Th is appre ciatio n

th e inspiring past and stre nuous pre se nt

A G R E AT CHIVAL R O US I D E AL

is de dicate d

to th e m e m o ry o f AD E L I NE D U CHE SS O F BEDFORD

L fm o e ru al ady ofjustice of Si . jo fj s e m

' ' ’ C/zaz rm an of tile L adze s Co mmitte e

o flu: rde r o t al m f O f S . j

at who se sugge stio nth e fi rst e ditio nw as writte n

during th e crucial o pe ning m o nths

o f th e Gre at War u 3 Qa d/13 66 7 : M M

HE first e dition o f this work w as printed in O c “ tober 1 9 1 4 (unde r th e title o f Chivalry and th e Wounded and four thousand copie s carrie d swiftly to many parts o f th e Empire a vivid picture o f nine ce n turie s o f e ac e e e e s h roic hi v m nt, compr s ed into one “ ” d a e s e e e e e hun red p g . An xc ll nt book, wrot Fi ld “ Ma s c a e W V . . : fe w s e r h l Sir Ev lyn ood , C oldi rs ould have sur assed this n arrative o f th e militar exploits o f p ” y h t e f o f a e . Knights o St. John Jerus l m n and a e e e This e w enl rg d dition, with its conc ntrated ye t compre hensive account o f the labours o f the Order d h f e c a s o f th e e a War is fu t e uring t e our pi ye r Gr t , r h r improved by a detailed Inde x and tw o illustrations . C O NTENT S PAG E DED ICATI O N ’ PU BLI SHER S NO TE M D T. O F U S O S A KNI G HT O F S J HN O JER ALE , AT RH E n F ro m a fre sco at Sie a. - I N P S I . 1 0 1 1 1 8 PART I . ALE T NE 4 7 F ro m th e fo unding o f th e first Christian H o spital in J e ru sale m to th e disastro us battle o f Tibe ri as and th e surre nde r

o f th e H o ly City . P I 1 - . 18 1 2 PART II I N ALE ST NE . 7 9 1 F ro m th e e stablishm e nt o f th e H o spital at Margat to th e re - ure o f cre th e Mah o m d capt A by e ans. I YP S AND R D - P . N U O 1 2 1 1 2 2 ART III C R H ES. 9 5 F ro m th e e stablishm e nt o f th e H o spitalle rs as a m ari tim e po we r to the ir gallant d e fe nce o f Rho d e s against th e Sultan So lym an. - T I V. I N T B I T S S 1 PAR HE R I H I LES. 579 F ro m th e first e stablishm e nt o f th e O rd e r at Cle rke nwe ll to its d isso lutio n and th e co nfiscati o n o f its Prio ry by Que e n

E lizabe th . - V N . 1 0 1 8 PART . I MALTA 53 79 ’ F ro m th e gre at achie ve m e nts o f Villie rs de L I sle Ad am and t t h no m and L a Vale t e , o t e ig inio us surre nd e r o f th e i sl by F rd nand v o n o m 6 h and M tar rand e i H pe sch , 9t last ili y G Mas r te .

V I N D P I . O U P AND S ART M ERN E RO E THE NEAR EA T . 1 8 1 4 -1 9 1 8

F ro m th e re -cre at o no fth e rd e r an s s r i e s in e ace i O , d it e v c p and w ar unt th e Br t s a ture o f ru a m am as cus , il i i h c p J e s le , D , an d Ale ppo . R H THE P I C F I N H R B P I H . . O S I S O O . R N E WALE , E As R R R e rodu e d b d e rmission o F O R WALES. p c y kin p f flze P rio ry for Wale s To face p age P VI I S ART . IN WALE r an Th e inauguratio n,g o wth, d labo urs o fth e Prio ry fo rWale s . C O NCLU SI O N f h e e ntra o m m tt f Pr o ne r o f War Wo rk o t C l C i e e o r is s , 1 1 -1 1 9 6 9 9 . I ND Ex

Th e Ho s i alle r O f t o h n p t s S . J o fJe rusale m

PAR T I

IN PALESTINE ; 1 0 1 4 -1 1 87 _

- N time of peace , the many sided present and our plans and forecasts for the future may make us forgetful of the past ; but when l war revea s us clearly to ourselves , we realize

that from the past comes much of our courage ,

inspiration , and hope . - - Long dead but ever living heroes are the I ns pirati o n

fro m th e P as t. invisible leaders whose exploits , sacrifices , and Th e ine xtin i ach evements spur us into action , and awake guis h ab le Spi rit

ri o f a r . in us a spi t of honourable emulation . When Chiv l y

they aspired so high , and fought and toiled ai With such unbroken vigour, such ardent f th , lifi and such unqua ed devotion , can we bear to confess that we in comparison are cold and languid ? Rather we would claim that the

past , present , and future are all one , and that though Time des troys the cuirass on which B THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

the lances and swords were blunted , the eternal spirit of chivalry has never been - ri extinguished, and burns to day with a b ght

steady light . In this connection it is of vital interest to

recall the history of the Hospitallers of St . John of Jerusalem—nearly five hundred years of magnificent moral and material S n achievement , a low and melancholy decli e , and final extinction as a religious and military community ; and then in our own day a re O i creation the Order in civilian and lay form . It w as in the early years of the eleventh century that some rich Neapolitan merchants founded and endowed a hospital for the Latin pilgrims who thronged to Jerusalem to pray

at the Holy Sepulchre . D e g e ne rac y and Jerusal em long previously had fallen from fe e e n fth e bl e s s o the nerveless hands of the ByzantineChristians B yz antine Mah o m e d ans r st ans into the grasp of the vigorous , Ch i i . those mighty warriors who had captured

Damascus , Antioch, and Syria, and conquered a s t co n ue s ts Ko rassan mi V q Egypt , Media, , and Mesopota a by th e r A , M ah o m e d an who had overrun the no thern coast of frica arr o rs w i . and in Europe had by the force of their resist R l less arms won Cyprus , hodes , Sici y, Candia,

and Malta , and had established themselves as ai l Kings in Sp n and Portuga . The enterprising and benevolent Ch ristian merchants who O btained permission from the E s tabli s hm e nt Moslem Caliph to build their Hospital in o f a r s t an Ch i i Jerusalem should be remembered as the pre o s pital in H i o ni . M ah o m e d an cursors the K ghts Hospitaller of St John , e ru s a e m 1 J l ,1 0 4 . Whose institutions extended subsequently IN PALESTINE

l ai throughout the civi ized world , and att ned a moral distinction and a practical utility which - it is hardly possible to over estimate .

The Hospital was in two sections , one for men and one for women ; and all the chief cities in Italy and the South of Europe gave liberal donations for the continued m ainte n ance of this place of refuge for sick or weary rim ar l pilg s . During the S acenic ru e the institution was not molested ; but when the Saracen Mah o m e dans after four centuries of J e ru s ale m dominion were in their turn overpowered by $3 223:s th e 1 05 the ferocious Turcomans from beyond the 5. i Caspian Sea , a most d sastrous epoch was inaugurated for all the Christians . Under early mediaeval conditions of trans l r al port , a pi g image to Jerus em had never been an e asyund e rtaking ; but during theTurcoman regim e it became fraught with incalculable dangers ; and the few pilgrims who survived to return to Europe borewitness to the hideous tortures and revolting cruelties which

' O ffending Christians suffered at the hands of Su fie ring s o fth e Ch ris uans the barbarian conquerors . Thus it was that indignation on behalf of , hi the pilgrims led to the Crusades , w ch were to be such an important factor Inthe history of mediaeval civilization . An attempted Crusade led by Peter the F ailure o f P — e ace f‘ fl Hermit failed tragically, for eter though he gru s ad e unde r kni h t— m ar abilit had been a g lacked ilit y y P e te r th e l die In e rm t But his fol owers did not vain , for their H i sufferings and overthrow aroused the Latin THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN

1 0 h r F i rs t M ilitary In 99 the flower of C istian chivalry, an C ru s ad e u nd e r allied army speaking sixteen different lan dfre d e G o y H B o u o n u e guages , and composed of orse and ill , D k o f o e r L w , Foot , advanced from Constantinople ; rra ne and L o i af ri and ter captu ng in rapid succession Nicea , M arqu i s o f ntw e r , , , A p . Antioch Tarsus and Edessa the Crusaders on June the 7th appeared before the walls of Jerusalem and summoned the Turcoman

Governor to surrender . Th is personage retaliated by thrusting into ri i p son all the Christians with n the city, Sie ge O f amongst them the Rector of the Hospital of e ru s a e m I m J l . ai l P St . John , the s nt y and generous eter p ri s o nm e nt o f é e th e R e cto r o f G rard , who had xtended his services as th e H o s pi tal by freely to Sick infide ls as to his friends and m an T urc o l e r o r fel ow Christians . G o v n . While G erard languished helplessly in a ri foul dungeon , echoes of the ter fic combat him must have reached . The Turks were making a resistance so prolonged and stubborn that they seemed invincible and the Christian soldiers would have been most grievously disheartened but for the unbreakable valour d and resolution of their leaders , Go frey de l Bouil on , Tancred, and Raymond of Toulouse .

Th e ar ns and a ta ns to e e am e to B o C p i , giv x pl t e r m e n ut t m s e s a a s to th e fo re in h i , p h e e lv lw y f h n r nd o m n ace s o t e r a a e . A e pl g e te st d g w , w h u d ar no arm s ran t ars o f ate r to o co l b e , wi h j w th as sau t n d a e t e m to d r n e l i g h o st an g v h i k , adm o ni shing th e m th e while to se rve o ur Lo rd with “ all th e i r m igh tfi A procession of pilgrims went fasting to the

W m f r h . n e o f ia o e c c . Chro icl ill Ty , lxxxiii IN PALESTINE

l Mount of O ivet , and in much great anguish poured out their hearts in prayer al for the deliverance of Jerus em . ul At last , on the morning of Friday, J y the 1 th 9 , after six weeks siege , the entire Christian r l host felt ma ve lous boldness , for a saintly hermit from Mount Olivet had seen in a Vision that this same day Our Lord would help his soldiers and crown with victory their * arduous and exhausting struggle . ri Thus inspirited , they car ed the city by — storm ; and Godfrey de Bouillon the gallant — Com mander-in-Chief was the first to hoist his banner on the battlements . Then came a heavy reckoning for the

Turcomans . The torturers of Christian pil grims were held to deserve no mercy :

Much blo o d w as sh e d and th e stre e ts o f — th e to wn we re co v e re d with d e ad m e n in suc h se t at it w as re at t to se e h ad t no t wi h g pi y , h e y n h n m f b e e O f t e e e i e s o O ur L o rd J e sus Ch ri st. ! As the surrounding country was still swarm wi i ing th armed enem es , the conquerors , vigilant even in the first flush of triumph , set guards to keep the gates and watch from the ai battlements . Then the victorious leaders l d aside their armour, and walked barefoot to the Holy Sepul chre in ecstasy of solemn j oy i and thanksg ving . Godfrey de Bouillon was elected King of

Jerusalem ; but , though he accepted the

f f ro n o W am o re h . Ch icle illi Ty , c . clxxxiv ‘ I bi d . ch . c . 1 , lxxxvi H O F ST T E ORDER . JOHN

ili responsib ty , he refused the title , saying that he would never wear a crown of gold where

his Saviour had worn a crown of thorns . Then came a period of peace and prosperity

for the Hospitallers . Duke Godfrey, express ing fervent appreciation of their skill and

devotion in tending the wounded , endowed them with the revenues of one of his richest — manors in Brabant an example followed by a a number of the other Fr nkish noblemen .

Th e Ho s Thus encouraged and supported , the Rector p italle rs o rg an Gérard organized the Hospitallers into a iz e d as a li R e ligi o u s regularly constituted re gious Order, to be

O rd e r 1 0 . i , 99 clad in a black habit adorned with a wh te

cross of eight points . Branch hospitals were established in many of the maritime provinces ul of Europe , so that pilgrims co d be sheltered and tended while awaiting transport to the

Holy Land . In 1 1 1 3 the Pope formally recognized the

Order . Five years afterwards the saintly di R aym o nd d u Rector ed , and was succeeded by Raymond u rs t rand P y, fi u Pu u G d y, a French noble , disting ished , M as te r o f th e -S O rd e r 1 1 1 8 vigorous , and clear ighted . He pointed out , . to the brethren that it did not suffice to live

piously and give medical aid to pilgrims . Con side ring the continued power and energy of

Co ntinu e d the Moslems , and the constant dangers still ange rs to a ll D menacing all Christi n trave ers , the Hos P ilgri m s ; th e italle rs nl M ilitary O rd e r p should not o y be ready to live in o f St. o n r J h the service of invalids and pilg ims , but will fo und e d in th e ir ? . 1 ing if necessary to die in their defence d e fe nce , 1 1 8 . G reate r love h ath no m an th an th i s th at a m an lay down h is life for h is frie nds and IN PALESTINE

- taking a lesson from the past , when the Byzantine Christians so ignominiously lost Jerusalem because their courage and vitality — had waned Raymond du Puy adjured his followers to pledge themselves not only to di chastity and obe ence as hitherto , but also vow to support the cause of Christianity even to the last drop of their blood . Thus was founded the world-famous Order

. r of the Knights of St John of Je usalem , destined to become the bulwark of Ch ris e nd o m t , an Order whose gallant exploits and hi strenuous ac evements form one of the most . brilliant and heroic chapters inthe history of the world . M e fo r W ar The Order was reconstructed with three , Ka“ 1 ?r IDr e — ° ay ’ , , f, divisions Knights of Justice ChaPlains and M e nfo r w o rk also D am e s Serving Brothers . There were of n Th e am e s 0 1 St . Joh ; and in France , England , Italy, and D I n tl e r P al l Spain , and subsequently in or ug , they t géPglfLZl ée riI ice s founded and supervised hospitals in which to th e s ick and the poor and needy could meet with tender P0 0 ? and compassionate care and service . The Knights and Dames were required to be of noble birth ; and it is typical of the spirit of chivalry that membership of this Order for th e se rvice of mankind was an h o no ur ' fo r which the proudest and most famous families al competed eagerly . Great feud lords , many of them in the prime of life and endowed with dl — al every worl y advantage we th , strength , i — power, and remarkable abil ties did not hesitate to pledge themselves to perpetual celibacy , and to renounce their personal THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

property, devoting to the Order all their

revenues . (Very wide of the truth is the current notion that philanthropy is a modern invention !)

The Rule of the Order of St . John was so austere that it may seem a counsel of pe rfe c

tion . Sometimes the reality fell short of the n ideal . But the European recog ition of an -sacrifice ideal founded upon self , and em

a r th e Chiv l y , bodying the essential principle of chival ry “ th e the readiness of the strong to protect the — p ro te ct th e weak redeemed an age when otherwise w e ak brutality and cruelty would have prevailed

throughout the world . If we compare the Jerusalem of Nero ’ s day

with the Jerusalem of the Knights of St . John , it becomes obvious that Christian chivalry had been an enormous force in the moral progress

of the human race . So brilliant had been the series of victories l gained by the eaders of the first Crusade , so vigorous and valiant were the Knights and -at-arrns men , that it seemed as if they

would consolidate their conquests . But early in the following century the elements of dis ni l u on crept into the camp , and gradua ly but surely undermined the very foundations of the

Christian rule . The Knights Hospitaller formed an honour able exception they showed unbroken loyalty ai to their f th , their Order, and their beloved

Grand Master . But their merited renown

aroused a widespread j ealousy, such j ealousy as mediocre men are all too apt to feel to

THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

Richard Coeur de Lion , is as much to us Mah o m e dans as it can be to you Christians , P and more . It is the place whence our rophet i made his night ascent to Heaven , and it w ll be the gathering place of our Nation at the

Great Judgment . To win back Jerusalem was Saladin ’ s

supreme ambition , and to this end he made — ready devoting hi s whole heart and mind to preparation for the day when Christian dissension would make it possible for him to

strike the decisive blow . al Meantime , King B dwin IV of Jerusalem , nl though o y about twenty years of age , was so shattered by the ravages of leprosy that he could no longer bear the burden of his ffi di kingly o ce . On ab cating , he appointed his infant nephew Baldwin his successor ; and an old chronicler relates how

C o ro nati o n o f th e King b ad e cro wn th e child ; so th e y to o k h im B a d n , h H o e u c r and cro ne d h im And l wi V to t e ly S p l h e w . r t an n Ch i s i Ki g b e cause th e child w as so sm all th e y put h im into o f e ru s a e m J l , th e arm s o f a Knigh t to b e carri e d into th e Te m ple N o v e m b e r rs t, o f th e L o rd . 1 1 8 3 . Wo e to th e But , mindful of the warning”, wh ose Kin is a ch ild al land g , B dwin IV C o unt R aym o nd chose as Regent h is kinsman Count Raymond o f r o T ip li , of Tripoli , Lord of Tiberias , one of the very R e g e nt fo r th e nfant n ll I Ki g . few who sti clung faithfully to the old ideals r hi of chival ous ‘ devotion , and held mself haughtily aloof from base indulgences and - paltry self interested intrigues . So n gfi of Count Raymond I of Tripoli, and O die m a ul P of , that beautif rincess whose IN PALESTINE

great excellence and virtue are co mm e m o r ated in one of the most romantic of mediaeval “ traditio nsj Raymond II was destined to a troubled life and tragic death . His father had been assassinated by a Saracen fanatic ; but for Raymond was reserved the still more melancholy fate of being betrayed by one of his own race and world . Among the various aspirants to the crown of Jerusalem was a certain Guy de Lusignan — a Frankish knight of ancient family but di li — hi me ocre abi ty who , unhappily for s fellow Crusaders , was more concerned in forwarding his personal ambition than in working for the glory of Christianity . Count Raymond of Tripoli— who (through his al mother) was grandson of King B dwin II , ’ and (on his father s side) the representative of Raymond of Toulouse , one of the heroes of — the first siege of Jerusal em was a probable candidate for the crown if the feeble life of little Baldwin V were to flicker out . Guy de Lusignan therefore set to work to sow distrust — of Raym ond an undertaking in which he ul was deplorably successf . - unco m ro Clear sighted , outspoken , and p m isin m g, Ray ond was too sincere to flatter, too haughty to dissemble , and too proud to ’ compete against Guy s unchivalrous arts of insinuation and suggestion . The increasing degeneracy of the Christians at this period is denounced in the plainest ” M a Th e ad o f r o c e . B arr n to n L y T ip li , by i h l J i g THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN

l anguage by a contemporary chronicler, Geoffrey de Vinsauf:

e ne r In th e ar o f th e ncarnat Wo rd 1 1 8 e n D e g ac y o f ye I e 7, wh r s t ans r n I I I h sto Ch i i . U b a h e ld t e go ve rnm e nt o f th e Ap o li c Se e and r d r w as E m r r f m an e n , F e e i ck p e o o G e r y,wh saac w as re nn at o nstant no P in I ig i g C i ple , hilip rance H e nr I n E n and and W am m c F , y gl , illi Si ily, ’ th e L o rd s and fe e a u o n h is e o e if h ll h vy p p pl , nde e d it i r t to ca h is o o i s igh ll p e o pl e th se wh m . th e fo ulne ss o f th e i r vi ce s h ad ali e nate d fro m h is favo ur C o rrupti o n b e cam e s o d iffuse d th ro ugh o ut th e land o f Syria th at o th e r nati o ns no w d re w an e xam pl e o f uncl e anne ss fro m th e sam e s o urce whi ch fo rm e rly h ad suppli e d th e m h m f r u t t e e e e nt o r tu t ut . F o r t s ca se wi h l s Spi i al h hi , t e re fo re th e Lo rd se e n th e and o f h is rt h , , i g l bi h and ass o n s un nto ana o f ur tude p i k i by ss t pi , suffe re d S aladin to p ut fo rth h is m igh t to th e r d e st ucti o no f anunw o rthy p e o ple . E c s e s Th e ro n r w d rs lip , app achi g di saste as h e rald e d by ive F am ne s s tran e e e nts fam ne e art ua e s and e c se s i , g v , i , hq k , lip Sto rm s B art , h b o th o f th e Sun and o f th e M o o n; and by a u a e s and k , m t nd t o h e r f r s ad o n q igh y wi h at sh o k t e a th , o e h wi g P ro ph e c ie s o f th e l am e ntabl e wars and g ri e fs whi c h we re to h arass W ar . and affl ct th r d i e w o l .

- The death of the fragile child King, the organized election of Guy de Lusignan as

King of Jerusalem , and the retirement of his Raymond to own estates , formed the

‘ prologue to the tragic struggle in which ’ L usignans complacent incompetence was i fated to bring about an irretrievable d saster . In 1 1 87Saladin judged th e time had come

to lay siege to Acre , the chief seaport of li Christian Syria . Here again the mi tary

Orders , Templars and Hospitallers , proved how unimpaired was their high standard of f e ficiency and valour . A night attack from IN PALESTINE the Hospitallers surprised and scattered the Su cc e s s ful e f nc e o f c re Mah o m D e A forces of Saladin ; and , though the e by th e Knights l o s ta e r dans made a vigorous rally and fought ike H pi ll . li e at o f th e ons , the Hospitallers compelled them to D h ra d M a G n s te r. abandon the siege . The victory was gained at u an enormo s cost of life, and among the dead an lay the heroic Gr d Master . The Moslems too had lost heavily ; but whereas the Chri stian armies were disunited even in success , their adversary Saladin was gifted with that power of control and that magnetic charm which enables a general to keep up the courage and ardour of his followers even in defeat . His triumph was

Th o unte s s o f not long to be deferred . Beaten back from e C T rip o li h e ro i c Acre , he marched rapidly on Tiberias , the ally h o ld s th e al capit of Galilee . The townsfolk yielded F o rtre s s o f ri e r as afte r almost at once , but the gar son , inspired and Tib i n h as i Sa l ad i commanded by the heroic Countess of Tripol , e nte re d th e resolutely held the citadel . City .

The Christian forces , led by Guy de Sa h ari a Lusignan , then mustered at pp , three miles north of Nazareth and seventeen east th e of Acre . Excepting perhaps Templars and Hospitallers , there seems to have been only one amongst them endowed with military discernment , and this was Raymond , Count of th e l Tripoli . To the amazement of Counci of l i War, he opposed their p an of march ng immediately to the rescue of his Countess m the beleagu ered stronghold . Though an attacking force usually has the

advantage , he pleaded that the peculiar cir cum stance s demanded a defensive line of THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN

ul action , at a moment when it wo d be folly rather than valour to hazard the fate of Syrian Christendom upon a fisingle battle under as conditions so disadvantageous . Tiberi was sixteen miles across a desolate hill -district

now devoid of water , and Count Raymond maintained that to march the army by that drought-stricken route would be to court

disaster . On the other hand , to wait at Sa h aria pp , where food and water were al abundant , and to lure S adin to attack the h C ristians in a position of their own selecting ,

was obviously the wisest strategy .

