QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIA

WINTERZ 2014/15oo quariAISSUE 88 CHAMPION THE CHAMPIONS A NEW SCHEME HELPS ZOOS SUPPORT CONSERVATIONISTS

Branching out A ONE PLAN APPROACH FOR NEW WORLD MONKEYS 1 1 Fresh approach TURNING THE SPOTLIGHT ONTO FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES

Contents Zooquaria Winter 2014/15

26 9 24

18 16

4 From the Director’s chair 18 Breeding programmes Myfanwy Griffith on her first few months Success with wreathed hornbills 5 Announcements 19 Obituary A round-up of news from EAZA Conservationist and wildlife artist William Oliver 6 Births and hatchings 20 Conservation A selection of important new arrivals EAZA’s new Species Champion programme, an update to the EAZA Conservation Database, the 8 EU News Quagga zoo conservation fund and a focus on New faces at the European Commission wild pigs 9 Campaigns 26 Education Pole to Pole enters its second year Reporting back on the latest conference for zoo 10 Interview educators Meet Colomba de La Panouse Turnbull, the first 28 Exhibit design chair of the new Communications Committee An exciting new exhibition takes a look at the 12 Annual Conference world of microbes An overview of EAZA’s successful event in 30 Welfare Budapest The importance of a close understanding of 14 Regional Collection Plans animal sentience Including a special focus on freshwater fish and New World monkeys Zooquaria

EDITORIAL BOARD: EAZA Executive Office, PO Box 20164, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Executive Director Myfanwy Griffith ([email protected]) Email: [email protected] ISSN 2210-3392 Managing Editor David Williams-Mitchell ([email protected]) Cover image: Pygmy Hog © Ian MacCarthy, the Wild Gallery Editor Malcolm Tait ([email protected]) For information on print subscriptions to Zooquaria visit: http://tinyurl.com/zooquaria. Editorial Staff Danny de Man, William van Lint The views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of EAZA. Designer Louise Tait Printed using vegetable inks on paper containing 50% recycled waste and 50% Zooquaria is the quarterly magazine of the sustainably sourced virgin fibre; bleached using an Elemental Chlorine Free process. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Printed by Drukkerij Valkenstadt 3 FROM THE DIRECTOR’S CHAIR

It has been a busy but enjoyable first few months as the animals, wildlife disease risk), and the future development new Executive Director. Although at Annual Conference of population management tools to be discussed amongst I had still not officially started in the role (my first day peers from all areas of the conservation community. It was was 1 October), I had a great opportunity to be able to also wonderful to see so many interested people attend the shadow Lesley Dickie and really get a feel for what the workshop on the Asian Species Action Partnership (ASAP), job entails. I was able to meet many of you for the first one of the pre-selected projects supported by funds from our time and see a different side to the Annual Conference Southeast Asia Conservation Campaign. We are all aware compared to previous years when I attended in my capacity of the biodiversity crisis in Southeast Asia as highlighted by as the EAZA Academy Manager. I am sure all will agree many of our articles in this and previous editions of Zooquaria. that the conference was a great success; from the excellent The workshop provided valuable feedback, guidance and organisation and hosting to the thought-provoking plenaries offers of support on how best to work together to conserve the delivered by a range of internal and external speakers. Where amazing species from this region. else can you listen to people speaking about topics such as In addition to the varied technical programme, much successes and challenges of in situ conservation projects, of the WAZA conference focused on discussions around impacts of transmissible diseases, the psychology behind its new strategic directions and documents. The main pro-environmental behaviour, and how to communicate document currently in production is Vision 2020: The WAZA effectively to build trust in our institutions and our Conservation Strategy. The previous conservation strategy was conservation work? Of course, the Annual Conference published in 2005 and this new one focuses on the challenges isn’t just about good hosting and listening to plenary zoos and aquariums face as well as the commitments we presentations. This year’s programme of committee meetings, need to make to ensure our continuing conservation success TAG meetings and workshops was our busiest ever and into the future. It aims to be more ‘user-friendly’ and act as much progress was made. A very big thank you to Dr. Miklós an essential reference guide and tool for zoo and aquarium Persányi, Director of Budapest Zoo, and everyone who managers and directors. WAZA is also developing its first was involved in making such an enjoyable and productive Animal Welfare Strategy, which will address the topic from a conference possible. range of viewpoints, and aim to provide zoos and aquariums The Annual Conference also saw the launch of two new with information on how they can best cater for the welfare EAZA Committees: the Communications Committee needs of their animals; how they can lead and advocate for (see the interview with the Chair, Columba de la Panouse animal welfare; and how they can provide environments that Turnbull, on page 10) and the National Associations improve animal-welfare knowledge and conditions, while Committee. Both of these new committees reflect the ever at the same time continuing to conserve wildlife. I very increasing need for us to communicate about the work we much look forward to seeing the final versions of these two do to the widest audience possible in the most effective and documents in 2015. engaging manner. As EAZA has grown as an association In summary, I am enthusiastic to have this opportunity to we have necessarily focused on developing internal play a larger role in the EAZA community. My time as the communication methods and promoting joint agreement EAZA Academy Manager, and these months interacting and understanding of our work. Events earlier this year with colleagues as the Executive Director, have only have shown us that, whist it is still vital that this internal strengthened my view that, although there can be challenges dialogue continues, we need to do more to ensure that both and conflicts at times, EAZA is a strong and vibrant our internal and external audiences have a full understanding conservation community. Through open communication of the work we do and are engaged in supporting it. One and understanding of each other’s needs and motivations of the first steps in this process is a review of the EAZA we can work together collaboratively to reach the highest communications strategy. Development of a new EAZA goals of zoos and aquariums. To close, I would also like to website, due for launch in the next few months, is a great first take this opportunity to thank everybody who has been so step in bringing our work to a wider audience. welcoming and supportive to me. I already know the team in During my first month in the role I also had the the Executive Office are happy and confident in my abilities opportunity to attend the CBSG and WAZA Annual to follow in Lesley’s footsteps and it is heartening to find so Conferences, based in New Delhi, India. This was my first many of you also feel the same way. I very much look forward time at either of these meetings and I was impressed by the to meeting and working with you all to continue building on diversity of attendees. The working group format of CBSG EAZA’s successes. enabled topics such as dysfunctional zoos, IUCN guidelines Myfanwy Griffith 4 (on ex situ management, reintroduction, confiscated Executive Director, EAZA ANNOUNCEMENTS

NOTICEBOARD

CONFERENCES SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER was a busy time in terms of conferences in the zoo and aquarium community. EAZA held a highly successful Annual Conference in Budapest in September, and details of the highlights of the meetings are in the conference summary on page 12. In November, the World Association of Zoos and Aquaria (WAZA) held its annual AB Aqua Medic GmbH (www.aqua-medic.de) conference in New Delhi with the theme of ‘Biodiversity, Connection to People and AQUA-TEKNIK A/S (www.aqua-teknik.com) Strategies’, hosted by the Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA). Base Structures Ltd (www.basestructures.com) Altogether, 259 participants from 38 countries participated in a very productive and Billings Productions (www.billingsproductions.com) intense week, with an introductory keynote speech by Joel Sartore, illustrating the Brogaarden (www.brogaarden.eu) conference theme and the Biodiversity is us campaign, with stunning imagery. Prof. CelsiusPro AG (www.celsiuspro.com) David Mellor introduced the Five Domains of animal welfare. Excellent examples of Claxitalia (www.claxitalia.com) Indian subcontinent biodiversity conservation and education were presented and Doublecheck Oy (www.doublezoo.com) workshops were held on euthanasia, population management, the WAZA animal Dowman Soft Touch (www.dowman.com) welfare strategy, the WAZA conservation strategy and the new proposed seven strategic EKIPA (www.ekipa.nl) directions for the WAZA corporate strategy, 2015–2020. The conference also touched Fachjan Project Plants (www.fachjan.nl) on another important and increasing threat to biodiversity: the illegal trade of wildlife. HMJ Design (www.hmj-design.dk) The membership endorsed and approved a resolution on legal, ethical and sustainable Instituto Bioclon (www.bioclon.com.mx) sourcing of animals and the Federal Minister for Environment, Forests and Climate Jardine Lloyd Thompson Leisure (www.jltgroup.com) Change, Prakash Javadekar, took part in a public burning ceremony of confiscated Kiezebrink International (www.kiezebrink.eu) wildlife products in Delhi zoo. The minister also announced that his Government is Mapcards (www.mapcards.net) working to open a Centre of Zoo Sciences at New Delhi in the near future to improve Marchegay Technologies (www.marchegay.com) standards, infuse a rigorous scientific and technical culture in the present system, make Marine Nutrition (www.marinenutrition.com) Indian zoos more visitor-friendly and provide strong professional training for CZA Mazuri Zoo Foods (www.mazuri.eu) institution staff. Pangea Rocks (www.pangea.dk) Prior to the WAZA conference, IUCN SSC’s Captive Breeding Specialist Group, the pricetag (www.pricetag.nl) IUCN body most closely related to zoo and aquarium based conservation strategies, Ralf Nature (www.ralfnature.com) held their own meeting, also hosted by the CZA in New Delhi. Rasbach Architekten (www.rasbacharchitekten.de) Ravensden Plc (www.ravensden.co.uk) POPULATION MANAGEMENT ray hole architects (www.rayhole-architects.com) THE EAZA OFFICE has been hard at work African elephant (Loxodonta africana), St. Laurent (www.st-laurent.fr) this year on population management tools Asia elephant (Elephas maximus) and Triumph Gate Ltd (www.triumphgate.org) designed to assist with EEP evaluations giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). LTPs for Wildlife Trading Company (www.wctnm.com) and long-term planning for species. Since lion-tailed macaque and mandrill will be Zoolife s.l (www.zoologicaladviser.com) the Annual Conference, Kristine Schad and completed soon. The department aims to ZOOPROFIS (www.zooprofis.de) Kristin Leus, with direction and assistance complete 5-6 long-term plans each year, ZooTrend (www.zootrend.com) from the department, have conducted with species being targeted according to Zoos Online Services (www.zoos.pro) nine Quick Population Assessments (QPA). EEP evaluations, and decided in The department will continue to report December. The Polar Bear EEP long-term COUNCIL ELECTIONS back with the findings of the QPAs to TAG population management plan, which Elections for EAZA Council will be held in 2015, chairs and EEP coordinators. determines the genetic and demographic with the new Council taking their seats at the In addition, the department has also status of the population and defines the Annual Conference in Wroclaw in September. completed its fourth Long Term goal of the EEP over the next five years, The elections will be coordinated by the EAZA Population Management Plan (LTP) for including transfer and breeding Office’s Communications and Membership polar bears (Ursus maritimus). This follows recommendations, is now available on Department, who will be in touch with National on from LTPs completed this year for the the member area of the web site on the Associations and Directors early in the New Year Mauritius Pink Pigeon (Columba mayeri), Bear TAG page. to start the process.

