Academic Research

BOSTON SCHOLARLY REVIEW VOLUME 1: 2019/2020

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Serious about Education. Serious about You. 2 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Table of Contents

1. From the Editors 4 Rob Stegmann & Janet Viljoen

2. From the Academic & Institutional Head 6 Hendrik Botha

3. Part 1: Reframing Research, Teaching 8 and Professional Practice Through the Lens of Scholarship Rob Stegmann

4. Part 2a: Boston City Campus: 16 Postgraduate Diploma in Management Research Outputs

5. Part 2b: Boston City Campus: 28 Faculty Research Outputs

6. Part 3a: Boston Media House: Bachelor 50 of Business Administration in Media Operations Management Research Outputs

7. Part 3b: Boston Media House: 64 Faculty Research Outputs

8. Concluding Remarks 68 Janet Viljoen

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Tel: 011 551-9000 Tel: 011 883-0933 Address: 247 Louis Botha Ave, Address: Sandton Head Office Orchards, 2192, 137 11th & 128 10th Str, Johannesburg Parkmore Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] boston.co.za bostonmediahouse.ac.za

Boston City Campus & Business College (Pty) Ltd Reg. Boston Media House (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2002/026252/07 No. 1996/013220/07 is registered with the Department is registered with the Department of Higher Education of Higher Education and Training as a private higher and Training as a private higher education institution education institution under the Higher Education Act, under the Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 101 of 1997 (Act No. 101 of 1997). Registration Certificate No. 1997). Registration Certificate No. 2008/HE07/007. 2003/HE07/002.

3 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 From the Editors

Welcome to the inaugural issue of the Boston The review is structured into three parts. As Scholarly Review (BSR)! the inaugural issue, the review proceeds by outlining Boston’s position statement on re- The BSR is a celebration of active academic cit- search, framing it as an outworking of schol- izenship, noting the contributions of students arship (Part 1). The position paper, Reframing and educators made during the 2019-2020 ac- Research, Teaching, and Professional Practice ademic cycle. In addition to celebrating the Through the Lens of Scholarship, lays the foun- achievements of the Boston community, the dation for Boston’s understanding of schol- review serves two primary purposes. arship, research and professional practice, including teaching, and underpins the Research First, it is a public record of the research out- Management Policy for Boston. puts and scholarly activity produced within the 2019-2020 academic cycle. As strange, In Parts 2 and 3, we include the research out- stressful, and challenging as the last year has puts produced by students and educators of been, students and educators have managed to Boston City Campus (BCC) and Boston Media maintain focus and remain active in a range of House (BMH). Centring the work of students academic activities. This review honours their in the Postgraduate Diploma in Management contributions. The BSR does not intend to be (BCC) and Bachelor of Business Adminis- comprehensive in its recording of research-re- tration in Media Operations Management lated and scholarly activities. Instead, it offers (BMH), we provide abstracts for each of the a glimpse of Boston scholarship. pieces produced by our students. Following on from this section, we include a range of Second, the review showcases the calibre of research and research-related activities and the work that our senior students and edu- artefacts engaged in and produced by faculty. cators have produced as they contribute to the academic landscape through the produc- The review launches with a short word from tion of either new knowledge or enhanced the Institutional and Academic Head, Dr Hen- understanding within a range of academic drik Botha. disciplines. We are incredibly proud of the research of our students whose work is posi- Enjoy the inaugural edition of the Boston tioned front-and-centre in this review. Scholarly Review.

Dr Rob Stegmann Dr Janet Viljoen Chair: BCC Research Committee Chair: BMH Research Committee

4 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 5 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 From the Academic & Institutional Head

Participation in higher education in South Af- The funding of public institutions is partly rica has always required institutions to give linked to a complex system of state subsidi- attention to the three pillars upon which edu- sation that rewards institutions and the re- cation is based, namely teaching and learning, searchers responsible for knowledge produc- research, and community engagement. Of the tion with a financial incentive. This system is three pillars, research has typically been the not available to private higher education in- focus of operational energy, especially in pub- stitutions and explains, in part, why research lic higher education institutions. Moreover, generation is not a high priority. research is often positioned, not unproblem- atically, as the primary purpose of higher ed- Private higher education institutions have, in ucation and the credibility and influence of an consequence, focused attention on teaching institution is largely determined by research and learning, recognising it as critical to con- outputs (Peters 2019, Barron 2017). tributing to the employability of graduates.

The higher education landscape is changing. A significant change on the horizon is the new As private higher education legislation that will open up the possibility for institutions grow in number, size, private institutions to register as Universities or University Colleges (Higher Education and complexity—with some of the Act, No. 9 of 2016). While the criteria for this bigger institutions offering a more registration has yet to be decided, this shift is comprehensive range of study a significant game-changer and a motivator options across disciplines—more for private institutions to become more active emphasis will be placed on improving in the research space. (Without question, re- research capacity. search will be an important criterion for university status).

As private higher education institutions grow in number, size, and complexity—with some While private higher education institutions of the bigger institutions offering a more com- share the need to attend to the three higher prehensive range of study options across dis- education pillars, the lion’s share of knowl- ciplines—more emphasis will be placed on edge production through research has contin- improving research capacity. ued to flow from public institutions (Deacon, Van Vuuren, and Augustyn 2014). There are reasons for the unequal distribution of labour when it comes to knowledge production.

6 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Boston has always been committed to supporting faculty in a range of scholarly activities, but we are ramping up our capacity as a maturing institution that continues to be active in shaping the space in which we operate.

