salisbury Precentor Of Lincoln Lord Keeper under James I . t 1 6 1 1 6 0 o . . translated York , 4 ; d 5 ’ T homa s W inniffe ( 1 642 Bishop s palace at

Lincoln demolished during this episcopacy .

R ob e rt Sa nd e r s on 1 660 - 1 66 Regius Professor at 1 6 2 1 660 Oxford , 4 and restored episcopal residence Of Buckden at his own cost ; tran scribed monumental insc rip t ion s in the Cathedral .

B enjamin L a ney ( 1 663 Vice - Chancellor of Cam

1 6 2 - 1 6 D 1 660 bridge University , 3 33 ean Of Rochester, July ;

- of Dec . 1 660 1 66 B ishop Peterborough , 3 translated to Ely,

6 1 - 1 6 . . 6 7 ; d Jan 745. ’

- W i F ll r 1 66 1 6 . ill am u e 7 7 Dean Of St Patrick s, E D I T E D B Y D G L E E S O N W H I T E AN E . F . S T R A N G E .

[1 1 s ec i a ll des n t/z c r r w /z /z . ed ( to or/e c o I s 6d . ea r p y ig , .

w R ea d N o y . R RY d on CA E U . H A RT L E Y I T H E RS . z u E s NT B By W diti , revi ed . 6 I s a ons 3 llu tr ti . Y A I U R . G L E E SON H IT E . z ud E on s S L SB By W diti , revi ed . a 50 I llu s tr ti o ns . A R I s a ons CHE E R . H L E S H I A TT . 2 ST By C 4 llu tr ti . M A a R HE E . H A E R O R . . L B . 8 I s ons C G . ST By P , 3 llu tr ti

D E A R ME R M. A . s O"F RD R v. E RCY O . e I a ons By P , 34 llu tr ti . " A D D L ESH A W B A I l s a on E E ER . E RCY s . T By P , . 35 lu tr ti

I HE E . Y E E T RG A N . 0 I s a ons . W NC ST R B P . W . S 5 llu tr ti I I l s a on . HF I E D A . . L I FT N 2 s L C L . By B C O . 4 l u tr ti

OR I . . E U E N N L L . 8 I ll s a ons . N W CH . By C . H B Q 3 u tr ti

R v D W N . 1 l E E H . E E T I G I s a on . P T BOROU G By Re . W . . S 5 lu tr ti s R A . U G R . I s a ons . HE EFORD . By H H F I S H E 34 llu tr ti

[1 1 t/z e P r es s .

C L B EN D I ASS B . K C K B A . G C R . B . E . . U . . LI N O N y A R , LO ESTE y H L M ’ ‘ R K . D U R H B . . Y I E . . TT N B G A B . C L U B K B A C . . A M y J E YO y A O RO , B R e v E Y D E R M R . C A E . . WELLS y . P R , M A

’ ‘ 1 I l epa r z 2g . ’ D V D H I I P R O ES N RC T B T AN E B L O . R . . . ST A I S . y P WO ES E y E F S R G . v B . K . U . B Re . A RT E L Y . D T INS N H . H U R D I M I< y T A O SO T WELL y OC . ’

T R C R . L C C . HI HES E A LISLE ST PA U S .

B A R . B R . ST AL N S . I PO N I STOL

n vm w t/z a b r s U ifi i ove Se i e .

V R i C H A L ES IATT . B E E R LEY M I NSTE . y R H [P r epa r i ng

Opinions of the Pr es s .

Fo r u1 o s e a t a im a re a m a o n a nd the p p which they they d ir bly d e , there a r e fe w vis ua nts to a ny o f o ur noble shrine s who will not e njo y thei r s fo r n fur ms he d o ne o f s o o s vi it the better bei g with the e delightful b k , c a n s n o o a nd a W i a s a nd is which be lipped i t the p cket c rried th e e , yet o m s a s a o n Ca n dis tmc t a nd legible . A v lu e uch th t terbury is ex a ctly ' n s o to a a a n a nd o u o ur us . I t is wh t we w t , ext vi it we h pe h ve it with o o a nd the s o f a a nd its no c a the d 1 a l th r ughly helpful , view the f ir city ble o m mo t e o ve r W l ll s mo 1 e a n m a re a . o s a te o i a i be utiful B th v lu e , , erve th p y — / o/ o s a nd a re t1 us two r th a s 1 1 e ll a s . V es a nd 1 1 0 1 es purp e , y delightful 0 “ a s o nt in t s o mns i n a n o f a We h ve freque ly he e c lu ged the w t che p ,

- s a a nd - n a n o o s to o ur a t a s to ta well illu tr ted , well writte h db k c hedr l , ke