MEMBERSHIP Woburn Safari Park, UK; Kolmarden Zoo, Sweden; Danmarks Council approved the following recommendations for Akvarium, Denmark; Espace Zoologique de la Boissiere du Dore, membership at Annual Conference France; Zoologicka zahrada Olomouc, Czech Republic. H Recommendation: Full Membership: Natur’Zoo de Mervent, H EAZA Accreditation Programme: Temporary Member Two years France; Zoo Hodonin, Czech Republic. (downgrade): Chessington World of Adventures, UK. H Recommendation: Temporary Membership (2 years): Zoo du EAZA Accreditation Programme (EAP) screenings are now being Bassin d’Arcachon, France; Drayton Manor Zoo, UK; Domaine du booked for summer and autumn 2015. Members interested in Reynou, France; Parc Animalier d’Auvergne, France. being placed on the screening calendar should contact April H EAZA Accreditation Programme: Maintain Full Membership: Adams at the Executive Office ([email protected]). 5 ANNOUNCEMENTS

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS EASTERN BONGO AT STUTTGART FOR THE FIRST TIME IN SIX YEARS, an eastern bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) calf has been born at Wilhelma Zoo in Stuttgart. The birth, at the end of October, follows the introduction of a male, which was transferred from Duisburg to the zoo in 2012. This is a further step forward for the EEP dedicated to this extremely rare antelope, of which only 150 or so remain in their natural habitat in a small range in eastern Kenya. The calf, known to keepers as Kaamu, was born without complication on 27 October, and has remained concealed since then, as is normal with bongos, only receiving visits from the dam for suckling. The animals, which have spectacular markings on a vivid red-brown pelage, also feature long spiralled horns in both sexes, the only tragelaphid to exhibit this trait; the colouring, size and horns all contribute to the popularity of the bongo as a zoo species, the worldwide young, and the tendency to be most one of the most threatened large captive population of which is over 400 active at night. mammals in Africa, and as a result the animals. These advantages are mitigated Approximately 170 eastern bongos are birth of the calf at Stuttgart will aid in the by natural behaviours which include kept in EAZA collections under an active efforts to maintain the good genetic high levels of timidity, males which live EEP. Along with animals like Rothschild’s health and robust demographics of the solitary lives separate from females and giraffe, eastern bongos are recognised as EEP population. ANDEAN CONDOR AT PUY DU FOU

THE INSTITUTE OF FALCONRY at Puy du Fou in France hatched a single Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) chick in June 2014. This is without doubt one of the most challenging vulture species to reproduce due to a number of factors which make it very difficult for captive breeding centres to achieve success. Puy’s breeding pair had already produced two chicks prior to their arrival at the Institute from a private collection that was closing down. The chick was the result of a three-year process of acclimatisation to a specially adapted aviary. Regular copulations during this period were noted, but they did not produce results. This year, the pair showed a bit more enthusiasm and an egg was laid. Discussions with other breeders of this species, including Luis Jacome, resulted in taking the egg away immediately as it is very fragile and the nest not always strong enough – the chances of a natural hatching were extremely slim. The egg was placed in an incubator at 36.8°C with minimal humidity, in the same way as for other raptor eggs. A substitute egg was used but the pair quickly realised this and abandoned the nest. After one month the chick weighed 2kg, and continues to grow well and in good health. It is currently housed in over-wintering accommodation with no direct human contact while its parents are housed in a neighboring aviary. When it achieves sufficient maturity, the condor is likely to be released in Paileman, Argentina, at the northern border of Patagonia, under the supervision of field conservationists. The paperwork to allow the transfer and reintroduction of the bird to this spectacular mountain area in Rio Negro province has already started. The Andean condor is listed as Near Threatened on the Red 6 List, and the EAZA’s EEP is coordinated at Doué la Fontaine. BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS ARTHUS BOUTIN ARTHUS ELEVEN NEW CHEETAH CUBS

THE FIRST HALF OF 2014 was quite productive for Safari de as he managed to succeed in less than two months, whereas all Peaugres, with the birth of 3 litters of cheetahs, all mother- other males had failed. reared. Safari de Peaugres has been breeding cheetahs since Two cubs from the last litter unfortunately died a few days 1995, with more than 50 cubs born so far, raised and then sent all after birth, but the remaining 11 have been raised without any over Europe, following EEP recommendations. problems. The cubs were weighed every two days until they Visitors can only see cheetahs in two enclosures. The seven were too ‘dynamic’ to stay in the weighting box! Safari de others are located in a calm, forested area, without any other Peaugres’ fans were kept informed about the development of predators nearby. All but one of these enclosures are connected, the cubs via the zoo’s Facebook page. So, when the moment so, most of the time, there is no need to put the cheetahs in came to find names for the two females from the last litter crates to transfer them to another enclosure. starting with the letter ‘W’ (Safari de Peaugres use a letter per The cheetahs’ behaviour is observed every morning when the litter to easily remember the links between the animals), the animals are released into their respective enclosures. This allows names Wifi and Web were quite obvious choices. the head keeper to immediately programme a change in the Utopie, Ukraine, Ukulélé, Uranie, Ulysse, Virgule, Velours, composition of the pairs when needed. Two birth dens (in two Voyou, Vanille, Web and Wifi have been favourites for a lot of separate houses) are fitted with a camera to allow the keeper to visitors during summer 2014 and helped the zoo to collect check what is currently happening before entering into the house. money. A money box linked to a mechanical soft toy of a cheetah Even with a well-designed facility, the breeding of this cub has been installed just in front of the ‘nursery enclosure’. amazing cat species is only possible with good cooperation When someone puts a coin into the money box, the toy cheetah between European zoos. Thus, the sire of the litter born in moves its head and chirps, which encourages children to insert January (1.4 cubs) was a male sent by Montpellier Zoo, and the more coins. A TV permanently shows a short clip about Cheetah two other litters, 2.2 in May and 0.4 in June, have been sired by a Conservation Fund (CCF) actions. All the collected money is male loaned by Le Parc des Félins. This transfer has been very doubled by the zoo and then sent to CCF. valuable, as both females were already 7 years old and had never We all hope that the cubs will continue to contribute to the mated before, despite having met a lot of males. Le Parc des conservation of their species by becoming breeding animals in Félins had probably taught their male how to talk to the ladies, different European zoos.

7 EU NEWS New Faces at the European Commission EU POLICY MANAGER DANIEL NUIJTEN OUTLINES THE RESULTS OF THE RECENT CHANGE OF FACES AT THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND THE EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY (EMA)’S PUBLIC CONSULTATION ON THE VETERINARY USE OF DICLOFENAC IN SPAIN AND ITALY

October and November were a very THE ASIAN WHITE-RUMPED VULTURE exciting period in Brussels with WAS ALMOST DRIVEN TO EXTINCTION BY hearings to decide the makeup of DICLOFENAC. the new European Commission and the subsequent appointment of its members. Of the new Commissioners, two are especially relevant to zoos and aquariums: Karmenu Vella from Malta, who takes over at Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and Vytenis Andriukaitis from Lithuania, who will be responsible for Health and Food Safety. Mr. Vella’s new role includes biodiversity and the European Zoos Directive, while Mr Andriukaitis will head up DG SANCO, which includes units responsible for animal health and welfare. During the hearings to review the appointment of the new commissioners, the European Parliament expressed some concerns that sustainable development and the environment were not high enough on the political agenda, a concern which • The maximum identification age Conservation Foundation, Birdlife was picked up and reflected by the for horses has been set at 12 months International and other organisations Commission through the appointment from birth. to call for a Europe-wide ban on of Frans Timmermans from Holland • There will be some changes in the veterinary use of diclofenac, and as one of the vice-presidents of required format of the passports. made its own submission to the EMA’s the European Commission. He is Among other developments that are public consultation on the issue. The responsible for coordinating the work being monitored is a proposal for new review should be finished in the first of this policy area. legislation for the import of animal half of 2015, and we are hopeful that The new Commissioners took their sperm, which is currently being debated the scientific evidence of the threat seats at the beginning of November and in the European Parliament, and a to conservation work for vultures we await with interest signs that they proposal to revise the Animal Health and other carrion raptors in Europe are making progress in their respective Law which, hopefully, will be moved will be compelling enough to ensure policy areas. EAZA will continue to forward in 2015. a ban before any collapse in their monitor the situation and actively There is also a scientific review populations in Spain and Italy occurs. work to ensure that any concerns in being conducted at the request of In addition to policy formulation, relevant policy are addressed by the the European Commission by the the European Commission also Commission. European Medicines Agency on the has a number of different funding In September new legislation on use of the anti-inflammatory drug programmes, including LIFE+ which horse passports was adopted and diclofenac in livestock. Two EU funds projects in the EU on biodiversity although the legislative text has not member states, Spain and Italy, have and sustainable development, and been published yet we know already the permitted the use of the drug, despite ERASMUS+, which provides funding following: clear warnings from India that the for education and youth programmes, • By 1 January all member states must drug is highly toxic to vultures and plus others. Regular updates via EAZA have in place a central database with reduced the population of vultures by eNews will outline calls for proposals the data of all horse passports issued. over 90% prior to being banned in and deadlines: further information This is currently the case for 25 out that country. EAZA has been active is available from EAZA’s EU Policy of 28 member states. in supporting calls from the Vulture Manager, [email protected] 8 EKSTROM GORAN CAMPAIGNS

Two degrees is the limit THE POLE TO POLE CAMPAIGN ENTERS YEAR TWO, AND YOU CAN HELP TO GET ITS SIMPLE MESSAGE ACROSS

Jose Kok, Campaign Chair

Year one of the Pole to Pole campaign YEAR TWO OF POLE TO featured a lot of activity in our member POLE WILL FOCUS ON zoos, from special activities and displays COLLECTING PETITION to the inauguration of exhibits based SIGNATURES TO COMBAT around the idea of protecting polar CLIMATE CHANGE species. Based on the campaign slogan of ‘Pull the Plug’, participants have been highly creative in their activities aimed at raising awareness of climate change and how individual action to reduce emissions can have a big effect. Some of the highlights include: • Zoo Decin’s Inuit Games, • Dierenrijk’s Polar Bear Marathon, • Action of the Day at Norden’s Ark, • Blackpool Zoo’s Pledge Tree, • School posters at Zoo am Meer, • Mulhouse Zoo’s new polar exhibit featuring musk ox, polar bear and artic fox, and So what are we asking for? In warming above 2⁰C will have. We, the • Puy du Fou’s Snowy Owl ambassador. common with several petitions being undersigned, as part of the Pole to Pole These form just a small part of the prepared for UNFCCC (and we are Campaign of the European Association activities undertaken during the first looking at how to work with these of Zoos and Aquaria, demand year, which has been successful in organisations to combine these the commitment of our national making the link between animals in petitions into a single large stack governments and the European Union zoos and the personal actions of visitors of signatures), EAZA feels that the to support all measures which help keep to help protect the habitats of their message needs to be kept simple. While global warming under the 2⁰C limit, wild cousins. highly educated and well-informed and to work towards a binding global Following discussions with CBSG young people have been getting agreement at the intergovernmental and others at the EAZA Conservation involved with 350.org, a campaign meeting on climate change in Paris in

Forum in May, the Campaign to limit the level of CO2 in the December 2015.’ Committee recognised the fact that atmosphere to 350 parts per million, EAZA has had great success with personal mitigation of climate change the consensus is that to maximise petitions in the past: the illegal trade can only ever be part of the solution: public participation, the petition in bushmeat from the EAZA campaign climate change is so vast and far- should use the message that “2 degrees of 2000 provided 1.4m signatures to be reaching that we also need legislation is the limit. The UN Sustainable delivered to the European Parliament. globally to ensure that governments Networks Solutions Network and The current petition, while also are incentivising renewable energy Avaaz.org, one of the world’s leading available for signature on the campaign and making it a core part of their online activism websites, have both website, will encourage visitors to sign energy security strategies in the decided to instead focus on the a paper petition as they leave the zoo very near future. With the United message that the limit for global or aquarium – taking advantage of the Nations Framework - Convention warming should be a 2 degree rise. fact that people are more receptive to on Climate Change‎ (UNFCCC) The Campaign Committee agreed altruistic and planet-saving values after meeting scheduled for December 2015, unanimously that this message, while spending time with the animals. EAZA the Committee made the decision to perhaps less scientifically accurate in strongly hopes to replicate the success draft and launch a petition calling claiming that this limit will provide a of the bushmeat petition, and urges all for concerted and global action on workable solution for climate change, members to download the petition form a resolution to restrict and reduce would be clearer to the general public, from www.poletopolecampaign.org. emissions. The petition will be handed and, as a result, drafted and agreed the over at UNFCCC in Paris, and we following petition text: For further information on getting involved urge all members to download the ‘Scientists are clear about the with this crucial activity during the last petition form at the Pole to Pole devastating effects on human well- year of the campaign, please contact Mirko website’s resources page – www. being, the natural world and its Marseille at the EAZA Executive Office poletopolecampaign.org/resources/ biodiversity that man-made global ([email protected]). 9 INTERVIEW Spreading the word COLOMBA DE LA PANOUSE TURNBULL, OF PARC DE THOIRY, IS THE FIRST CHAIR OF EAZA’S NEW COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE. ZOOQUARIA CAUGHT UP WITH HER TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THIS ROLE, AND WHAT THE FUTURE COULD HOLD