This inaugural edition of the Boston Scholar- ly Review (BSR) represents a significant moment in our story as a private higher education institution. As our editors, Drs Stegmann and Viljoen, note in their editorial introduction, the BSR is indeed a celebration and public record of the critical work of scholarship produced by our students and faculty.

I am confident that this effort is just the beginning of revitalising research capacity and renewing focus on the kind of scholarship that serves a philosophy of teaching and learning committed to adding value and supporting our graduates’ employability.

Dr Hendrik Botha Academic & Institutional Head

References

Barron, Gary R. S. 2017. “The Berlin Principles on Ranking Higher Education Institutions: limitations, legitimacy, and value conflict.” Higher Education 73:317-333.

Deacon, Roger, Rex Van Vuuren, and Dave Au- gustyn. 2014. “Research at private higher education institutions in South Africa.” Perspectives in Education 32 (3):5-21.

Peters, Michael A. 2019. “Global university rankings: Metrics, performance, governance.” Educational philosophy and theory 51 (1):5-13. doi: 10.1080/00131857.2017.1381472.

7 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Part 1 Reframing Research, Teaching and Professional Practice through the Lens of Scholarship By Rob Stegmann, PhD

Purpose Statement

This position paper attempts to: a. Clearly define how the institution understands the terms scholarship, research and professional practice within the broader academic project and as a response to meeting regulatory expectations. b. Provide an unpacking of scholarship, research, and professional practice, including teaching, by framing the conversation in terms of scholarship as the conceptual point of reference. c. Locate the discussion about scholarship, research, and professional practice against the backdrop of the institutional mission and vision. In so doing, the position paper foregrounds how the institutional mission and vision informs the particular conceptualisation of the core functions of higher education: teaching and learning, research, and community engagement. d. Declare the institutional position on scholarship, research, and professional practice as foundational to the Research Management Policy which, as a policy, guides decision-making, informs the implementation of procedures and protocols, and ensures a consistent, fair, and equitable experience for all.

Introduction

Participation in higher education provision is Take public University A as an example. Uni- framed by three widely recognised core func- versity A has defined its mission and vision tions: teaching and learning, research, and along the lines of being a research-led institu- community engagement. Whether public or tion (see figure 1). While University A prior- private, institutions are required, at the reg- itises research, it still needs to give attention ulatory level, to account for these core func- to and account for the other two functions of tions. While teaching and learning may be higher education, namely, teaching and learn- considered the sine qua non of (higher) edu- ing and community engagement. University cation, institutions are given the freedom to A is merely signalling the emphasis of their frame their research and community engagement activities in ways that make sense for efforts as an outworking of their institutional the institutional identity and purpose. That is mission and vision. not to say that an institution can choose to ex- clude either research or community engage- Given the differences in mission, vision and ment. Instead, the institutional purpose in- institutional emphasis across higher educa- forms how these functions are implemented. tion institutions, we can expect to see varia-

8 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Institutional Mission & Vision tions in where the accent falls on each of the core functions. A private higher education institution, for example, might decide to ac- centuate teaching and learning because its mission and vision align with a commitment Research Teaching to preparing students for the world-of-work & Learning rather than producing career academics (see figure 2). Again, it would be expected that there is evidence of research and community Community engagement. However, these functions would Engagement be framed against the backdrop of the institution’s emphasis on teaching and learning.

Figure 1 - Reasearch-led institution Boston has positioned itself as a provider of primarily undergraduate qualifications. That Institutional Mission & Vision is, while the intention is to include postgraduate programmes, the bulk of what we offer intends to serve students who are looking to higher education as a means of accessing the

Teaching world-of-work. Our students are not typically & Learning Community Engagement going to think of pursuing an academic career; they are looking for work-ready programmes that make the connection between academic and theoretical learning and practical appli- Research cation explicit. While some of them may go on to do postgraduate programmes, Boston’s purpose is to equip and skill graduates with Figure 2 - Teaching and Learning-led Institution employable skills.

Defining Terms: Thinking Through Boston’s Research Management Policy

The Research Management Policy offers a tice, scholarship is firmly located within high-level set of definitions for research, an academic discipline which circum- scholarship, and professional practice: scribes, through its discourse, the mode a. Research is an open and contested term of inquiry. The discipline, moreover, es- reflecting the interests of a range of philo- tablishes the field within which the schol- sophical and political perspectives. Given ar engages in practices of questioning that the term is porous, it loosely refers to and exploring. Scholarship, framed in activities undertaken either to enhance un- this way, constitutes an essential bridge derstanding or to contribute new knowl- between teaching and research. edge. Research is undertaken by different c. Professional practice is the outworking of agents (i.e., students, educators, research- academic citizenship; a recognition that ers) and serves a variety of purposes. the work of an academic is always framed b. Scholarship is an embodied practice char- by the broader context within which such acterised by a disposition that always scholarly activities play out. Professional seeks to question and explore. As a prac- practice also implies professional devel-

9 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 opment, the goal of which is to cultivate the parameters of scholarship and determines a culture of teaching and learning in a re- the normative discourse, methods, and scope search mode (Elton 2005)—that is, a mode of the field. committed to critical enquiry. Of the three identified scholarly activities in While the policy prioritises research (ex- figure 3, research is depicted with a solid line pressed first in the list), this position paper because not all activities, as an outworking of argues that scholarship functions as the fram- scholarship, qualify as research. Research caring conceptualisation of research, teaching ries a more narrow definition which is intend- and professional practice (see figure 3). Schol- ed to meet the criteria set by external bodies arship, in turn, plays out within an academic (e.g., DHET, CHE, etc.). discipline. Each academic discipline delimits