Even if I lose my wife , retainers and city, ul said Raymond , so be it . Rather wo d I l e endure this ca amity than see the”entir un co try fall back under Saracen rule . Di s as tro us Had King Guy been able to forego his re s ult o f King ’ j ealousy of Raymond, Victory might yet have u s e a o u s G y J l y . crowned the Christian arms ; but he e nco ur aged the Barons to denounce Count Raymond

as a traitor, and at dawn he gave the fatal

order to set out for Tiberias .

On the march , the Franks were harassed incessantly by Saracen Skirmishers and horse bowmen ; and suffering acutely (as Raymond

had predicted) from heat and thirst , they were dispirited and drooping before they even came hi ’ w it n sight of Saladin s main force . The advance had manifestly been a hideous as blunder ; but , it was too late to retreat , Count Raymond implored King Guy to press as on as rapidly possible . The Lake of

Tiberias , he said, was now only three or four IN PALESTINE

l m iles distant , and must certain y be reached before nightfall if the army was to slake its thirst and be in fit condition to attack the

‘ besiegers of the city on the morrow . But Guy, i al incorrig bly perverse , h ted the entire force and gave the command to encamp for the night . There was no food and not a drop of water . ai Alas , s d Raymond , the war is ended ; we are de”livered over to death , and the realm is ruined . Then under cover of darkness the foe l came up , and all night poured their hai of arrows in upon the weary Franks : God fed the Christians with the bread of affliction and gave them to drink without stint of the cup of repentance till the dawn of tribulation came again . Next morning Guy sounded trumpets for B attle o f e r as irre trie v Tib i . the advance , but the situation was ru s n e fe at i ’ C hi g D able . Salad n s hosts encircled the doomed o f th e Chri s ti an Christians on all sides ; and though Count A rm y unde r ’ n ll G uy d e Raymond s va guard and the Hospita ers us nan 1 1 8 L ig , 7. and Templars did all that mortal men could O do to conquer in the face of fearful dds , the enemy had so Signal an advantage 111 general and ship , position , numbers , that only one result was po ssible . Before sunset King Guy was a prisoner in ’ al S adin s camp .

A prisoner also was Count Raymond . And whereas Guy, whose folly caused the terrible

n 2 2 . r f o f o e s a . Ch o icle s o Ralph C gg h ll , p 3 THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

i d saster, was destined to survive and be

crowned King of Cyprus , Raymond , who had foreseen and done his utmost to prevent the e at o f i did D h ru n of the Christian force , not live long R aym o nd o f after its downfall . He died of a broken heart Tr o ip li . i with n a few weeks of the fatal battle . More

sympathetic than King Guy, the victorious Sultan gave to his captive the admiration one

gallant warrior feels for another, and granted a safe-conduct to the Countess of Tripoli that she might comfort her lord during his sorrow

ful last hours . - As for the Hospitallers , their newly elected w as al Grand Master mort ly wounded , and the H e ro i sm o f th e defeated Knights fulfilled their vow to shed Knigh ts the last drop of their blood in defence of their s ta e r H o pi ll . f faith . Saladin o fered them freedom , wealth , ul and glory if they wo d renounce the Cross . They answered they would choose rather to

die . And he took them at their word . P Then came hordes of arthians , Bedouins ,

Medes , Arabs , and Egyptians , to swell the already enormous armies of the conqueror l and J erusalem , after on y twelve days

resistance , capitulated to the warriors of the ul triumphant S tan . The golden cross was taken down from the - Temple, and, after eighty eight years of an Christi guardianship , the Sepulchre of Christ fell once more into the hands of the Mah o m e dans .

THE ‘ ST ORDER OF . JOHN redeem the captured citizens from slavery the Hospitallers conveyed their sick to

fo und n o f ll R e i g Margat , a town sti held by Christian forces , th e o s ta at H pi l and re -established the convent and hospital as M ar at g . u far as their straitened exchequer wo ld allow . di The La es of the Order, under the altered

circumstances , decided to return to Europe and carry on the work in branch establish m ments . They met with widespread sy pathy as and sistance , Henry II granting them

extensive lands in Somerset , and the Queen a of Arragon welcoming them at Sar gossa . The news of the fall of Jerusalem excited

horror throughout Europe , and aroused the Germanic Emperor Frederi ck Barbarossa to take the Cross and gather together his vast al array of vass s . In the twelfth century the t hi e iquette of Christian c valry was precise , al and Barbarossa sent a her d to Saladin , for the Imperial Maj esty never assails any i one without send ng a defiance , an”d always gives notice of war to his enemies . But the valiant old Emperor died of the hi hards ps of the j ourney, and the command his of army fell to his second son , the Duke of S abia u .

At this time King Guy de Lusignan , whom the magnanimous Saladin had released after nl o y twelve months imprisonment , was laying

siege to Acre , which had been lost to the

Christians after the fall of Jerusalem . For more than two years he had beleaguered

’ Vin auf s r Bo h s t ne rar o f a d o c . I i y Rich I, k I , xviii . IN PALESTINE

the city in vain . Its fortifications were of al coloss strength, and it was garrisoned by — Turks and Th racians nine thousand seasoned P warriors . Even when King hilip of France

u e Th e rd and Leopold, D ke of Austria, brought th ir Thi ru s ad e 1 1 1 his C , 9 . large armies to aid , the Moslems still held out . But the situation was entirely changed by the arrival of Richard Coeur de Lion and K n c ard the English Crusaders . Richard , the ablest i g Ri h I i o f E ngl and of strategists , the most skilled mil tary a r t c r r iv e s a A e , 1 1 1 engineer of his time , and the most inspiring 9 . — his leader with sappers and miners , his -at— hi archers and men arms , and , above all, s — wonderful personal magnetism put new life rm into the weary Christian a y . Though a severe illness smote h im down in the midst of i the contest , he caused h mself to be carried il his on a s ken bed , to honour the enemy wi”th presence, and animate his men to fight , and from his bed he aimed so unerringly with his crossbow that he slew many with darts and arrows . The prolonged and arduous struggle ended C api tu l ati o n o f by the capitulation of Acre after three years ’ A cre to R ich ard Cm ur d e L o n i . resistance . l Th e o s ta The Knights of St . John then estab ished H pi l t e -e s ta bli sh e d , , their Hospital in the conquered city and set 1 1 1 9 . up once more the altars which the Turks had overthrown . Immediately King Richard turned his attention to the repair of the walls to a greater h e igh tiandgperfection than before they were al thrown down ; and he himself w ked about , nd exhorting the workme n a masons . THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

o Of all the Western warriors , Richard C eur de Lion not only was the ablest commander by land and sea , but the most fiery and fervent Crusader ; and he possessed the power of infusing into his soldi ers something of the same ardour which burnt so brightly in his ri own soul . Du ng the strenuous and exhaust ing campaign he again and again renewed the hopes of men whose energies had flagged and whose spirits were breaking under continued hi hards p and privation . On one occasion he was adj ure d to abandon some of his horsemen who were being cut o ffby the enemy : Better ri let them pe sh , said his advisers , than expose your person and all Christendom to n certain da ger .

Th e n King R i ch ard ch ang e d co l o ur with ih d nat o n at t e se o rd s and s o e u in ig i h w , p k q i ckly “ re ply If I ne gle ct to aid m y m e nwh o m I se nt fo r ard t a ro m se to su o rt t e m I h a w wi h p i pp h ”, S ll r He a ne ve r againd e se ve to b e call e d King . s id n m o r b ut s urr n h i o rse das e d nto th o e , , p i g s h , h i e T m iddle o f th e urk s , and b randi shing h is rd h r e d h is w a n h s r n s swo , e ca v y i to t e thi cke t a k .

Th e e ne m y w e re s lainand scatte re d ,and o ur m e n " re turne d with se ve ral p ri so ne rs into cam pf

’ B o n a f s ne r o f ard o ch . Vi s u t ar c . I i y Ri h I , k IV, xxxi o u n c ard e nt tt e t m e inE n and and w Alth gh Ki g Ri h Sp li l i gl , as n h e I S o na ant by blo o d m o re N o rm a thanE nglish , gig ic scale f o f h e o ld rm th e pro to type o f th e British o fice r t A y. Th e n is m e n-at arm s fe t fo r d e vo tio nand co fide nce whi ch h l h im , o m n r ask th e i r co nvicti nh e wo uld ne ve r fail the , e ve o f the m d m s f a anything h e w as no t pre pare d to o hi e l , b e rs vivid m ance to th e fa t o f o m m t ns I nh is e ade rs re se bl i h T y A ki l . A gre at B ritish Ge ne ral w as ask e d th e s e cre t o f h is p o we r o ve r n u n s in act o n H re e d I n h is m e nand co se q e t succe s i . e pli o ne ‘ ” wo rd Sy mpathy . IN PALESTINE

But whereas the humbler ranks throughout al the army most worshipped Richard, he was regarded by the sovereign princes with al bitterest and mostvehement j ealousy . S adin , his mortal foe , whose dominions he invaded and whose power he threatened, expressed ungrudging adm iration for his consistent strength and prowess ; but the Christian i Kings , his all es , thwarted him at every turn . Rather than allow the glory of the capture — of Jerusalem to fall to him as it assuredly ul il wo d have done, for he was the one m itary genius in their midst— they insisted upon crying out for peace just at the crucial i moment when success was with n view . i — R chard who in every danger had been” the G re at Vi cto ry o f Ri c h ard C o e u r first to advance and the last to retreat , and d e Li o n at Arso uf whose exploits at the battle of had Ars o uf 1 1 1 , 9 . seemed to his adversaries something more than human —was helpless in the face of i ri French , Ital an , and Austrian int gues . All that mortal man could do to make the Allies follow up his victory he did ; but did in vain . The Knights Hospitaller (who were of many E ag e rne s s o f different nationalities) had given him their th e H o s pitall e rs ” to re g ain th e ; , , o t strong support and bold as lions they H ly Ci y . were eager to regain possession of their Hospital and churches in the Holy City ; but even with the Knights Hospitaller of St . -at- John , the English Knights and men arms were too reduced in number for it to be possible that they al one should storm the mighty fortifications of Saracen Jerusalem . THE ORDER O F ST. JOHN — Th e Allie s The Latin and Teutonic arm ies to their é e c rt lasting dishonour—deserted in vast hordes to itiil R iiirzrd e and th u s p re v e m th ir ships ; and it was Richard who protected th e Ch ri s ti an the Syrian Christians by winning from Saladin “ 5332122 a promise to leave them unmolested for three ul years , and give them peacef access to the

Sepulchre at Jerusalem . The English King said frankly that when the truce was ended he

hoped to come back and renew the war . Saladin replied that if Allah indeed had al destined him to lose the re m , he would better endure to lose it to King Richard than

to any other man in all the world .

Then Richard embarked , and all th e night h is s hip rano nh e r w ay by th e f h nm o rnn d a n d th e n t o t s tars . ligh e Wh e i g w e , Ki g o o e d ac t e arnn e e s u o nth e and and l k b k wi h y i g y p l , ra e d a o ud O r st rant m e fe nd t m e p y l Ch i , g li”a i to re turnand d e liv e r th y H o ly To m b ! : hi But another fate awaited him s pwreck , e betrayal , captivity, and unspeakable bitt r ness of spirit : Sh am e b e it said th at o ne wh o m no e ne m y co uld re s st no r th e o e fo rce o f a ad nc u d co n ue r i , wh l S l i o l q , * w as s e i e d and e t a r ne r in e rm an z k p p i so G y . The j ealous hatred his former allies had ; did felt against him not end with the Crusade . Nor did the respect and admiration of his Saracen enemies ; many generations after his tragic death their chroniclers and poets still l all reca led his g ant exploits , and acclaimed

him as the strongest , bravest , and most noble

adversary their race had ever known .

’ Vinsaufs t ne rar B o o ch . xxxv u I i y , k VI , . IN PALESTINE

After the departure of n , 1; Richard the

Knights Hospitaller, with th eir Chaplains i and the Serv ng Brethren ,continued at Margat the work for which the Order had originally Th e H o s pital at M argat been founded in Jerusalem . They tended the and l sick poor,protected the Christian pi grims , gave hospitality to travelling European mer

chants , and toiled with unremitting zeal in

the service of mankind . al They were not , however, ways able to refrain from serious quarrels with the Knights Templar ; and after the capture of Damietta C ap ture o f d dif am i e tta by by King An rew of Hungary , the ferences D nd re w n A , Ki g anirno sitie s al li and of these two riv Mi tary o f un ar H g y . e v Orders wer almost as e ident as the disunion Di s uni o n am o n r s between the other sections of the army . The g Ch i t an i s , and conquest therefore proved of short duration . co ns e qu e nt l o s s 1 228 ri ri o f am t In Frede ck II , that most O ental of D ie t a . Pal s Western Emperors , landed in e tine . i P and Excommun cated by the ope , accused Cru s ade o f F re d e r f Mah o m e dan hi ru ic k II o of sympat es , his C sading zeal e rm an 1 2 28 G y , . was questioned ; but as he was a famous His l arg e and s — fo rm d a e warrior, the Saracen who had considerably i bl in arm y ; m o ral declined energy since the death of Saladin e ffe ct o f its — his offered no opposition to advance . On pre s e nce in P a e s t ne the mere strength of his reputation and the l i . size and discipline of his army b e secured an i hl advantageous treaty, by wh ch Bet ehem , E m t t t e o f Nazareth , and Jaffa were restored to Christian p y i l n o f b e fo re h is Ki g rule . But though return to his own J e ru s al e m ; th e domains the Emperor caused himself to be H o s pitalle rs re fu s e b e crowned King of Jerusalem in th e Mo sque of to / p re s e nt at h is , ro n Omar as well as in the Church of the Holy C o ati o n,

1 2 2 . Sepulchre , there was !in the church! no 9 HE F T T ORDER O S . JOHN

prelate , nor priest , nor clerk to sing or speak — and the Military Orders refused to be present at the coronation of an e xco m m uni cate d Emperor whose claims the Pope did not

recognize . Th e C rus ad e o f In the subsequent successful Crusade of the c ard u e Ri h , D k Ri r ll , f rn a royal Duke chard of Co nwa the Hos o C o w ll , 1 2 0 Co ns icu italle rs 4 . p p were honourably conspicuous ; and o us s e rvi c e s o f expended both money and personal service in th e Ho s di italle rs repairing the smantled fortifications of p .

Jerusalem , after Duke Richard had wrested the city from the control of the Egyptian ul S tan . But before the work could be com le te d ri p , a terrible horde of barba ans from the

Caspian shores swept down upon Palestine . F o rtificatio ns o f The Knights of the White Cross and the J e ru s al e m Red realized the magnitude of the danger and w e ake ne d ; b arb ari an were prepared to meet it ; but they were h o rd e s c h o o se P al thwarted by the atriarch of Jerus em , who t m nt f r hi s m o e o ili inv as io n o f took upon himself the responsib ty of P a n lin le s ti e . advising a e of action entirely opposed to

the opinions of experienced soldiers . The result was a disas ter more overwhelming even a ture o f al i C p than the battle of Tiberias . S ad n had been J e ru s al e m by “ Ko rasm ins th e ar ar ans an honourable foe, but the wild b b i . T e rrible fate o f were amenable to no rules of war . In Jeru th e n a tants i h bi . al s em they spared neither age nor sex , but

doomed the entire population . And by the devilish stratagem of hoisting the Christian

standard on the battlements , they decoyed into the city all the fugitives and stragglers from the surrounding countryside— then fell upon them like wild beasts and murdered

them with savage j oy .

THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

- semi starvation , have all been graphically ri desc bed by the gallant Sire de Joinville , his al his devoted friend and vass , who shared

perils , glory , and misery . G e ne ro s i ty o f When King Louis inransom for himself and th e s ta e r H o pi ll s . his army agreed to pay the Sultan the

enormous sum of golden bezants , it was the Hospitallers who placed their entire

treasury at his disposal . King L o u i s IX Forced to conclude a most disadvantageous re fo rtifie s A cre , and fo r th e Ho s treatyof peace Louis thebroken remnants p italle rs b e fo re of his army made their way to Acre . There n n to re tur i g -at the urgent entreaty of the HO Spitalle rs F rance . did they lingered four years , and not sail for France until they had so strengthened the fortifications of the famous ci ty that it seemed

impregnable .

B itte ranim After the departure of King Louis , the it and o e n o s y p ever-smouldering animosity between the e nm i ty b e tw e e n ll T e m pl ars and Templars and the Hospita ers flared up anew , o s ta e rs H pi ll . and , though sworn to draw”sword only against an the adversaries of Christ , yet to the sc dal of Christendom they decided their quarrel in

a pitched battle . The Hospitallers were victori ous ; b ut both Orders shared the just retribution for turning their arms against each other instead of against the foe ; for they

subsequently lost Azotus , Antioch , Laodicea ,

and Karac , from sheer lack of adequate numbers to continue holding them against the

Se c o nd C rus ad e Moslems . o f Sa nt o u s i L i . Nor did the Second Crusade of Louis of His d e ath at win T un s u u s t i , A g France enable them to back their lost a th 1 2 0 s , 7 . possessions , for its course was diverted into IN PALESTINE

c 2 th 1 2 0 Afri a , and on August 5 , 7 , amidst the - di ni fever bree ng swamps of Tu s , the King his ash e S ' and breathed last , lying upon pray ing God to sanctity and watch over his people .

Reft of their leader, and decimated by pestilence , the French Crusaders made peace without awaiting the arrival of Prince Edward * co of England , who was relying upon their operation . The landing o i the English army at Acre A rrival at A cre awakened the drooping hopes of the Knights £55352“ th e l a . rm Hospitaller for the reconquest of Jerus em E ngli s h A y . These hopes seemed destined to fulfihne nt ’ but just as Edward s exploits were beginning to remind the Saracens that he w as of the blood of Richard Coeur de Lion , he was struck down by the poisoned dagger of an assassin .

al P r nce E d w ard His wound appearing likely to be fat , he i summoned the Grand Masters of the Temple 1 1 2222231? 2211 ' 23 1

ll . and the Hospital to witness his wi M as te rs o f th e n M tar Qt d e ys There were ardent prayers to St . Joh for ili y w ’m e s s ” 1 8 w ’u his all ’ recovery ; and he r ied and by degrees une 1 8 th 1 2 2 J , 7 . regai ned hi s strength . But before he could resume the field against the Saracens , news of grave disturbances in England broke in upon his proj ect for the conquest of the Holy City . Intending to return— but never fated to fulfil — this cherished wish h e took reluctant leave of all the Knights Hospit er and set sail for home . For the Hospitallers in Pal estine his D e p arture o f ni ‘ ard departure marked the begin ng of the end . ifgggiiz

u e ue nt n E d ard S bs q ly Ki g w I . THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN — The final catastrophe o i which there had been sinister foreshadowings— was ultimately al brought about through the degeneracy, mor

and physical, of the motley population of

Acre . At this time the metropolis of Christianity al in the East , Acre was famous for its we th and beauty ; contemporary chroniclers never

cre th e e ad an A , h tire of describing its m y churches with their qu arte rs o i th e - - wi - hi gem like stained glass ndows , its pure w te o s ta e rs its H pi ll , - b e autiful b uild marble palaces , sweet scented gardens , and n s and a e s s u i g l wl cool spacious courtyards . They e logize the n a tants i h bi . broad and stately streets , across which stretched embroidered canopies and silken

awnings tempering the bright light of the sun . But the population thronging in these streets

was reminiscent of the Tower of Babel . Of

seventeen conflicting races , each speaking a

different tongue , amenable to different laws , ni and acknowledging no commu ty of interests , these people showed all the worst symptoms

of combined Eastern and Western decadence . ri Some unwarrantable acts of b gandage , committed by these so -called Ch ristians di against Moslems in the neighbouring stricts , provoked the Sultan to demand proper

reparation . His requests were so entirely ' o ffe nde rs so reasonable , and the manifestly in

the wrong, that the Grand Masters of the Military Orders emphasized the need for al prompt atonement . They so pointed out that the Sultan ’ s army was of enormous and strength number, and that to refuse his irn o li ic j ust demands would be p t . The citi IN PALESTINE

zens , debased , depraved , and incorrigibly wanton , accused these Knights of cowar l e dice , and sent an inso ent defianc to the

Sultan . P t z e ns flo u t recisely as the Hospitallers had feared , Ci i hi f t e xp e rt m ilitary the Sultan saw in t s a front a pretex for the ad ce vi . overthrow of the last stronghold of Syrian ri Ch stianity . Hearing that he had mustered li r Foot and Horse , the Mi ta y

Orders took pity on the unworthy citizens , and put the women and children on board some of the galleys of the Order , in charge of seamen competent to take them to the island of

r . Cyp us , the nearest place of refuge

Beauj eu , Grand Master of the Temple , who by common consent had assumed the supreme command , had made preparations for a pro tracted siege before the attacking army was in l sight . Indignantly he repel ed an attempt of ’ the Sultan s General to make h im betray the in city for an enormous sum gold . Then the contest began ; and , after a terrific struggle , it was the Hospitallers , under Villiers , their ri Grand Master , who succeeded in d ving back the Moslem hordes even after their battalions had actually stormed the ramparts . But this was the last gleam of success before the final crushing overthrow . After a renewed and furious series of assaults from the enraged ffl ri and ba ed enemy, the fortress was car ed at last over the dead bodies of Knights of the

White Cross and the Red , who fought until as they fell . Grand M ter Beauj eu of the

Temple was among the slain . THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN — Sto rm ing o f Then at the very last as the enemy was c re by th e rin ran A pou g into the city ,andthe streets rivers ’ Su tan s rm l A y . — li Spl e nd id of blood Vil ers , Grand Master of the c o ura e o f th e g Hospital , performed a feat which won him rand M as te r G irn e rish able . o f th e p glory o s ta e rs H pi ll . The surviving Knights were few and almost — fainting with exhaustion ; but Villiers who had led them out in a last desperate sortie prayed fervently that they should yet uphold

the banner and traditions of their Order . An e v e r-m e m Rallying them with inspiring words and o rab le e o t xpl i . dauntless resolution , he made them cut their way through to his galley at anchor in the

harbour . From the decks his archers kept up a volley of arrows against the Moslem squadron which strove to cut off the retreat of these the last survivors of the once-great

Christian army .