Zooquaria You are the first chair and with insufficient concern for the of the new Communications long-term viability of ex situ and in Committee which officially came situ populations, to becoming more into being at the annual conference responsible institutions, focused on in Budapest. Can you tell us more public education, raising conservation about why the committee was awareness and supporting in situ formed? conservation. I personally believe Colomba de La Panouse Turnbull that, although much progress has The euthanasia of a young male been achieved in terms of sustainable giraffe at Copenhagen Zoo earlier management of captive populations, zoos seem to be primarily motivated this year was widely publicised by the there is room for much more. by a need for recreation and the zoos’ social media for a couple of weeks Furthermore, in terms of our impact efforts in education and conservation and sparked a global debate on zoos’ on the environment at large and the are recognised more as an added population management methods. sustainable management of natural bonus. Certainly, in France, donations EAZA members were completely resources in general, I believe we from members of the public to zoos’ unprepared for the media frenzy still have progress to make. Finally, conservation work is marginal. In this which occurred in some European the community of zoos worldwide context, the public is not likely to countries and the US and, combined has been slowly but surely moving understand or support complex issues with a fair amount of misinformation, towards common goals of responsible such as population management this led to a divided response to press, management via the creation of or even animal welfare. Therein lies further antagonising the issue. This regional associations such as EAZA and the gap as the view of directors and turn of events was discussed in depth also via WAZA and efforts need to be senior staff for whom following EAZA at the EAZA Directors’ Day in Doué- pursued in order to ensure that zoos guidelines is the right course of action La-Fontaine and a general consensus around the world which are not up to is completely alien to a number of was reached regarding the creation par become so. Therefore, I would hope our visitors. I strongly believe that of a Communications Committee to see the future of zoos 20 years from communication and education that would work on a communication now to be a reflection of significant is the only way forward to bridge strategy respectful of cultural advances in these aspects of zoo this gap and hence the need for a differences in zoos whilst defending management and cooperation. Communications Committee. Indeed, core EAZA values and principles. This this work relies first and foremost on would allow us to be better prepared in ZQ How do you think the public achieving complete transparency and the future to deal with any contentious perception of zoos and aquariums the ability to discuss taboo subjects issue hitting the media but, also, to across Europe differs from the view among EAZA members because ensure that on a day-to-day basis, each of the directors and senior staff of anything we attempt to hide will EAZA member promotes a shared those institutions? And how can the come out eventually in this world image of what it means to be an EAZA communications committee help now governed by social media hype. zoo. bridge that gap? We need to be prepared to explain CPT I think this very much depends everything we do and why we do it ZQ You were practically born into on the country we’re in. We saw with and this begins with reviewing the the world of zoos. What do you see the events in Copenhagen earlier this EAZA mission statement in order to to be the main differences between year that Danish people very much ensure that each member feels it is zoos when you were a child and defended their national zoo whereas its own mission statement to uphold. zoos as they are now? And how the public in some Latin countries The Communications Committee will do you see the future of zoos and strongly condemned it. My impression then pursue its goals by working on aquariums 20 years from now? is that zoo visits in the UK and northern a communication strategy with the CPT I believe the majority of EAZA Europe are often not motivated purely participation of EAZA members. members are well aware that zoos by a need for recreation but also a have moved on tremendously since need to include zoos as an integral ZQ What do you view as being I was a child (in the 1970s) from part of the education of one’s children. the perfect end result of an active being more commercial institutions, Certainly, in the UK, public donations communications strategy? Is this focused primarily on a recreational are a real asset in supporting zoos’ realistic? 10 and/or ‘stamp collection’ approach conservation work. Visitors to Latin CPT In my view, the perfect end result of an active communications strategy COLOMBA DE LA PANOUSE TURNBULL ADDRESSES THE would be that all EAZA member COMMUNICATIONS PLENARY AT EAZA ANNUAL CONFERENCE institutions and their staff engage in 100% transparent communication and solidarity towards EAZA. Whilst there are cultural differences on various subjects, for instance, management euthanasia, it is possible to explain in a rational and sensitive manner to the public and the media why some EAZA members resort to certain zoo management methods and why it is acceptable in some countries but not possible in one’s own. Opening up the debate on certain topics with the wider community and integrating its different stakeholders in the resolution of complex issues is the only way to achieve a more global and balanced response in the long term. I am not pretending it will be easy to achieve these objectives but I do believe it is realistic. Success will very much depend on maintaining and increasing the interest in this new committee which was apparent in Budapest with several EAZA members approaching David and myself. More to the point we will need active participation of members.

ZQ Should zoos and aquariums be getting involved in non-traditional areas of communication in order to fulfil their mission? For example, should we be engaged in politics or community action? CPT The more we communicate about the role and mission of zoos and EAZA the better. Engagement in politics may not be realistic and achievable in some countries but community action should certainly be developed by all EAZA members. Local communities are important stakeholders of zoos and can become faithful and active promoters and supporters of their zoo if a strong relationship is built.

ZQ Are the geographic breadth of EAZA and the cultural differences its mission and this in itself is surely CPT Currently, I’m setting up an across Europe too much to a reflection that members are eager organic farm with my husband to overcome? to make progress in bridging the gap produce miscanthus for biomass CPT It certainly isn’t an easy feat to between cultural differences and boilers and organic fruits and overcome these. However, EAZA tightening the bonds within the EAZA vegetables for the local market and members have already come a long community, let alone with the wider the surplus will be destined for Thoiry way in working together to achieve community. Zoo’s animals. I really enjoy travelling common goals and produce common and I also do acrylic and oil painting strategies. As mentioned earlier, several ZQ When you are not running Thoiry (mainly portraits and symbolic members have expressed interest in and chairing the committee, what figurative painting)… when I am able the communication committee and do you like to do in your time off? to find the time. 11 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Hungarian rhapsody BUDAPEST PROVIDED THE PERFECT BACKDROP FOR EAZA’S SUCCESSFUL 2014 ANNUAL CONFERENCE

David Williams-Mitchell, Communications and Membership Manager

EAZA’s Annual Conference is our Directors attending the spring meeting practice, breeding programmes and Association’s most significant event, the at Doué La Fontaine. other areas. A solution that will one opportunity for all our members to The Communications Committee, continue to be discussed is the idea come and meet each other and discuss which is chaired by Thoiry Zoo Director that Committee members could the most important issues that face our Colomba de La Panouse Turnbull, held serve on other committees to consult institutions. And again this year, come its first meeting and organised a plenary on common concerns and outline a they did: with nearly 700 delegates session at the conference. Taking to different perspective where needed. from 47 countries, including directors, heart the lessons learned in 2014, the • The Reintroduction and curators, veterinarians, educators and Committee outlined a commitment Translocation Working Group communicators (among others), the to transparency in the Association’s presented the results of research Budapest conference was testament relationship with the public, as well conducted by the University to the importance of the opportunity, as internally. The Committee will be of Southampton and Marwell with the increase in attendance over working to address a need for better Wildlife with the title ‘Building the recent years now being a permanent and clearer communications of the foundations of success: An assessment development. Set against the dramatic science behind the work done by of successful reintroduction projects backdrop of Pest, the conference members in population management, involving captive-bred animals’. facilities at the Hilton Hotel provided conservation, education and research, • The EAZA Population Management an excellent ambience in which to and brings together some of the best Advisory Group outlined plans to discuss the events of the past year and communications experts from across the expand its membership to include plan ahead. Seamless organisation by network. The National Associations Core Members, Corresponding Budapest Zoo and CongressLine meant Committee also held its first meeting at Members, Advisors, or Links to Other that delegates could work efficiently the conference, at which leaders from Regions. EPMAG will be contacting during the long hours of meetings before our affiliated membership organisations curators, TAG chairs and other relaxing with an excellent programme discussed their role and how they and zoological staff at member institutions of social events. EAZA can work together for mutual to fill these positions in the near Of course, one topic could not benefit. future. be entirely avoided: management euthanasia. The community showed EXISTING COMMITTEES TAG MEETINGS no doubt as to the importance of Conference is the second chance of the The TAGs built on the momentum retaining our Association and the year for all the Association’s specialist generated at June’s highly successful breeding programmes it administers committees and working groups to meet Joint TAG Chairs meeting and EAZA and, while cultural differences are and discuss issues including veterinary TAG Mid-Year meetings held at undoubtedly a factor in the practice of care of animals, technical assistance Avifauna at Alphen aan de Rijn in the managing populations, there was little to zoos in developing countries and Netherlands, increasing their discussions disagreement with the idea that long- membership, among many other of international cooperation and One term planning for the conservation of topics. Highlights from their meetings Plan Approach planning. Highlights species in human care requires difficult included: included: decisions to be made. The message • The Research Committee • The Cattle TAG held discussions from the membership that came decided to create different roles with colleagues from the Indonesian through strongly was that we have a to ensure a wide base of expertise Association of Zoos and Aquariums duty to explain clearly to the public the and consultation, including on and AZA about developing global rationale for our decisions – even if they matters of communication and the species management plans for the are not universally practised. administration and editorial roles of conservation of banteng, anoa and To this end, and to ensure that the the Journal of Zoo and Aquarium babirusa. Association’s voice represents every Research, EAZA’s peer-reviewed • The Chair of the Prosimian TAG cultural viewpoint within a strong journal. Committee members can attended AZA’s Prosimian TAG representation of scientific principles, now be part of the Core Group or midyear meeting to further discuss this year’s Conference saw the debut advisory Associates. future co-operation, regional of two new EAZA committees: the • The Aquarium Committee discussed prioritisation and a global programme Communications Committee and the its role and the relevance of treating approach (the AZA TAG chair National Associations Committee, aquariums as a different entity to also attended the EAZA midyear 12 both of which were mandated by the zoos in terms of management, best meeting in Alphen). This cooperative BUDAPEST ZOO ORGANISED A TRIP TO THE HUNGARY IS HOME TO A NUMBER OF UNIQUE HORTOBAGY AREA BREEDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

approach has led to an action Museums of Natural Sciences, managers are now advanced enough to plan which is common to both introduced the Memorandum of allow a wider view of the management associations. Understanding recently signed between of health issues. Sustained dialogue • A highly popular meeting with our organisations and Botanical between stakeholders (for example attendees occupying every available Gardens Conservation International. between EEP coordinators and vets) space, the Rhino TAG invited The memorandum, she said, pointed to – on the One Plan Approach model three inspirational external speakers the joint organisation of a conservation – will allow for better management from Big Life Foundation, Nino campaign, the proposal for which solutions to population health, transfer the mad mad rhino and Save the was approved by the Conservation of animals for conservation breeding Rhino International to outline the Committee later in the conference. and so on. This idea, called One Health challenges they face, and aggressive The conservation plenary introduced by EAZA Collection Coordination new tactics to stem the tide of some of the field projects which have and Conservation Manager Danny de poaching and population decline. received funding from our previous Man in his closing remarks, recognises • The Antelope and Giraffe TAG campaigns, and set out the programme that the health of humans, animals and started work on a new Regional for the second year of the Pole to Pole ecosystems are interconnected. Collection Plan which will fully campaign. Details of the new petition Finally, the Communications Plenary incorporate the One Plan Approach. are on page 9. In addition, invited introduced Brendan Hodgson from • The Marine Mammal TAG discussed speaker Michael Sani from the UK’s Hill+Knowlton Strategies to outline the final draft of its Regional Bite the Ballot organisation presented the importance for any corporate entity Collection Plan. the highly important role of young in maintaining transparency in an • Preliminary results of the elephant people in politics, making an excellent age of mistrust, while Sarah Thomas husbandry survey were presented case for our institutions engaging with introduced the concept of good linguistic to the audience with a final report young voters to sign the petition and get framing in communicating and inspiring expected towards the end of the year. them involved in the political process. altruistic values in our audiences. The veterinary plenary emphasised The Conference also featured a PLENARIES the importance of good veterinary number of workshops on tuberculosis, Following welcome speeches from our practice as ‘prevention being better animal welfare, the conservation host Dr. Miklos Persanyi, EAZA Chair than cure’. Building on this approach, database and other topics, making Simon Tonge, and the Deputy Mayor of excellent talks from Arne Lawrenz, Budapest 2014 one of the fullest the city of Budapest, our guest keynote Alexis Lecu, Stephanie Sanderson, and most far-reaching agendas the speaker Dr Anna Omedes from Ecsite Endre Sos and Peter Donlon pointed out Association has assembled. We (the European Network of Science that the knowledge and tools available look forward to Wroclaw 2015 with Centres) and Director of the Barcelona to veterinarians and population excitement. 13 REGIONAL COLLECTION PLANS A fresh approach WITH MANY FAMILIES OF FRESHWATER FISH FACING AN EXTINCTION CRISIS, A NEW REGIONAL COLLECTION PLANNING PROGRAMME HOPES TO ENCOURAGE MORE ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS TO GET INVOLVED

Brian Zimmerman, Chair, Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Invertebrate TAG