Institutional Mission & Vision

Teaching

Professional Research Practice Scholarship Scholarly Activities

Figure 3 - Scholarship, Research, Teaching and Professional Practice

10 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The Educator as a Scholar

As educators, our choice of academic speciali- academic citizenship. To be a citizen of the sation locates us within a particular academic academy (within an academic discipline) discipline, or field of study (e.g., commerce, means the rules of the discipline regulate our health sciences, social sciences, religious stud- participation. We can think of academic citi- ies, etc.). That discipline shapes what and zenship analogously. For example, we might how we go about our work, what we might consider a football player. A football player call our scholarly activity. Scholarly activity en- belongs to a community of football players, a compasses a broad range of undertakings, in- team among many other teams. The game of cluding teaching, the research we produce, or football is regulated. That is, it has rules by academic conferences we attend or at which which football players play the game. The ref- we present papers. eree enforces the rules. Football players know what is expected of them. To be an educator in the context of higher education is to be a scholar or an academic. We Similarly, our scholarly identity is scripted. may not always feel very academic about the We perform that identity within the acade- work we do as educators, or we may even re- my, what French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu sist the description because we see ourselves (1977, 1988) called the academic field. We are as first a professional (accountant or graphic also produced by the scholarly community designer) and second as an educator. Howev- to which we belong. When we think of the er, participation in the work of higher educa- academic field as the context for playing the tion, especially as an educator, means that we role of an academic, it is crucial to note that also assume a scholarly identity. the rules for our participation are not nearly as codified and explicit as the rules govern- Our scholarly identity is an outworking of being football. The rules shaping our play as longing to the community of learning defined academics operate at a deeper, more implicit within the parameters of the academic dis- level (Kloot 2009, 471). cipline in which we have located ourselves. Think of that scholarly identity as a form of

Scholarship as an Orientation and Embodiment

We should think, then, of scholarship as an orientation to the work we do. That orientation is characterised by always questioning and exploring within our academic discipline; it [e]ducation at its best—this profound hu- is marked by curiosity. We might even think man transaction called teaching and learn- about scholarship as a form of learning in a ing—is not just about getting information research mode. In other words, because our or getting a job. Education is about healing primary role as educators is teaching students, and wholeness. It is about empowerment, or facilitating the process of learning, we our- liberation, transcendence, about renewing selves need to be passionate about and com- the vitality of life. It is about finding and mitted to learning. We can even put it this way; claiming ourselves and our place in the world our work is driven by pedagogic love (Elton (cited by Hooks 2003, 42). 2005, 113)—love for teaching, and love that motivates and drives teaching. Parker J Palmer, educator and social activist, reminds us,

11 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 What we do in the classroom is much more pline in which we have located ourselves and than the dissemination of information. Our is active in exploring and asking questions. work shapes individual lives and projects It is also curious about how best to approach possible futures for the students entrusted to teaching, inviting us to consider the implica- us. So, our scholarly activities which include tions of a changing educational landscape. our teaching needs to translate and transmit Our scholarly being, in turn, informs a range curiosity about the world (framed by our aca- of scholarly activities that broadly fall into demic discipline). In turn, that curiosity gives three overlapping and interlocking categories, birth to research (outputs) and mobilises us to namely, teaching, research and professional be active within the broader academic world practice. It is important to note that scholarly to which we belong. activity may also include non-research type activities which are nevertheless an outwork- Scholarship, then, is about our being, to use ing of our scholarly identity. Barnett and Coate’s (2005) pedagogical framework. That being is curious about the disci-

The Professional Educator as an Expression of Scholarship

The relationship between teaching and re- fine scholarship so narrowly that it becomes search is typically assumed as a given. As it synonymous with being a researcher. turns out, that relationship is far more com- plicated and even less axiomatic than we Scholars committed to developing the craft of sometimes imagine. The connection between teaching—the professional educator—to im- teaching and research has been variously con- prove student experiences in the classroom are ceptualised as follows (Boughey 2012, 629):1 embodying a scholarly orientation and identity as much as scholars who serve the acade- • Research can serve teaching by working my through research outputs. The one form of research findings into the curriculum. scholarly activity is not better than the other. • Students can directly benefit from having a research-active staff member teach them. It is perhaps best to think of research and • Research on teaching and learning can teaching as an activity rather than an identity. help improve teaching and learning. While the professionalisation of teaching has meant that we naturally speak about being There is another way of thinking about the re- a teacher as an essential description of iden- lationship between research and teaching and tity, teaching is still something we do as an teaching and scholarship. As we have noted embodied activity. Moreover, the activity of in this paper, to be an academic is to belong teaching is reflective of an identity that is more to a community committed to a way of think- textured than can be carried or transmitted ing about the world, framed by our academic by assuming the title of teacher. The person discipline. In as much as research is an aspect who teaches is always more than the teaching of our scholarly identity, teaching should also she does. Similarly, doing research and pro- be understood as an outworking of that iden- ducing outputs represent activities that give tity. While it is reasonable to expect that every expression to a thickly textured identity as a scholar will engage in a range of scholarly ac- scholar. And, to be a scholar is to make a state- tivities, it is not reasonable, or helpful, to de- ment about the broader context within which

1 See also the analysis conducted by Boughey and McKenna (2011b, 2011a) of the national review produced by the Council on Higher Education (CHE). On each of the conceptualisations, Boughey also offers a critique as she moves the conversation towards recognising that teaching within the HE space is not just about teaching knowledge. What we do in the classroom, physical or virtual, is teach students “how knowledge is made” (2012, 634).