As the ship weighed anchor , and turned its

golden prow towards Cyprus , the favouring wind which filled its purple sails wafted from the receding shore exultant yells of the ferocious conquerors revelling in the stricken

city . And so the Hospitallers departed from the — Holy Land, ruined and defeated but ever

unshaken in faith , unbroken in courage , and

eager to hand on the Torch . PAR T I I I — IN CYPRUS AND RHODES : 1 291 1 522

YPRUS—that vine-clad island which the ancient Greeks after the Troj an war had wrested from Phoenician settlers—had fallen in turn to Ethiopian , Assyrian , Egyptian , even

Persian conquerors , before the Roman legions w mastered it . After the reck of Rome by the l barbarian hosts , it fel sometimes to Saracenic , l 1 1 sometimes to Byzantine lords , unti in 91

King Richard Coeur de Lion captured it , and gave it to Lusignan , the conquered King of al Jerus em . Guy de Lusignan founded a dynasty ; and a century later, when the remnant of the Hospitallers from Acre set foot upon the island , they were welcomed by n King Henry de Lusig an , Crusader by l inheritance , a friend and ally of the Mi itary

Orders . He gave a house to the fugitive Hospitallers Lirnaso l at the town of , in one of the most beautiful and fertile parts of his small king dom . So on the Brethren of the Order oversea in England , France , and Spain , in Scotland, P l — Ireland , ortugal , and Ita y opened their

coffers to send treasure and supplies , and , better still , despatched to Cyprus some of their 3 1 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN strongest Knights to enable the gallant Grand re - l Master Villiers to estab ish his Hospital .

Th s al e H o pital Founded in Jerus em , refounded at fo r th e fo urth Margat , and then again at Acre , the Hospital ti m e re -e s tab lis h e d 1 2 1 . , 9 . of St John was now for the fourth time re

established . Although the Holy Land had fallen back ul under the dominion of the S tan , pilgrims still made their toilsome and dangerous way P to alestine , facing indescribable fatigues and f i su ferings , dread ng most of all the Barbary Suffe r n s o f i g Corsairs . To be captured by these merciless Ch ri s ti ans c o nd e m ne d to pirates meant a life of slavery and bitter s l ave ry by th e degradation in the galleys . Chained to wooden ur s T k . benches , night and day, these captives toiled l and aboured at the oars ; and if they flagged, they smarted beneath the lash of taskmasters whose cruelty to Christians was proverbial

throughout the known world . But a new maritime power was destined to

arise . After the Hospitallers were settled in ai all Cyprus , they went s ling in their g eys to the ports of Italy and the Adriatic ; and taking on board all pilgrims seeking passage to the ai Holy Land , they w ted to bring the travellers

back to Europe . While carrying to and from ri i the Sy an coast th s cargo of devoted souls , the Hospitallers not infrequently were men aced and attacked by Barbary and Levantine

pirates . The Turkish and Saracenic sea wolves then discovered with dismay that the A ne w m aritim e White Cross Knights could fight as formidably o e r ’ p w . on a galley s deck as from behind the ramparts

of a fortress .

THE F ST ORDER O . JOHN

C ap ture o f the lives of over a hundred of the bravest e an r a b Y Al x d i Knights . Alexandria had then become a te f s figigfigggg rendezvous for pirates ; so its capture , and the destruction of the Turkish shipping in the

harbour, was a necessary phase in the ardu ous task of breaking the sea-power of the

Moslem . C apture o f In 1 3 67the Hospitallers j oined forces with r “ 1 5 T im , 3 7° the King of Cyprus and the Genoese Republic

to recapture Tarsus , Tripoli , Bellinas , and i Laod cea . During the closing decade O fthe fourteenth aid century they went to the of Sigismund ,

King of Hungary, whose gallant struggle against the invading tide of Turks and Ser

bians had roused the sympathy of France ,

r u . Bu g ndy, and Venice As at Tiberias more than two hundred years

before , although the Hospitallers fought with ll characteristic—ski and valour, they fought a losing battle sacrifice d to the obstinacy of

the Count de Nevers , who waved aside the sound strategic and tactical counsel of the

King of Hungary, just as King Guy of Jeru salem had flo ute d the solemn warnings of li Raymond of Tripo . B attl e o f The consequent overthrow of the allied 8 armies at Nicopolis , and the massacre by the 222252315th e B a ri r s t ans az e t Ch i i . Sultan j of Ch stian prisoners u tan o f Tur on the banks of the Danube , was the prelude 1SC m as i aa e s Yl ri m ooo n to a pe od of increasingly frightful conflict ’ p s o ne m between the forces of the East and West . A new and still more terrible foe to Chris tianit Tirno ur y arose in the person of , a Tartar IN CYPRUS AND RHODES

* i hi am ur a ne chief . Destin ng mself for sovereignty of T b l”i th e re at a G , the entire world , and seeking to gain that ar T art c hi e f, mastery by terrorism , cruelty, and arrogance , d e s tine s him s e lf n to o r d Tirno ur felt towards the Order of St . Joh a w l s o r nt v e e ig y . bitter hatred , not unlike the present hatred of the Pan-German League towards the Tirno ur British Empire . To , the armoured galleys of the Hospitallers , and the maritime supremacy they typified , seemed as obnoxious as the Navy of Great Britain to the modern

Huns . The aspiring Tartar therefore beleaguered Si e g e o f hi Sm yrna ; Smyrna, one of the W te Cross strongholds ; — g allant d e fe nce and though the Knights fought resolutely, by th e s ta e rs — H o pi ll . dauntlessly, superbly yet the Tartar batter - f ing rams e fected breaches in their walls . ’ Then Tim o urf s artillerymen inserted into the gaps large wooden planks saturated with naphtha . These they ignited ; and as the

flames devoured the wood , great masses of the ramparts came down with a reverberant crash ; n whereon the Tartars , yelli g with savage j oy, hurled themselves into the citadel , and hoisted fl — their black ag the harbinger of death .

Next day, when the fleet from Rhodes Tirno ur h appeared in sight , announced is victory by shooting from his Siege-machines

on to their decks the heads of the Hospitallers , die who had chosen rather to than yield . ’ Tirno ur s triumph at Smyrna encouraged T artar c hie f re c s Sm rna him to undertake the overthrow of the w k y . n K ights Hospitaller at Rhodes . But before he

’ Mar o s am ur a ne th e r a l we T b l i G e t. THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN could attempt a landing on their vigilantly him guarded shores , news reached that the di Emperor of In a, at the head of a large force , had crossed the eastern frontier of his king

dom and was pressing on towards his capital . Tirno ur hastened back to grapple with the ri impe al invader . no m no u s Cl v iliz atio n Ig i i Fortunately for European , e nd o f Tirno ur , I nstead of attam l ng unl v e rsal so v e re lgnty the th e w o uld _ b e w o rld Tartar chief lost all that he had gained ; and c o n ue re r q soon death smote him down .

Su tan o s te l nta For a while there was peace . But when in “ W SI Si Y g “ 1 4 53 Constantinople was attacked by the p e ace tre ati e s — m nl cal Vl o latl o n and g o e s to Sultan Mahomet II cy of w ar 1 , 4 53 . the numerous treaties he had signed so osten — tatio uslym the Hospitallers prepared for

rigorous defence . Constantinople first , then ’ Rhodes , had been the Sultan s threat ; and

on May the 2 9th Constantinople had fallen . Then Sultan Mahomet sent the Knights of the White Cross a summons to be vassals to

his throne and pay a yearly tribute .

God grant , replied the Grand Master, that I may not leave as slaves 0 1 vassals the

Order I found free and glorious . If the w Sultan ishes to be lord of Rhodes , he must

pass over my dead body .

Finding the Hospitallers ready for war, the — Sultan chose peace ; and twenty seven years

elapsed before the Turks besieged the island . Th e Si e g e o f o d e s 1 3 0 1 8 0 Rh , 4 , This happened in 4 , and the victorious V iqto rio u s defence by the Knights under their heroic re s i s tanc e und e r ’ P d Aub usso n G rand M as te r Grand Master eter was one of ’ d Aub us s o n . the most famous events of the century . IN CYPRUS AND RHODES The ultimate victory of the White Cross against enormous odds seemed so miraculous that it w as attributed to supernatural aid from

John the Baptist , patron of the Order . A - vision of the saint clad in goat skins , and followed by angels bearing flaming swords , w as said to have been seen not only by the

Christians but by the Turks . The following year Sultan Mahomet died lamenting he was cut off too soon to avenge hi s defeat . l 1 Again there was a lu l . But in 522 the

Sultan Solyman , having captured Belgrade , resolved to conquer Rhodes . He went through the conventional preliminary formula of ex Th e Sultan So lym ane x pressing devotion to the cause of peace , and re s s e s de o t n i p v io to e ac e declaring the gu lt of the war must be upon p , and the Knights of the White Cross if they did i m m e d iate ly b e gins a w ar o f not instantly surrender the island and a re s s o n gg i . fortress . The Grand Master at this period was the ’ l L I sle celebrated Vi liers de Adam , one of the ablest and most dauntless of the many noble Frenchm en whose exploits have reflected glory on the Order . For six months the Moslems Se co nd Sie ge o f poured against him their unending series Of Rh o d e s by th e ’ Sultan s e no rm al battalions , led by gener s versed in all the o u s naval and m tar fo rc e s arts of war ; and from June to December the ili y , 1 22 Grand Master and his Knights beat back the 5 . torrent of invasion . But at last the civil — ’ population te rrifie d by Solyman s persist his O ff ence , and by threat to cut all their ears and noses if they did not immediately — capitulate in pani c terror besought their THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN brave defenders to make terms with the

enemy . The Knights would have fought to the last rather than let their stronghold fall into the

hands of the Moslem . But they had reason to did believe that if they not soon surrender, the cowardly inhabitants intended to betray

them to the Sultan . The Grand Master de

cided , therefore , to frustrate this base design and make his own conditions with the besiegers while there was still a hope of

favourable terms . C api tul ati o no f He offered to give up the town and fortress R h o d e s afte r ’ provided the religion and persons of the s ix m o nth s d e fe nce . citizens should be guaranteed safe from persecution ; that the garrison should march

out with the honours of war, and the Knights and Brethren should embark in their own all g eys , taking such of the inhabitants as

chose to accompany them . The terms were gladly accepted by the enemy ; and on

Christmas Day , as the Turkish chroniclers ul triumphantly relate , the Sublime S tan ra c d e s cri hi - his A bi p with his w te robed bodyguard, gold t o n o f i his fringed banners , favourite regiment of tri um ph a l e ntry hi s o f th e Su ltan j anissaries , and enormous retinue of So lym an into - l warrior nobles , g ittering with priceless o d e s D e c Rh , - - e m e r 1 2 2 j ewels made his state entry into the city, b , 5 . to th e so und o fsalv o e s o f artille ry and inth e m idst o f a d e nse r c o wd . Th r uard th e m us c a e e st o f th e b o dyg , i i ns, and th o fli c r r o us co r s fo o d h e e s o f all th e va i p , ll we t e r lla Allah ! B h gl o i o us Padi sh ah , crying , A h y t y ’ w ill th e s cim itar of M ah o m e a h as capture d th is pro netfo rtre ss IN CYPRUS AND RHODES

In thi s m anne r th e S ultanwe nt as far as th e * f San an and t e re re h Te m ple o Giv h ,wh e t e infide l ans ad o re d an d o h e th e s ! Ch ri sti ! i l, , bl e se d co n ro r add re s se d a ra e r to th e true que , p y G o d . t

’ It was then explained to L I sle Adam that he was required to pay his respects to Solyman in person before he could depart ; and accordingly, on the last day of the year , he presented himself in the camp of the Sultan ll and requested a farewe audience . The young Ottoman Emperor kept him waiting for ’ many hours on a cold winter s day , in hope of humbling and humiliating him ; but when at last the Grand Master was admitted to the al imperi presence , his venerable appearance , his his e uanirnit noble dignity, and lofty q y, impressed even his arrogant conqueror . P i ra sing the gallant and prolonged defence , and complimenting the Grand Master upon al i his gener sh p , the Sultan proceeded to offer him a high command in the Moslem army if he would accept the Prophet Mahomed in place of Christ . ’ ’ L I sle Adam s reply was brief but characteristic After a life spent— not ingloriously—in

combating for my faith , if I could abandon dl that faith for worl y gain and glory, the Sultan himself would have a right to withdraw the esteem he has just now been pleased to

f o nth e Ba t st. Church o St. J h p i m a o r 1 Arab Chro nicle o f Ah e t H fiz . (Qu t”e d by Ge ne al sto o f th e n ts o f Ma ta 2 nd e d t o n Po rte r, Hi ry K igh l , i i , p THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

his express . I ask only of magnanimity that the terms of the capitulation may be main taine d — a il and D e p arture “ th e Next morning w d stormy New ’ — H o s pi tall e rs Year s Day the Grand Master and the Hos italle rs p left Rhodes for ever, taking with

1 523 , them in their galleys four thousand of the inhabitants who preferred to abandon home and country rather than trust the mercy of the

hereditary fo e . T

‘ And thus , after two hundred and twelve al n years at Rhodes , the Hospit lers of St . Joh of Jerusalem went forth again into the world — defeated , homeless , sorrowful ; but still inspired by that high unconquerable spirit which had over and over again enabled

’ High tribute is paid to L I sle Adam by a m o d e rnB ri tish G e ne ral : Th e he ro ism and grande ur o fh is characte r we re such that h o d o f ad e r t o n s i fo r tr t e cl u s v si y ly e t t th ingre ate r lus e . Th e a ant d e fe nce o f o d e s a t o u e nd n in th g ll Rh , l h gh i g e w rstdisaste r t at h ad O ccurre d s n e th o s o f e ru a e m o h i c e l s J s l , h as be e nso im pe rishably co nne cte d with h im that h e h as be co m e m o re d istinguishe d by h is co nduct d uring that

calam ito us e po c h than m any a succe ssful le ad e r.

’ n a P r r sto o f th n t f M ta G e e r l o te s Hi ry e K igh s o al , n d t o . 8 e i i , p 39 . ‘ n se fo r th nd o n o f h a 1 The ird e ci sio w as wi , e co iti s t e c pitula n Th an - r a d h t o n r ro e . e ssar e s t e te t e o m i we e b k j i i ill w e n, d s cra d th e c urc e s o o te d th e s o s and o use s e e te h h , l h p h , and co m m itte d all th e o utrage s against which th e Grand Maste r i r f h ad d o ne h s utm o st to se cu e th e to wns o lk . W e n re m nd e d o f th e ro m se s m ade to th e r st ans h i p i Ch i i , th e Mo sle m o ffice rs e xcus e d the m se lve s by saying the y co uld no m n B ut e n th e u tan sudde n t co ntro l the ir e . wh S l ly anno unce d that h e wo uld e xe cute any o fli ce r w h o co ntinue d to co unte nance acts co ntrar to th e te rm s o f th e ca tu at o n y pi l i , m d th e d iso rd e r ce ase d i m e iate ly.

PAR T I V

IN THE BRITISH ISLES : 1 1 0 2 -1 579 ARLY in the twelfth century— and within a few years after the crucial day when the Crusaders carried Jerusal em by

storm , and freed the Rector of the Hospital — Th e O rd e r o f from grim imprisonment the Order estab 1 sh e d P li itself in England, the rior selecting for 533 5183 6 d at ll Cle rke nw e u, headquarters the village of Clerkenwe , just

outside the city of London . There , amidst fields for pasture and d”elightful meadow lands with flowing streams , he superintended din the buil g of a Convent , Church , and Hospi

tal of St . John . Invited to Scotland by David I (Saint ri o f David) , the Order flou shed north the

Tweed in the succeeding reigns , and received further endowments from King William the

Lion . Pe m Kilm ainh am In Ireland , Richard de Clare , Earl of P rio ry co nfe rre d broke the famous Strongbow com h ( u p o n t e ’ I I s H o s pitall e rs by mander of Henry army, conferred upon “ Stro n o w P gb , the Hospitallers (in 1 1 74 ) the riory and fi l ' woodlands of Kilmainham ; and thence they Erfle l fff gradually extended their domains . In Meath nd i a Louth , in Waterford and Cork , in Sl go , il Wexford , Carlow, and K dare , they held

estates , and tended the sick assiduously . IN THE BRITISH ISLES But no Irish man or Scotsman ever attained the supreme dignity of Grand Master of the - Order . Among the sixty nine Grand Masters (from the founding of the Military Order by Raym ond du Puy in 1 1 1 8 to its melancholy extinction in the last years of the eighteenth ali century) , there were several It ans , Span iards P , ortuguese , and English of Norman extraction . There was one German , Ferdinand von Hompesch— now only remembered for his ignominious surrender of Malta to the forces of Napoleon . The maj ority of Grand

Masters were French , and France should be proud that for nearly six centuries she supplied the most famous Order in Christendom with such a notable succession of saintly warriors and vigorous administrators .

M e d ae a The Knights Hospitaller themselves , how i v l H o s pi talle rs ever, laid little stress on differences of s triv e to u nite nationality ; their obj ect rather was to blend all Ch ri s ti an the spiritual and material strength of all the nati o ns to s te m th e ti d e o f Western nations to resist the periodic waves of M ah o m e d an n as o n Moslem conquest and aggression . i v i . i hi Yet , while embody ng t s unity of aim and l ul spirit , the Hospita lers showed wonderf adaptability in the external Sphere of their services and it is this combination of brilliant versatility with heroic constancy which made them so great a m oral and practical force

wherever they succeeded in penetrating . i li In Jerusalem med cal and mi tary experts ,

Th e he ads o f th e E uro pe an co m m and arie s we re style d ran P r o r G d i . THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN at Acre they had begun to realize the import ance of commanding the sea ; and so at Rhodes and Malta they were able to translate into accomplished fact the lessons their Order learnt during the time their Hospital had been

established in the famous Syrian seaport . In — V e rs atility o f England where they neither needed to repel ’ h ts and Mah o m e d an invaders , nor to sail the seas in gfe fil fei chase of Barbary Corsairs — they adapted

themselves to the morepeacefulcircumstances , and added to their medical and surgical attainments an interest in agriculture and

education . As their vow not to draw sword except against the Moslems debarred them from all active part in wars between the Christian P rinces , their history in England becomes less dramatic than when their Hospitals were held at the sword ’ s point against an Oriental * enemy . Unbroken peace , however , was not

to be their fate , not even in the then idyllic v illage of Clerkenwell . S Ch urc h and In pite of their unfailing charity , their P rio ry o f St skill and knowledge rendered them obj ects of Jo hn attac ke d sus l c10 n e nv ro us by th e d e m a _ p to the demagogue Wat o ue W at in fo r g g Tyler , who , blind lust destruction , 1 1 8 0 32131 3353 incited his rabble to attack the Church and n P . riory of St Joh , and to make bonfires of

O ccas o na t s ru e w as ro e n nd dua n ts i lly hi l b k by i ivi l K igh . Sir Gil e s d e Arge ntine (wh o se gallant d e ath at B anno ck burn “ ” Sir Walte r Sco tt d e scribe s in Th e Lo rd o f th e I sle s ) W ro ss n no R e d ro ss as i w as a hite C K ight ( t C , S r Walte r m a e s h im and at th e att e o f F o dd e nF e d th e r n k ) ; b l l i l , G a d Pre ce pto r o f Sco tland w as kill e d fighting fo r Jam e s IV against E n nd gla . IN THE BRITISH ISLES

’ an al the Hospitallers library . M y v uable n works on medici e , law , theology , and history —Arabian and Persian as well as French and — * Latin were thus lost to the Order . — The Hospitallers though individually re no uncing all possessions save their robes and armour and their long cross-handled swords were , as a community, extremely wealthy . But j ust as the strength and intellect of the Knights and Brethren were expended inth e se rvice o m ankind f , so was their rich ex chequer . They were regarded as the just and honourable trustees of funds for public use ; and were selected to receive and administer H o s pitall e rs app o inte d to the confiscated property of the Templars , adm iniste r hi when (through the mac nations of the King c o nfi s c ate d p ro of France) the Order of Knights Templar was p e rty o fKnights m ar 1 1 T e pl , 3 4 . abolished . The Priory was rich in mas terpieces of — Western and Byzantine art , but these with the collection of sumptuous illuminated books and precious documents— were sacrificed to Sacrific d M urd e r o f th e the irrational fury of the mob . e rand Pr o r P G i , also was the Grand rior, Sir Robert Hales, a nd burning o f l whom they slaughteredwanton y and ,having Cl e rke nw e ll ll P r o r W at beheaded him on Tower Hi , they proceeded i y by ’ Tyl e r s m o b , to burn and ah no st entirely destroy the beau 1 3 8 1 . Pri hi tiful and stately ory , w ch for over two hundred and fifty years had been a centre of charitable exertions and civilizing influences ntilitate h nn pro omi m . This disaster took place long after the

nno t re ad t re f re l u n I ca , he o I wish a l bo o ks we re b r t, ’ ” sa s E n in Mar o s o cto r F au y vy l we D stus . THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

E xp e d iti o n o f departure for Pal estine of the most vigorous E ng h Sh . 1 2 Knights of the Order In 3 7a chosen band , Ho s italle rs to p aie flfi th e lr P1 10 1 Th e o do rl c m , 1 23 7, headed by , had se t o ut fro m th e i r h o use at Cle rke nwe ll with t rt s e d s unco e re d t s ars ra d d hi y hi l v , wi h p e i se , an re ce d e d r T p by th e i b anne r. h e y passe d th ro ugh th e c ity th at th e y m igh t o b tain th e bl e ss ing s o f th e s e ctato rs and o n t e r d t t e r p ; b wi g h i h e a s, wi h h i co s o e re d t e co m m e nd d t e m s s o th e wl l w , h y e h e lve t o o d ra e rs o f all th e e o e g p y p pl . So devastating were the ravages of constant war against the hardy Moslems that many more detachments from the European com m ande rie s were needed to reinforce the

parent Order . After the capture of Rhodes

by the Knights Hospitallers , the branch establishments despatched oversea their ablest fighting men to aid in grappling with the 1 8 1 dreaded Ottoman Corsairs . But when in 3 the mob came roaring to the Priory gates of

Clerkenwell , how poignantly the Serving Brethren and the defenceless Chaplains must have regretted the absence of the strongest

of their military champions . Patiently and laboriously the Priory was — reconstructed ; and in 1 3 99 eighteen years after this cruel and inexcusable attack of the ungrateful populace upon their benefactors the Hospitallers were able to entertain for a

fortnight Henry, Duke of Lancaster, soon

afterwards to be King Henry IV . At the P former riory, Henry II , Edward I of ul Crusading fame , Eleanor, his beautif and

heroic wife , John , the treacherous brother of

King Richard Coeur de Lion , Alexander, IN THE BRITISH ISLES

P and an al rince of Scotland , m y other roy and noble personages had been received as guests by the Knights Hospitaller ; and the theme of their talk had been the tragical afflictions of i the Eastern world , wh ch stirred the tears s and deep compa sion of the Brethren . In 1 4 1 1 King Henry V made a long P soj ourn at the riory . He hoped to take the Cross in strenuous effort for the freeing of the Holy Sepulchre ; but was fated to die in s France before he could accomplish thi , his most cherished proj ect . 1 8 P In 4 5 Richard III , the last lantagenet

King, held a royal council in the Great Hall n of the Order of St . Joh , and denied a slanderous rumour which had accused him of intending to take as wife his niece the Princess Elizabeth of York— who afterwards became fi the queen of Henry VII , the rst Tudor monarch , enemy and conqueror of Richard . — In the reign of the second Tudor Henry Supp re s s i o n o f VIII of unholy memory—came the sup l lisio u s gfdizt Y pression of the Religious Orders and the con H e nry V HL fiscatio n of their property . The Hospitallers in this time of persecution behaved with characteristic dignity : Th e s upp re ssi o n o f th e H o spitalle rs d e se rve th e s e c a no t ce e cause th e m anne r t e re o f w as p i l i , b h d iffe re nt fro m th e di s so luti o n o f o th e r re ligi o us o us s Th e n ts e n e nt e m e n and h e . K igh , b i g g l so d e rs o f anc e nt fam e s and s rits o u d l i i ili high pi ,w l no t b e b ro ught to pre se nt to H e nry VI I I suc h * u n as e r r p li g pe titi o ns o th O d e rs h ad d o ne .