a o f o ut - o f- a ublic a t1 o ns O f o a l oo s e s t a a re the pl ce the d te p l c b k ell r , h t we gl a d to he ar th a t th ey h a ve bee n ta ke n 1 11 ba nd by Me s s rs G e orge Bell o n S s . Vi s it o rs to the c athedra l ci ties o f E ngl a nd mu s t o fte n h a ve felt the need o f s o me w o rk de a li ng with the h 1 s to ry a nd a ntiq uit1 e s o f the City ts a nd a a nd a ss o a t o ns o f the a t a 11 1 0 1 e o a i elf, the rchitecture ci i c hedr l , p rt ble t a n the a o a t mo no a s i a v n o to s o m o f m h el b r e gr ph wh ch h e bee dev ted e the , me i s o a a nd s a t s n a n the a v a o a 1 - oo a nd m e ch l rly i fyi g th er ge l c l gu de b k , ore c o pi o u s th a n the s ecti o n dev o ted to them 1 nthe ge nera l guide - bo ok o f the ‘ ’ 1 tr i t a ma n the a c ou nty o r d s c . Such legiti te eed C thedra l Serie s no w n s s s s s G o o ns n o s f bei g i ued by Me r e rge Bell S , u der the edit r hip o Mr n nd E F n m G s o a . . a s l a a to s lee White Mr Str ge , see wel c lcul ted upply . o m s a re an in s z mo a in l s a and The v lu e h dy i e , der te price , wel illu tr ted , f a h a n written in a s ch o l arly s pirit . The history o c t edr l a d city i s in tellige ntly s e t forth a nd acc ompanied by a des criptive s urvey of the

n in a ll its a . l s a ons are o o s and s buildi g det il The i lu tr ti c pi u well elected , and the s eries bids fair to become a n indi s pensa ble c ompanion to the in n n — i mes . ca thedra l touri s t E gla d . T a re n o in oo on oo a and on a n They icely pr duced g d type , g d p per , c t i n m a n r n and a o s s o s a e l . s o u er u illu tr ti , wel writte , very che p We h uld ima gine a rchitects and s tudents of architecture will be s ure to buy the ” for on a n in m a a s i s as a a nfo ma on. er e they ppe r , they c t i brief uch v lu ble i r ti — k z t B r i ti s /z A 7 e teo . H a lf the ch a rm of thi s little book on Canterbury s prings from the ’ writer s recognition of the his toric al associati on of s o majestic a building

fo n s s n s a nd a s of En s o . One with the rtu e , de ti ie , h bit the gli h pe ple a m f i r d ira ble feature o the book s its artistic illus trati ons . They a e ” o a s and s a s a o — n n r a a s b th l vi h ti f ct ry eve whe eg rded with critic l eye .

e Spea /er . “ i to a a ma n for s a a an There s likely be l rge de d the e ttr ctive h dbook s . l G obe . ’ ‘ ’ s a a s s o a m a e is mo an a des c ri Bell C thedr l Serie , d ir bly edit d , re th p I t l a a ti on o f the vari ou s Englis h c athedra l s . wil be v lu a ble hi s torica l

o a nd a o Of m s a so to a . s a ions rec rd , w rk uch ervice l the rchitect The illu tr t a re s a nd in man a s s not m a a a a n s well elected , y c e ere b ld rchitectur l dr wi g o ons Of s s on fan s o in a m n but repr ducti exqui ite t e cie , t uched their tre t e t by ” - ta r . fa ncy a nd guided by a r t. S E ach of them conta ins exactly th at amount of informati on which the n who i s not a s a s s to a n s o . dis i tellige t vi it r, peci li t , will wi h h ve The os on Of a o s a s is o s o o on a nd s is p iti the v ri u p rt judici u ly pr p rti ed , the tyle s a ons s a m o an f a very rea da ble . The illu tr ti upply further i p rt t e ture ; they A s i ann fa to ar e both numero u s and good . er e s which c ot il be welcomed in s a a n s f En by a ll who a re interes ted the eccle i stic l buildi g o gland . a ow r a l Gl sg H e d . “ os who for os s Of of s s ona s or for a Th e , either purp e pr e i l tudy cultured ‘ ’ a on find n to do En s a a s om recre ti , it expedie t the gli h c thedr l will welc e ’ ‘ ’ a s s e t O f oo s i s an the begi nning of Bell s Cathedr l Series . Thi b k a m to ons mo os and in a a l an s a tte pt c ult , re cl ely , gre ter det i th the u u l n f o to a a o n oo s do s o s s s . s s guide b k , the eed vi it r the c thedr l t w The erie I n a oo a n s cannot but pro ve ma rkedly s ucces s ful . e ch b k bu si es like des cription i s gi ven o f the fa bric Of the Church to which the v o lume

a s and a n i n s n s o Of a o s . oo s a re rel te , tere ti g hi t ry the rel tive di ce e The b k ma a a a ns n s a and ar e s s a s . ple tifully illu tr ted , thu de ttr ctive well i tructive They c annot but pro ve welcome to a ll classes of rea ders interested either — Scots ma n E r in as a a . in nglis h Church hi s tory o eccles i tic l rchitecture . A e t of b ook s ma s a s s s little which y be de cribed very u eful , very a nd a and a in s s s a pretty , very che p like the letterpre , the illu tr ”

ons and ma a o n n a re a s . ti , the re rk bly ch ice bi di g , they ide l guide

L i verpool D a i ly P os t. “ They h a ve nothing in common with the a lmos t i nv aria bly wretched o sa o a a nd on o m o s in a and l ca l guide s ve p rt bility , their ly c petit r the qu lity an Of on n s a r e ns and mos a o s a qu tity their c te t very expe ive tly r re w rk , e ch

- - Of a s i z e th a t s uggests a p acking cas e rather th an a c oat pocket . The ‘ ’ a a s a re m o an om a ons on nn s o a C thedr l Serie i p rt t c pil ti c cer i g hi t ry , rchi and o a and o a no fo r s as a an tecture , bi gr phy , quite p pul r e ugh uch t ke y ” — Sfeete/z s incere intere s t in their s ubject s . .

LON DON : GEO RGE B ELL AN D SONS .

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