12 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 we give expression to our identities. The argument is not that teaching should now become the focus, and research should receive It is unfortunate that higher education almost less attention. The argument is that teach- exclusively defines its purpose in terms of re- ing and research as expressions of scholarly search. And, because research is elevated to identity should be both recognised as crucial such a high and lofty status, it is also valued to the world of higher education. The scales more significantly than other scholarly activi- are tipped more towards research at present, ties. Research is literally valued. It carries a fi- so there may be a need for some counterbal- nancial and reputational value that has made ancing. Those scholars committed to teaching it a commodity to be accumulated, sold, and should be afforded the same recognition as traded. And, it is more highly valued than scholars dedicated to research. Indeed, both teaching because research can be monetised scholarly orientations need each other and (Budd 2016, Clark 2006, Tomlinson and Water- allowing for the differentiated expression of meyer 2020, Wilkinson and Wilkinson 2020). scholarly identity along the teaching and re-

2 Bourdieu’s notion of the homo academicus is a deep and reflexive sociological idea that recognises the academy as a construction, a field into which an academic is induct- ed and in which an academic acts and is acted upon. The academic habitus, that is, the “deeply engrained habits, skills, practices, and dispositions that become habituated or embodied, and thus naturalised” (Stegmann 2020, 83) is circumscribed by the field. The field also identifies the specific capital required to occupy the space, to be the academic. The homo academicus, therefore, represents an embodied (academic) identity. That identity is both shaped by and serves to maintain the academic field. It is an identity that relies on the academic field for its existence and is therefore committed to reproducing the habitus and reinforcing the specific capital necessary for membership.

13 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 search lines acknowledges that scholarly iden- demic discipline, personal agency, and several tity is constructed. Its construction is framed other, often competing factors, that produce and informed by institutional affiliation, aca- the homo academicus (Bourdieu 1988).2

Scholarly Activities: Research and Professional Practice3

Research, very simply, is the scholarly activ- • Artwork as part of an exhibition for ity that produces an artefact of one kind or critical review another that is meant to contribute to—a new • A film submitted for consideration at an perspective, understanding, configuration, arts festival arrangement, theory, performance, etc.—or • Performance (dramatic, poetic, dance, etc.) enhance understanding of the body of knowl- • A script submitted for critical review edge specific to our academic discipline. A • Business case analysis broader definition of research recognises both the idea that for an artefact to be considered a research contribution, it must either be new or In addition to a range of research activities, enhance understanding. scholarship is also evidenced in several other activities, including those activities that are However, even with a broader definition, an typically considered aspects of professional important criterion must be met for a piece to practice and/or relate to personal develop- qualify as a research output; namely, it must ment. For example, conference attendance, be subject to peer evaluation or adjudication. CPD workshops/seminars, occasional studies, In other words, what we produce as research membership of a professional body or schol- must be submitted to peers within our disci- arly society, community engagement, teach- pline who render a judgment on its value as ing practice, etc. a contribution to the discipline.4 Concrete examples of research (qualitative, quantitative, Professional practice, like teaching and re- and performative) include: search, is framed by scholarship. In other words, the activities that contribute to en- • Peer-reviewed journal articles hancing professional practice need to be un- • Dissertations/theses derstood as being in the service of and giving • Chapter(s) in a book (peer-reviewed) expression to our scholarly identity. • A book/textbook

Conclusion

Having conceptualised scholarship as the overarching framework for defining research, teaching, and professional practice, this position paper has sought to disentangle some of the layers that constitute the relationship between institutional identity (mission and vision) and scholarly activities, maintaining that the former informs the latter. Intending to argue that the while research continues to be (prob- lematically) positioned as primary, teaching, and professional practice are legitimate outworkings of

3 While the scope of this position paper precludes a detailed discussion about the importance of community engagement, it is nevertheless crucial to both frame it as an outworking of scholarship and reposition it as critical to the work of higher education. Institutions that prioritise closer alignment between the world of the academe and the world-of-work tend to frame community engagement in terms of professional practice and stakeholder engagement that contributes to improved graduate employability. 4 According to the DHET Policy and Procedures for Measurement of Research Output of Public Higher Education Institutions (June, 2003, 3), research output is defined as “textual output where research is understood as original, systematic investigation undertaken in order to gain new knowledge and understanding. Peer evaluation of the research is a fundamental prerequisite of all recognised output and is the mechanism of ensuring and thus enhancing quality.” While this definition narrows research to a textual output, we choose to broaden the definition to both recognise and include critical contributions from a wider range of disciplines, especially the arts, including the production of artwork, film, etc. Recognition of works produced within the arts, corresponds with the notion of performative research which is differentiated from quantitative and qualitative research (Haseman 2006). While widening the definition, we nevertheless require that the artefact be subjected to peer evaluation.

14 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 scholarship and scholarly identity to be equally recognised and valued.

Differentiation of institutional mission and vision across the higher education system plays out in how research, teaching, scholarship and professional practice are framed and implemented. The ability to account for the core functions of higher education, while important, must always be considered contextually along two primary horizons: institutional autonomy and regulatory expectation.