’ ’ “ F u e r s War uo te d in e n ra P rt r Hi ll Ho ly , q” G e l o e s s to r o f th ni f Ma ta z ud d n y e K ghts o l , e itio , p . 574 . HE F T T ORDER O S . JOHN

ul Rather than ind ge in base ignoble flattery ,

or deviate from any of their principles , the t English Knigh s , of their own accord , resigned their Priory and Hospital into the hands of

the rapacious Tudor . Then the greater number of the military members of the Order escorted their lay and

clerical Brethren to Malta . Of the few Knights who could not endure to exile them E e cut o no f ri x i selves from England , Sir Ad an Fortescue Sir A d rian F o rte s cue and and three others were executed for refusing to thre e o th e r accept King Henry VIII as head of the White C ro s s Church . n ts as K igh , 1 8— b ll m arty rs to th e i r In 54 y command nomina y of the - fa t . i h boy King Edward VI , but actually of the P — Lord rotector Somerset the Church of St . h D e s tructi o n o f Jo n was blown up with gunpowder, so that th e Chu rc h o f some of its materials could be used in build St o n 1 8 . J h , 54 . l hi ing Somerset House . On y the Got c crypt and the wrecked chancel still survived to

indicate how beautiful the edifice had been . But even after this calamity there was still

to come one gleam of returning prosperity . Queen Mary Tudor decreed the renewal of all the ancient privileges and prerogatives P Co - of the rior and brethren of the Hos” r al pital of St . John of Je us em in England , and enabled them to begin rebuilding their

beloved church . ’ - B ri e f re viv al But after Mary s brief and ill starred and final e l z reign , her successor , Que n E i abeth , at e xtincti o no fth e M ili tary O rd e r once reversed her legislation , and dealt a f n o St . o in J h crushing blow . Not merely did she annex the n a d E n 1 . gl , 579 l — l property of the Hospita lers , but worse sti l

PAR T V — IN MALTA : 1 53 0 1 798

E has learnt much who is well ac quainte d with suffering and during the years of homeless wandering which fol i lowed immed ately upon the loss of Rhodes , the faith and patience of the Hospitallers

were severely tested . The Grand Master ’ Villiers de L I sle Adam was hke a King

without a Kingdom . But on March the 2 4 th 1 0 of 53 , the Emperor Charles V conferred on

theOrder of St . John the perpetual sovereignty of the islands of Malta and Gozo and the

city of Tripoli , with all the castles and for i tresses thereto belong ng . This imperial gift calls up a vision of the and - picturesque stately Malta of to day , of w Valetta ith its famous harbours , its massive

fortifications , its superbly beautiful churches , and its Governor ’ s Palace—rich in tapestry and armour and the charm of dignified r M alta antiquity . But Malta , when g anted to the : fo rtifica Hospitallers , was a barren rock its tions a few feeble ramparts and shallow

ditches , its castle the inadequate Tower of ai St . Angelo (cont ning only , at the most , l three pieces of artil ery , and those three o ula obsolete) . The capital , inhabited by a p p 50 IN MALTA tion more Arabic than European in appear ance , was a mere huddled mass of houses clustered upon a hill surrounded by a crumb ling wall ; and the Hospitallers , on taking pos i w session of th s desolate to n and arid island , must have mourned anew the loss of Rhodes . al M ta , however, was not without its noble families and its traditions of bygone wealth and greatness . M e lita O ia The of the Greeks , the gyg of ll P the sti earlier hoenicians , it reached the height of its prosperity as a Roman colony some six or seven hundred years before the

Christian era . But when the Roman legions an s k into luxury and ease , the terrible bar barian Vandals swept across the island like a destroying hurricane . They in their turn were dom inated by the yet fie rce r Goths till the Goths were also fated to exemplify the parable nl his of the strong man armed , who o y keeps house until there comes one stronger than he . In the time of Gothic decadence the Sara cens became the masters of the island ; till at last they too were overcome by skill and vigour greater than their own . Their conqueror was

Count Roger of Sicily , whose kinsfolk had fought at Hastings and had seen the Norman

Duke crowned King of England . During the four and a half ensuing cen turie s al — a , the M tese race of mingled — Saracenic and Sicili an blood h ad gradually 1 0 deteriorated and dwindled , until in 53 the entire population of the island numbered no more than seventeen thousand . But they THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN responded gratefully to the inspiring influence ’ and reconstructive rul e of Villiers de L I sle

Adam ; and in the next generation , under the leadership of the still greater Jean de la — Val ette most famous of all the White Cross Knights— they rose to a height of moral and material prosperity which far exceeded even the traditional glories of their Greek and

Roman past . m Ch arac te r o f The character of La Valette , a French an J e an d e la by birth , displays in a supreme degree the a e tte re V l ,g ate s t o f all th e G rand very qualities which we are apt to claim as M as te rs . his typically British . Sometimes laconic Anal o g y to speech and steady resolution suggest analogy M o d e rn B riti s h e ne ra s G l . to the Iron Duke of Wellington ; some times (especially ih acute and penetrating comprehension of the soul and strategy of Eastern adversaries) he seems a prototype of Lord Kitchener ; and in his power of drawing forth the real affection and entire confidence

of the rank and file , he reminds us of Sir

Redvers Buller, whose men , during the time l of the worst reverses in South Africa , wou d come back singing into cam pfico nte ntfi nd even j oyous in the conviction that though beaten to—day they would be led to victory - by Buller to morrow . Born during the last decade of the fifteenth al nl w h e nh e century, La V ette was o y twenty l ‘ - w h e n h e j oined the Order, and twenty eight g took part in the defence of Rhodes against

the Sultan Solyman . From Malta he soon became conspicuous in dashing expeditions against the Turkish pirates and whether by IN MALTA

sea or land he showed a tireless capacity for

work, and steady zeal for the honour and ser uno ste n vice o i the Order . Fervently though tatio usl al y devout , in the intervals of his nav and military exploits he woul d lay aside his

armour , resume the gown of black with the

Wh ite Cross , and in the hospital or convent

toil at humble tasks . His physical strength was as remarkable as his moral austerity and not even a terrible ex pe rie nce of capture and slavery inthe hands of the pitiless Corsairs could break his co nstitu * hi s ri tion , any more than it could tame spi t . Elected Grand Master at the age of sixty — - three after thirty fiv e years of ahno st ince s sant strain and hardship—it might have appeared as if his career must soon draw to a cOm e close ; but the best was still to , and the whole of his past life of strenuous achieve ment and ardent devotion was but the pro logue to that great defence of Malta which al has immort ized his name . At this j uncture the Order received a heavy blow in the loss of Tripoli . Taken by storm during the first Crusade in the eleventh cen li tury , lost after the wane of Christian mi tary P 1 6 power in alestine , but regained in 3 7with the aid of the Knights Hospitaller, and entrusted to the Order permanently by the 0 Emperor Charles V in 1 53 , its recapture by

He w as ranso m e d by h is B re thre n; and m any ye ars ate r h e in h is turn ca ture d da R acm an th e ur w h o l p Ab , T k h ad m r so n d and - r at d h im i p i e ill t e e . THE E OF ST 54 ORD R . JOHN

’ the Sultan s forces sent a shiver of alarm

through Mediterranean Christendom , and presaged a life-and—death struggle between and the Crescent the Cross . The Ottoman Empire was still under the So lym anth e rule of the same Sultan Solyman who had M a nt gnifi ce ,th e driven the Hospitallers out of Rhodes . His c o n ue ro r o f q - — o d s th e Rh e , reign during the intervening three and forty te rro r o f years had been one long triumphal pageant . E uro e p . Age had abated nothing of his thirst for con

quests , and the vast armaments he kept in perpetual readiness for action were the terror

of Europe . Th e fo ol fe ars not until th e ill befalls his but La Valette , bred to danger from boy - hood , was as far seeing as courageous . He had long anticipated a supreme struggle with 1 6 Solyman the Magnificent ; so when in 5 5, by S means of the pies he kept at Constantinople , ’ he learnt that Malta was to be the Sultans

next obj ective , he was neither surprised nor

confounded . Secretly and swiftly he sent his messengers

abroad to every branch of the Order of St .

John , summoning to his aid the best and — bravest Knights and from Italy and France ,

from Aragon , Castile , and Austria, there hastened in response the flower of White * Cross chivalry .

Assembling the Knights around him , and adj uring them to stand firm in the noble cause

Th e English branch h ad be e nsuppre sse d fo urte e nye ars r p e vio usly. i i di e for wh ch it was their priv lege to live and , he led them to the Convent chapel , where they all received the Blessed Sacrament together and sought spiritual fortification for — the coming struggle a struggle so stupendous ’ that even after La Val ette s lifetime of preparation it might well have appalled any ul but the stoutest heart and most aspiring so . The behaviour of the Maltese population was admirable they had perfect confidence in al La V ette . There was no panic ; even the women came forward to aid in the general preparations ; and La Valette set the example of working with his own hands at strengthen ing the massive ramparts which he and his predecessors had been building in readiness for this crucial contest . ’ WhenVilliers de L I sle Adam had persuaded the Emperor Charles V . to bestow the sovereignty of Malta upon the Order , this Grand Master had been largely determined in hi s choice by the configuration of the east and S hi north ide of the island , w ch possessed two l natura harbours , subsequently fortified by the Knights of St . John and call ed by them respectively the Great Harbour and Marsa Mus e o In c tt . order to understand the Turkish siege it is necessary to bear in mind that these two harbours are separated by the isthmus of Sce b e rras Mount , and that the fort of St . l o E mo guarded the entrance to MarsaMusce tt . ll The Great Harbour, surrounded by hi s , is enlarged by an inland bay which separated the suburb of Se ne gle a from the capital town THE R O F ST ORDE . JOHN

of the Bourg ; and at the extremity of the Sce b e rras Bourg, and facing Mount , the Castle

of St . Angelo pointed its guns across the Great 1 0 Harbour . St . Angelo , which in 53 had been an interesting relic of antiquity rather 1 6 than a useful fort , had before 5 5 been ah no st completely rebuilt by the Knights of

St . John , and was the citadel whence La Val ette directed the famous operations against

the forces of the Sultan Solyman . 1 8th On May the , early in the morning , a

signal gun from St . Angelo summoned the countryfolk to throng into the well—walled

Bourg . The hour had come ; the Turkish

ships were sighted on the horizon . The Sultan was not taking command in person ; but he had sent the greater portion of

his fleet and a large army . All were confident

of victory . There were a hundred and thirty armoured ri all galleys , attended by a va etyof sm er craft ; and the troops consisted of thirty thousand

men , of whom one thousand four hundred r were the terrible j anissa ies . Th e Ch ri s tians To beat back these thirty thousandseasoned with an arm y o f — di i troops , the Christians inclu ng h red Span p re p are to al l fac e th e T urki s h ish soldiers , loc militia, and sai ors from — A rm y o f the galleys had less than nine thousand in

all . . Moreover, the Order of St John was shadowed by the memory of the last Siege of — ’ Rhodes in 1 522 frustration after Six months

titanic conflict . But where the coward o f would despair , the brave man takes heart grace and La Valette impressed not only

THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

him occurred to that , if he feigned to break

down and confess , he might mislead the Turk . To give way too soon would have been

inconsistent with the reputation of his Order, so he showed considerable power of endurance

before he opened his lips . Then he gasped out that the Pasha would find the defences P G ratifie d feeblest at the oint of Castile . at

having made the stubborn Christian speak , Mustapha immediately called up his j anis sarie s hi . But on marc ng them to the north it di east as indicated , imme ately became obvious that the Point of Castile was the

strongest part of the fortifications . He avenged himself by Slaying the Knight who h im his had presumed to make waste time . There was then a consultation between

" ff e m P Di e re nc s o f Mustapha and the Ad iral iali . They o pini o nb e tw e e n differed in opinion as to what should next be T u rkis h m ilitary and done . The Admiral strongly advised awaiting na a i D ra ut v l the arr val of g , the famous Corsair , m nd e rs c o m a . whose expert knowledge would be invaluable .

But the General , obj ecting to delay , began k immediately to beleaguer Fort St . E no , which blocked the entrance to the stately harbour of Marsa Musce tto where he aimed

at anchoring the Turkish fleet . - His siege guns being enormously powerful , l l and the Turks exce lent artil erymen , the

B o m b ard m e nt fort suffered severely, and its commander (a f St E lm o o . . Spanish Knight , La Cerda) in open council

demanded reinforcements , and declared he

could not otherwise hold out for many days . La Val ette sent him fifty Knights and two I N MALTA

u h ndred Spanish soldiers , with a stern com mand to do hi s duty and to cope with difli cultie s instead of complaining of them .

D ra ut Al D ra ut th At this juncture g , the gerine g , e C °rs aif ai o cors r , arrived to reinforce his countrymen with thirteen galleys and men . He ’ Mu h E h no condemned stap a s choice of St . as the first point of attack operations , he said , shouldhave been concentrated on the strongest ’ Eh no part of the enemy s defence , not on St . , i wh ch , even when captured , would not give command of the island . But as the blunder and had been committed , it would look undi nifie d g to retreat , he proposed to abide by the mistake and push on the siege as vigor usl o y as possible . He then made a feint of ri reti ng, in order the more effectually to startle the enemy by a sudden attack . Taken ul all by surprise , the fort wo d have f en but for the gallant exploit of a young Spanish G all ant e xpl o i t f (i Sl aniSh o ficer who , at the entrance to the drawbridge , kndgh i withstood the onrush of the j anissaries ah no st S — ingle handed , until the garrison had time to h is come to assistance .

ri . The struggle was ter fic , and from St ’ Angelo , La Valette s citadel, little could be E h no u . disting ished by the watchers , for St was enveloped in dense clouds of Smoke . The u i g ns thundered incessantly unt l sunset , when the Turkish standard was seen flying from the ravelin but the White Cross still waved dl Turk? 1° 8 6 prou y over the fort , and the Turks retreated 1 to their trenches after losing of their best 2221111 2: St E m o men . The Christian loss was only one hundred , . l . THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN but twenty of these were Knights who could ’ Musta h a s ill be spared , and p artillery had al done tremendous execution . La V ette sent s th e immediate reinforcement , but found that all whole garrison , even the Knights , were for abandoning the fort . Though not afraid to di e , they were not eager to be sacrificed merely to prolong for a few days a resistance they considered futile . his La Valette , however, had reasons for in E h n o . sisting on the holding of St . Not only was it gratifying to see the enemy losing thousands of men in an attack on the least important of the forts , but it happened that the Spanish Admiral had declared he would ’ only hazard the Emperor s fleet against the Turk provided the Christian flag could be E h n o . kept flying on St . The Grand Master therefore informed the weary garrison that if they did not appreciate their honourable task , they could withdraw , and he would replace them by other troops but that hold the fort he must and would .

As La Valette had foreseen , they then begged to be allowed to maintain their post to the end . The Turks meantime were keeping up such a continuous fire of heavy guns that they gave the besieged no breathing space in which to repair the numerous breaches in their walls . For many days and nights the contest raged incessantly . Storming party after storming party was beaten back by the White Cross wi Knights , who were burning th zeal to prove IN MALTA that their previous hesitation had not been caused by lack of faith and fervour .

From the Castle of St . Angelo , La Valette directed his artillery to rake the flank and rear of th e Turkish army as it advanced to the attack ; and shouts of encouragement and admiration from St . Angelo reached the l k ga lant defenders of St . E no . On one occasion they stood for Six hours on G all ant d e fe nce

o f t E m o . their broken battlements and kept beating S . l ’ back battalion after battalion of Mustaph a s ai j anissaries , who hurled themselves ag n and again upon the stubborn Christians , and again and again were forced to retreat . The losses to the garrison were very heavy ; but once more La Valette poured in his reinforcements by night . D ra ut g , the Corsair , then pointed out to Mustapha that as long as the Grand Master was able to send reinforcements after each assault , the garrison of St . Elmo would con tinue Succe s s f to hold out indefinitely . To prevent this , ul k e ngine e ring o f he constructed trenches in front of St . E no D ragut, th e Sce b e rras rate and on Mount pointing across to pi . wards St . Angelo , and occupied the surround ing heights with his batteries in such a way that by the 1 9th of June the investment was * complete . It had been carried out under a heavy fire k D ra — from St . E no ; and gut that ablest of

’ Th e C o rsair s nam e is still co m m e m o rate d in Po int D ra u o n h e co nst te d h is r n a g t, th e spo t which ruc p i cip l t r ba te y . THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN — Turkish military engineers w as severely wounded ; but he continued to direct the

operations , and for the next three days his

guns kept up their incessant fire , answered by E h no the guns of St . . Had not the lower portion of the castle been composed of solid

rock , the garrison , even with all their courage u and determination , co ld not have held out nd . 22 so long At dawn on June the , after

nearly four weeks of unsuccessful efforts , the Turks made another attempt to carry the fort

H e ro ic s tru ggl e by assault . Three times in succession they ‘ ’ were beaten back , and when the sun sank in iggirféu s O dd s the west the tattered White Cross banner still

showed proudly against the summer sky . That night a strong swimmer contrived to get across the Great Harbour to La Val ette

with a final appeal for help .

The Spanish fleet was not in sight , and La E h no Valette judged it useless to hold St . any

longer . He gave orders to withdraw the

remnant of the garrison , and sent five large i boats w th a relieving force . These were to bring the few survivors to a rocky islet in the e a harbour, whenc by a secret and subterrane n passage they could make their escape and

reach the shelter of St . Angelo . l But the vigi ant Turks , suspecting what was ’ D ra ut s afoot , opened so raking a fire from g batteries that it was impossible to cross the

water .

The garrison , then realizing that the end l S was fast approaching , assemb ed ilently in

their little chapel . Wounded , exhausted, and worn with many f weeks of sleepless stri e , they confessed their sins for the last time , received the Blessed e and Sacram nt , commended their souls to

God .

Then , before daybreak, they prepared to al ul meet the fin assa t . Those who were too grievously wounded to Th e l as t g all ant t ° f th walk or stand were carried in chairs to the figh ° d e fe nd e rs o f ar — - t, E m o broken ramp ts , and there cross handled S l , swords by their sides— they waited till the dawn began to glim mer and the Turkish - battle cry was heard again . n i l For four hours the co fl ct raged , and stil the fort held out .

Amazing at it seems , the Turkish losses were so heavy that Mustapha Pas ha once more suspended the attack . The Knights took advantage of the lull to ’ nl S bind up each other s wounds . O y ixty men ll un were sti alive , and of those but few wounded . ’ sfAgain Mustaph a s trumpets sounded to the T urks c arry — St E lm ° assault ; and it was on June 23 1 d the eve of W — 3 “ the festival of St . John that the Wh ite Cross 352212 55223 hi une 2 I 6 standard , w ch had defied the Turk so long , J 3 , 5 5 as all at last w torn down . By this time the defenders were dead or mortally wounded and di their bo es at the mercy of a ferocious enemy . — In the moment of victory exas perated by the prolonged resistance—the natural ferocity ’ Musta h a s e m e r of p t p gasse rte d itself . He ordered thatg th e corpses of the Knights should be taken out from amongst the heap THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

E m e m o f th e bl of humbler dead , their heads struck off and C ro s s gas h e d by put on poles , and their faces turned towards M u s ta ph a ll P as h a o n th e the sti uninjured Castle of St . Angelo . Their b re a s ts o f th e bodies were then fastened on planks nailed e ad n ts d K igh . hi s in the form of a cross , and Mustapha with scimitar gashed the same hated emblem on

each of their breasts . But these gallant Knights had not died in r vain . While du ing upwards of a month they

G arri s o n o f had held the Turks at bay , they had slain ’ St E m o h ad . l out of the Sultan s men ; and s l a in T urks o ut o f had shown by their invincible spirit the determined resistance still to be expected

from their brethren . Mustapha , standing E h no among the ruins of St . , looked across

the Great Harbour to the main fortress of St . : ! All ! Angelo , and exclaimed Allah ah what will the parent cost us when the child has been bought at such a price ? E h no r ai After the taking of St . , the Co s r D ra ut g , whose guns had contributed so largely

to the victory , died of his wound . He was

a great loss to the Turks, for the surviving General and Admiral were inferior to him in l ability, intensely j ea ous of each other, and di beginning to be scouraged . While D ragut lay dying in the Ottoman

camp , the crucified dead bodies of the Knights

which had been thrown out into the harbour,

floated on the surface of the water , and by sunrise of next morning they had drifted to

St . Angelo .

