Biogeography and Evolution of the Atacama Desert Flora Tim Böhnert1, Felix F. Merklinger1, Sonja Böker1, Dörte Harpke2, Alexandra Stoll3, Frank Blattner2,4, Maximilian Weigend1, Dietmar Quandt1, Federico Luebert1,5,*
1Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. 2Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany. 3Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas, CEAZA, La Serena Chile. 4German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany. 5Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. *[email protected]
Context Ophryosporus (Asteraceae) [F.F. Merklinger] The Atacama Desert, located on the western distributed plant taxa in the Atacama Desert. Methods: Monophyly and realationships of side of the Andes in northern Chile, harbors a Diversifications have been shown to be surpri- species of Ophryosporus from the Atacama range of endemic species adapted to hyper- singly recent in some Atacama clades, which Desert, with respect to Andean and E South Ame- arid habitats. Vegetation is largely restricted is at odds with the high age assumed for this rican taxa of the genus, were evaluated prior to to coastal fog oases and the Andean foothills, desert. Here, we report the results of a mole- the population genetic analyses. A phylogenetic which are separated by a largely vegetation-free cular dating analysis of the Atacama endemic analysis based on ITS sequence data was carri- zone. In the context of a large-scale project on Cristaria (Malvaceae) based on three plastid ed out using a Bayesian approach in MrBayes. landscape and biotic evolution of hyperarid markers. Furthermore, we present preliminary GBS data were generated on a Illumina HiSeq environments, we investigate the origin and data on gene-flow among populations of four Sequencer at population level for four Atacama diversification of three plant groups as well as species of Ophryosporus (Asteraceae) using Ge- species and a phylogenetic analysis of a conca- gene-flow between populations of four widely notyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) data. tenated SNP matrix was conducted.
Ophryosporus triangularis Cristaria (Malvaceae) [T. Böhnert] 100 Ophryosporus cumingii Ophryosporus piquerioides a b 72 100 100 Ophryosporus piquerioides Ophryosporus anomalus 100 65 74 30 20 10 0 Ophryosporus axilliflorus eca ophora chu ute sis 99 2.83 Ophryosporus freyreisii ≥ 0 5 15°S eca ophora a e hi oi Ophryosporus heptanthus 0 8 – 0 5 eca ophora heterophylla Ophryosporus paradoxus Ophryosporus triangularis Cristaria laucophylla O. triangularis Ophryosporus triangularis ●● ●● 20.29 93 ●●● Cristaria laucophylla Ophryosporus triangularis ●●● 58 ●● Ophryosporus triangularis ●● Cristaria multiflora 20°S ● Ophryosporus triangularis Cristaria multifida Ophryosporus triangularis O. paradoxus Cristaria multifida Ophryosporus triangularis ● 7.42 ● O. triangularis ● 100 C aspera or osula Ophryosporus triangularis 100 O. floribundus ● Cristaria te uissi a Ophryosporus triangularis O. johnstonii la ia thus Ophryosporus johnstonii ● O. pinifolius ● 25°S ● Cristaria ue tesia a Ophryosporus johnstonii ● ● 82 eca ophora Cristaria oli ae Ophryosporus johnstonii ● 99 5 4.21 ● Cristaria ar ylii olia 100 99 Ophryosporus triangularis 100 O. johnstonii ● Ophryosporus triangularis ● Cristaria i te erri a ●● Cristaria Ophryosporus paradoxus 21 Cristaria co ci a 100 Ophryosporus paradoxus ● 30°S ● 75 Cristaria iri iluteola Ophryosporus paradoxus ●● 58 Cristaria cal era a Ophryosporus pinifolius 51 Ophryosporus pinifolius O. floribundus 64 Cristaria ia ia a Ophryosporus pinifolius Abutilon 99 Cristaria i te erri a Ophryosporus pinifolius N Cristaria a icola Ophryosporus pinifolius 35°S Ophryosporus pinifolius Cristaria c aspera 100 Ophryosporus pinifolius 90 0 100 200 300 km O. pinifolius Cristaria racilis Ophryosporus peruvianus Cristaria oli ae Ophryosporus peruvianus 73 phaeralcea Ophryosporus peruvianus C iri iluteola pi ata 100 Aristeguietia salvia 40°S O. peruvianus Cristaria co ci a Ageratina glechonophylla 76°W 72°W 68°W Cristaria i te erri a Cristaria i te erri a phaeralcea Mal eae Cristaria leuca tha a. Bayesian analysis based on ITS. Coastal Ata- b. Maximum Likelihood tree based on 70,000 1040 | 1 i alcea Cristaria a icola cama species Ophryosporus paradoxus, O. tri- bp matrix. GBS data indicate that the Atacama Cristaria a e ophora angularis and O. johnstonii (green) form a mo- species of Ophryosporus fall into two distinct al astru Cristaria aspera nophyletic group. E South American species are clades, separated by fixed allele compositions. Cristaria cya ea Cristaria racilis retrieved as monophylum and are sister to the Species form monophyletic groups, albeit with iso o tea C i te erri a lo ulata coastal Atacama species. The Andean species O. weak support. However, our data also suggest al a Cristaria issecta pinifolius (blue) is sister to O. peruvianus from that gene flow among species of each clade has Cristaria o ata Andean Peru. taken place. Cristaria o ata