Boston’s explicit emphasis on undergraduate programmes identifies teaching and learning as propor- tionally more important than research and community engagement. However, by prioritising teaching and learning, Boston nevertheless recognises and supports scholarly activities directly linked to research and community engagement. The Research Management Policy articulates Boston’s position on research as a specific scholarly activity and assumes that academic staff and students will engage in research of various kinds.

References

Barnett, R., and K. Coate. 2005. Engaging the Cur- Haseman, Brad. 2006. "A manifesto for performa- riculum in Higher Education. England: McGraw-Hill tive research." Media International Australia incorpo- Education. rating Culture and Policy 118 (1):98-106.

Boughey, C, and S McKenna. 2011a. "A meta-anal- Hooks, Bell. 2003. Teaching community: A pedagogy ysis of teaching and learning at five historically of hope. Vol. 36: Psychology Press. disadvantaged universities." Pretoria: Council on Higher Education. Kloot, Bruce. 2009. "Exploring the value of Bour- dieu's framework in the context of institutional Boughey, C, and S McKenna. 2011b. "A meta-anal- change." Studies in Higher Education 34 (4):469-481. ysis of teaching and learning at four comprehen- doi: 10.1080/03075070902772034. sive universities." Pretoria: Council on Higher Edu- cation. Stegmann, Robert. 2020. Contested Masculinities: Polysemy and Gender in 1 Thessalonians. Edited by Boughey, Chrissie. 2012. "Linking teaching and Susanne Scholz, Feminist Studies and Sacred Texts. research: an alternative perspective?" Teaching in Lanham: Lexington Books. Higher Education 17 (5):629-635. Tomlinson, Michael, and Richard Watermeyer. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Prac- 2020. "When masses meet markets: credentialism tice Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cam- and commodification in twenty-first century High- bridge University Press. er Education." Discourse (Abingdon, England):1-15. doi: 10.1080/01596306.2020.1814996. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo academicus. Translat- ed by Peter Collier. Stanford: Stanford University Wilkinson, L. C., and M. D. Wilkinson. 2020. "Val- Press. ue for money and the commodification of higher education: front-line narratives." Teaching in higher Budd, Richard. 2016. "Undergraduate orienta- education:1-17. doi: 10.1080/13562517.2020.1819226. tions towards higher education in Germany and England: problematising the notion of ‘student as customer’." Higher education 73 (1):23-37. doi: 10.1007/s10734-015-9977-4.

Clark, William. 2006. Academic charisma and the or- igins of the research university. Chicago: Chicago : University of Chicago Press.

Elton, Lewis. 2005. "Scholarship and the Research and Teaching Nexus." In Reshaping the University: New Relationships between Research, Scholarship and Teaching, edited by Ronald Barnett, 108-118. New York: Open University Press.

15 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Part 2a Boston City Campus: Postgraduate Diploma in Management Research Outputs1

Overview

The PGDip (Management) curriculum and design ensure that graduates are equipped with essential twenty-first-century competencies necessary for navigating an increasingly complex world of work. The programme provides students with a unique opportunity to gain advanced knowledge of business and general management while foregrounding the contextual challenges.

The curricular objectives are realised, in part, by requiring students to complete a 16-credit research project report supervised by a senior faculty member and supported by a dedicated educator. Students are encouraged to explore a research topic that resonates with their interests. Using a quantitative research methodology, students conduct surveys, engage in the relevant literature, analyse data and draw conclusions about their research hypothesis.

The range of topics covered includes the ongoing challenges of women in business as they continue to carry the lion’s share of family responsibility, the impact of COVID-19 on business, Mil- lennials’ brand attitude towards an online retailer, employee productivity in work-from-home situations, and the impact of recycling on the preservation of the environment, to name a few.

1 Minor editorial changes have been applied to the abstracts.

16 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Year 2020

An investigation into the challenges faced by women in the tourist industry, Port Shepstone, South Africa

Student: Tarusha Gounder Supervisor: Dr Hein Brand Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract This research report is specifically focused on Women worldwide face challenges in their the tourist industry in Port Shepstone and in- endeavours to climb to the top of the ladder, vestigates the scope for employment, up-skill- and this research aims to achieve the following and promotion of women. This challenge ing objectives: is, however, not restricted to Port Shepstone. • To establish the leading causes of challenges women face as employees of Beekman group. Historically, women in South Africa have been • To establish the role of culture and community marginalised, although they are recognised as play as agents of challenges face by women. the strength of the nation. In terms of South • To analyse how women’s challenges af- Africa’s constitution, women must be given fect their performance and development equal opportunities as men in education and of their career as employees and manag- employment. Women, especially women of ers at Beekman Group. colour, were restricted in education, employ- • To establish measures that help women in ment and promotion during apartheid. Gov- the Beekman Group overcome these chal- ernment has been assisting in this process, al- lenges to be more productive at work. though funding of women-owned businesses, scholarships for women and creating oppor- Based on research findings, recommendations tunities even in government continues to be are offered to help curb the challenges faced a challenge. The backlog is so significant that by women at the Beekman Group to contrib- it will probably take many more years before ute positively to the business’s success. full equality can be obtained.