The Christians , in an agony of grief and

e . rage , ask d each other if St John had

THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

P ointing to the ditches surrounding St . S r te d re o f Th re I s pi i ply Angelo , La Valette replied , e the only th e G rand M ground in the island I intend to surrender ; aste r. as and that a grave for the Turkish army . P Thus defied , Mustapha asha pushed on the

work as vigorously as possible , and one morn ing the Maltese woke to find their Great Har ’ bour floating with the enemy s galleys . Mustapha had compelled his Christian slaves to carry a number of galleys overland across Sce b e rras the isthmus of Mount , as he could

capture this harbour no other way . After a few days the Turks received a ai reinforcement of Cors rs , under Hassan , -in- D ra ut Viceroy of Algiers , a son law of g , and alm ost equally celebrated as a successful i pirate and a dash ng leader . an di so li Hass , sdainful that ttle had been achieved—relative to the enormous losses offered to lead the assault next day upon the his f land side of the Bourg , while one of o ficers

led the attack upon the spur by water . — On the early morning of July the 1 5th a — day of glittering sunshine the action opened with the advance of the Turkish flotilla :

I t w as a aut fu s t and b ut fo r th e fe ar b e i l igh , , ful sta e at s sue o u d a e struc t adm ra k i , w l h v k wi h i t o nth e a e rs w h r d e d th e ast o ns aro un i g z o c o w b i d . Th e w ar arr e d o n t , h o we ve r, h ad b e e n c i wi h s o m uch fe ro c ity th at th e o nly fe e ling aro use d

by th e d i spl ay w as o ne o f ranco ro us h atre d . M e n calle d to m ind th e b arb aro us o utrag e s whi ch h ad e e n e r e tr e r re t re n at m o b p p ate d o n th i b h St. El , and e ac o ne as h e a e d o n th e ro ud ad v anc h , g z p ly in fo e r te re v o w t at h e o u d a e n e g , e gi s d a h w l v g h uad r that fatal d ay. In advance o f t e s q o n cam e h a b o at co ntaining tw o Turki sh ri e sts,w o re cite d p _ fro m th e K o ransuch te xts as w e re m o st like ly to W e n aro us e th e e nth usiasm o f th e i r fo ll o we rs . h e r d h s c n o f s f o m e n th e y n a e t e e e tri e , th e se h ly care d no lo ng e r to o ccupy th e i r co nspi cuo us p o s i t o n b ut re turne d to cam and atc e d th e i , p w h * fl c fro af n co n i t m a s e di sta ce .

The ensuing combat was one of the hottest U nsucce s s ful attac k b Y which had yet taken place , and the two as an H s , Turklsh Co rsal r l i r eaders showed extraord na y Vice ro y o f Alg ie rS vigour, bravery , and perseverance . The ll fighting lasted ti sundown . At the end of the day the Algerine Corsairs had lost nearly three thousand men , while the Christian So rro w q losses were under three hundred . y Hassan had to admit that this enemy was unlike any other he had encountered in his - hitherto always victorious career .

From this time onwards , the Turkish General re so lve d to carry o ut h is p o int rath e r by th e h aras sing fre que nc y o f h is attack s th anby th e i r ns E da e fo r tne sse d a re e t nte t . ac t re e i i y h y, h , wi p i

ti o no f th e struggl e at o ne o r b o th p o ints o f attack . At th e app o inte d Signal th e b e s ie g e rs wo uld us fo r ard t o u s and e s and o u d r h w wi h sh t y ll , w l m a e a d as at th e a n re ac th e s r no te s k h g pi g b h , h ill

o f th e atab al ringing fo rth with inspi riting to ne s . Th e n w o uld e nsue th at h and -to -h and e n nd n co unte r ln c th e c a r o f St. o n sta , whi h hiv l y J h , i g n th e sum m t o f th e re ac n aria ro e d o i b h , i v bly p v supe ri o r to th e assailants struggling up th e ru gg e d e s and e ss o st nate o u d th e co m p athway . L s l b i ly w l b at b e m a nta ne d unt th e s na o f r tre at r s n i i , il ig l e , i i g a o e th e d in o f att e anno unce d o ne m o re fa b v b l , il ure to th e Tur and o ne m o re tr m to th e k , i u ph Ch ristianqL

’ “ Majo r-Ge ne ral Po rte r s Histo ry o f th e Knights o f ” - Ma ta 2 nd e d t o n . 68 l , i i , pp 4 574 . ” bi . 6 . 1 I d . , p 4 4 THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN

And so July waned into August , and still

. n the contest raged La Valette , k owing the position to be growing daily more desperate , had sent his Ambassador to the Spanish Vice l roy of Sici y, protesting against the delay of ’ ice ro the promised reinforcements . The V y s Council actually proposed to leave Malta to its fate ; but fortunately this dishonourable al and cynic ly selfish advice was scorned , and a message was sent to La Valette that if he could hold out till the 3 rst of the month he l could then rely upon receiving re ief . While the General Mustapha and the Corsair Hassan had been conducting the daily o n slau h t P g , the Admiral, iali, had succeeded m laying a mine under the bastion ; and on August 1 8th the garrison was startled and horrified by a terrible explosion . Having regarded it as impossible for the enemy to l mine the so id rock , the nature of the attack ri B took them completely by surp se . efore the smoke had cleared away, the Turks were in al r al possession of the Bourg . The a m pe ed out from the great bell of the convent church , and a priest rushed to La Valette and begged him to retreat into the fort of St . Angelo , as the Bourg was hopelessly lost . Picking up a pike and hastening to the li scene of action , the Grand Master ral ed the and amazed weary garrison . Inch by inch the al Turks were driven back . La V ette was wounded , but to put an end to any fear of f urther panic , despite his wound, he took up his quarters close by the exposed bastion. IN MALTA 69 The Knights besought him to go back into l the Castle, but he was adamant in his refusa ; a—nd the same night the Turks attacked again , again to be repulsed . r th 20th z I st The o , , and of August each saw ul ll another such assa t , and sti the Turk was held at bay ; but after each terrible struggle the number of the Knights was further re duce d dl , and at last har y one amongst them ’ al remained unwounded . La V ette s nephew

was killed in a daring sortie , and it was with great difficulty that the B re th re nse cure d h is

dead body and saved it from mutilation . La Valette was devotedly attached to this young

man , but he sternly checked any attempt at All special condolence . the members of the

Order (he said) were equally dear to him , and his nephew no more to be regretted than any

of the others . While the besieged were reduced to a state which taxed human endurance to the

utmost , the besiegers were becoming more and more discouraged ; and a frightful pesti

lence had broken out amongst them . But

Mustapha, spurred by a fear that the Sultan Solyman would execute him if he returned

vanquished to Constantinople , laboured to a put he rt into his men , and decided to make a surprise assault upon all points

simultaneously . But some unknown friend of the besieged shot into the town an arrow with a piece of sda paper on which was the one word Th ur y . ul rd Thursday wo d be August 23 , and accord THE D O F ST OR ER . JOHN

ingly on that m o m ing the garrison was well

prepared .

Every member of the Order of St . John him whose wounds did not actually prostrate , left the Hospital and came out on to the

shattered ramparts . e From a material standpoint , it would s em impossible for these weary and wounded men to repel a general assault ; but war is primarily ri a matter of spi t and leadership , and La ’ Valette s unconquerable determination stim u di lated and upheld each in vidual combatant .

Again the enemy was beaten back , and even the j anissaries began to murmur that it evidently was not the will of Allah that the al Crescent should prevail in M ta .

The last day of August waned into night , but the promised Spanish reinforcements were r delayed . They had started from Sy acuse, only to be scattered by a sudden storm which

drove them back into the port to refit . The

first of September dawned ; the second , third , — fif h . fourth, and t and still no Spanish fleet D e l ay o f The garrison was almost in despair ; there re info rce m e nts seemed nothing now that could be done, im p e nd ing d e fe at o f except to die like their brethren at St . Elmo . Ch ri s ti an ai The 6th of September came . In v n the arr s o n g i . weary and anxious watchers scanned the hori

zon and looked eagerly towards Syracuse . There were no Spanish ships in sight ; and it was evident that Mustapha Pasha was making extensive preparations to give the cou de race - p g . In another twenty four hours

the banner of Islam would wave from St . Angelo, the church and convent would be ri l desecrated, and not a single Ch stian wou d be left living in Malta !

The long hot day dragged on ; the sun set , and night spread its wing over the stricken

al s t s u island . La V ette, wounded, defeated, face Alm o p e r h a‘ u’ a ai ll f ’ g e to face with desp r , sti preserved his almost o gi a bfie tt6 superhuman equanimity . They were in the hands of God , he said , and they had fought to the utmost of mortal strength ; whether they lived or died mattered little ; their spirit was unconquered . th l On September 7 , the sun rose bri liantly, and a light breeze fluttered innumerable pennons . Another Turkish flotilla ? ni No . At last the Spa sh reinforcements !

Malta was saved .

Twelve thousand Spaniards had landed before Mustapha even realiz ed that the a Christi n reinforcements had arrived . He then made a last effort ; but panic had seized s rall hi s hi army , and in vain he strove to y h is demoralized soldiers . With own hand he shot down man after man who turned to run R o ut o f th e T urks , away . Twice he was unhorsed , and twice he e —3 mm b e r 7th mounted again . But the rout was general and ?St55 no longer to be checked .

Th e s i e g e w as no w o ve r ; th e sh atte re d re m nants o f t at o e rfu arm fe w s o rt h p w l y whi ch , a h nt fo re h ad and e d h m m o h s be , l with all t e p o p w and ci rcum stance o f ar, m ust we nd th e i r w ay ns ant no e t e re h back to C o t i pl , h to m e e t t e angry HE OF ST T ORDER . JOHN

fro ns o f a o e re nwh t t at m o m e nt h ad w S v ig o , ill h , r n d f at sca ce ly k o wn e e . I t o nly no w re m aine d that th e vi cto rs Sh o uld ad vance up o n th e to wn and g re e t th e ir fri e nd s n h r A fu m e e t n it w as e t e e n i t e B o u g . jo y l i g b w t o se e nfe e e d c re -w o m so d e r nd th e a ant h bl , a l i s a g ll co m rad e s w h o h ad so o ppo rtune ly co m e to th e i r re s ue T e r o rnand a ard f ce s te d u c . h i w h gg a ligh p wi th th e p ro ud co nsc i o usne ss o f th e gl o ri o us ne d A o and una d e d t e cto h ad a . vi ry th e y g i l ne i , h y h ad fo r m o nth s with sto o d th e sh o ck o f o ne o f th e m o st p o we rful arm am e nts th at h ad e ve r le ft th e r o f o m t L a Va e tte po t C nstantino ple . We ll igh l b e e x cuse d th e natural e xultati o n o f th e m o m e nt wh e nh e di re cte d th at th e nam e o fh is to wn s h o uld n ld a n f h ur b e c h a g e d fro m its o ppe llatio o t e B o g , to th e p ro ud and w e ll-e arne d title o f th e Citta * Vitto ri o sa. Applause poured in upon the Order from all P l over Europe, and King hi ip of Spain sent an envoy to congratulate the Grand Master and present him with a golden-hilted ll sword . Rome was i uminated in honour of

Po e L a. the victory, and the p wrote offering ’ al Valette a Cardinal s hat . La V ette charac te risticall y declined this favour, which he declared to be incompatible with his naval i and m litary duties . Even in the first flush of an unparalleled

triumph , La Valette never for a moment i relaxed his v gilance . Divining that Solyman the Invincible was too strong a monarch and too spiri ted a warrior to Sit inactive under

’ n ra Po rt r to r o fth e n ts o f Ma t z ud Ge e l e s His y K igh l a, e d t n . i io , p . 4 74 ’ Th e G e ne ral s e ntire acco unt o fth e sie ge sh o uld b e care fully r ad I nth e fo re o n s it h as o n e e n o ss t e . g i g page ly b p ibl e o give th e m e re s o ut ne b ut th e de ta s are o f e nt ra n nt re t li ; il h lli g i e st.

THE R E O F ST ORD . JOHN

l t of St . John cou d hesi ate to die in honour of ai his f th . The temper of the council changed in a moment ; and it was unanimously agreed to

hold the island no matter what the odds . But though La Valette for moral reasons had thus insisted upon infusing into his subordinates something of his own dauntless S pirit , being as eminently practical as loftily courageous he was well aware that the garrison was not then in a condition to meet force with — force . Therefore since the Sultan had de clare d so openly the aggressive purpose of the work which was being pushe d ahead in all the dockyards and arsenals of Constantinople —La Valette thought himself justified in sending a trusty detachment of his spies to blow up the arsenals and wreck the fleet with gunpowder before it could leave th e

Bosphorus . ’ This surprise completely upset the Sultan s his plan of campaign , and he turned attention

to the invasion of Hungary instead . There he I 66 was killed , in the autumn of 5 and Grand ' Master La Valette was able , not only to il L a Val e tte abl e rebu d in peace his shattered fortifications, t? b qild h is ne w but also to plan and carry out the new capital e ace p ’ hi P 2?n city w ch now bears his name . The ope , the

King of France , the Kings of Spain and Portugal aided him with handsome monetary 2 8th 1 66 contributions , and on March the , 5 ,

amidst the acclamations of the multitude, he ri laid the foundation stone, with its insc ption stating how in memory of the siege and in IN MALTA defence against future aggression the new city had been founded .

To the menace of an external enemy the So rro w fu l l as t ays ° f G rand Grand Master had opposed unbroken resolu gas te r e uanirnit tion , tireless energy , and Spartan q y; L a V al e tte but on discovering 1nhi s Knights of Christ and striving in vain to extirpate— the taint of degeneracy and arrogance which followed close on the heels of victory , he sunk into a state of deep depression .

ul al r t f Austere and reticent , scornf of mor Ch a ac e r o L a a e tt a his V l a we kness in any member of Order, though compassionate and tender to the patients at — his Hospital La Val ette during the last years of h is life seems to have been better loved by the sick poor and by the civil po pu ni lation than by the K ghts of the Cross , in whom he now inspired respect and admiration f rather than a fection . To the younger Knights —especially some who had been attracted to the Order subsequent to his great defence of l —h e in Ma ta seemed so loftily aloof, so SO vulnerable, immovable , that they resented even while they submitted to his just and O f logical severity . Greatest all the Grand

Masters , he was also the most solitary in ri Spi t . His stoical asceticism and consistent - vigour, his iron self control and unconquer able resolution resulted from the transfusion of all personal desires ,emotions , and ambitions into an almost superhuman faith in God and in his chosen work . Such characters are always branded cold or hard by THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN those who are themselves too cold to under — stand the perpetual self sacrifice and deep devotion of which only a fiery and fervent l sou is ever capable . ’ — D e ath o f L a La Valette s death o f sunstroke and fever a e tte 8 V l , 1 56 . —o n rst 1 68 as August z of 5 , was felt rather a relief than as a loss by the deteriorating

Knights of his community . - The terror of evil doers , the implacable

enemy of disorder, vice , and crime, pitiless to m w as himself , and ste to others , he , of all the

many heroic Heads of the Order, the most completely qualified to conceive and carry out great enterprises—to build not for a century

but for all time . His city, with its superb

fortifications , is his lasting monument . The corruption of which the Order had shown distressing symptoms during the declining years of La Valette ’ s life was accelerated after his death ; but m e rciq y the next great trumpet-call to arms came comparatively soon— before the poison had made incurable inroads ; and at the battle of 1 1 S Lepanto , in 57 , the Hospitallers howed

courage worthy of their finest traditions .

The combined Christian fleets , under the ril i a nd b l ant heroic young Don John ofAustria , encountered the entire naval forces of the h Ottoman powers on October the 7t . As the two fleets approached nearer and nearer to

each other, the Turks raised yells and shouts and bade their adversaries come on like beasts

to be slaughtered . The Christians became l si ent , and at a given signal a crucifix was IN MALTA 77 raised aloft on every ship : the Captains and and -at- seamen , the Knights men arms , fell on their knees or bowed their heads in n prayer . Then , in the same cah deliberate u manner, they went to the g ns . The sunshine sparkled impartially on the gorgeous attire of the terrible j anissaries and on the h e hne ts of the Christian Knights . die We are her”e to conquer or , as Heaven ai n D O may judge fit , s d Don Joh . not — let our foe ask us Wh e re is your G od P but so fight in God ’ s name that whether in death if or victory you may earn eternal l e . Then his bugles sounded out cheerily ; and in a moment not only the two flagsh ips but practically all the galleys were engaged in i ni combat . The Wh te Cross K ghts were on the extreme right of the centre division of Don ’ John s line of battle ; their Ships were only three in number ; and the Corsair Viceroy of i Alg ers , recognizing their banner and burning di with here tary hatred to the Order, singled them out for an attack in which he cut them off from the centre and believed the time had come when Allah would deliver them into his o hands . The Hospitallers , outman euvred and outnumbered , fought superbly . Ramirez , a d Spanish Knight , though rid led with arrows like another Saint Sebastian , continued fighting with desperate vigour until he fell P dead from countless wounds ; and the rior, l pierced with five arrows , was the on y man left living on his vessel when the Algerines n at last succeeded in boardi g it . But the THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

D e ci s iv e b attl e triumph of the enemy was brief ; for in Don o f e anto p . L John of Austria they met an advers ary as G re at nav al vi cto ry o f D o n resolute as the dead and unforgotten La J o hno f u s tri a al A V ette . The battle began at noon , and lasted e r th e ur s o v T k , l ct th 1 1 on y five hours . O . 7 , 57 . That same evening there crept into Lepanto harbour nine and twenty Shattered Turkish — vessels all that were left afloat of the 3 0 0 - — - sail o f the line which started out so confident

of victory . Yet though the Turkish Ships were routed or

destroyed, and the material power of the

Sultan crippled , the Turkish energy and spirit

were by no means entirely extinguished, and therefore the naval contest between Cross and

Crescent was resumed , though in a more desultory and intermittent fashion than

hitherto . During the late seventeenth century—over a hundred years subsequent to the naval victory of Don John of Austria— there was a perceptible revival of maritime activity among the White Cross Knights ; for although ri the Order had lost much of its spi tual fire , there were still a few among the Knights who

seemed to be survivals from a nobler age . Most attractive of these was the brilliant

Th e e v a e r li Tréminco urt Ch li young Cheva er de , whose d e Tré m in i f c o a abil ty as a naval o ficer was as remarkable as urt, b rilli ant nav al o ffi ce r o f his sympathetic charm of manner and th e F e e t o f di r l stinguished personal appearance . Retu ning St o n . J h . after a victorious fight , his ship was whirled

into a frightful storm , one of those shrieking tempests which in the Mediterranean—even on the finest day— may break upon the l hapless sailor sudden y , with no more pro logue than an ominous murmuring of wave to ak - wave , a sn e like hissing of the wind across ll the waters , and a chi withdrawal of the sun

behind a heavy cloud . rm Trém in In such a sto , the Chevalier de

court was shipwrecked on the coast of Africa , and seized by some Moors who were over j oyed to be able to send this White Cross Knight a prisoner to the Sultan Mahomed IV ri at Ad anople . ’ ul Trém inco urt s Th e Su tanin The S tan , to whom name l th e at th am ili i l e 1 7 and reputation were f ar , compl mented ce ntury m ake s him his al il upon nav and m itary exploits , and th e s am e o ffe r W t made to him the same offer which Saladin in to a hi e C ro s s Knight as 1 1 87 had made to the Knights Hospitaller — h is p re d e ce s s o rs captured at the battle of Tiberias the same h ad m ad e to th e offer which Solyman the Sublime (four H o s pitall e rs fiv e h und re d e ars e ar e r hundred and nineteen years later) had made y li . ’ ill L I sle — al to V iers de Adam we th , glory , favour, and a high command in the Turkish army if he would renounce the Cross . P recisely as his predecessors had done , ém in o u Tr c rt laconically refused . Then the Sultan strove to tempt him by f him l o fering a beautifu wife, a princess of the l imperia family . Trém inco urt was a Frenchman he was A dram a o f th e s o u u —b e l . yo ng, he was extremely handsome ; and it remembered—had not been born in the Ages of Faith : no t in the days of the Crusades ; not even in the early sixteenth century while the Knights of the Cross were seeing visions of THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

O f - St . John and an army of white robed angels

bearing flaming swords . This drama of the soul took place when Louis ! IV was in the height of splendour at — ’ Versailles when Charles II s Court at White hall was scandalizing the decorous John

Evelyn ; and when , despite the prevalence of vehement theological controversy between P Catholics and rotestants , an elegant epicureanism and thinly-veiled scepticism were becoming increas ingly fashionable in the world to which young Trém inco urt belo nged

by birth . Yet he continued to say No to ’ f the Sultan s o fers , in a manner as decisive as the most fiery Crusader of the! twelfth or i th rteenth century .