Freshwater fishes, one of the most threatened vertebrate groups, got a boost in September when Tierpark Schönbrunn in Vienna hosted the first ever European Regional Collection Planning (RCP) workshop for this diverse and enormous group of animals. The workshop was held over two days and host Anton Weissenbacher, the curator of Vienna’s collection, and co-organiser Brian Zimmerman from ZSL, knew they wouldn’t have time to review all the species: with over 15,000 classified under the banner of ‘freshwater fish’ the task of reviewing each species is quite overwhelming. In order to ensure that there would be some progress and to make a running on population management for highly species suffered a series of setbacks due start, nine families were pre-selected fecund species. Will Darwall from to disease and a small gene pool. A for review. These were chosen based on IUCN gave an in-depth presentation last-ditch attempt to hybridise the last existing knowledge of their prevalence on the IUCN Red Listing process two males with females of its formerly in captive collections as well as having and an introduction to the Red List sympatric species, the Potosi pupfish species under threat. website, one of the main tools that (Cyprinodon alvarezi), are being Another challenge was trying to the participants would use for sorting attempted at Berkeley University in attract the right people to participate species. California. However, it is likely that in the workshop. Even though Due to the urgent conservation the species will soon be lost forever. freshwater fishes contain some of issues that so many freshwater fish face Examples such as this highlight the the most threatened species on and the enormous number of species to urgent need for better coordination earth, they don’t receive comparable sort through, the workshop organisers between institutions plus a well- attention from the zoo and aquarium decided in advance that the focus of developed RCP with managed community. The fact that there are this workshop would be only on species breeding programmes. There are no managed breeding programmes that fitted under the RCP category of already five species of pupfish for freshwater fish is one example of ‘conservation’. lost to extinction and at least six how neglected this group is. Public The nine families pre-selected additional species of pupfish from aquarium collections are dominated for review included: Madagascar Mexico that are already extinct in by marine species and many zoos don’t rainbowfish, Australasian rainbowfish, the wild. Public aquariums and zoos work with fish of any sort. With this in cichlids, blue-eyes, pupfish, two are the last hope for these species but mind, the organisers enlisted the help families of live-bearers, anabantoids, coordinated management is essential of a diverse group of people to develop and the carps (including barbs, loaches to improve gene flow between meta- the RCP. Freshwater fish experts from and danios). Many of these families populations and solve breeding and universities and research centres, are widely represented in the public husbandry problems. With time taxonomists and hobby groups joined aquarium community and popular in running out for so many species, the zoo and aquarium community for the hobby trade. immediate prioritisation is the first the workshop and started the enormous Some of these families contain step to determine which species need task of reviewing species. some of the most threatened species coordinated conservation breeding Introductory presentations were on earth. For example the family before it’s too late. given to familiarise participants with Cyprinodontidae or pupfish has one The zoo and aquarium community the tools they would need to develop species that will become extinct in Europe has huge untapped potential the RCP. Brian Zimmerman gave a very shortly. The Catarina pupfish to rescue freshwater fish species from presentation on the RCP process and (Megupsilon aporus) has only two fish extinction. Of the nine families of talked through the Decision Tree for left, both males. Despite attempts to fish chosen for review in the RCP sorting species. Kristine Schad from breed the last fish by colleagues at the majority are small-bodied species 14 EAZA gave an excellent presentation Dallas Aquarium in Texas, US, the that require minimal space. One APH.RICHARDSONI

APH. A. TRANSGREDIENS THE COLLECTION PLANNING TEAM

aquarium facility could easily manage public expectation that the zoo and impossible to identify as individuals. more individuals of a Critically aquarium community take a leading Group management tools are needed Endangered pupfish than the whole role in species conservation, it begs that take these traits into account. global population of Sumatran tigers, the question: why aren’t more zoos and These must be developed alongside the for instance. It is important to ensure aquariums involved with freshwater prioritised list of speciesm then a test- that we don’t continue along the path fish conservation? case scenario could be implemented of only a few institutions taking part If one institution can keep a with three to five species to work in freshwater fish conservation. The population of 200 critically endangered through the challenges. Perhaps if Dallas example with the last Catarina rainbowfish in an enclosure of three these issues are overcome then more pupfish highlights the need for more cubic metres then shouldn’t every institutions would join forces to help holders of each species to ensure aquatic collection in Europe be getting tackle the extinction crisis now facing that there are safety-net populations involved? The cost of managing this freshwater fish. scattered over multiple institutions. entire population would be a fraction The RCP workshop in Vienna is At the Vienna workshop, Kristine of what it takes to keep one tiger alive just a starting point for the European Schad’s presentation suggested that for a year. Why has there not been Zoo and Aquarium community when each species should be maintained a greater response to the extinction it comes to freshwater fish. Now that in at least three locations, with more threat when solutions to immediate the process has started it is essential populations greatly increasing the loss of freshwater biodiversity are that we move rapidly to complete the chances of the long-term demographic obvious? RCP. After the RCP is produced the survival of the species and healthier One possible reason is that there coordinators will need to move quickly gene pools. In order for this type of has been a lack of coordination. to develop an inventory of existing coordinated management to take place, The sophisticated EEP and ESB captive stocks, identify more species the priorities must first be set. This is management plans for mammals and coordinators (or family coordinators) why the Vienna meeting was so crucial birds does not exist for freshwater and plan a population management to agreeing conservation priority fish yet. In fact, it may be that these strategy that is workable for the species species. programmes would never work for included. A recent review conducted by freshwater fish given the difficulties If your institution would like Joao Falcato, Director of Lisbon’s encountered with the ESB programmes to get more involved, then please Oceanario, found that there are for the two native European seahorse contact the new Fish and Aquatic just over 100 EAZA members that species. However, it would be beneficial Invertebrate TAG co-chair responsible have aquariums or keep fish of some to explore further whether these for freshwater fish, Toni Weissenbacher sort. Add to this the large number programmes or a modified version or TAG chair, Brian Zimmerman, for of non-EAZA European aquariums of them would suit the management more details. and the number increases by fivefold. of freshwater fish species. Most With conservation on the agenda of species under review for the RCP are [email protected] many of these organisations and the highly fecund, often short-lived and [email protected] 15 REGIONAL COLLECTION PLANS

GOLDEN LION TAMARINS (LEONTOPITHECUS ROSALIA) Assessing the species A ONE PLAN APPROACH TO COLLECTION PLANNING HAS BEEN DEVISED FOR A FAMILY OF NEW WORLD MONKEYS Miranda F Stevenson, Vice-Chair Callitrichid TAG and Kristin Leus, EAZA, CBSG Europe and Copenhagen Zoo

The previous Regional Collection Plan methodology determines, and produces, and species-specificin situ experts were for Callitrichidae (New World monkeys two main outcomes for each species: contacted. However, rather than merely including marmosets and tamarins), a conservation or non-conservation posing them the question ‘do you feel published in 2006, had recently become role(s), and a level of management. there is need for an EAZA population outdated so in 2012 the TAG began for conservation?’, we presented them work on a replacement. The overall THE ROLE with detailed descriptions of potential philosophy, incorporating the One In the spirit of the OPA, ex situ conservation roles of ex situ populations Plan Approach (OPA) to species conservation can be used more based on an adaptation of the conservation planning, was instigated effectively as a conservation tool if it Amphibian Ark conservation roles, and by Kristin Leus and this culminated is part of an integrated approach to with information on the current status in a TAG workshop in March 2013, species conservation. The potential of the EAZA population. Without at which the process was applied to need for a conservation role of an this information, in situ specialists may each species. The final document was EAZA ex situ population was therefore not realise either the full spectrum of issued in September 2014, in time for decided in consultation with in situ ways in which ex situ activities may the Annual Meeting in Budapest, and specialists. The TAG is very fortunate contribute to conservation, or the is available from the Callitrichid TAG in having Anthony Rylands from potential already present in the current section of the EAZA website. The full the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist EAZA population. For future work, details can be found in the RCP. Group (PSG) as one of its members we encourage TAGs to work with the This article will focus on the species and the plan incorporates the latest descriptions of common conservation assessment part of the publication and information from the field and also roles in the revised IUCN ex situ aims to explain the philosophy and on callitrichid taxonomy. In addition, guidelines, for which the Amphibian logic behind the plan, which may prove several TAG members and species Ark roles provided inspiration. useful to other TAGs in the process of coordinators are already involved In brief, the following roles for ex situ revising their RCPs. The process should in range-state species conservation- populations were considered (for full be regarded as a start to applying the planning processes that evaluate and descriptions, see RCP). OPA to collection planning, which may incorporate ex situ activities as part of Conservation roles for threatened or result in a full species conservation- the overall conservation strategy. This non-threatened species: planning process in the future. The ensured that all relevant authorities 1. Ark: would become completely 16 LEUS KRISTIN extinct without ex situ management. may be implemented immediately or field project in Colombia. In answer 2. Rescue: in very imminent danger sometime in the future. Currently four to the question ‘do you think that the of extinction and requires ex situ species are designated for replacement: genetic and demographic goals needed management. common marmoset (Callithrix to achieve the role can be met with the 3. Supplementation: ex situ management jacchus), black-tailed marmoset (Mico current population?’ the answer is ‘yes’ benefits the wild population through melanurus), moustached tamarin and the population can be kept at 90% breeding for release. (Saguinus mystax) and black-mantled GD for 100 years. As this will require 4. Insurance: it is unsure whether in situ tamarin (S. nigricollis) and a further intensive management, it is reasonable threat mitigation will have a sufficient four are PRS. Non-threatened species to have the programme as an EEP. effect, but an ex situ population may not in EAZA collections received be desired as an insurance population. the recommendation Do Not Obtain Golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus 5. Conservation Research: may benefit (DNO). rosalia). The species is ‘EN’, there are from applied research that contributes many in EAZA collections, and the to conservation in the wild; includes THE MANAGEMENT LEVEL global programme has been genetically non-threatened species being a The TAG is of the opinion that all well managed for many years. The husbandry analogue for threatened callitrichid species in EAZA zoos overall conservation programme for the species. should, at the very least, be monitored. species is a model for the OPA and the 6. Conservation Education: species may In order to decide the appropriate ex situ needs are clearly stipulated in inspire and increase knowledge to management category, the TAG the national action plan. The primary visitors to promote human behaviour evaluated if, in order to reach the roles of the programme are Insurance change. set roles and goals, just numbers and Supplementation. The secondary Roles 1 and 2 are not relevant to need to be tracked or if individual roles are Conservation Education, current callitrichid populations. information needs to be collected, if Research and Fundraising. The TAG Non-conservation roles for non- recommendations are necessary and if management level is an EEP. threatened species: these need to be mandatory, if a species The RCP carries out this process 1. For husbandry experience: eg before committee would help, what kind of for each species. However, apart from taking on more difficult species. commitment would be required from the fact that it is an extremely useful 2. Non-conservation related research: any non-EAZA participants, etc. The document, it is not fulfilling its purpose eg may be appropriate for basic and answers to these questions determined if simply stored on the EAZA website or applied research. if a species is going to be managed as an on a multitude of computers; it must be 3. Non-conservation education: ie EEP, ESB, Mon-P or Mon-T. Here are actioned. So all callitrichid holders are general callitrichid biology. two examples. urged to: 4. Colourful/distinctive/attractive • read the plan, exhibit: this may be good for zoo Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). • see how it applies to their business and therefore indirectly This species is ‘CR’ and there are many Institutional Collection Plan contribute to conservation in situ. in EAZA collections. The management and how they might assist in its To assist with points 3 and 4, the level is an EEP and the role of the implementation, Evolutionary Distinctiveness scores for programme is Insurance. Working • contact TAG members for advice each species, kindly provided by the through the Decision Tree: the species (the list is in the RCP), then Zoological Society of London’s EDGE is in EAZA zoos and is increasingly • commence and continue with (Evolutionary Distinct and Globally endangered in the wild, thus the sizable its implementation in respective Endangered) project, were also taken and healthy EAZA population makes collections. into account. The higher the score, the a sensible back-up. There are many Please feel free to contact the relevant higher is the evolutionary uniqueness of secondary roles including Conservation Callitrichid TAG members for further a species. Education and support for the ex situ information.