The Impact of Working from Home on Employee Productivity

Student Name: Shumeez Hendricks Supervisor: Dr Hein Brand Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract Working at home is often claimed to adverse- observation. This research examines the im- ly affect employees’ career progress, pre- pact of working at home on productivity lev- sumably because managers are inclined to els by comparing various measures of satis- negatively evaluate employees’ performance faction levels by professional employees who whose activities are not available to frequent work at home with similar employees who do

17 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 not. The conclusion for further research and The study used an online self-administered practice are discussed. This research sought survey created on Google Forms. The sur- to establish what factors contribute to the suc- vey results showed that individuals could cess of working from home. Having collected successfully work from home through moti- data, the researcher provides statistical analy- vation and support of managers, colleagues, sis on each employee’s level of productivity to and/or family. Moreover, the study demon- achieve the research objectives set out in this strated that working from home is the future short dissertation. of every organisation, and concluded with recommendations for strategies to effectively and efficiently work from home.

The Impact of the CIDA Toastmasters Educational Programme on CIDA Students’ Workplace Employability and Effectiveness

Student Name: Boitumelo Jwere Supervisor: Dr Hein Brand Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract The CIDA City Campus Toastmasters pro- the extent of this impact. The programme gramme was introduced to improve CIDA has made CIDA City Campus students to students’ presentation skills, communication improve the way they sell themselves to pro- skills, and listening skills. The impact of this spective employers. This has also allowed the programme has mostly been positive, owing students to network with other companies to to its affording students a good chance to learn improve their employment prospects. from different people and each other in the programme. Through individual and group Data was collected by distributing semi-struc- rehearsals students had prospects and op- tured questionnaires and conducting personal portunities of correcting each other, and ulti- interviews. Interviews had to be done to gain mately became aware of where they needed to a personal experience from different people improve as far as their presentation, communi- who had participated in the Toastmaster pro- cation and listening skills were concerned. gramme. The study showed that some of the causes of incompetence were inadequate re- This research is based on an investigation of sources in the library, lack of proper materials issues that cause lack of competence on CIDA for students are performing drama or present- students and the resultant efficacy of the ing speeches, public speaking, and debates. toastmaster’s programme to alleviate certain flaws that contribute to poor presentation, The programme supports and attracts stu- communication and listening skills. Because dents from different people, including exter- of the evident change the Toastmasters pro- nal companies, classmates, entrepreneurs, gramme has brought to the average compe- and lecturers. This programme is indeed tence of CIDA students, which contributes what students needed to improve the said immensely to the quality of human resources skills, which are critically significant for their and ultimately to the economy, some research employability and workplace performance. had to be done to investigate and document

18 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Exploring Family-Life Responsibilities and Their Effect on the Performance of Working Women

Student Name: Anben Kanabathy Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract As a result of the South African economy’s • To evaluate how family responsibilities changing interface, more women are now par- affect women’s ability to discharge their ticipating in the employment arena. However, responsibilities at the workplace. although this is seen positively, women are still • Establish whether a relationship exists be- viewed as the primary caregiver and predom- tween family responsibilities and perfor- inantly in charge of managing and performing mance at the workplace. domestic family duties. This results in women • To determine how to mitigate the chal- having the considerable task of juggling dual lenges of family responsibilities on wom- family roles whilst striving to perform at work en’s performance at the workplace. and possibly building a professional career. This study explores the various family respon- The researcher found that all four family vari- sibilities working women in Durban have and ables measured contribute to poor work per- the difficulties they face in performing ade- formance for women. The main factors emerg- quately or excelling in their careers due to fam- ing from the data are Childcare and household ily responsibilities. duties, which significantly contributed to a lack of flexibility in women working extra hours or Because this research sought to Explore Fami- studying for future career growth. The results ly-Life Responsibilities and their Effect on the further showed that 95% of women are primar- Performance of Working Women, a quanti- ily in charge of household duties and only 40% tative study was conducted where data was of women have equally separated childcare collected via a self-administered questionnaire duties and household chores with their spous- using a convenience sample of 20 employed es. The results also show that women spill-over women, in Durban, South Africa. This was attitudes, experiences, and feelings from one followed by a presentation, descriptive statis- role to another were, women feel exhausted tical analysis and synthesis of data to make a from family duties to the extent that they are meaningful engagement with the findings of unable to perform at work. the study which enabled the researcher to answer the below research question and achieve The study then concludes with recommen- the following objectives: dations and strategies to mitigate challenges • What family responsibilities do women posed by family responsibilities which cause have that pose as a challenge to working poor work performance for women. women at the workplace? • To identify the family responsibilities that pose as a challenge to women at the workplace.

19 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 An investigation of the factors influencing consumers’ preference of brick-and-mortar shops over online shopping in South Africa