The Grand Turk grew exasperated , and for argument and rhetoric he substituted insult Trém inco r and torture . But u t remained no less impervious to cruelty than he had been m w as : to compli ents . He given a final choice al on the one hand , freedom , we th , power, and

all the good things of the world . On the i lif other, torment , indign ty, the e of a slave ,

incessant misery and degradation , until it should please the Sultan to end his sufferings

by death . Firmly though courteously Tréminco urt his continued to defy captor . M artyrd o m o f He was led out and beheaded ; and his body Trém inco urt — . hurled disdainfully into the sea the element fb rilliant upon which , in his brief career, he a hi had ac eved such bright renown . About the time that Trém inco urt at

THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN

find refuge . But even in the Hospital the

former spirit of loving compassion , unsleeping

zeal , and Christian devotion was waning . o s ta at H pi l When the English philanthropist , John M a ta s t d l vi i e by an Howard, visited Malta d was taken to see J o hn H o ward - - th e phil an the Hospital , he found it dreary, ill cared for, th ro is t p . and uncomfortable . l In the Crusading days , whi e the enemy in Pal estine kept thundering at the gates , the Hospital arrangements had been the admira tion of Christendom ; and in that turbulent di S age the me cal knowledge , surgical kill, and unremitting toil of the Knights and Brethren in stemming disease and mitigating pain had

been deservedlyfamous . But in the last years of — - the eight—eenthcentury the SO called dawn of reason their medical capacity had declined l as grievously as their mora character. inAcre At the end of the thirteenth century, , that beautiful but depraved metropolis of r ni Sy ian Christia ty, the Hospitallers had kept themselves aloof from corruption; but inMalta five centuries later they dri fted with the

stream . What Acre had been , Valetta was in danger of becoming— and the Wh ite Cross of n St . Joh , no longer the outer symbol of an

inner purity, lost its power of inspiration . Th e F re nch Then came the French Revolution; and i n t o n R e v o lu i . 1 792 news reached Malta that the demagogue masters of the situation— with ‘ that inverted — exclusiveness SO common to their type had decreed that any Frenchman j oining an Order of Knighthood requiring proofs of hereditary nobility Should not be eligible for the blessings IN MALTA

i of liberty and fraternity . Th s was the preliminary to the suppression of the Order in

France , and the confiscation of those revenues which for so many centuries had been — administered pro utilitate h ominum anOrder hi in w ch men of birth and position , who had possessed all the good things of the world , Spontaneously renounced their great posses sions and all personal ambition in order to l al al devote their ives , their we th and t ents , to ni * the service of faith and huma ty . During the orgies of 1 792 and 1 793 in

France, while vast numbers of the innocent l hi suffered for the gui ty, amidst t s welter of i horror there were Kn ghts of St . John who n unco m showed a dig ity, a firmness, and an f promising spirit worthy ”o the best traditions of the Order . I see , said one of them , that the time has come when a man of honour, in performance of his duty, may die l as glori”ously on the scaffold as on the fie d of battle . ni But in Malta the French K ghts of St . John had no ambition for the honour of martyrdom . Their Grand Master de Rohan was not

O ne o f th e m any diffe re nce s be twe e n th e aristo cratic M tar rd r o o n as fo unde d ili y O e f St. J h by Raym o nd d u Puy “ in 1 1 1 8 and th e p ro gre ssive re vo luti o narie s o f 1 792 w as that th e aristo crats gave up the ir o w np o sse ssi o ns and po ure d o ut t e r o w n o o d fo r th e o o d o f th o r h i bl g e c m m unity, whe e as ’ th e p o li tical re ge ne rato rs in 1 792 -93 se iz e d o the r p e o ple s ’ o sse ss o ns and co o us s e d o t e r o d nd n p i , pi ly h h p e ple s blo o , se i g t o usands o f nno c nt m e n and o m e n h i e w to th e scaflo ld , all in th e nam e o f e n te nm e nt and ro t e r o ligh b h ly l ve . THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

wholly forgetful of the old ideals ; and he was personally urbane and kindly ; conspicuous

for generosity, compassion , and charity ; but his character was agreeable rather than 1 1 strenuous , and in 79 he had been smitten his al with apoplexy, so that broken he th made him feel he was not destined to save the

e at D h o f G rand Order from its fast approaching doom . As a “ ? d e —o n 1 1 — he lay dying July the 3th , 797 the g0 gan 1 ’ 797' h im his Knights named to probable successor, li the Bai ff von Hompesch . De Rohan sighed and said : He is not the man for such a crisis as this ; and I shall be the las t to di e Grand Master of an illustrious and independent

Order . Ferdinand Joseph Anthony He rman Lewis von Hompesch belonged to one of the noblest li O f fami es the Lower Rhine, and had been the

Envoy of the Order at Vienna, and afterwards ai Grand B liff of Brandenburg . At the time he took up the duties of Grand Master he w as fift - only y three, the youngest Grand Master

who had been elected for centuries . i i By th s time the French Directory,wh ch had bitterly resented the independent sovereignty al of the Knights of St . John at M ta had F re nch R e v o lu decided to gain possessi on of this valuable “ 3 strategic point and on the 2 3 rd Germinal of 2213230 anne x 0 11 M alta , A l . the year Six (in plain language pri 1 th 2 , it was secretly agreed that the

Order, because of its hereditary Royalist and ul Catholic principles , co d be regarded as

opposed to the Republic, and might there

fore be punished and the island annexed . But a private supplementary decree set forth a cautious qualification :

rd e r e n to e ne ra o na arte Co m Se cre t o rd e rs Th e o giv G l B p , - - to N a o e o n m and e r in Chi e f o f th e Arm y o f th e E ast p l B o na arte r 8 a n o s se ss o n o f th e s and o f Ma ta s a p , 79 . to O bt i p i i l l , h ll no t b e carri e d into e ffe ct by h im unl e s s h e co n s id e rs it fe as ible with o ut ri sking th e succe ss o f r t o ns c o nfid e d to h is c ar e o th e r o p e a i h g .

Although these instructions were private , the Grand Master received ample warning . The ambassador of the Order at the Congress of Rastadt wrote him a letter which was a veritable trum pet call to action :

I warn yo ur H ighne ss th at th e e xp e diti o nno w G rand M as te r p re paring at To ul o nis inte nd e d against M alta and v o n H o m p e s c h Yo u m o st ce rta n b e attac arne d o f th e Egypt. will i ly k e d w ta e t e re fo re all ne ce ssar m e as ure s fo r d e fe nce m e nd n k , h , y . i p i g attac Th e Mini ste rs o f all th e Po w e rs in alli ance with k . th e O rd e r w h o are no w h e re h av e re ce iv e d th e s am e info rm ati o n as m yse lf; b ut th e y kno w th at Ma ta is m re na e o r at all e e nts ina l i p g bl , v p o s iti o n ’ to o ff r a re s s tance o f t re m o nt s d ur e i h e h ati o n. L e t o ur Em ne nt H ne s s b e o n o ur uar y i igh y g d . Yo ur o w n h o no ur and th e p re s e rv ati o n o f yo ur n r If o u e d O rd e r are co ce ne d . y yi l with o ut a d e fe nce o u b e o e re d inth e e e s o f all Euro y will l w y p e .

His Eminent Highness , however, had led a pleasant and easy life , and was ignorant of warfare ; in h is self-suffi ciency he chose rather to listen to flowery reassurances than strenuous warnings . 6 h 1 8 On the t of June , 79 , a French fleet (of eighteen sail and seventy transports) appeared S in ight . The Knights allowed a few frigates to enter the harbour . Three days later the di main portion of the expe tion arrived , under the command of General Bonaparte in person ; THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

all l-O f- - making in fourteen sai the line , thirty

frigates , and three hundred transports . The French Consul demanded entrance for the

entire Fleet into the Grand Harbour . V o n H o m p e s c h Von Hompesch and his Council replied that d re e s ab sur ly li it was contrary to the treaty of 1 768 to allow o nth e “ p e ace ful O f inte nti o ns o f the entry more than four ships of war at a ’ th e e ne m y s time ; and (despite the warning he had fle e t and arm y . received) he relied u”pon the good faith and peaceful intentions of the French Republic . The word surrender was not Spoken

among the Knights , and yet they neglected O the most bvious precautions . Their Grand

Master was worse than useless . The emissaries of the French Republic strolled openly about

Valetta, pointing out to the apprehensive and indignant Maltese that it would be folly to attempt resistance when no preparation had

been made for a siege , and there was obviously no leader capable of carrying out an organized

defence . ’ 1 0 th O On Sunday , June , at four clock in

the morning, General Bonaparte began the hi disembarkation of s army . By noon men had landed and the island was in his

hands . During the landing operations a few Knights defied the enemy sufficiently to be

taken prisoners . They were brought before Bonapar”te . How could you believe it possible , said he , arrogantly, that with a few wretched peasants you could defend yourselves from troops which”have conquered nearly the whole of Europe ? IN MALTA Apparently Von Hompesch did not believe it possible . He sat indoors in his palace , and gave no orders . One French Knight (Le So ubiras) and the Maltese militia had the initiative to attempt resistance , but their detached effort was not supported . The same evening there was an angry Maltese mob howling Arabic curses in front of ’ as the Grand M ter s palace , and several of the

Knights were murdered by the populace . At Rhodes m 1 522 it had been the people B itte r ind igna who clamoured to the Knights that they 0 th e $ 81 ?e o p1e must yield to Solyman ; but in Valetta in ag ainsi tfii 1 798 it w as the people who were burning to inc ap able —in G rand M as te r resist , and the Grand Master who defiance H m — v o n o pe s ch 1 of their wishes signed the capitulation 798 . treaty which delivered them over to an enemy they dreaded and abhorred . The Maltese walked helplessly about the streets , weeping with rage and grief . Oh , for one hour of ’ Villiers de L I sle Adam or La Val ette ! Of l irn re nable what avai were the p g fortifications , of what avail past glories and s uperb tradi tions , when the Order of the White Cross had abandoned them ?

How fortunate , remarked one of ’ f Napoleon s sta f, that we had friends to open the gates . Otherwise a couple of dozen men could have held the city against us for many weary months ! l ffi To hold it a few weeks wou d have su ced . Nelson and the British Navy were not far away . Bitter was the wrath of the Maltese when they soon afterwards realized that h ad THE F ST ORDER O . JOHN their Teutonic Grand Master but closed the l l in gates and waited a ittle onger, their dependence would have been

1 8 0 In the spring of 5, there lay dying at P ni Montpellier, in the blue gown of a e tent l Brother, a weary old man , so poor he cou d not even pay the physicians who had tended him during his long and painful illness ; nor had he any money with which to make pro vision for his funeral or order masses for his soul . He died on May 1 2th and was buried in the chapel of the Blue Fraternity . This lonely and desolate pauper penitent was Ferdinand Joseph AnthonyHerman Lewis -ni un von Hompesch , sixty nth , last , and regretted Grand Master of the ruined Order of

l . Knights Hospital er of St John of Jerusalem .

I t w as no t until 1 8 1 4 that th e Tre aty o f Paris co nfirm e d r n o f r t B r ta no e r Ma ta th e so ve e ig ty G e a i i v l . Whe re as th e F re nch R e publicanGo ve rnm e nt h ad m utilate d d stro m an o f th e r o rd s and e nd e a o ure th e churche s, e ye d y e c , v d to disco urage th e Malte se e ve nfro m re m e m be ring th e Knights o n th e B r t s e re cte d in a e tta a ne w ate a sur o f St. J h , i i h V l g w y ’ m o unte d statue s o f e rs d e L I sle dam and L a a e tte by Villi A V l . Tfie lo v e of Me M alte se and til e v o ice of E u rope lz azze confirm e d tfie se islands to Me posse ssion of G re at and 2 m ’ n A D 1 8 1 uc is th e nscr t o n i c n ue re d ril az . . . S n o q B . 4 h i ip i Latin o ve r th e po rti co o f th e m ainguard -ho use in th e ce ntre e tta o f Val .

H THE ORDER OF ST . JO N

R word when , amidst the orgies of the e v o lu * tion , chaos had come again . It was appropriate that from France came re - d the first attempt to create the Or er . ’ The Military Order of Raymond du Puy s foundation could never be restored either in

France or England . No more would soldiers al pledge themselves to a perpetu celibacy , to the renunciation of personal property and of i C o ntras t b e that individual l berty which to the modern tw e e n 1 8 1 4 and NO man is dearer than life itself . longer was

1 1 1 8 . there any one great universal Spirit of faith strong enough to unite the noblest warriors of all the European nations in brotherhood

against a common foe . The menace of Islam to the Cross was no longer a constant cause of terror ; and the Cross itself had been torn

down by revolutionaries in France , who boasted that as they overthrew kings on ul earth , so wo d they dethrone the Maj esty of

Heaven . But the decline of the maritime and

Th e m o d e rn F re nch Re publi can no m o re de fe nd s th e hid e o us tre atm e nt o f Marie Anto ine tte by th e Re vo lutio narie s than th e m o d e rn E nglish Churchm ane xcuse s th e burning o f ano f Ar J o c . n n nd o m an f th e o r d th e o t e r an O e a que e a a w o w l , h — n d m e r o us t an illite rate pe asant b ut a sai t, inspi re yst i ly wi h — asto unding m ilitary ge nius b o th inthe ir diffe re nt ways we re victim s to that spirit o fd e m o niac crue lty which se e m s to p as s n e r o d c a e r h r d i p i i w v s o ve t e wo l . Th e H o spitalle rs we re no t am o ng th e pe rse cuto rs o f J o an o fArc and in 1 790 -1 793 we re no t o nly guiltl e ss o f tre ache ry o h u n d re re ad t m o ne tar t t e r i e King and Que e n, b ut we y wi h y ’ aid and stro to s o rt o unt F e rse ns a ant b ut , ve thus upp C g ll ill -fate d atte m pt to re scue Mari e Anto ine tte and Lo uis XVI ro m suffe r e re a d s race to F ance f ings which w i g r . IN MODERN EUROPE military power of the Knights Hospitaller was the less unfortunate for the world at inasm uch as large , the British Navy was completing the punishment of those dreaded Barbary Corsairs whose power the Knights of Rhodes and Malta had broken but not entirely extinguished . ’ In Lord Exmouth s victory over the Dey Lo rd E xm o uth nd th e B r t s S a i i h of Algiers , piracy and the lave trade received N avy co m pl e te at last their deathblow ; and , as a naval and th e e x tirp ati o n i 111 o f th e B ar ar m litary power, the Order of St . John the b y o rs a rs C i , early nineteenth century w as no longer u us t 26 1 8 1 6 . A g , required to stem the tide of barbarism . But though the work of the Order in its li ni 0 1 naval and mi tary form was fi shed, had ll fa en into other hands , the work of tending

the sick and poor is never finished , nor are — — there ever too many o r enough skilled

workers . Gerard ’ s White Cross Brotherhood and Sisterhood 111 the eleventh century had been — as we have seen o f lay origin ; and only

nw as ta e nto St. e e na dm ra o rd Afte r Napo le o k H l , A i l L w s in co m m and l nth e Me d te rrane an e re h is E xm o uth a i , wh vigo ur and ability e nable d h im to wring fro m th e T urkish ' rs uns and r o i a tre aty abolz sl urz tlze rule rs o f Algie , T i , T ip l , g ' stz ans I t w as e nt e se tre at e s e re o ate d slav e ry of Clz ri . wh h i w vi l that h e m ad e h is fam o us punitive e xpe diti o nagainst th e D e y o f Algi e rs (in Th e B ritish Adm iral w as se ve re ly h i co at cut to e ce s t ra e s o t b ut wo und e d , and s pi wi h g p h , m i tr m and r ce e d h e h e survi v e d to re turn ho e n iu ph , e iv t r m n Th e a t e o f e rs thanks o f bo th H o use s o f Pa lia e t. b t l Algi w as o ne o f th e m o st brilliant and gallant achi e ve m e nts inth e f m ar t m sto r e t so u c l d o and sm e n who le o o ur i i e hi y , y q i k y l fo rge t what the y o w e to th e R o yal Navy that it m ay b e d o ubte d if e ve nth e m e m be rs o f th e Anti -Slave ry Soc ie ty no w ’ to r re m e m be r Lo rd E xm o uth s crucial vic y . THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN developed into a Monastic Order after the sub s Christian conquest of Jerusalem . The e quent military foundation was brought about ri by Sheer necessity . When the mighty war ors and wealthy noblemen of Europe formed a religious Knighthood for the protection of the Serving Brethren and Sisters , they were prompted by the conviction that unless the Order possessed a permanent army of d e fe n i ders , it would in all human probab lity cease i to exist . But for the strong arm of Kn ght li hood , Brethren and patients must have ved in ceaseless fear of the Turcoman and

Saracenic scimitars . But after nearly eight hundred years the time had come again when it was expedient to consider the re -creation O f the Order on the lines of the first foundation . O f After the fall Napoleon , such of the French Knights and Brethren as had survived assembled a Chapter-General and sent their representatives to the Congress of Vienna in 1 8 1 1 8 22 1 8 26 4 , and again in . In they suggested the revival of the English Order O f

St . John , even though it had to be with modifications necessary to meet the views of the Church of England . The French Catholic delegate , the Chevalier de Chastelain , not only worked assiduously for this new fo und a tion but was irnpo w e re d to give it formal recognition ; and in 1 83 1 the re -constituted

Order, with the King as its Sovereign Head — ul P -P and with its tit ar rior and sub rior, its O f Knights and Ladies of Justice , Knights

H F ST T E ORDER O . JOHN — In the Austrian Empire where many O f the Knights had sought a home after the — surrender of Malta an envoy from the Order of Saint John took his place among

members of the Diplomatic Corps , and it was the Emperor of Austria who had th e nomin

ating of a Grand Master resident in Rome . P In Bohemia the riory of St . John of Jeru sal em has maintained the work of charity and piety ever Since its foundation in the — I n Prus s a. P i Middle Ages . In russia the last of Euro pean principalities to be converted to Chris — tianity a Bailiwick of Brandenburg had been established in 1 1 60 by the Margrave Albert the Bear on his return from the Holy hi li Land . T s Bai wick remained subj ect to the - P control of the Austro Bohemian Grand rior, who also had jurisdiction over the branch I n P o and and hm P l establis ents in Hungary , oland, and e nm ar D k . Denmark . In the course of a somewhat stormy existence the Order underwent several

changes and suppressions , but was revived in 1 8 its modern form in 52 , and we hear of its services on both sides during the campaign of Prussia against Austria in 1 866 (when the defeat of the Austrian army at Koniggratz laid the foundations of that new Prussian Empire which was ultimately to undermine and wreck the ancient Holy Roman

Empire of Austria) . At the International Conference at Berlin 1 86 in 9, the Austrian delegate of the Order of ’ ' Saint John (l Ordre Souv‘e rain of M ilitazre de IN MODERN EUROPE

M alto) began his speech by a reference to the historic origin and glorious past of the Order ; and in all the various wars of the nineteenth century the modern representa tiv e s of the White Cross Knights and Brethren under various flags endeavoured to maintain the ancient and honourable traditions of their predecessors . Under the French Republic the Order was not allowed to hold any lands ; and only a few antiquarians remembered how sublime and splendid had been its work pro F ido pro utilitate h ominum 1 1 0 I n z o th -ce ntur . In 9 , however, an y nce F ra . Association de s Ch e valie rs F rangais began preparations for possible service during the approaching world-war which General de Castelnau and other experienced soldiers foresaw and predicted . I nth e B r t s In the British Isles , and in India , Canada, i i h E m r pi e . Australia , and the other Oversea Dominions, the work was carried on with steadfast and

e ro s m o f St. zealous care . In the South African war many H i h no rd e r e s in li n J o li of the brave order es of St . Joh met their S fric a. . A deaths heroically rescuing the wounded under fire ; and subsequently during times of peace the ambulance workers so toiled and trained 1 1 - that in August 9 4 , when the long threatened German menace materialized with seeming n sudde ness , the nurses and orderlies were ready to set out in thousands , labouring in the same spirit of compassion as their mediaeval prototypes , expending ungrudging service in upon friend and foe alike , bringing heal g to 6 THE O F ST 9 ORDER . JOHN

i the wounded , comfort to the dy ng, and moral * reinforcement to the strong . Of the doctors who went to France with ul the St . John Amb ance and the Red Cross (many of whom subsequently j oined the not all were born in the British l Isles ; some came from Canada , Austra ia , and South Africa . 1 1 O rd e r o f St. In October 9 4 the Order of St . John n ns J o h jo i and the Red Cross very wisely j oined forces ; fo rc e s with th e d ro s s R e C , and to study their combined record is to be 1 1 O cto e r 4 . hl b , 9 fres y impressed with the vigorous initiative ,

the innate organizing ability, the courageous ul readiness to sho der heavy responsibility, so

characteristic of our race at its best .

So gre at w as th e anxi e ty to jo in th at th e task M an o f se l e cti o n w as o ne o f unusual d ifficulty . y o m nurse s o ffe re d th e i r s e rvi ce s with o ut salary . S e n m r h ro s o na 2 0 0 0 a e s we e put o n t e b o o k s p vi i lly, and fro m th e se we re c h o se n U nits fo r F o re ign a e Nurs re u re d fo r th e Auxili S e rvi ce , s w ll as e s q i A th e t m e e nth e ary H o spi tal s at h o m e . t i wh J o int War C o m m itte e to o k o v e r th e co ntro l o f th e Traine d Nurse s D e partm e nt o f th e B ri ti s h R e d s h o n Am u ance C ro s S o c i e ty and o f t e St. J h b l As o c at o n th e e ne m w as o n th e o nt o f co m s i i , y p i n u nt e r h ad ple ting th e o ccup atio o f B e lgi m . A w p

No m e re bri e f resume can give anad e quate ide a o f th e wo rk o f th e O rd e r d uring th e wo rld -w ar this canb e studie d ind e tail in th e adm irably arrange d Re po rts by th e J o int War Co m m itte e and th e J o int War F inance C o m m itte e o f R rd r o f o n o f th e B ritish e d Cro ss So ci e ty and th e O e St. J h sa m inE n an un a Aid re nd e re d to th c Je ru l e gl d , o nVo l t ry e Si k nd Wo unde d at o m e and ro ad and to B r t s Pr so ne rs a H Ab , i i h i

1 H. M Stat o ne r ffice o f War, 1 9 4 Publishe d by . i y O , 1 2 1 8 2 a e s fo o 1 z s 6d ne t uo te d e nce fo rt as 9 ( 3 p g , li ) , . . (q h h Re p o rts o nVo luntary Aid

THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

instead of an invasion by land , for which the Turks were unprepared— the gallant but ill al l starred nav operations at the Dardane les , and - i the ever memorable land ng, led to such a tragically heavy c sualties , a nursing service

was promptly equipped for Gallipoli . Earlier

in the year the G . O . C . the Egyptian Expedi tio nary Forces had enquired as to hospital accommodation in Malta ; and under the l presidency of the Governor, Field Marsha i Lord Methuen , the Wh te Cross and the Red were already making provision for probable

emergencies . In April of 1 91 5 the bed accommodation in the Military Hospitals in Malta was 8 24 in un May , in J e , in August , and by December it had reached

W o und e d fro m The first convoy of 60 0 cases from a o o m e llip li . S l 1 1 G Gallipo i arrived on May 4 , 9 5 and before s ignifi c ant fig th e ure s r the end of month the numbers had risen , Ap il ’ M a 1 1 e y, 9 5. to nearly The Tign and St . George s Barracks were converted into hospitals ; but ff they did not su ice , so private initiative h again was required . Among t ose who gave Sicluna their houses was the Marchesa , whose summer palace (with the picturesque name ’ D ra o nara o ffice rs of g ) became an hospital . di A band of la es met each hospital ship”, S welcomed every wounded and ick soldier, and their energy never flagged in spite of u the boiling heat of the docks in s mmer, or

the cold of the winter months . The author ities gratefully testified that the local helpers did much to lighten the labours of the IN MODERN EUROPE

s hospitals , and to promote convale cence and * recovery of many patients .

The Manoel, Spinola, and Ricasoli Hospitals and the Convalescent Camps at G h ai e n and Tuffie h a , were the more needed as , before the evacuation of Gallipoli , news arrived of the

e l ncre as in num beginning of hostiliti s in Salonika . In the g b e r o fc as u a t e s 1 1 6 1 8 S l i first week of July, 9 , 7 ick and wounded fro m Sal o nika ; e , u 1 1 w re landed in Malta ; in the second week J ly , 9 6 . hi in the t rd , and in the fourth and week , the autumn again brought another large influx of malaria patients from

Salonika . 1 1 1 1 From 9 5 down to May 9 9, some men of all ranks were treated in the

Malta Hospitals . A library was instituted for Lib rari e s fo r

' o s ta s each hospital ;1 and Field Marshal Lord h pi l .