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND FEASIBILITY DECISION TREE Once it has been decided if there is a The role(s) and management level are deduced from a Decision Tree role for an EAZA population, the next process, the general flow of which was inspired by the methodology promoted in the soon-to-be published revision of the IUCN SSC series of questions deals with deciding Guidelines on the Use of Ex Situ Management for Species Conservation. which the genetic and demographic The full decision process within the tree is as follows: targets of such a population would 1 Is a species threatened (EW, CR, EN or VU) according to IUCN Red List? be, and whether these can likely 2 Is there a role for an ex situ population of the species in EAZA collections? be achieved. For non-threatened 3 What is the current genetic and demographic status ex situ? species, this included evaluating 4 If there is a role, what are the genetic and demographic goals? the space resource factor, ie is the 5 For non-threatened species, are space and resources required to fulfil the space required for a more important role of the species needed for a more important taxon? taxon. If the answer to this is ‘yes’, 6 Can the genetic and demographic goals required to achieve the set role then the species becomes a Potential be achieved? 7 Which management level is required to reach the goals? Replacement Species (PRS): this 17 BREEDING PROGRAMMES Hatching the hornbills

AMIENS ZOO HAS HAD SOME SUCCESS WITH BREEDING WREATHED HORNBILLS, AND IS NOW LOOKING TO IMPROVE THE HATCHING-RATE EVEN FURTHER

Christine Morrier PhD, Amiens Zoo director and Cathy King, studbook keeper, Weltvogelpark Walsrode

Amiens zoo is a seven-hectare city herself in too early. Clay was eventually grinding stone to shorten the lower and zoo with plenty of trees and water. steadily introduced over a six-day upper beak in order to remove most of Now 62 years old, the zoo holds about period, and by 3 March the nest was the abnormal part of the beak, refining 65 species (11 EEP and 7 ESB), one completely closed. the edge of the beak. There was a of which is the wreathed hornbill We had been feeding the birds little bleeding during this procedure (Rhyticeros undulatus). The two with two apples, two pears, three but it stopped with disinfection adults are an 18-year-old male from tomatoes, one banana, three kiwi and manual pressure. Immediately Amsterdam and a 19-year-old female fruit, 200g of grapes and 350g of after the procedure, the animal ate from Rotterdam, which have been on hornbill pellets from Mazuri. From without apparent discomfort. As the show since 2001. 17 February, we increased rations by abnormality only affected the beak’s We do not have information about including a further pear, tomato and extremity, we think it was probably breeding before 2006 when the kiwi fruit, plus 90g of croquette Purina caused by a shock during growth birds were vaccinated against avian chiot, supplemented by a daily dose rather than an improper incubation Influenza, but the first egg was laid in of Fertivit. For additional protein, temperature, genetic issue or incorrect 2007, although it was unfertilised. In we also provide locusts and mice all diet. 2010, two young females were hatched year round, and during the incubation At Amiens Zoo, then, we have and have been raised successfully by period (February and March) the birds successfully reproduced the wreathed their parents, and in 2012, another receive six locusts four times a month hornbill twice. For more regular and young bird was successfully raised. and four mice six times a month. After increased reproduction, we will be hatching, this supply is upped to 15 monitoring the pair more closely, KEEPING HORNBILLS locusts 16 times a month and eight and tweaking some of the husbandry The hornbills’ aviary is 8m x 3.65m, mice 17 days a month. Other animal details, such as increasing the number and 5m high, with a wall on the west protein complements such as boiled of hours of light. Overall, we feel that side. The temperature is maintained eggs, mealworms, and insectivorous the breeding conditions are largely at around 16°C all the time with 60% mix can also be provided, but we do right, as we have had success, and the humidity and light from 08:00 to 16:00. not use them at Amiens as our pair size and dimensions of the aviary are It is important to keep the ground clear does not like them. suitable. It is important that the birds so that the birds can parade and pair After hatching, the young hornbill remain as undisturbed as possible, up on the ground, although mating has presented a right lateral distal and in years when breeding is not never been witnessed. deviation of the rhinotheca. The successful, we could try moving the The process of incubation and left upper and lower tomia were nest or altering the size of its entrance. hatching of the most recent chick was too thick, preventing the tomia of as follows. The female began to close the gnathotheca to fit perfectly on Thanks to Laure Garrigues, Amiens the nest hole on 1 February, with food the tomia of the rhinotheca at the zoo biologist, Florence Ollivet Courtois, and beech shavings provided, although extremity of the beak. Nevertheless, DMV, and Amiens Zoo Keepers, we did not provide clay at this stage the bird was able to eat and be fed by especially Elodie Flautre, for their help in 18 because we did not want her to lock parents. We used a Dremel ND drill compiling this information. OBITUARY William Oliver THE WELL-RESPECTED CONSERVATIONIST AND WILDLIFE ARTIST HAS DIED AGED 67 FLORA AND FAUNA INTERNATIONAL FAUNA AND FLORA

William Oliver, the well-respected conservationist and wildlife artist, died on 10 September aged 67 from a suspected heart attack. William, who was based in ABOUT THE WREATHED HORNBILL the Philippines and headed the country’s Biodiversity The overall zoo population of wreathed hornbills is Conservation Foundation as Director, was closely involved small, with 25 birds in 10 EAZA zoos and four non- in the conservation of many species, but his specialism was EAZA zoos participating in the ESB. Although 10 wild pigs; he chaired the IUCN Specialist Group for wild founders have contributed to the population, we pigs for many years. have now reached the point at which the offspring A fierce defender of the role of zoos and aquariums in of these birds are all paired up with each other, conservation,William had no doubts that the chances of survival which means that in the next generation it will be of many species are greatly increased by the support and impossible to pair unrelated birds. Currently, there insurance provided by the best and most conservation-minded are two sibling pairs and one mother-son pair, zoos. Indeed, he worked closely with EAZA members including but only one of these is reproducing. There are Avifauna and Chester Zoo and received funding from the South two females in the population that are potential East Asia Campaign for BCF’s project to conserve Visayan writhed founders, but no males that are potential founders. hornbill (Aceros waldeni) in the Philippines. No breeding occurred in 2012, but three zoos In addition to his conservation work, William was also a gifted were successful in 2013. There was only one death painter, producing wildlife watercolours for projects as far afield in the population in 2012, and no birds left the as the Philippines, where he ended his career, and Jersey, where ESB. he started it. These highly detailed and accurate portraits of The sex ratio is almost even. The female in wildlife helped inspire those who saw them to notice and value Rotterdam is 32 years of age but still nesting. She their local wildlife, and will remain a major part of his legacy. produced eggs but no chicks in 2012. William Oliver’s dedication to conservation has led to the In the wild Rhyticeros undulatus (Shaw 1811 Java) naming of two species after him: Sus oliveri, a wild pig described is distributed from Bhutan and northeast India only from skulls, and Haematopinus oliveri, a critically endangered to Vietnam, and south to Sumatra, Borneo, Java parasite of the pygmy hogs he was instrumental in helping save and Bali, including several intervening offshore from extinction. islands. The bird is not globally threatened, and locally common in several areas across its range, which includes several large reserves and at least EAZA WORKED WITH seven national parks, including KhaoYai (Thaïland), WILLIAM OLIVER ON UluBelum and GunungMulu (Malaysia) and Bali PHILIPPINE HORNBILL CONSERVATION Barat (Bali). Within the more sedentary Thailand population, the breeding home range 10km² while the non-breeding range is 28km². Although still common, the wreathed hornbill has been lost from many marginal areas, and distribution is now patchy as a result of forest loss and species’ requirement for large, unbroken tracts of forest. The hornbills are still hunted in several areas. Because of their fruit-eating habits and mobility, hornbills are vital for seed dispersal, performing an extremely important function in the ecological balance of tropical forest. 19 CONSERVATION Champion the champions THE NEW EAZA SPECIES CHAMPIONS PROGRAMME GIVES ZOOS THE CHANCE TO HELP THE PEOPLE WHO ARE OUT THERE SAVING SPECIES

Roland Wirth, Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz (ZGAP) and Andrew Terry, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust

Global indicators such as the IUCN of the natural world and wildlife. conservationist would guarantee a Red List show that species are Equally zoos have become increasingly certain level of communication and becoming increasingly threatened focused on their role in protecting and material to the zoo. worldwide. In fact, the Living Planet restoring species and educating their The important component is Report recently estimated that visitors – thus helping to meet several that this would be a partnership over 50% of our wildlife has been of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. between the EAZA member and the lost in the last 40 years. Alongside But there still remains a very wide conservationists (or their NGO) and this, globally it is estimated that variation in the degree to which zoos not with EAZA as an organisation. approximately $3-400bn a year is actually support conservation – some This would not be a one-way needed for biodiversity protection are highly effective and there are provision of funds. However, funding and yet there is something like several species that would have gone should be provided without conditions $50bn currently being directed to extinct without the help and expertise – these funds should be given to help conservation. While these figures are provided by the zoo community. In the conservationists achieve their estimates they tell us what we already many cases, zoos that do not have very goals but would not be restricted know: that funding needs for nature active conservation programmes are to particular activities, otherwise conservation are increasing and the looking for opportunities to support this becomes like another donor costs are not being met by existing conservation in the wild. scheme that makes management sources. and reporting more complicated for Nonetheless, the conservationists NEW CONCEPT the conservationist. As this concept we meet and work with are the most With this fundamental need and develops we will highlight Species dedicated and passionate people opportunity in mind, and striving Champions through the EAZA out there. Managing a successful to find new ways in which the zoo website and Zooquaria, profiling their conservation project and delivering community can support effective work and helping to facilitate links these positive results requires a conservation in the field, the with potential zoos that could provide combination of skills that extends EAZA Conservation Committee is support. far beyond the technical; successful developing the Species Champions It will take some time to develop conservationists are managers, leaders, concept. The aim is to provide a the specific details and the limits fundraisers and communicators. In mechanism whereby EAZA member of the role provided by EAZA. But most successful species restorations, institutions can identify individuals given the scale of challenge we this whirlwind of activities, skills, who are having or can have a major face globally, the commitment of partners and needs all revolve role in halting the decline or loss of a conservationists to meet the challenge around singular or a very small group species in the field. and the opportunity provided by of individuals. These individuals Species Champions can be proposed many zoos, this is an important provide the core and vision of the by any zoo and a working group in the initiative for EAZA to support and project and ensure that with all the EAZA Conservation Committee will promote. To get you started we have competing demands, activities stay nominally approve these individuals included short biographies of two on track towards that vision. When as EAZA Species Champions. such species programmes and their we find failures in conservation, it Then these people can link to Champions: people who have made is often because these individuals participating zoos based on the a real difference to the fate of highly have been missing from the project. interests of either party, either threatened species and who need our These individuals are Species through the species being protected support. Please watch this space in Champions and without them and or the region. The goal would be for coming issues to learn more about the their dedication, more species would institutions to raise the profile of Species Champion programme. be extinct and conservation would these individuals and raise funds to be a far less effective and much more help them run their projects. Through References depressing affair. the conservationists they would be WWF. 2014. Living Planet Report 2014: species and You may be asking what is the engaging their visitors to donate spaces, people and places. [McLellan, R., Iyengar, role of zoos in this discussion? Over or learn more about what the zoo L., Jeffries, B. and N. Oerlemans (Eds)]. WWF, 148 million people visit European does to support conservation. The Gland, Switzerland. zoos each year. While looking for an participating zoos would guarantee a CreditSuisse, WWF & McKinsey. 2014. Conservation enjoyable experience, these visitors certain level of financial support to Finance. Moving beyond donor funding toward 20 are at least motivated to see more the conservationist and in return the an investor-driven approach. Pp 1-30. THE PHILIPPINE COCKATOO CONSERVATION PROGRAMME Once found across the Philippines, the Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia) declined dramatically during the 20th century mainly because of its value to the caged bird trade and loss of its native forest habitat. There are now fewer than 1,000 birds remaining in less than 2% of its original habitat. One of the strongholds for the species was Rasa Island, but the population there was reduced to about 25 birds due to poaching. Responding to the perilous situation faced by the cockatoo, Peter and Indira Widmann began the Philippine Cockatoo Conservation Programme (PCCP) in 1998. It focused on immediate conservation needs as well as research, captive breeding and translocation. Through this combined approach they have been able to increase the population of cockatoos on Rasa Island to over 300 and start projects on five other islands encompassing more than 50% of the remaining range of the species. They started the Katala Foundation and through their commitment to the cockatoo and its THE PYGMY HOG CONSERVATION habitats have broadened out to work with a number PROGRAMME of highly threatened species including green turtle, Standing just 30cm at the shoulder the pygmy hog Palawan peacock-pheasant and dugong. (Porcula salvania) is the world’s smallest and most David Waugh (Loro Parque, long term supporter of threatened hog species. Its habitat is the strip of rich the project) said ‘one of their innovative approaches tall grasses that runs along the foothill plains south was to employ ex-poachers as wardens to protect of the Himalayas in northern and northeastern India. the cockatoos. The ex-poachers not only now have For many years these grasses have been under great a source of regular income working as wardens on threat from habitat change, over-exploitation and too the projects but their local knowledge and skills also frequent burning; so much so that by the 1960s the increase its success.‘ pygmy hog was thought to have gone extinct. ‘Peter and Indira typify what it means to be a species Thankfully it turned out that a small number of hogs champion’ says Philippine cockatoo EEP coordinator remained in the wild and early efforts to survey the Eric Bairrão Ruivo from ZooParc de Beauval. ’They have species were started by William Oliver, a true Species rallied against major challenges to bring attention Champion, who sadly passed away earlier this year. and support to a species that could have easily gone From the first surveys in 1977 until the Pygmy Hog extinct.’ Roger Wilkinson from Chester Zoo adds ‚due Conservation Programme began in earnest in 1995, to their campaigning a major threat to this important William was a tireless campaigner and advocate for the population from a proposed nearby coal plant has species. It took those 18 years to get agreement and been averted.‘ a formal partnership in place to deliver an Action Plan For a full list of supporters and to find out more for the Species. The hog had been reduced to its last about this important programme visit: stronghold, with a few hundred animals remaining in www.philippinecockatoo.org. the Manas National Park. With a partnership between the Government of India, Forest Department of Assam, IUCN and the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust in place and with support from the EU, it was possible to start a breeding programme at a centre near the regional capital of Guwahati. A captive population of over 70 hogs has been maintained in two breeding facilities and 85 hogs have been released back to the wild in two new areas: Orang National Park and Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary. Working closely with wildlife wardens and forestry staff, the programme has trained hundreds of staff to use hog-friendly grassland management. Research into the hogs and their habitat has supported PhDs and Masters programmes.

