782 BULLET]N OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.4, ]978 min by the cloud of sperm) and filtering the access to shelter from their higher spawning water with a fin~ mesh dip net ("brine shrimp rushes. net") passed through the area. The eggs were then deposited in a plastic bag. Their ACKNOWLEDGMENTS development was observed for several hours These observations were made possible by a confirming they were fertilized. grant from the Oceanography Section, National A group of about 200 Priacanthus cru- Science Foundation (OCE76-02352) to the senior entatus (Lacepede), the glasseye snapper, author. The RjV CRAWFORDof the University of was also found on the reef near the P. Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, served as our base in the Virgin Islands and we thank the crew and scientists maculatus spawning site and these may have for their help. E. H. Williams, Jr., is thanked for been aggregated for purposes of reproduc- his critical comments on the manuscript. Support tion. The occurrence of two (and possibly for the junior author was provided by NSF grant three) species of fishes producing planktonic OCE7 6-02352. eggs aggregated for reproduction within 60 m of each other while areas for several hun- LITERATURE CITED dred m around lack any spawning aggrega- Colin, P. L. 1978. Daily and summer-winter tions is most interesting. It has only recently variation in mass spawning of the striped par- been realized that the locations chosen for rotfish, Scarus croicensis Bloch. Fishery Bull. 76(1): 117-124. reproduction by reef fishes producing plank- Munro, J. L. 1976. Aspects of the biology and tonic eggs are not necessarily arbitrary. The ecology of Caribbean reef fishes: Mullidae same location is used over a period of years (goat-fishes). J. Fish BioI. 9: 79-97. and seems to indicate that certain locations Randall, J. E., and H. E. Randall. 1963. The spawning and early development of the At- may be "superior" to others. The spawning lantic parrot fish, Sparisoma rubripinne, with site at Reef Bay represents the most sea- notes on other scarid and labrid fishes. Zoo- ward (southerly) extension of the reef and logica 48: 49-60. selection of this site may allow the best op- portunity for planktonic eggs to escape DATE ACCEPTED: October 3, 1977. benthic egg predators and reach the offshore ADDRESS: Department of Marine Sciences, Uni- circulation systems. versity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico There are many similarities in the spawn- 00708. ing behavior of P. maculatus and that ob- served for various labrids, scarids and acanthurids. The vertical spawning rush of P. maculatus is quite short while those of other "gamete launching" families may be NOTES ON HAWAIENSIS over 10m in height. This difference may (DANA), CRUST ACEA- simply reflect the distance to shelter from predators which is greater for P. maculatus A. S. Tararam, Y. Wakabara, since its spawning rushes occur over a sandy and F. P. P. Leite bottom. A variety of large predators passed intermittently by the spawning site. A large ABSTRACT-Additional details to the available liter- ature on description of are king mackerel, Scomberomorous cavalla presented. The occurrence of the species in dif- (Cuvier), passing by the reef, caused the ferent habitats was recorded. Also, the presence rapid retreat of all P. maculatus to the reef. of epiphytes growing among antennal aesthets is Several P. maculatus were noted to have reported. wounds on their sides and heads. No preda- During a brief survey on the fauna and tion on spawning fish was observed, how- flora of some rocky shores, specimens of the ever. The other families mentioned all spawn family have been collected at Praia oVer reef substrates and hence have quicker Cibratel and Praia Guaiuba, in the approxi- SHORT PAPERS AND NOTES 783

Figure 1-5. Parhyale hawaiellsis. 1, male antenna I; 2, female antenna 1; 3, articles of flagellum of antenna I showing the inflated elevation bearing aesthets; 4, male antenna 2; 5, female antenna 2. mate latitude and longitude: 24°11'S, 46°49' cluded that these specimens are Parhyale Wand 24°01'S, 46°18'W, southern Brazil. hawaiensis (Dana). At first, the specimens were considered as Examination of Shoemaker's material and a new species of Parhyale (Leite and Waka- ours permitted us to add some details to bara, 1974). When compared with the mate- drawings, descriptions, and redescription of rial classified by Shoemaker (1956) we con- the species (Shoemaker, 1956; Barnard, 784 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.4, 1978

10

Figures 6-10. Parhyale hawaiensis. 6--9, brood lamellae of thoracic segments 2, 3, 4, 5; 10, details of curl-tipped setae of brood lamellae.

1955, 1965; Bousfield, 1971). The addi- armed with curl-tipped setae (Figs. 6-9) of tional characters are: male and female complex terminal morphology (Fig. 10). flagellum of antenna 1 with every article with Parhyale hawaiensis is a cosmopolitan a inflated elevation bearing aesthets (Figs. species in tropical seas, according to Surya 1-3); major part of male and female pedun- Rao (1974). The species lives in association cular articles of antenna 2 with short spines with diverse organisms. Glynn (1968) fre- scattered over surface (Figs. 4-5); brood quently encountered P. hawaiensis among lamellae with strikingly varied shape and algae of the shallow waters, in Puerto Rico, SHORT PAPERS AND NOTES 785

and occasionally associated with Chiton tuberculatus. Surya Rao (1974) obtained the species from Zoantharia and Hydrozoa of the Indian coasts. According to Thomas (1976), in the Louisiana region, the species showed preference for root systems of Spartina in the compacted clay. The speci- 11 mens at hand were collected in the intertidal region, associated with the mussel Perna perna (L), the polychaete Phragmatopoma sp. and with the algae Viva fasciata and Laurencia fiagellifera. It is interesting to point out the presence of filamentous algae, probably Cyanophy- ceae, among the antennal aesthets (Figs. 11- 12). The occurrence of epiphytic growths on marine Crustacea has been reported previ- ously in a few papers, but none of them are concerned with Amphipoda. Barnes (1955) noted the presence of a mass of algae on barnacles; Cressey (1967) observed epiphytes growing on the surface of a copepod; Glynn (1970) studied algal growths on the carapace of an isopod; Johnson et al. (1971) described algal infestation in decapods and copepods; Nishimura (1969) referred it to isopods; Shelton (1974) and Shelton et al. (1975) ob- served the presence of epiphytes on deca- pods. Such epiphytic growing may affect some activities of the as crawling, swim- ming, feeding, respiration, moulting (Glynn, 1970), growth rate (Barnes, 1955), or even the possibility of being consumed by their own host (Johnson et al., 1971).