P Th e Ma ta o m m o n rt art ss . Re po , XIX , l C i i “ n in Ma ta b ut in all it ar a t h 1 No t o ly l , s e as o f ctivi y t e d f o n co nce rne d tse f t th e m nd s as e as O r e r o St. J h i l wi h i w ll o o f h uffe r r At urr o us e nt ad th e b di e s t e s e s . S e y H e (l by L y a nd M a rs a M rs s e a r. r rd M h ad B tte e ) . G k ll Be e sfo e lvill e “ ” fo und d in u ust 1 1 th e War rar are nt o f t o se e A g 9 4 Lib y, p h e xce lle nt Cam ps Librari e s subse que ntly o rganize d by Th e n trut e r and ne ra ir E ard Ward H n Mr . d s s e . o . A h G l S w te n aid fro m m an th e co st o f th e e nte r r se 50 D e spi willi g y, p i incre ase d th at inth e autum no f 1 9 1 5th e Jo int War Co m m itte e n o f th e R e d C ro ss and o f St. J o h to o k o ve r th e financial re spo nsibility fo r th e War Library which (with its fifty o r so o f vo luntary wo rk e rs and its paid se cre tarial staff) se nt fo rth — all nd fro m S a e s e ar and h e B do n to bo o ks ki s , h k p e t ible w th e urr nt e r o d ca s— to F rance M o a t c e p i i l , e so p tam i , Egyp , Ma ta Pale tm a o n a ta and B o m F ro m e ac l , s e , S l ik , I ly, bay . h ce ntre th e vario us lo cal h o spitals we re ke pt supplie d with r n d m t e r u a l ta e War ra ro u t t a t to s t l st s . s r p i e i Thi Lib y, b gh nto e ste nce th e r ate nt at e o f Mrs . as e i xi by p iv i i i iv G k ll , t di w as o o valuable aninstituti o nto b e allo we d to e”. I t ur e s as th e Th e War and Pe a o ta rar s viv ce H spi l Lib y, ’ n a d n t 2 8 ue e s r e ancas e r nd n W . te o o . 4 Q G s, L Ga , L , 1 00 THE OF ST ORDER . JOHN

Th e So d e r l i Methuen , by act and deed displayed his G o v e rno r F i e ld -M ars h al interest in every undertaking , both big and P O f o rd M e t ue n . l L h . small He lent part of the a ace as fices

for the Order of St . John and the Red Cross that stately and beautiful Palace which once to have seen is never to have forgotten and the inspiriting and sympathetic presence of this distinguished soldier-Governor was no less cheering to the civilian workers than to

the wounded or invalided combatants , who had cause also for gratitude to Colonel Sir i Courtauld Thomson , Ch ef Commissioner for

al . M ta and the Near East , and to Lieut E C. B . Colonel Ashley , .

Generosity , kindness , and sympathy , as S well as promptitude and kill , were the watchwords of the workers ; and the reputa tion O f the eight-pointed Cross (lowered in the early nineteenth century by the com placent pacificist laziness of Grand Master von Hompesch) was in our own time raised to a prestige that reminded the living nurses and orderlies how they were the moral representatives of an Order the exploits of which had once resounded throughout Chris e ndo m —e — t . So it was and not for the first time in history - that war restored what peace

had for a while destroyed . — Th e c h arm o f The peculiar charm of Malta with its M a ta l . S streets of stairs , its brightly coloured hrines , its mysterious shuttered windows with their

carved stone balconies , its churches and its an palaces , its fortifications and its m y relics of the great defence against the Turks

1 0 2 THE O F ST ORDER . JOHN

e nt -t rd li re - O f u Tw y hi the Al ed capture Jer salem . Very C ap ture o fJe ru , , a s a e m e ne ra appropriate was it therefore th t after seven l . G l ’ - Alle nb y s e ntry hundred and twenty six years it should fall d e e re r as liv ; to the lot of a British General to ente r the c m 1 D e e b e r 1 , o 1 1 Holy City as deliverer . Richard C eur de 9 7. Lion -who was personally better appreciated Mah o m e dan by his adversary , the brilliant

and generous Saladin , than by some of his most Christian but most envious and inconstant Allies— would have been gratified could he have foreseen that the British

General , fated to achieve this predestined

triumph , was to include in his army not only soldiers from all parts of the British

Isles , and vast numbers of spirited and dash

r s t an M o s - Ch i i , ing Light Horsemen from a far away con le m Hind u and '“ , , tine nt unknown to the mediaeval knigh tsfi o th e r warri o rs o f th e B riti s h E m but also stately warriors from India , warriors pire uni te d of many races and creeds , including even ns t r a gai T u ks f O . and e rm ans descendants Mahomed In the contest G . against the Turks and their masters and PruSSO - allies the Germans , history will record the exploits of the regular Indian Cavalry and the Imperial Service Cavalry raised by loyal feudatory Princes and placed at the service - of our King Emperor . Not only in the P Egypt , Sinai , and alestine campaign , but

S e c a p i l previously in France , special hospitals for H o s pital s fo r the Indian troops had been organized with Indians acco rd ing to c as te and an exact regard for the particular require c re e d . f m ents of each di ferent caste and creed . Men are not all equal it would be nearer the

e rra ustralis inco nita T A g . IN THE NEAR EAST truth to say they are all different and the unity in diversity which we mean by the words British Empire is seen afresh by read”ers of the Reports on Voluntary Aid .

The St . John Ambulance and Red Cross workers , by their zeal , loyalty, and eager f e ficiency, were fit to be brethren to our

fighting men to whom we owe our safety, u al life , and more than life . Not the least cr ci part of the world contest took place in Egypt i and the Holy Land . Had the comb ned forces of Germany and Turkey succeeded in lan i their p of campa gn ,which was to recapture P Baghdad , drive our forces into the ersian

Gulf , deliver Egypt and control the Suez Canal the jugular vein of the British — P had they beaten us in alestine , and swept as conquerers into India (which they rashly boasted beforehand they would — speedily accomplish) had Hadji G uillo um (the Kaiser) been able to command the vast

resources of the Orient , the whole course of history necessarily must have been quite dif - ferent . If it would be over stating the R e s ults o f - G e ne ral Sir E d facts to say the world war was won in ’ m und Alle nb y s Pal , a o r estine it is beyond dispute that General cruc i l vi ct y . ’ Alle nby s absolute triumph made the Allied ce r ain victory g t . His strategy was based on a masterly appreciation of the situation not merely in his own theatre of

“ Th n o r s - n Mo u te d L t o l . Th Ho e e se rt . C e D C p , by . M re s o o n ta - . . t D S O . s e . 1 2 . R P n, . . (C bl , pp 1 0 4 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

operations but on the whole of the European

fronts . i On all these d fferent fronts the St . John Ambulance and the Red Cross were working

to enable the wounded to return to the fight , or to try and eas e the sufferings of those whose rr o fighting powers were i ev cably shattered . It would be a proud task to follow the track of the White Cross and the Red to

Salonika and Corfu , to Italy, Russia, and m Rou ania , to Montenegro , Mesopotamia, and even to Northern Persia ; but this brief A bri e f tribute tribute is in no way intended to save the to a gre at w o rk public the trouble of reading the Reports .

On the contrary , it is intended to direct attention to a certain folio volume which (despite its official nature and its necessarily statistical and laconic methods of expression) contains (for those who read between the

lines) material for many a romance of reality ,

many a poem , many a character sketch in which the eternal principles of Christian chivalry shine out amidst the devastating horrors of our modern warfare ; the spirit of —sacrifice e n duty, self , and gallant resolute d e av o ur suffusing the whole with a bright light which should inspire those who are yet ro F ide ro to come to labour as nobly p , p utilitate h om inum .

’ “ Ma s n W . s e Co Alle nby s F inal Trium ph , by . T y ( 1 stable , p . .

P AR T V! !

THE PR IO R Y FOR WA LES

F o unde d 1 9 1 8

K R HE P I F . tular P rio r : H. . H T C O S . G Ti . R N E WALE , - b o r THE R T H THE F P YMO U P . O N . O C. Su P ri : . EARL L TH, ,

C. B .

in u - o r I R W P P M P ct S b P ri : S HI L I Ps . . A g O EN , H N D L YD e lo r THE P M H R T. O Ch anc l : RI E MINI STER (T E O . . L

P . GEO RG E, . C ,

r b a a r s id e o d w Th e O rde e rs p o ud and ple nd r c r , ith g re at traditions running lih e a g olde n th re ad th ro ug h th e fahri c of isto r We w ant to carr o n th o se ine traditions and to h y . y f , te re s e co ds cre a f h r r . e e c o f th e ct n Sub -Pr o r at Sp h A i g i , ’ th e Lo rd M ay o r s l unch e o nat C ard iff; ’ D d 1 1 t. . S avi s D ay, 9 9

HE m t e s o f ur r r run ara to th T o iv o O de p lle l e b e st and i h W r gre ate st te ach ings o f all nat o ns . T e a h as m ad e us all re aliz e h o w clo se ly re late d w e are to and h o w d e p e nde nt o n h r n n h th W r i r o ne ano t e ; a d o w t at e a s o v e , m ay o ur wo rk i h h — co ntinue to b e co nducte d n t e sam e spirit. T us in sum ming up th e wid e and varie d activitie s o f th e Prio ry fo r — h e Pr nci cr tar M r H rb e rt L e s to a e s s o e t a e e . e W l p k i p l S y, ” wi , h s n e fa ab e e n r nth us asm an s h r w o e i d tig l e gy, e i , d kill t e O rde f h no f e rusa m o s so ar e a d e bt o f rat tu o t o e e de . S . J J l w l g g i

Th ue s t o n I e e e is fre ue nt as e d sa d th e Sub e q i , b li v , q ly k , i “ P io r h at is th e Pr o r fo rWa s o f th e O rd e r o f S r e t. o n , W i y l J h , ” ’ and wh at d o e s it d o ? Th e O rde r s Asso ci ati o n with r n nd t a s in u ar o s G re at B itai , a wi h W le parti c l , g e b ack m any

h o m m ne f a s e r e rt . W nnua e o rt o f t e ss o r o rW e . e s A l R p C i i l (H b D L wi ,

n t o f race 1 20 . K igh G ) , 9 1 0 6 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

n ur e s d e nce s o f its act t e s are e t nt inth o d s t ce t i . Evi ivi i x a e l e rd s an its anc e r - W e l s h R e co , d i nt e m ains m ay b e se e n to d ay I b o th in N o rth and S o uth W ale s . n m o re re c e nt tim e s th e ’ o r w as carr e d 0 11 und e r th e s t e o f th e D a d s e ntre w k i yl St. vi C f th e rd e r c nc ude d ract ca all W b ut m O O , whi h i l p i lly al e s ; s o e te n y e ars ag o a m o ve m e nt w as b e gun fo r th e c re atio n o f a As th e e s nat o na f s i Pri o ry fo r Wal e s . W l h i l e e ling inthi d re c nd cr s ta e d th e rand Pr o f i ti o n g re w a y lliz , G i o r th e O rd e r n R H h e D u e o f nn nd H. . t o au n th e re En a . t act n o gl , k C gh , i g m m e nd at o n o f th e a te r- e ne ra m e t th e s s o f th e co i Ch p G l , wi h e nst tut n s s co H R H. o e o f a e a e Pr r . p e pl W l by i i g W l h i o y . . Th e Prince o f Wale s s ignifie d h is willingne ss to b e co m e th e Pr o r i .

Th e fi rst m e e ting o fth e We l sh Ch ap te r in 1 9 1 8 was h e ld in ’ l e a uarte rs o f th e n ish rde r t h n at h e o d d E S . o s e t h q gl O , J G , r e n e th e sce ne o f so an i n cant e e nts inth e ast Cl e k w ll , m y S g ifi v p r f h Kni h ts f h n and afte r ar s h tin h isto y o t e g o St. J o ; w d t e Ac g Sub -Prio r purch ase d and pre se nte d to th e Orde r th e ancie nt u i h r th a e an d s se d H o s ce o f St. n at r d e nd e e e d i p J o h B i g , w E gl o h n and th e e h t- r ss car e d ce nturie s a o o f St. J ig po inte d C o v g still m ute ly sym b o liz e th e activitie s o f th e m e diae val Knigh ts n e rv n re th re n a d S i g B . Past and pre se nt are b e ing linke d in m any ways ; and in 1 9 2 0 th e Ord e r re ce ive d a gift o f fiv e th o usand po unds fro m “ th e ar ue ss o f B ute and c uire d fro m th e B ute e state a M q ” , a q m agnifice nt site in Cath ay s Park c lo se by th e o ld Gre yfriars io r h e re a b u din to th e tradit o ns o f th e Pr y, w il g appro priate i ”” ancie nt Ord e r 1 is to b e e re cte d as a ce ntre fo r th e pre se nt

activitie s e xte nding and e ve r incre asing th ro ugh o ut Wale s . Th o u h th e St o h nAm u anc e o r in a e s h ad b e e n g . J b l w k W l rr e d o nd ur n m an f e ace it w as th e re at War ca i i g y ye ars o p , G th at re v e al e d th e h igh d e gre e o f vigo ur and e fficie nc y wh ich n atta ne 1 1 h e n th e m i itar au h ad b e e d . I n u i A gust 9 4 , w l y th o ritie s ask e d fo r a d e tach m e nt o ftraine d O rd e rlie s fo r d uty in n r H rb r ft ath e re d th e m to e th e r ra ce M . e e t L s F , e wis wi ly g g am o n st th e e n r rs and b e fo re th e e nd o f th e fro m g xisti g wo ke ,

e e P rt an e S a IV, t . - M r 1 20 ddr th e t n Sub Pr o r 1 a c . A e ss by Ac i g i , h 9

1 0 8 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

e arance as Pr o r o f th e Pr o r fo r a e s a o s t o n am e r p i i y W l , p i i I v y ro ud to h o d as ta e a re at inte re st in all o r s fo r th e p l , I k g ” w k i alle viatio n o fh um an suffe r ng . e nn th e h o ste e stab ish e d fo r d sab e d e x- e r ce m e n Op i g l l i l S vi , n ri H R . a u r n i h Am u n a H. de d ac a d ns e ct t e b a ce B de . e i p g l g , ” ll g n f h r n m m n h fully to th e o ld traditio s o t e O d e r a d co e de d”t e v o t d se r ce o f th e re se nt o r e rs . Th e P rior h de e vi p w k y, e “ a e lsh t o na titution — an h r said, is W N a i l I ns ; d t e se w o d s fo und an e ch o in m any l o yal h e arts th ro ugh o ut th e l e ngth and b f re adth o Wale s. CON CL USI ON

PR I S O N ERS AN D C A PTIVES

U R th e re at War m an a B r t sh sa o r and so d e r D ING G , y i i il l i h e sco rnn to fe ar d e ath t r e d a e rm an o r w il i g , ye d e ad G To b e nt rn in a r a tur b a Tur sh r so n. e e d Austr o c e d ki p i i i , p y Austr antro o s w as ano th e r m atte r fo r th e Austr antrad t o ns i p , , i i i o f co urte sy and ch ival ry re m aine d aliv e ! e ve nafte r th e ancie nt Em pire was unde rmine d and B ut th e spirit o fch ival ry — — as Fro issart re m arke d v e ry lo ng ago h as ne v e r b e e n nativ e to P u ia No r o u d an but an nco rri b e O t m st o o r ss . w l y i gi l p i i l k h r f r o f h n n- f- n h se fo r it in Tur e . T e e o e t e m a m e o act o o k y , y i w de te rmine d vigo ur save d us fro m th e th re ate ne d Te uto n-Turco d o m nat o n no ne e re so ur e nt inne e d o f aid and s m ath i i , w g ly y p y as th e e no rm o us num b e r o f priso ne rs o f w ar wh o se suffe rings (varying with th e ch aracte rs o fth e individ ual e ne m y co m m and e rs nc u e inm an case s h um iatio ns a o ne s an to rm e nts ) , i l d d y il , g i , d h ich e at th e s ca s to th ran f m art r w l e v e d e ptive e k o y s . Th i ian ic in r t — f h t r e civ l publ G e a B ritain re gardle ss o is o y , and incline d to im pute to o th e r natio ns th e ir o w nte m pe ram e ntal — inclinatio nto m e rc y we re slo w at fi rst to re aliz e th e situatio n. o re e r th e m o st te rrib e d e ta s r fo r h e c nce a e d M o v , l il we e a w il o l fr m h m B ut ce rta n r at n u a nn to th e o t e . e d d a s a e i p iv i ivi l , w k i g

T rd r f t o nin ustr a no t o n e t u its ac t e s dur n h e O e o S . J h A i ly k p p tivi i i g n w nd a o u n h m th e w ar, but is o e e v ri g to co pe with t e i se ri e s o f th e po st ’ n u r n nd t o s . e st a ns a o rs e la e r e e ma l u ur re vo lutio co i i C i i , l q gu s it a d o le ’ e t le d e u arm re s ue to ute s le s N at o ns d e l E uro e ue le s e a e rs d e il p i p q i p ,q Ch v li ’ re M t n at d Ma t a m nt l O rd So uve rain ilitaire e I te rn io nal e l e cco plissaie , a ’ I o m re d e la anc e cro o cto o na e e ur m ss o n e nfa sante sur to us b bl h ix g l , l i i bi i ’ ’ s c am d t e E t au o urd u l rd re o ue to us s s ffo rts a le h ps e ba aill . j h i O v e”e la co nst tut o nd e oe u re s sta e s d e ar d e e nfa san e e e c i i s v bl ch ité e t bi i c . Sp h o f th e AustrianD e le gate at th e Te nth Inte rnatio nal Co nfe re nce o f th e R e d

ro ss e n a 1 2 1 . C , G e v , 9 1 1 0 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN facts se t to o r to o r anz e a Pr so ne rs o f War H e Co m , ” w k g i i lp m tte e h ch stru e d o n fo r so m e tim e as a v o untar o r i , w i ggl l y iz n I nth e autum n o f 1 1 6 h e r th e o r o f th is an atio . o e g 9 , w v , w k H e lp Co m mitte e was take no ve r by th e J o int Co m mitte e o fth e r o h nan th e R e s an at th e e nd o f th e O de r o f St. J d d Cro s d ye ar ne w and im pro v e d arrange m e nts w e re m ad e fo r se nding f n rs f war o f h o m o o d and o th e r ne ce ssitie s to civilianp riso e o , w th e r th e n a r m te in rm an inAustr a e we re (pp oxi a ly) Ge y, i ,

2 8 0 inT r e 1 2 0 . ; u k y, f war in e rm an Extra to th e re lie f wo rk fo r priso ne rs o G y , during th e pe rio d co v e re d by th e ope ratio ns o f th e Ce ntral o m m tte e th e re e r so m e r t h m tar riso ne rs O f C i , w e B i is ili y p — war inth e h ands o fth e Turks and B ulgars no t co unting Indian r so ne rs m an o f h m ne v e r r e th e r so n cam s in p i y w” o e ach d p i p m arch acro ss Turke y inAsia at all. Th o se wh o did survive th e th e d e se rt we re ina state wh ich e v e nth e studio usly lac o nic and “ ” re straine d R e po rt d e scrib e s as te rrible in th e e xtre m e :

nt t e r arr l th e o ffice r r so ne rs o f w ar h ad e e n U il h i iva , p i b fi un- r -H r to e t e r t t o se o f th e at Ang o ra and A o Ka a i s sa , g h wi h h

D a 1 1 6 . Ye o m anry capture d at K atia o nE aste r y, 9 rr so n arr e d ad Wh e n ab o ut 2 50 o ffi ce rs o f th e Kut g a i iv , d itio nal cam p s w e re o p e ne d fo r th e i r acco m m o d ati o nat Yo zg ad r Th e m o rta t and Kastam uni in N o rth e rn Asi a Mino . li y d ur n h e m nt s o f un to O cto e r 1 1 6 h ad e e na a n i g t o h J e b , 9 , b pp lli g , s n at a lo w e st m ate a f th e to ta num e r o f th e arr s o n i ce , i , h l l b g i d e d n Kut and th e Taurus M o unta ns o fstar at o n i b e twe e i , v i , ill * tre atm e nt s c ne ss o r e aust o n. , i k , xh i

Ve ry diffe re nt was o ur tre atm e nt o f th e Turkish priso ne rs h o m w e ca ture in Pa e st ne t h m we av e fo o d and w p d l i , o w o g i n un e d m e dical a d pre cise ly th e sam e as to o ur o w n sick a d wo d . (A tim e cam e wh e n m any Turks gre w we ary o f figh ting fo r th e e rm ans and re fe rre d to surre nde r to us in a nt o f e t G , p , ce rt i y g r m ting co urte sy and re gula e al s . ) Th e B ritish p riso ne rs in Turke y include d th o se capture d at a o and in e so o tam a E t an P an a so G llip li, M p i , gyp d ale stine , d l ’ h f ar u m ar n s Th e m fsu t e cre w s o v io s sub i e . Co mitte e s task o p

e o rts e tc . Pa . P. f War m m t C o o tte e . 6 . R p , , r XXIX, C i , p 5 9

1 1 2 H THE ORDER OF ST . JO N

e n s e ac o ne m o r m a m e d t anano t e r b ut t a r t b i g , h e i h h , wi h Spi i an f d aith th at sh o ne inthe i r face s and m ade th e m g re at. All th e m e nw h o cam e fro m h e adquarte rs we re m o st h o pe ful ; b ut th e wo unde d kno w o nly th e i r o w ntre nch o r tre nch e s and say t e a n w I t is r r f f h y m k e o ay. ath e r a pa abl e o li e

D uring h e r tire le ss e ffo rts sh e se e m e d ne v e r to th ink o f re st o r re e f f r r i h f h li o h e rse lf. No d d t e ce ssatio no o stilitie s bring re o se to h r f r it h e r h t n th r p e , o was abit to m e e a d w e lco m e e e turnn r so ne rs o f war as h a and to n r nto i g p i , t e y l nde d, i qui e i th e r n i e e ds and h e lp th e m inall th e ir difficultie s .

M r h as r st h e a n y wo k tre ble d Since th e A m i i ce ! S e xpl i e d, i n No e m e r 1 1 8 to an n m at fr e nd . R e atr ate d r s v b 9 , i ti e i ! p i p i o ne rs arr e t re e and fo u t m e s a d a no w nste ad o f o nce o r iv h r i y ,i t c n w o r s wi e a we e k at m o st. Pro b ably i t o th re e m o nth t n e m a a l . r a d h y y l b e h e re Me anwhile I m ust wo k day nigh t.