IAN MACARTHY THE WILD WILD THE GALLERY IAN MACARTHY LAENDER DE BENEDICT 21 CONSERVATION Enhancing the database EAZA AND CONSERVATION - ARE WE PUTTING OUR EFFORTS AND MONEY WHERE OUR MOUTHS ARE?

Merel Zimmerman, EAZA Executive Coordinator, Conservation

Do you really know how much your institution is out, are considered to directly contribute to the long-term contributing to conservation? Or to which species? How survival of species in natural ecosystems and habitats. The about other institutions within our membership? Or what if six categories currently identified are: habitats, species and a fellow member is already involved in an interesting project populations, conservation, research, conservation education and your institution wants to join or collaborate? Where to and capacity building, advocacy and fundraising/direct go for your information? The EAZA Conservation Database! grants. The same six categories are available as Conservation It aims to provide the membership with a further improved Categories in the EAZA Conservation Database to create tool to get information on all our members’ conservation the opportunity to gain experience in working with and activities and, over time, create an overview on conservation feeling for these terms. One of the steps you can take to contributions that gives a more complete reflection of start providing data in a more standardised manner is using the breadth and extensive conservation work that our the EAZA Conservation Category (or Categories) while membership does. providing details on your projects. Once the EAZA guideline The EAZA Conservation Committee has supported the on defining a contribution to conservation is endorsed by restructuring and facelift of the online EAZA Conservation EAZA Council and published we can move towards officially Database (www.eazaconservation.org) and it was officially including these activities as well. EAZA members and the launched during the EAZA Annual Conference in Budapest. EEO will be able to use the valuable information in the An important aim while working on the new database was to EAZA Conservation Database more efficiently and inform improve the user-friendliness of entering data, create better fellow EAZA members, TAGs, committees, other regional search options and enable the collation of information on associations, NGOs and key decision-makers through news our contributions to conservation for the entire membership. items, Zooquaria articles and EAZA Annual Reports.

WHAT ARE CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONSERVATION? The EAZA Conservation Committee speaks of a contribution to conservation in the case of a donation of time, expertise, monies, materials and/or in-kind support OBJECTIVES OF THE EAZA CONSERVATION from an EAZA member institution that is aiming to secure DATABASE long-term populations of species in natural ecosystems The main objectives of the EAZA Conservation Database have been described as: and habitats. Within the EAZA Conservation Database, a I. To provide up-to-date statistics and information contribution to conservation can be more than supporting on contributions (financial support, time and/ an in situ project. The EAZA Conservation Committee or materials) of EAZA institutions to conservation believes that projects, in time, include a broader spectrum projects worldwide. of conservation activities such as ex situ management which II. To inform other regional associations, NGOs and key brings conservation benefit to that specific species, lobbying decision-makers with details on the involvement for combating wildlife trade or providing legal advice. On of EAZA institutions in conservation projects the other hand, not all activities of our members will be worldwide. considered conservation by default. An EAZA guideline on III. To facilitate collaborations between EAZA defining a contribution to conservation has been developed institutions in contributing to conservation projects by the Conservation Committee, describing the categories worldwide. IV. To promote contributions to conservation projects. 22 of conservation activities which, when supported or carried WHAT OTHER INFORMATION IS COLLECTED? actually show what our contributions to the conservation of The type and amount of information collected has been species are and who we collaborate with! adjusted to allow for an easier and fast input. The amount of fields to fill in has been brought down from more than 50 to FUTURE less than 20. The fields have been determined by what output In the near future your institution will also be able to pull we want to have instead of trying to collect as many details standard reports from the database. With one click of a as we can. button information relevant for your institution will be General information collected is project title, project collected and made available as a PDF to you and can help description, species, country and any specific locations you with your own reporting or communication plans. The (nature parks, regions or provinces), start date and end date first standard reports which will be developed are: of the project. • Overview of total money spent on support of conservation One of the limitations experienced with the previous by your institution in a certain year. versions of the database was that financial support • Overview of total money spent on support of conservation information was (generally) entered in ranges 50,000 – by your institution of a certain species. 100,000 euro, for instance) instead of exact amounts. It More standard reports will be developed as we go along, made pulling information on total money spent on support depending on the requests coming from the membership and for, for instance, projects or species difficult. That is why it is their relevance for the entire membership. now made possible to enter information on support only in Of course, the success of the online EAZA Conservation exact amounts (financial or time). The form (financial and/ Database is dependent on the input of our members! Within or time) and frequency of the contributions are visible to each EAZA member institute, designated Conservation all. However, the amounts are considered to be confidential Contacts have been approached to add information information; they are only visible to the institution that online on their conservation efforts in 2014. All members entered the information and the Database Administrator. are offered support from the EAZA Executive Office in Another adjustment is the use of a number of pre-set doing so. Since the request, a number of members have categories to choose from when entering information already registered their 2014 contributions to projects for about your conservation activities. A few examples of new the conservation of, for instance, snow leopards, lemurs, information collected in this manner are: monk seals, European otters and hornbills. Make sure your • Threats the project is trying to address; the terms to choose institution is also represented! If you are not an EAZA from are available in a dropdown menu and are derived Conservation Contact but an employee at an EAZA member, from the IUCN Red List Threats Classification Scheme you can always request a browsing account or ask your (version 3.2) – which is also used in the classification of questions, by sending a message to info@eazaconservation. the Red List Status of species. org. Happy browsing! • If your project has a specific focus on a habitat type (or types) you can select the relevant habitat type from the terms derived from the IUCN Red List Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1) which describe the major habitats in which taxa occur.

WHAT TYPE OF INFORMATION CAN YOU EXPECT TO GET FROM THE DATABASE? Pulling information from the database can be done by using the available Search features. Once you have found the information you were looking for (either a specific project or a collection of projects), you can save the information for later use or consultation. In the very near future you will be able to export the results into an Excel document and take the information you need from it. Examples of results that can be pulled: • Overview of projects supported by EAZA members in 2014 aimed at species relevant for a TAG. • Overview of projects supported by EAZA members in Bolivia during 2010 – 2013 by your institution (or any other EAZA member institution). • Overview of projects supported by EAZA members involving a specific conservation agency. • Overview of projects supported by EAZA members in a geographical area for species dealing with the threat of ‘Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases’. • And so on….. The information allows us all to not only talk about how we are putting our efforts and money into conservation, but 23 CONSERVATION

Quagga supports several projects for which the prime focus is the Earning its stripes production of educational materials such as brochures, books and nature QUAGGA IS A NEW ZOO CONSERVATION FUND SUPPORTING conservation movies. The first CONSERVATION PROJECTS AROUND THE WORLD phase of the brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) conservation project José Kok, Quagga Chair in Iran, for example, included the production of the first documentary Quagga was founded in 2012, Endangered or Vulnerable) or species movie about locally endangered brown having evolved from the Dutch relevant to the protection of specific bears in the country. This movie Zoo Conservation Fund (DZCF) ecosystems. Project criteria require an is now disseminated through the which had been established in 1997 educational component, involvement communities in Iran that share their as an initiative by the Dutch Zoo of local communities and/or NGOs environment with free-roaming bears. Association (NVD) to support the and the visual promotion of the nature Two recent projects funded by World Zoo Conservation Strategy. conservation role played by zoos. Quagga are the hammerhead shark Several NVD members already had Quagga projects are very diverse. (Sphyrna lewini) conservation project individual funds for conservation Some project partners have received in Costa Rica and the blue-eyed black but there had been no collective substantial support throughout the lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) project conservation initiative. It was decided years and have built up a strong on Madagascar. The hammerhead that a pooled conservation fund relationship with Quagga. These shark project of Asociación would have a greater impact, not just include established projects such as Conservacionista Misión Tiburón, financially but in terms of capacity- the African hunting dog (Lycaon which was already funded by Quagga building, communication, education pictus) conservation project (Painted in 2008 with €5,000, is set in Golfo and public relations, too. It would Dog Conservation) in Zimbabwe, the Dulce, a large bay in the southwest of also be a unique and interesting way lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) project Costa Rica. This bay, surrounded by of emphasising the commitment of in Brazil and the Grevy’s zebra (Equus rainforest and mangroves, is one of NVD zoos to nature conservation. grevyi) project in Kenya. the most important nursery grounds The project that kicked the process for hammerheads in the eastern off supported the development of the LOCALLY RUN PROJECTS Pacific Ocean. In collaboration Uganda Wildlife Education centre Other project partners are relatively with local traditional fishermen, project in Entebbe. small-scaled and/or recently an inventory project for the most In 2012, due to budget costs and initiated. Most grassroots projects critical areas for the survival of financial constraints, it was decided are characterised by the fact that the young hammerheads has been to disassociate DZCF from the implementation is carried out by implemented. The integration of NVD. A few NVD zoos wanted to communities in their immediate traditional knowledge and new withdraw from the fund whereas others surroundings. Quagga has supported technological data, derived from expressed an interest in continuing community projects in Benin, Kenya implanted radio transmitters, will under a more self-governing and self- and Guatemala focusing on species produce a new hammerhead shark determined structure. Quagga, the zoo including the red-bellied guenon management plan in the coastal conservation fund, was born. (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), the waters of Golfo Dulce. The blue-eyed The new Quagga Fund is pancake tortoise (Malacochersus black lemur project from AEECL independent and not related to tornieri) conservation project in Kenya (Association Européenne pour l’Etud the NVD or any other zoo-related and the Guatemalan black howler et la Conservation des Lémuriens) association. Current Quagga members monkey (Alouatta pigra) reforestation concentrates conservation effort are Apenheul Primate Park, Artis and education project. Obviously, on a small area on the Peninsula Zoo, Burgers’ Zoo, Amersfoort education is a key component of all Sahamalaza on the northwest coast of Zoo, Dolfinarium, Ouwehand Zoo, Quagga projects, with some projects Madagascar. Birdpark Avifauna, Safaripark Beekse that focus solely on educational AEECL protects the blue-eyed Bergen and Dierenrijk. Quagga is impact. The Humboldt penguin black lemur and numerous other always looking for new members, and (Spheniscus humboldti) bus project Endangered species in the same area. institutions from across Europe are in Peru exemplifies this. This is a For more than a decade this has been encouraged to get involved. Quagga mobile exhibition that calls at local done through scientific research, projects follow the same criteria and communities along the Peruvian protection of the last forest fragments conditions as did those under the coastline: children visit the bus and by rangers, support for the local DZCF. Conservation projects focus learn about the biology of the bird, population, educational activities and on integrating the conservation of why the species is threatened and what the promotion of ecotourism. Quagga important and/or threatened species can be done to protect it. A similar supported the project with €6,000 (around 80% of the species that educational Quagga project is the towards the construction of a campsite feature in the projects are IUCN travelling snake exhibit project along within Ankarafa Forest for rangers Red List Critically Endangered, the Caribbean coast of Colombia. and ecotourists. This year the Grevy 24 KLOPPERS ROELIE zebra project in Kenya (Marwell Conservation) also received another grant.