Student Name: Pieter Kilian Supervisor: Nick Hardwick Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract A quantitative study was conducted regard- Because this research sought to establish what ing the reasons a part of the population still the factors are that influence consumers’ pref- relies on brick-and-mortar shops rather than erence of brick-and-mortar shops over online the online alternative. The study’s purpose shops, data was collected using a structured was to explore the properties and characteris- survey, followed by a statistical analysis of tics of consumers that still prefer retail shops the gathered data in an attempt to answer the over online shopping and what the reasons following research questions: were. It has become easier than ever to buy • Research Question 1 – Does age influence anything you desire online, and have it deliv- consumers’ preference of brick-and-mor- ered to your doorstep, yet, retail shops, shop- tar shops over online shops? ping centres, and malls are still being built. • Research Question 2 - Does product type So, retail shops still have the devoted support influence consumers’ preference of brick- of a notable portion of the population. The and-mortar shops over online shops? study was conducted in a quantitative ex- • Research Question 3 - Are there any neg- ploratory manner. The population is defined ative associations that influence the pref- as individuals over the age of 18, living in erence of brick-and-mortar shops over Johannesburg, with access to the internet. A online shops? researcher-administered survey served as the data-gathering instrument, and the data anal- With the aid of an online, self-administered ysed using Microsoft Excel. survey, 15 participants answered were anonymously gathered. The study results showed The main theory is that a portion of the pop- that, although all the factors influence con- ulation still prefers brick-and-mortar retail sumers’ preference, product type and neg- shops rather than online shops. Age Group ative perceptions had the most significant Theory: this theory supports the notion that influence. The study concludes with recom- a specific age group splits the population in mendations on what online shops can focus terms of this preference. Product Group The- on to address these factors and improve cus- ory: this theory supports the notion that a par- tomer satisfaction. ticular product group splits the population in terms of this preference. Negative Perception Theory: this theory supports the notion that a portion of the population still prefers brick- and-mortar shops because of negative perceptions about online shops.

20 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Impact of recycling on the preservation of the environment in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

Student Name: Tsakani Mathye Supervisor: Nick Hardwick Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Munici- the environment, with a focus on the City of pality is one of the three metros in Gauteng Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. A quan- Province and the biggest metro with seven titative study will be conducted whereby data regions. The study aims to explore the impact will be collected anonymously via close-end- that recycling has on the preservation of the ed surveys followed by statistical analysis environment, with a focus on the City of Tsh- and synthesis, in an effort to respond to the wane Metropolitan Municipality. research questions and achieve the following research objectives: Recycling has many immediate and long term • To assess the factors that contribute to the benefits to the environment and the health of lack of recycling in the City of Tshwane the population. Furthermore, recycling con- Metropolitan Municipality tributes to the economy as create jobs. In this • To assess the factors that contribute to the regard, the City of Tshwane must implement preservation of the environment sustainable recycling programmes in commu- • To make recommendations to the City of nities of the City to adhere to the legislation Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality on and by-laws and improve the state of the en- how to implement sustainable recycling vironment. This study aims to explore the im- programmes effectively pact that recycling has on the preservation of

An investigation into the coping strategies employed by female security guards against the challenges they face at work: A South African township context

Student Name: Antoinette Moagi Supervisor: Nick Hardwick Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract The research established that most women sure groups advocating for their recognition at are engaging heavily in skills development work so that the workplace and work design and training to stand against their inferiority recognise the ladies and their natural features. ranking in the workplace. About 45% of the These groups had also roped in some govern- women go to school for professional courses ment agents and ministries. Some women had such as Information Technology and finance chosen to abandon and break with the cultur- courses. About 30% had chosen to confront al and social norms. They are moving away the organisational leadership through pres- from the ceremonial expectations and duties of

21 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 women. They are challenging men in the jobs the challenges. Due to their persistence, other that used to be reserved, exclusively, for men, women end up getting deployed to higher of- such as firearms officers, fleet drivers and man- fices hence climb promotional ladders. Some agement. Some women are even delaying their women are forming some mentorship, career marriage and engage in child/birth control to guidance and counselling programmes where reduce their family burden hence pursue pro- the new female recruits are taken for intensive fessional careers and climb the career ladder orientation and educated on the typical work- like men. A significant number of ladies had place challenges so that when they encounter resorted to building resilience against their them, it will not be a challenge anymore. Some challenges, including social and religious ap- use emotional control and self-awareness as proaches; others create good friends at work to their main resilience strength to avoid easily increase their connectivity within and outside being hurt in the workplace. The other promi- their organisations for skills and idea-sharing. nent finding is that some women had resorted While a small number chose to quit and resign to flexibility, and others had chosen to ignore earlier to reduce stress, a good number suggest- and accept their challenges as they feel it is dif- ed that they continue with their jobs despite ficult to change.

An evaluation of the challenges in business operations and their effects from a human resource perspective: A study of the telecommunications sector

Student Name: Rallden Naik Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the paper since they would be directly involved relevant factors affecting business operations with the business’s general daily operations. from a human resource perspective and its The questionnaires were distributed with a effects on telecoms business. Following on timeline and a mail address on where to send from the findings of the study, the research- the completed questionnaires. Excel tools for er offers recommendations and remedies to probability sampling were applied to the re- the challenges. The data was collected using a ceived data. The research presentation results data tool (quantitative method) with a Likert show that all challenges stated cause business scaling system. All the data retrieved from failure if they are not remedied correctly and this tool was then analysed through the data efficiently. Operations management, on the analysis packing in Microsoft excel, whereby whole, will always have various challenges descriptive data was displayed and explained that affect a business, due to the ever-chang- in the research itself. The question papers ing world this can be problematic if this is not were allocated to a specific business manag- appropriately remedied, resulting in negative er, mainly the General Manager, Operations consequences for a business. The study gives Manager or Human Resource Manager. If vital recommendations and remedies to the they were not available, an Office Manager challenges researched with useful insight into would be selected to respond to the question the research problem.