’ “ L e e nse r s an e s sh e to e d all fo r o v e and no th n fo r ik ”Sp g l , il l i g re ward ; and th e re canb e l ittle do ub t th at h e r life was sh o rte ne d by th e co ntinuo us p re ssure sh e put upo n h e rse lf during and afte r th e re a W r H r s n ath f h e art fa ure cam e G t a . e udde d e (o il ) as a sh c l Th o s is o k to a l wh o lab o ure d with o r und e r h e r. e l s “ ” rr f h e arab . i t o r i p le I t s as ifa gre at ligh t h as go ne o ut o e w ld, said an o bscure w o rke r; and to all wh o w e re re info rce d and co m fo rte d b h e r no fa th h r u n d nt h e r unfai n y bl e i , e q e e ly ig i y, li g rac o usne ss h e r m f n ura e m e nt to th e dis g i , wo nde rful s ile o e co g h e arte ne d o r th h was in truth th e e we ary, it se e m e d th at s e incarnatio no f th at Spirit o fCh ival ry wh ich was and is th e so ul and stre ngth and inspiratio n o f th e ancie nt h e ro ic O rde r o f

St. o h no f e ru J J sale m .

n M . Te niso . Le tte r to E . INDE!

G ur s ca to r o f O se f-sacrifice o f -8 ABDA RA MAN , T ki h p ARIST CRACY , l , 7 , no e L a a e te . 8 t V l t , 53 3 ( . ) - S e e o f 1 2 1 8 1 St. o u s . ACRE , i g , , 9 ; L i ARMENIA , 3 3 at 2 6 d e scr e d 2 8 o ss o f AR SO U cto r o f c ard at 2 1 , ; ib , ; l , F,vi y Ri h I , , - 1 0 1 . 2 9 30 . uc e ss o f B e dfo rd m aste r e ce s o f d e stro e d ADELINE, D h , ART, pi , y ,4 5. n h r Wa - l f dur t e e at r L t. o I O o r o C . O . w k , i g G , ASHLEY , , -1 1 t o f 1 1 2 M O o r n ff 1 1 1 2 d e a . t r n ; h , ASIA IN R (N he ) , su e ri gs r rdo m o f Tre o f r so ne rs in 1 0 O m a t 1 . ADRIAN PLE , y p i , - n M ’ m inco urt at 8 1 . O ra d aste r Pe te r d , 79 AUBUSS N , G , E A co nte sts o f o rsa rs 6- ADRIATIC S , C i 3 37

and n ts in 2 . 6 1 0 2 . K igh , 3 AUSTRALIA ,AUSTRALIANS ,9 , O A B r t s D o n o no f 6- AFI UN K RA HISSAR , i i h AUSTRIA , J h , 7 77.

ne rs at 1 1 0 . e o o d u o f r so 1 . p i , L p l , D ke , 9 d f t 2 O r e r o S . o nin AFRICA , 7. J h , 94 . AHME ’ I‘ Z ro nc e o f uo te d Pr so ne rs o f War in 1 0 HAFI ,Ch i l ,q i , 9 - and note . 38 39 .

“ ' ‘ th e B e ar Mar ra e . AZ O I U S o st th e r st ans 26 ALBERT, , g v , 94 , l by Ch i i , .

O 1 0 1 . ALEPP , ! Pr nce o f Sco t and B A AZ E T Su tan o f ur e m as ALE ANDER , i l , J , l T k y, - n sacre s r st a s . 4 6 4 7. Ch i i , 34 - f . ! ca ture o B O E m e ro r 1 8 . ALE ANDRIA , p , 33 34 ARBAR SSA , p , f f d Ad d D e o d e e ate B a note . ALGIERS , y , by ATTERSEA, L y, 99 ( )

rd E m o ut 1 . f rs 1 m ra o B o e . i l L x h , 9 ATTLES , Algi , 9 - A o 2 o f 66 6 . rs uf 1 Vice ro y , 7 , . - n ra sco unt 1 0 2 . a a 2 e . ALLENBY , Ge l Vi , 3 G z , 5 - 1 0 . KOni ratz a ude d AMBULANCE , 93 , 95 4 gg , ll O ast e o f Sa nt 1 d e to ANGEL , C l i , 5 ; , 94 - - o f 6 6 1 68 1 . e anto 8 f n e . e c , 5 , 59 , , 7 L p , 7 79 n r n r at 1 1 0 . Ma so u a O B r t s r so e s 2 . ANG RA , i i h p i , h, 5 H n Mrs Th e o . co o s N . ANSTRUTHER , , 99 i p li , 34 - n t e r as 1 1 6. (o e ) . Tib i , 3 O ca ture d rusade rs B rand Maste r O fTe m le ANTI CH , p by C , 4 ; EAUJEU , G p ,

o st 2 6 2 . l , . 9 6 B O de n W . e uc e ss o f ANT ERP , 9 EDF RD , A li , D h , 6 o r and c ar te r f 1 . ac o 1 1 I 1 ARABS , w k h , I 2 ; d note d ir e s e . e at o f 1 1 2 ARGENTI NE, S Gil ,44 ( ) h , . 1 1 4 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

B E D I Ns 1 6 . O H R . H Th u O U . e e , C NNAUGHT, . D k 6- o f 1 B . 0 6. ELGIUM , 9 97 , u d an O 1 0 B ca t re Su t . ELGRADE, p by l C RFU , 4 n O W So m a . c ard u e o f 2 ly , 3 7 C RN ALL , Ri h , D k , 4 .

B . Co R SAI R s B ar ar and e r n ELLINAS , 34 , b y Alg i e , n n BO O rde r o f St. o i 2 8 66 Se e D R AG U T HEMIA , J h , 3 , 5 , , 94 and HASSAN . B O Na o e o n a ude d to anne r o f ur s fo rm NAPARTE, p l , ll , CRESCENT , b T k ( 2 note at Ma ta e r r t anarm s o f o nst n 5, ( ) ; l , ly Ch i s i C a - ino 8 8 . t le . 5 6 p ) , 54 df o f -6 - B O o re u e . 2 2 2 O 1 1 . UILL N, G y, D k , 4 CYPRUS , , 5, 3 3 d fo r m o r BO ULO GNE, s pe cial ro a o t

n e s a 0 . am bula c t, 1 7 1 0 1 . DAMASCUS , B 8 . RANDENBURG , 4 a ture o f 2 2 . DAMIETTA , c p , 3 , 5 B Wa e s anc e nt Ho s RIDGEND ( l ) , i r au te r o f DANUBE , Tu kish sl gh at 1 0 6 pi ce , . r t an o n an s f . Ch is i s b k o , 34 B o n f urt Mar ue ss o f h is UTE , J h , o h q , 8 . DARDANELLES , 9 ft 1 0 6 . gi , o f Sco t and a ude d to DAVID I , l , ll , 2 4 . ’ St. B s o o f h is e xh o r do cto rs fro m 6. , , , CANADA, , 9 DAVID S i h p n 1 0 2 taf o , 7. CANDIA , . i e ad uarte rs o fPr o r fo r , 94 . CARDIFF, h q i y DENMARK Wa s 1 0 D R AG O NAR A, 98 . le , 7. ’ ‘ H D RAG U I , ur s o rsa r and H. h f . R T e Visit o . T ki h C i n n a Prince o f Wa s to e e e r, t s e e o fMalta, 8 , le , gi i g 5 1 - 0 8 , 6 1 , 62 , 6 . 0 7 1 . 59 4

ne ra d e . CASTELNAU , Ge l , 95 Ma a E Po nt o f t 8 . . CASTILE, i ( l ) , 5 DESSA, 4 n n t o E 2 8 note 1 0 L a S a s f St. 1 1 0 . CERDA , , p i h K igh GYPT, , 5, 99 ( ) , , 3

n E 1 6 . o 8 . J h , 5 GYPTIANS ,

E m e ro r 0 E O T . fo rtre ss o f d f 60 . S e e nce CHARLES V , p , 5 , 55, LM , , , d a a n t h ur s 8-6 e a e r C th o a s t e . CHASTELAIN , Ch v li e , g i T k , 5 4 d li e ate 2 . E o s ta at 1 0 . c l e g , 9 TAPLES , h pi l , 7 - s r t o f 8 . E O o f ustr a . CHIVALRY , pi i , 7 MPER R , A i , 94 n o f nt n M n uffe r s . B a e a ue m CHRISTIANS , s i g , 3 yz i , l Co nu f Se ne s . o ts o . e BA e xpl i T , 9 and SI E G E o o m an o nrad s . TLES . H ly R , C , 9 d sse ns o ns am o n F re d e r B ar aro a i i g , 9, ick b ss , - 2 1 1 4 1 5, , 2 3 , 2 8 , 1 8 . F re d r 2 - 44 , 4 5 e ick II , 3 24 .

de e ne rac o f 2 1 2 ar e s 0 60 . y , , , Ch l V , 5 , 55, - 81 8 2 . o f nd a 6 1 I i , 3 , 0 2 . W E n s O rd r f Prusso - e rm an d i CLERKEN ELL, gli h e o G , H a j o nat 2- u ll t. i o um S J h , 4 4 9. G (Kaise r d n e m 1 0 O a a ce W . CO NSTANTIN PLE , v ilh l ) , 3 rusad n arm fr m Me diae a rd o . E O e r o f t C i g y , 4 NGLAND , v l S . ture d ur s o n 2- ca 6. in p by T k , 3 J h , 4 4 9.

1 1 6 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

n t O O F AR C St. 0 o e . o f F J AN , , 9 ( ) KING , RANCE Ki n and a ude d to O HN n o f E o u s . J , g gl , ll , L i VII , 9 6 o u Sa nt rusad e and 4 L is IX ( i ) , C - O O O F ST. d e fe at o f 2 26 e co nd Cru J HN , RDER , GRAND , 5 S M O F ad f 2 -2 s d at o 6 . ASTERS e , e h , 7 nds M a m o nd d u Pu fo u P 1 . R y y, ili hilip II , 9 rd r 6- d d to 8 0 tar O e . o u s a u e . y , 7 L i XIV, ll , s e ro sm o f at cre 2 o f Villie r , h i , A , 9 KING , HUNGARY

nd r w am e tta 2 . 0 . e a ture s 3 A , c p D i , 3

de . are t ca ture s o s sm und d f ate d ur s . Vill , p Rh , 33 Sigi , e e by T k , 34 ’ ' P te r d Aub uss o n sa e s o d e s o f e , v Rh , KING , JERUSALEM - o df o n -6 6 re d e B o u . 3 3 7 G y ill , 5 ’ d l I sle dam de fe nds n r e B a d 1 1 . Villie s A , l wi II , - ne rate s d e s 0 re e B d n 1 0 . Rho , 3 74 ; g al wi IV,

Ma ta 2 . B d n o ro nat o no f I O . l , 5 al wi V, C i , la a tte d e fe nds - 6 e an d e e G u d us nan 1 1 1 . J V l , y e L ig , Ma ta - c aracte r o f 2 o f PO o n So e s l , 54 74 ; h , 5 KING, LAND , J h bi ki , o n ue ro r o f th e ur s 8 1 53 9 C q T k , n fo re te d saste r d o a s t . e R h , ll i , (no e ) - 8 8 . o f S O a d 3 4 KING , C TLAND , D vi I n o m e sc 8 surre nd e rs 2 v o H p h , 4 (Saint) , 4 . - f 8 8 . Ma ta 8 8 d e at o f P 2 . l , 5 7; h , KING , o SPAIN , hilip II , 7 H s ST . o s ta s o f. Se e o se e . J O HN , , H pi l And CHARLES V nd U L R . Se e E O a S ITALS KINGS . MPER RS d rusad e r and S e ur e . J O INVILLE , i , C TANS

n r 2 6. f n. Se e r t. o Ch o icl e , KNIGHTS o S J h CHIV AL R Y and GRAND MASTERS . Tz a t o f its co n Ko NI G G R A , b t le ,

26 . KARAC , se ue nce s . ’ q , 94 r so ne rs cam at, K S M , p i p N a r o f 2 . A TA UNI KO R ASM I S, sav ge y , 4 1 1 0 . 2 KO R ASSAN, . ' ‘ ne rs ta e n at 1 1 0 . K A I I A, priso k , n s o f r so ne rs fro m KU T, suffe ri g p i , o f G u d e L usi K G , C R S , y g IN YP U 1 1 0 . 1 nan, 3 .

d e us nan 1 . H e nry L ig , 3 am e s o f th e O rde r o f St. o f E LADIES (D ) KING , NGLAND E D F O R D - o n 1 8 . And se e B , d 1 2 2 6. , 7, Ri char I , 9 , 4 J h

u e ss o f. 6 d e line , ch J o hn, 4 . A D

2 6. 6 O , o ss o f, 2 . E dward I , 7, 4 LA DICEA l ‘ L E O PO L D D uke o f ustr a 1 9 . a ude d to 8 . , , E dward VI , ll , 4 A i 6 1 8 O d e fe at o f ur s at, 7 He nry II . LEPANT , T k 8 . H e nry IV 4 6 . 7 n a W e r e rt . W. , Pr c H e nry V 4 7. LE IS , H b D i ip l Se cre tar fo r Wa e s, 1 0 , 1 0 6 Ri chard III 4 7. y l 5

1 0 . H e nry VII 4 7’ 7 a l rke n su re ssio n o f th e , m e d ae a , t C e He nry VIII , pp LIBRARY i v l - e urnt th e m o b . rd e rs 8 . , , 4 5 Re ligio us O by, 4 74 w ll b by t A War and Pe ace no e ) . E m e ro r 1 0 2 . , 99 ( G e o rge V (King p ) , LIBR RY , I NDE! 1 1 7

O n o f F rance Sa nt N Z 1 2 . L UIS IX , Ki g , i A ARETH , 3 , 3 a e s th ro ss 2 d e f N O m e rc ants fo und h o s t k e C , 5; e at, EAP LITAN h ,

a r an r m f ta in e rusa e m 2 . c ptu e , d anso o , 2 6 ; pi l J l , N O dm ra sco unt a ude d Se co nd Crusade o f, 2 6 ; de ath ELS N , A i l Vi , ll

f to 8 . o , 2 7. , 7

G u de n o f N o unt o f . LUSIGNAN , y , Ki g J e ru EVERS , C , 34 - N I CO PO L I S ur s m assacre r s sal e m , 1 1 1 6 . , T k Ch i

tians at, 34 . - N e a o f 6 . M h ro URSES , z l , 9 97 O t t 1 2 . AH MED, e p phe , O and MAH MED II IV. Se e SU L o unte ss o f r o I o O DIERNA , C T ip li , TANS . 1 1 . S MAHO ME D AN , m artial vigo ur and O P oe nc anMa ta 1 . co n ue sts o f 2 1 -1 6 1 2 GYGIA, h i i l , 5 q , , 5 , 7, 9, M unt . O LIVET, o , 5 36) O Mo s ue o f 2 . M und e r Mo m s MAR , q , 3 s e 2 . ALTA , l , m d f O PHTHALMIC ho s pital (J e rusale ) , r tzr o t. O S J o hn at, 50 8 s 93

S e e o f 6- i g , 5 71 . - ar o urs o f 6 6 6 P O rd e r o f St. o n in H b , 34 , 4 5, 6. ALESTINE, J h , - e f o m m ss o ne r fo r 1 0 . Chi C i i , 3 - 1 00 PAN e a ue . . GERMAN L g , 35 - d ur n re at War 1 1 P 1 6 . i g G , 97 0 . ARTHIANS , MAL TE SE m t a co ura f P ur s ro fe ss o ns o f as ili i , ge o , 56, EACE , T ki h p i , - co e r fo r w ar 6 . S7. v , 3 3 7 M O o s ta sad anta e o us fo rce d AN EL (h pi l) , 99. Di v g , M O att e o f 2 u o n c ard 2 1 -2 2 ANS URAH , b l , 5. p , Ri h I , ; M o s ta at 1 8 o u s 26 e rs ARGAT , H pi l , . L i IX, ; Villi ’ - M M U S E TT le m 0 . C O 6 . de l I s d a 8 ARSA , 55, 5 A , 3 4 W a r M T. w r co rr s o nd e nt P O c ard de are E a ASSEY, . , e p , EMBR KE , Ri h Cl , l d - f 2 uo te 1 0 1 0 . . q , 3 4 o , 4

M 1 6 . P S a o f N o rt e rn 1 0 . EDES , ERSIA, h h , 33 ; h , 4

M 2 . P u f 1 0 EDIA , ERSIAN G l , 3 . M M a ta und e r th e re e s P MS . d e s tro e d m o b ELITA ( l G k ) , ERSIAN S , y by ,

51 . 4 5° n t 1 1 M O O I A 2 o e 0 r 0 . P h m t e e r t . ES P TAM , ,99 ( ) , 4 , ETER H i , 3 M F e d-Mars a o rd 8 P o f F rance 1 o f S a n ETHUEN , i l h l L ,9 , HILIP II , , 9 ; p i ,

. 2 99 7 . - MO re tre at fro m 1 0 . P ir e n 1 0 1 0 6 . NS , , 7 HILIPPS, S O w , 5 Pas a e s e e s Ma ta M a 1 M PHCE N I NS i a t . USTAPHA h , b i g l , I C A n l , 5

P ur s dm ra 8 . IALI , T ki h A i l , 5 - - P 2 2 . ILGRIMS , 3 , 3 33 N O O B O 2 8 PO So e s n o f 8 1 AP LE N U NAPARTE , 5, 5 LAND, bi ki , Ki g , n in 86 . d r o f t. o (no te ) ; O r e S J h , o a B r t 8 NAVY , R y l i ish , 7. 94 f n o t. n o f th e ts S o PO th e 6 1 2 . K igh J h , PE, , , , 74 - ' P Ma o r e ne ra uo te d 77 O RTER , j G l , q , - - - ur is . Se e O . 8 0 66 6 1 2 . T k h C RSAIRS 3 39 . 4 , 7, 7 7 , 93 1 1 8 THE ORDER OF ST . JOHN

- SE A PO W ac u re d n ts o f Ho n. O L t. Co l. Th e PREST N , ER q i by K igh - n 2 . St. o M . uo te d 1 0 . R . , q , 3 J h , 3 3 3 P O rusad e rs 1 2 2 SE N E G L E A, . RIS NERS (C ) , 4 , 5, , 55 S o , 2 , , 1 0 , 1 6, 1 7, 3 2 . EPULCHRE, H ly 5 - 2 . o fw ar in 1 9 1 4 1 8 , 1 09 3

S . 1 1 2 . ERBIA, 97

2 S 2 . crue lty o fTurks to , 3 , ICILY ,

- 1 SI CL U NA Marc e sa, 8 . 1 0 9 1 0 . , h 9 - S o f cre 1 8 1 . P 1 0 . , 9 RUSSIA , 94 , 9 IEGE A

n 6 . Y a m o nd du F rst rand o nstant o e , 3 PU , R y , i G C i pl - - Ma ta 6 71 . Maste r, 6 7. l , 5 R h O de s r 33 a

E e ano r 6 . m rna . QUEEN , l , 4 S y , 35

E a e t 8 . S S a ude d to 1 liz b h , 4 LAVERY, LAVES , ll , 7,

Mar udo r 8 . 2 6 y (T ) , 4 3 , 5, 80 . n n o ne tte 0 ote . t Mar e t O sa e s nna 8 1 no e . i A i ,9 ( ) S BIESKI , v Vie , ( )

n 1 8 . a f ra o SO u t n 6 . o A g , LYMAN , S l , 54 , 5 , 73 , 74 O and s in rante d to S MERSET, l , g Z e ro sm o f at e anto RAMIRE , h i , L p , d r 1 O r e , 8 . 77 o rd Pro te cto r 8 . L , 4 o nt o f o u o use . M O D , u T l , 4 RAY N C SO R L a n t 8 . U IRAS , , K igh , 7

nt o f r o . Se e M O D , o u T ip li S n o f P 2 . RAY N C PAIN , Ki g (hilip H ) , 7

O . TR L S F a ude d to 60 IP I PANISH LEET , ll , , am a am ate d t R E D RO SS , lg wi h - 1 C 70 7 . 6 n . O rde r o f St. o , 9 J h S O e o t o f . PANISH FFICER , xpl i , 59 o f a uo te d 6-I co O R S, fici l , , 9 , p I No L A o s ta REP T q S (h pi l) , 99. S O O W E ar o f P m ro e TR NGB ( l e b k ) , O , 2 ; n ts o f St. o n RH DES K igh J h 4 2 . t ' I a , 3 3 4 ' S E cre s r ne rs in UBMARIN w , p i so

s ta . SO L (ho pi l) , 99 ur e 1 1 0 RICA I T k y, . u o n c ar H RD I , Coe r d e i , h S Z ana 1 0 RIC A L UE C l , 3 . - m tar x acte r o f, 2 0 2 1 ; ili y e S 2 - 0 ULTAN , 8 3 . lo its o f 1 -2 1 truce t p , 9 ; wi h SULTAN n Sa ad , 2 2 . f E and r a a ad n l i (o gypt Sy i ) , S l i , o rn a , u e f o , ca r a arr r 2 - 1 - RICHARD D k C w ll p g e t w io , 9, 1 1 6, 7 1 8 ,

ture s e rusa e m 2 . - J l , 4 2 1 2 2 .

E L a, d e ce e s Musta a o f u Ba az m as a r s RIVI RE , iv ph ( T rke y) , j e t, s c e - Pas a, 7 8 . r t an 5 s s . h 5 Ch i i , 3 4 f O o unt o S c , 1 . M n R GER , C i ily 5 aho m e d II , cri e s Pe ace a d

O rand Maste r d e 8 8 . , 4 r . R HAN , G 3 go e s to w a , 36

O 1 0 . M m d o rture s and m R UMANIA, 4 ah o e IV, t ass

1 0 . RUSSIA, 4 acre s Trém inco urt, 79 . M n e nt h So lym an th e ag ific , t e S . Se e Su tan. ALADIN l t r r o f E ro - 0 e r o u p e , 3 74 , 54 , 56, o unde d fro m . SALO NIKA , w , 99 73 , 74 SAPPHAR I A, 1 3 . Ho usE . SURREY , 99 N O rd e r o f St. o n in SCO TLA D , J h , - S 1 0 1 1 0 . And se e Pa e st ne YRIA, 3 l i . 4 2 , 4 4 (note ) .