PRESERVING NATURE BY SUPPORTING PEOPLE Conserving nature is impossible if one doesn’t consider human beings, who are crucial to the protection process. Local involvement is key, and empowerment of communities leads to pride which in turn leads to protection of their environments. Conservation is about people caring for their ecosystem of which they are a part, and here Quagga makes a real difference. By supporting small- scale community-based conservation projects, not only is local involvement secured, but these small initial grants can form the basis of a larger conservation impact. Quagga currently has nine participants, all Dutch zoos (listed above), which contribute with a minimum of €3,000 annually. Participants meet once a year for a strategic meeting. Each year there are two application rounds with application deadlines on 1 April and 1 October. Application forms can be downloaded from the website www.quaggaconservation. com. The Quagga board, consisting of experts in different fields, assesses the applications. For a proposal to be successful it has to meet the listed criteria: • protection and conservation of important and/or threatened species, or species which are relevant to the protection of specific ecosystems (‘flagship species’), • an educational component, • promotion of the nature conservation role of zoos, • local community involvement, and • involvement of local NGOs and/or universities. JUST SOME OF THE SPECIES BENEFITING FROM QUAGGA FUNDING

JOIN US! The demand for constructive conservation support is growing rapidly. Many EAZA zoos do their share, by supporting all kinds of dedicated conservationists. Quagga is looking for synergy. We can create more conservation impact by combining effort and financial support. With more Quagga participants, we as an EAZA community can make a big difference! Why don’t you join us! Need more information? Check www.quaggaconservation/en or send an email to info@ quaggaconservation.com. The Quagga policy plan for 2014-2019 can also be found on the website. Let’s make a difference together! 25 CONSERVATION Think Pig! A CALL FROM THE IUCN SSC WILD PIG SPECIALIST GROUP TO GO PIG CRAZY

Erik Meijaard (People and Nature Consulting International) and Kristin Leus (Copenhagen Zoo), chair and deputy chair respectively of the IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group

Wild Cattle SG and the IUCN SSC RED RIVER HOG ‘Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and it may be necessary from time to time to give a that aims to create Global Species stupid or misinformed beholder a black eye.’ Management Plans for babirusa, anoa Miss Piggy, from The Muppet Show and banteng. But we continue to need your help! Please continue supporting range-state conservation activities. For example, who could resist financing the high profile programme for the endearing Critically Endangered pygmy hog (Porcula salvania)? Surely those WAZA conference participants who visited the project while in India have become fans for life! Please consider keeping Visayan warty pigs in your collection, too. It will be hard to look ourselves in the mirror if we fail to fulfil the promise Pigs tend to have an image problem. tremendous help to pigs, notably to build an insurance population for The word ‘pig’ often conjures up through a long-standing collaboration this Critically Endangered ASAP images of the eponymous film character between the EAZA Pigs and Peccaries species. Why not support plans for Babe, perhaps unsurprisingly with TAG and the IUCN SSC Wild Pig a meeting in the Philippines to help an estimated global domestic pig Specialist Group (WPSG). Since us take stock following the recent population of about one billion. its inception in 1978, the WPSG passing of William Oliver, the initiator Encouraged to broaden the mind to membership has included zoo staff and, and coordinator of the Philippine wild pigs, Europeans tend to leap to indeed, the group’s first chair, William programme? Or help organise an images of fierce, mud-covered, Eurasian Oliver, was one of ‘Durrell’s army’ International WPSG symposium in wild boar (Sus scrofa), more preferably insert (see page 31). 2016 to promote pig conservation? encountered in a stew. So let us And you can promote pigs at no cost! suggest a new game to play at ‘bo(a) SHARING MEMBERS Think pig! Talk about pigs everywhere ring’ dinner parties – how many wild The TAG and WPSG have always to everyone! Do the dinner party game. pig species can you name (and yes, do shared members, ensuring continued Give illustrated talks to your members. encourage folk to google because those cross-fertilisation between the two Write stories for our newsletter Suiform photos will liven up any party!). The groups, as illustrated by the following Soundings. Send us your holiday pig total is no fewer than 17! These wild recent examples. TAG members snaps or photos of your mischievous zoo (and semi-domesticated) pigs provide participated in the WPSG meeting at inhabitants to illustrate our website, a source of crucial protein for hundreds the Cikananga Wildlife Center (Java, newsletter, articles, presentations etc. of millions of forest-dependent people, Indonesia), home of the Endangered Last but not least, we would as well as for many wild carnivores, Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) ex situ love to hire a Miss or Mister Piggy. including such sexy conservation icons programme. They provided husbandry Copenhagen Zoo already supports as tigers and leopards. In areas where advice and participated in action Kristin Leus in her role of deputy chair, they remain abundant, these large, planning for this and other Asian but organising the WPSG’s plans for omnivorous landscape engineers are species. EAZA zoos, particularly those strategically strengthening our group ecological keystone species. But here participating in the Visayan Warty Pig and its conservation goals requires is the catch. Of the 17 species, 10 are EEP, have been supporting Philippine significant time. For this reason, the listed as Threatened on the IUCN pig conservation. TAG members and WPSG is seeking funding to employ a Red List. All 10 are Asian, making the EAZA institutions have supported the half-time paid assistant. Just think of wild pigs a taxon of concern within the Indonesian National Action Plan for the PR potential in being able to say Asian extinction crisis. The Philippine, babirusa (Babyrousa spp.), and EAZA that you (helped) employ a Miss Piggy Critically Endangered, Visayan warty just signed an MOU (witnessed by the or Mister Hog! pig (Sus cebifrons) is indeed one of the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry) with species of note for the Asian Species the Indonesian Zoo and Aquarium WPSG’s newsletter Suiform Soundings Action Partnership (ASAP). Association, the Association of Zoos can be found on its website https://sites. EAZA has already been of and Aquariums, the WPSG, the Asian google. com/site/wildpigspecialistgroup/ 26 KUSTER CLAUDIA EDUCATION Measuring success

THE LATEST CONFERENCE FOR ZOO EDUCATORS WAS HELD IN HONG KONG TO GREAT ACCLAIM

Sarah Thomas, Head of Discovery and Learning, Zoological Society of London, and Dr Maggie Esson, Education Programme Manager, Chester Zoo & IZE Regional Representative for Europe and the Middle East

The 22nd Biennial Conference of the environmental behaviours. International Zoo Educators IZE MEMBERSHIP Other highlights included a visit to association was held at Ocean Park, BENEFITS ARE: Hong Kong Wetland Centre and Hong Kong in September 2014, with • International networking and Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, professional development the theme: ‘Education Success – what and a post-conference boat trip to • The IZE Journal and conference does it look like and how do you observe the population of pink dolphins proceedings measure it?’. • IZE Newsletter which live close to Hong Kong Island. The conference rotates around the • Membership certificate for you continents and in holding the to display WHY JOIN IZE? conference in Hong Kong we hoped to • A programme of regional IZE is dedicated to expanding the attract a strong contingency from activities educational impact of zoos and mainland China. This proved to be a • The IZE conference aquariums worldwide and a group of successful plan with 50 delegates out of • Post-conference tours regional representatives is responsible a total of 158 coming from mainland for networking on behalf of IZE. The China. This was also the first time in IZE membership reflects defined regions are Africa, Europe and the history of IZE conferences that the the Middle East, North and South East proceedings were delivered in dual your institution’s Asia, North America, Australia and language presentation format – English quality standards New Zealand, Latin America and and Mandarin. Between them, the South Asia. See the IZE website for delegates came from 30 countries and and commitment to details of your regional representative. represented 105 institutions. conservation education. Networking with educators in other The conference programme and parts of the world through membership networking opportunities were very providing the knowledge they need to of IZE is valuable to many educators, much enriched by the presence of 12 design and evaluate their own sharing resources and providing Grant Sponsored Delegates. The IZE community-based social marketing insights into the work of others. IZE sponsorship scheme is made possible by programmes. also facilitates communication with the generous support of IZE members The conference programme included related organisations such as WAZA with a portion of each Institutional a mixture of presentations, workshops (the World Association of Zoos and membership fee going towards the and posters that showcased a global Aquariums) and IUCN, in particular grants. Competition for the scheme is perspective of success in zoo education. the IUCN/SSC-CBSG (Conservation strong with 38 applications for 12 Dr Kevin Tam from Hong Kong Breeding Specialist Group). places this year. Recipients were University delivered a keynote address IZE membership reflects your well-deserving of their attendance with outlining elements of psychology for institution’s quality standards and each giving a presentation or providing zoo education and environmental commitment to conservation a poster. The countries and practices education. Delegates presented on a education. There are choices of represented were wide-ranging: from wide range of topics including: membership from Associate to Full to Madagascar to Mexico and a Bird Park education in future zoos and aquaria: Institutional. Institutional members in South Africa to community what will success look like?; delivering enjoy high profile publicity at the IZE education in Borneo. conservation through guest action; and conference in recognition of their The conference was preceded by a climate change: engaging audiences, support for the Grant Sponsored two-day workshop on fostering prompting action, measuring change. Delegate scheme. sustainable behaviour: an introduction EAZA Executive Director, Myfanwy to community-based social marketing Griffith presented on quality For more information go to www.izea.net, run by Dr Doug McKenzie-Mohr. This frameworks – what they are and how or contact [email protected] or course led participants through the five they can improve the success of [email protected]. Copies of the steps of community-based social education in which zoos and aquariums presentation and material can be found marketing (selecting behaviours, are involved. There were several case here: http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/ identifying barriers, developing studies detailing successful zoo ize2014/en/call-for-papers.html. The next strategies, conducting pilots, and education programmes and examples of IZE Conference will be hosted by broad-scale implementation) and innovative tools and techniques that Fundación Temaikèn, Buenos Aires, exposed participants to numerous case promote emotional connections to Argentina 17 – 21 October 2016 www. studies illustrating its use while nature and support positive temaiken.org.ar. 27 28 JannaLaeven, Micropia Communications Officer

ANP PHOTO; MAARTEN VAN DER WAL Small isbeautiful during a kiss. Zoos have traditionally during akiss.Zoos havetraditionally are alsothecomplex floraexchanged thousands offamiliesbacteria. There but isalsothehabitatofhundreds of entrance tothegastrointestinal tract, when wekiss?Themouthisthe first kiss.Butwhatactuallyhappens their firstromances,experienced adolescents, aged14and16,theyhad up astheArtisblueprintdeveloped.As Artis heritage.Balian’s childrengrew natural worldandacentralfocusonthe more attentiontolearningaboutthe principles: morespaceforanimals; 21st century, encompassingthreecore ranging blueprintfortheArtisof of Artisin2003.Hedrewupawide- Haig Balianwasappointeddirector from anearlyage. wider publictodiscovermicrobiology its variousstakeholders,encouraginga and itaimstoconnectsciencewith the naturalworld.It’s calledMicropia, collecting, displayingandexperiencing chapter isbeingaddedtothetraditionof in Amsterdam,animportantnew At NaturaArtisMagistra(Artis)Zoo EXHIBIT DESIGN A EXHIBITION NEW FOCUSES ON MICROBES; THAT PART OF NATURE WHICH IS A PART OF US ALL The history of Micropia began when The historyofMicropiabeganwhen with bacteria? Or viruses? It was decided with bacteria?Or viruses?Itwasdecided responsible way. Buthowdoesthatwork keeping animalsandplantsina safeand Artis has176years’experience of DSM. businesses, includingtheDutchfirm made byscientists,thegovernmentand builders. Majorcontributionshavebeen laboratory technicians,andexhibition educationalists, lighting,audioand specialist microbephotographer, writers, enlarged, withnewmembersincludinga up. Astimewentby, theteamwas a networkofprofessionalsasback- microbiologists, aprojectmanagerand exhibition developers,architects, the diversebackgroundsofmembers: the project.Theteam’s strengthlay in Micropia wasborn. and natureispartofthem.Theidea his childrentheywerepartofnature, Balian wantedtochangethis,andshow animals whichareofobviousinterest. nature: largemammalsandother tended toshowjustasmallpartof HOW DO YOU KEEP MICROBES? A team was set up in 2005 to develop A teamwassetupin2005todevelop architecture by Sprenger von der Lippe architecture bySprenger vonderLippe monument was restored, andmodern in needofrestoration.Thenational Ledenlokalen (1870),alistedbuilding decided tohouseMicropiainpart ofde raising resultsplummetedovernight. We specially designedbuilding,but fund- the ideawastohouseMicropiaina also hitbythefinancialcrisis.Originally, microbes onshow. be sufficientlydifferentfromtheother pose nodangertothepublicandhad in somecasestobekeptalive,had display hadtotellaninvolvedstory, had consuming: themicrobeschosenfor up, justasateveryzoo.Thiswastime- the public. physical contactbetweenmicrobesand the experts,wasthattherewouldbeno bottom line,decidedupontogetherwith telling thestorywaschosen.Another cause sickness,amorevirtualwayof when theorganismsinquestioncould this provedimpossible,forexample organisms asmuchpossible.When that thestoriesshouldbetoldbyliving The development of Micropia was The developmentofMicropiawas A collectionplanhadtobedrawn THE WATER BEAR (PHYLUM TARDIGRADA ) CAN SURVIVE IN THE MOST EXTREME CONDITIONS A CROSS-SECTION OF THE WALL WITH 150 PETRI DISHES CONTAINING DIFFERENT MICRO-ORGANISMS