12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge the valuable assis- tance of Dr. J. L. Barnard, Smithsonian Institution, who identified our material and sent us for com- parison Shoemaker's specimens. This is publication number 420 of the Instituto Oceanognifico, Un i- versidade de Sao Paulo.

LITERATURE CITED

Barnard, J. L. 1955. Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea) in the collections of Bishop Figures 11-12. Parhyale hawaiensis. 11, antenna 1 Museum. Bemice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 215: showing the presence of filamentous algae; 12, en- 1-46. largement of articles of flagellum of antenna 1. --. 1965. Marine Amphipoda of atolls in 786 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.4, 1978

Micronesia.Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus. 117 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE (3516): 459-552. ON REPRODUCTION IN THE Barnes, H. 1955. The growth rate of Balanus balanoides (L). Oikos 6: 109-113. HERMATYPIC CORAL POC1LLOPORA Bousfield, E. L. 1971. Amphipoda of the Bis- DAMICORNIS marck Archipelago and adjacent Indo-Pacific islands (Crustacea). Steenstrupia 1: 255-293. Paul L. Jokiel and Eric B. Guinther Cressey, R. 1967. Revision of the family Pandaridae (Copepoda Caligoidea). Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus. 121(3570): 1-133. ABSTRACT-The optimal reproductive temperature Glynn, P. W. 1968. Ecological studies on the for the coral Pocillopora damicornis (L.) in Hawaii associations of chitons in Puerto Rico, with compares with the 26-27°C optimum previously special reference to Sphaeromatid isopods. reported for skeletal growth. The reproductive Bull. Mar. Sci. 18: 572-626. peak is approximately ten times stronger than 1970. Growth of algal epiphytes on a the observed growth response for the species. Tem- tropical marine isopod. J. Exp. Mar. BioI. perature appears to influence abundance of this Eco!' 5: 88-93. Johnson,P. W., J. McN. Sieburth, A. Sastry, C. R. species primarily through control of the reproduc- Arnold, and M. S. Doty. 1971. Leucothrix tive process. mucor infestation of benthic Crustacea, fish eggs and tropical algae. Limnol. Oceanogr. Reef corals reproduce by releasing planu- 16: 962-969. Leite, F. P. P., and Y. Wakabara. 1974. Notas lae larvae which are dispersed by currents sobre a ocorrencia de uma especie nova do to new regions. Under favorable conditions genero Parhyale (Amphipoda-Gammaridea). the larvae settle and grow into new colonies. Sup!. Ciencia e Cultura 26: 205. The effect of temperature on this process Nishimura, S. 1969. A new Cymodocella from Japan (Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae). Pubis Seto has not been thoroughly explored, but prob- Mar. Bio!' Lab. 16: 335-344. ably is very important (Yonge, 1940). The Shelton, R. G. J. 1974. Observations on the oc- Indo-Pacific reef coral Pocillopora dami- currence of an epizoic blue-green alga on the cornis (L.) was selected as the subject of chemoreceptor setae of the brown shrimp this investigation because it produces planu- Crangon crangon (L.). J. Mar. Bio!' Ass. UK 54: 301-307. lae throughout the year which can settle and ---, P. M. J. Shelton, and A. S. Edwards. grow into colonies under laboratory condi- 1975. Observations with the scanning electron tions (Edmondson, 1946; Harrigan, 1972). microscope on a filamentous bacterium present on the aesthetasc setae of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L.). J. Mar. BioI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ass. U.K. 55: 795-800. Shoemaker, C. 1956. Observations on the amphi- Experiments were conducted in 500-1 pod genus Parhyale. Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus. fiberglass aquaria measuring 117-cm square 106: 345-358. and 40-cm deep. Aquaria were located out- Surya Rao, K. V. 1974. Intertidal amphipods doors in full natural light. Each aquarium from the Indian coast. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. was supplied with a continuous flow of Acad. 38 B (3-4): 190-205. Thomas, J. D. 1976. A survey of gammarid temperature-regulated, unfiltered seawater at amphipods of the Barataria Bay, Louisiana 10 I min-I. Only inert materials contacted region. Contr. Mar. Sci. 20: 87-100. the seawater. All wetted pump and pipe surfaces were of plastic; heat exchange sur- DATE ACCEPTED: December 2, 1977. faces were of titanium or glass. Tempera- ADDRESS: Instituto Oceanogrdfico da Universidade tures were recorded for 5-min periods at I-h de Sao Paulo, Cidade Universitdria-Butanta, intervals with a scanning thermistor te1e- CEP 0550B-Sao Paulo-Brasil. thermometer and recorder that was accurate to ±O.I°C. Dissolved oxygen, salinity, nutrient, plankton, and other conditions stayed within the range of natural shallow water field conditions. The physical, chem-