ARCHITECTS SPRENGER VON DER LIPPE’S HELIX STAIRS, INSPIRED BY THE STRUCTURE OF DNA

NAVIGATE THROUGH 3-D LANDSCAPES AND DISCOVER HOW MICROBES LIVE IN THESE EXTREME CONDITIONS

ARTIST LUKE JERRAM DESIGNED THESE GLASS MODELS. THE EBOLA VIRUS (RIGHT). A MICROPIA LAB TECHNICIAN HOLDS A MODEL OF THE HIV VIRUS

Janna Laeven, Communications Officer Micropia

Hamburg was added. It is located on to develop into the museum which is ‘extremophile’ exhibit, about organisms the Artisplein, a new, freely accessible now open. The visitor is able to get to which can survive in the most extreme square next to Artis Royal Zoo. We know the ‘animalcules’ as Antoni van conditions, they designed a spectacular made a virtue of necessity and kept Leeuwenhoek described it in the 17th 3-D landscape in which the visitor, can to our core principles and concepts in century. He had just discovered these move around. developing the museum at this location. micro-organisms in sperm, ditchwater Lots of Micropia’s exhibits are The building now plays a big part in the and tooth plaque using his simple interactive, although the designers were Micropia experience. microscope. Animalcules, we now know, at pains not to make things interactive Just as with the building, we were also are found in their billions on every single just for the sake of it. Interactivity has forced to take stock regarding content. human body. to add something to the experience and Over 100 displays had been developed The microbes are the stars of not distract from the content. during the years of preparation. Not Micropia. They are literally in the The museum was opened on 30 all of them made it through to the spotlight because the only light in September by the Her Majesty Queen production phase. During the course the space comes from the exhibits Máxima of the Netherlands, when she of 2011, it became clear that decisions themselves. Micropia takes pride in left her invisible handprint to reveal the would have to be made. Financial the fact that it is genuine, and that lots world of micro-organisms to the public. considerations, the space available of the organisms on display are alive. The many national and international and the feasibility of proposals made Creating a virtual world would have guests experienced this straight away – hard choices inevitable. The result is been much easier. Duplicating the they used 3D viewers, specially designed a portrayal of the world of microbes. perfect living conditions for the micro- for Micropia, which allowed them to see The choices were based on criteria organisms was the biggest challenge. how living microbes move around, eat such as beauty, remarkable properties, In creating the exhibition the and reproduce. And with a bodyscan, presentation possibilities, live versus exhibition designers worked in close they encountered their own micro- virtual, macro versus micro, importance collaboration with media designers. organisms. After visiting Micropia, to people (and to mankind). Their work included the concept design people understand they are part of of the media-based exhibits as well as nature. And they will probably never see ‘ANIMALCULES’ their interaction and hardware design, themselves, or the world, in the same Micropia has taken over twelve years prototyping and programming. For the way again. 29 WELFARE Mixed Emotions OUR KNOWLEDGE OF ANIMAL SENTIENCE IS VITAL TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR WELFARE NEEDS

Sally Binding, EAZA Animal Welfare Training Officer

Over the last three decades, animal and invertebrates. Reactions of fish welfare science has grown into a major to aversive stimuli strongly suggest branch of biology and had a direct that they experience pain and fear effect on the interactions of humans (Chandroo et al, 2004), while decapod and animals at our institutions and crustaceans and cephalopods seem beyond. Transforming what we have to experience pain and a range of learned over this period into best complex emotions including anxiety practice for animal welfare remains (Braithwaite and Boulcott, 2007; difficult, however, particularly as it is Elwood, 2011; Elwood and Patterson, hard to identify a starting point from 2009; Fossat, 2014; Mather, 2008; which to work. At the base of welfare Mather, 2011; Sherwin, 2001; science – and at the heart of our Sneddon, 2003), while honeybees consideration of how to give animals demonstrate pessimism and optimism in human care the most fulfilling (Bateson et al, 2011). The list goes on. lives possible – is the question: ‘Do Scientific knowledge on animal all animals have emotions?’ It’s a sentience is, then, rapidly expanding, controversial topic, and continues to but that does not mean that we truly be debated hotly, but in the absence understand the depth and breadth of of proof one way or the other, should animal sentience and emotions. we not be adopting the precautionary principle – in other words, in order to EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES avoid causing suffering and promote Being able to identify and understand positive mental states, we have to animals’ emotional state (and their assume that all animals have emotions that the two function completely causative factors) offers scientists a and ensure constant consideration of independently; while they can great challenge for three principle this, among other factors, in how we influence each other, they are not reasons: manage them. intrinsically linked. Lower levels of 1. There is an extensive array of In today’s society few people still cognitive ability may actually stop animal species to be explored. consider animals as ‘automatons’. animals from being able to interpret, 2. Emotional states do not naturally However, it’s not a stretch to say that rationalise and moderate negative lend themselves to being objectively at all levels from respected biologists to emotions and sensations – such an measured. For example, we cannot members of the public, some animals’ animal may not be able to cognitively even truly understand how an emotions are more accepted than process that the pain and fear of such individual of our own species is feeling. others. Stating that all animals from a situation will end, and their welfare We can say that someone is feeling gorillas to geckos share the capacity will deteriorate further (Broom, 2007). anxious or happy but only they know for sadness, joy, remorse and grief Consequently, it is important to what that experience is like; and we is likely to be a difficult concept for consider animals’ emotional capacities can only judge them based on our own many people; emotional awareness separately to that of their perceived experience and empathy. in invertebrates is likely to be even intelligence. 3. Whilst sentience and presence more controversial. However, where Sherwin (2001) suggests that our of emotions can be considered on a on the evolutionary tree did sentience own in-built bias leads us to interpret species level, each individual animal develop and how far does the depth sentience research findings differently has a unique emotional state. For of emotional complexity reach? if the subject is an invertebrate rather example, in humans, some people Are emotions the fruit of only a few than a vertebrate. If we applied the will experience joy when bungee- branches of the tree, or are they much same criteria to all animals, would jumping, others will experience fear. more common among animals than we there already be a strong case that We can’t assume that all individuals of have traditionally thought? invertebrates also have emotions? a species will have the same emotional 92% of studies into sentience focus experience when exposed to the same EMOTION VS. INTELLIGENCE? on mammals (Proctor et al, 2013). factors. Counter-intuitively, evidence points However there is increasing evidence We can’t say for sure what emotions to a separation between intelligence of sentience and emotional states in feel like to the animals that experience 30 and emotion. Dawkins (2006) argues other taxa, including both vertebrates them. They aren’t human emotions, after all. That doesn’t mean, however, THE IDEA OF that attributing emotions to animals EMOTIONAL is anthropomorphism – as we have AWARENESS IN INVERTEBRATES seen, the evidence is mounting that IS LIKELY TO BE whatever those emotions are, we need CONTROVERSIAL to take them into account when caring for our animals. For better or worse, our best bet for encouraging positive emotional welfare is to take everything we know about an animal’s behaviour, environmental and sentience, and filter it through our own experience of feeling emotions. This cautiously applied principle is known as critical anthropomorphism and should not be confused with what we would term classical anthropomorphism – assuming that animals’ emotional needs and reactions are the same as ours. If we review what we know about our own emotions: they rarely exist in isolation; they are dynamic and constantly changing; and they are highly subjective (and personal) to the individual feeling them. Emotional welfare is fluid and constantly In short, planning for good welfare Dawkins, M.S. (2006) Through animal eyes: What influenced by external and internal in zoos and aquariums needs to take behaviour tells us. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 100:4- stimuli; in the absence of a more account of all the information that is 10. objective standpoint – objective, available, and should assume, until the Elwood, R.W., Barr, S., Patterson, L. (2009) Pain and evidence-based research has not yet concept is disproven, that all animals stress in crustaceans? Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. been carried out in the majority of in our care experience emotions and 118:128-136. species – ’we must assume that animals that we have a duty to provide the best Elwood, R.W. Pain and suffering in invertebrates? experience emotions in the same way possible set of circumstances for them (2011) ILAR J., 52:175-184. that we do – ‘argument by analogy’ – to experience positive emotional states Fossat, P., Bacqué-Cazenave, J., De Deurwaerdère, P., even if they react differently, and plan – the so-called precautionary principle. Delbecque, J. and Cattaert, D. (2014) Anxiety-like welfare strategies accordingly. Over the next few issues we will behaviour in crayfish is controlled by serotonin. Most of the modern concepts look at some measures we can take to Science, 344:1293-1297. underlying welfare strategy do include improve the welfare of animals based Proctor, H.S., Carder, G. and Cornish A.R. (2013) an emotional or psychological on these principles. Searching for animal sentience: A systematic element. Mellor and Reid’s (1994) review of the scientific literature. Animals, ‘Five Domains’ concept states that Sally Binding is available at the EAZA 3:882-906. welfare can be spilt into four ‘Physical Office to answer questions on this piece Mather, J. (2008) Cephalopod consciousness: Component’ domains; Nutrition, as well as discuss strategies and tactics Behavioural evidence. Conscious. Cogn., 17:37-48. Environment, Health and Behaviour. for improving animal welfare based on Mather, J.A. (2011) Philosophical background of Each of these four domains feeds into the latest thinking of the welfare science attitudes towards and treatment of invertebrates. a paramount fifth: the ‘Mental State’ community. [email protected] ILAR J., 10:205-12. which represents what the animal is Mellor, D. J. and Reid, C.S.W. (1994) Concepts of actually feeling, and which dictates its References: animal well-being and predicting the impact welfare status. The input of animal care Bateson, M., Desire, S., Gartside, S.E. and Wright, G.A. of procedures on experimental animals. In professionals, who often know their (2011) Agitated honeybees exhibit pessimistic Improving the Well-Being of Animals in the animals better than anyone and will cognitive bias. Curr. Biol., 21: 1070-1073. Research Environment. Baker, R.M., Jenkin, G., almost certainly testify to the presence Braithwaite, V.A. and Boulcott, P. (2007) Pain and Mellor, D.J. (eds), pp3-18. Australian and of emotions in their animals, is a key perception, aversion and fear in fish. Dis. Aquat. New Zealand Council for the care of Animals element in monitoring these five Org., 75:131-138. in Research and Teaching. Glen Osmond, South domains. Well-trained and informed Broom, D.M. (2007) Cognitive ability and sentience: Australia. animal-care professionals are ideally Which aquatic animals should be protected? Sherwin, C.M. (2001) Can invertebrates suffer? Or, placed to marry what they know about Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 75:99-108. how robust is argument-by-analogy? Anim. Welf., the species and individual animal, Chandroo, K.P., Duncan, I.J.H., Moccia R.D. (2004) 10:103-118. their own experience of emotion, and Can fish suffer?: perspectives on sentience, pain, Sneddon, L. (2003) The evidence of pain in fish: The scientific findings to maximise positive fear and stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, use of morphine as an analgesic. Appl. Anim. Behv. emotional welfare. 86:225-250. Sci., 83:153-162. ) ON WOOD, ZSL © PAUL PEARCE KELLY PEARCE PAUL © ZSL WOOD, ON HERCULEANUS ) ( POLPOSIPUS BEETLES ISLAND FREGATE 31