22 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Online Shopping: The Brand Attitude of South African Millennials towards Takealot

Student Name: Benyamin Orelowitz Supervisor: Dr Hein Brand Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract Takealot is the leading online retailer in South in South Africa towards Takealot. This infor- Africa. This research project sought to estab- mation can then be used in further research lish the factors that contribute to Millennials’ to help build a complete picture of the Brand brand attitude towards the online retailer. Equity of Takealot. Data were thus collected giving context to the world of online shopping, millennial shop- The results of the study showed that Millen- pers and the brand Takealot. This research led nials generally have a favourable attitude to- to a focus group survey and then the creation wards Takealot. of an online questionnaire that was dissemi- nated amongst millennial shoppers in South However, of course, there are always areas Africa. The questionnaire gathered informa- that can be improved. This study showed tion about the participants’ attitudes towards that the main area that needs improvement is Takealot. that people feel that the prices for goods are too high, and they want to see more compet- Following this, the results of the question- itive and cheaper deals on goods. Moreover, naire were then run through statistical analy- the delivery speed can be improved upon as sis to achieve the following research objective: some people were not satisfied with the speed • To determine the brand attitude of South of delivery of goods. African millennial online shoppers using the expectancy-value model through an The study concludes that for Takealot and the online survey. general public to benefit from this research, more research needs to be done to accompany The online self-administered survey provided this study and help build a complete picture details regarding the Attitude of Millennials of the brand equity of Takealot.

23 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 An Investigation into Customer Switching at a Selected Satellite TV Company in Pretoria, South Africa

Student Name: Michael Schoeman Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract The selected company is South Africa’s lead- geographically distributed population. The ing digital satellite pay-television broadcast- most available and accessible family members ing service company. Remaining competitive and friends who are customers of the cho- is essential for the success of any business. sen company in Pretoria, South Africa, were With the rise of internet-based streaming plat- invited to participate in the study. The final forms in South Africa, the selected company sample consisted of those who were willing has seen a loss in its top-tier and mid-tier cus- to partake. tomer base. This seems to be because many customers are cancelling their subscriptions While all factors tested, except for customer to switch to internet-based streaming services. service, contribute to customer switching, the Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perceived price stood out as the main factor. establish what factors contribute to customer There is a general perception that: switching at the selected company. • The selected company is not affordable in comparison to internet-based streaming This research sought to establish the main fac- services; tors that contribute to customer switching at • The selected company does not provide the selected company. Therefore, data were value for money in comparison to inter- collected via close-ended surveys from the net-based streaming services; and most available and accessible family members • The prices of the selected company are and friends who are customers of the selected not fair. company in Pretoria, South Africa. This was followed by statistical analysis and synthe- The results showed a strong correlation be- sis in an attempt to achieve the following re- tween switching costs and the other factors search objectives: that contribute to customer switching. Argu- • To establish the main factors that contrib- ably, the likelihood exists that if switching ute to customers switching from the se- costs were to improve, so would the other lected company to internet-based stream- factors that contribute to customer switching. ing services. The study concludes with recommendations • To establish whether switching costs have for strategies that the selected company might an effect on the other factors that contrib- use to increase customer retention. Successful ute to customer switching. customer retention requires organisations to • To recommend strategies that the selected thoroughly investigate, analyse and under- company may use to improve customer stand the market in which they operate. The retention. selected company will continue to lose customers to internet-based streaming services if Utilising online self-administered surveys al- they do not understand the factors that con- lowed the researcher to conveniently and pur- tribute to customer switching. posively select a sample from the larger and

24 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 An Evaluation of the Factors Influencing Employees’ Work Ethics: A Case Study of SMMEs within the Automotive Industry of Port Elizabeth in South Africa

Student Name: Wessel Strydom Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Educator: Zwelithini Mabhena

Abstract Quality inspection within the automotive The study makes use of a questionnaire, as industry has become an integral part of the this method is suitable for quantitative re- industry. Since manufacturers in this in- search. This study aims to show that there is dustry rely on large quantities of parts from a distinct difference in the motivational fac- various first- and second-tier suppliers, they tors that influence work ethic for different outsource the quality inspection of incoming generational cohorts. This study also seeks parts to on-site contractors. These contractors to prove that work ethic is greatly influenced are generally SMMEs with relatively small by motivation for personal gain. A direct cor- teams consisting of mostly unskilled labour. relation between work ethic, work quality The financial success and ability to win con- and productivity will be investigated. It will tainment projects greatly rely on past perfor- subsequently be shown that employee perfor- mances and work efficiency. The key contrib- mance has a direct impact on SMME reputa- utor to this efficiency is the work ethic of the tion within the industry. employees. This study will show that Age does not nec- The purpose of this study is to investigate essarily impact work ethic, but that factors the factors affecting employees’ work ethics such as Generational Cohort, Ethical Egoism, in SMMEs within the automotive industry of and Ethical Relativism influence work ethic. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The problem can The study will be shown to be successful in be seen as a lack of employee work ethic nega- answering the research question and reaching tively influences SMME reputations and sub- the research objectives. sequently affects business competitiveness. The study will provide guidance to SMME management on how to effectively address the work ethic of their employees in such a manner that it promotes work quality and productivity. Team leaders and higher management will benefit from additional knowledge regarding the driving force behind good work ethic and how work ethic impacts their company’s reputation.

25 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The impact of COVID-19 on the Namibian economy in the Tourism Sector

Student Name: Marko Zahradnicky Supervisor: Nick Hardwick Educator: Zwelithini Mabhen

Abstract With the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandem- While the research was conducted, there were ic, causing chaos worldwide, many counties different lockdown stages in the country, and have declared a travel ban and instituted a participation results may vary. Asking em- national wide lockdown, due to the rising ployers if they are retrenching staff or closing fear of the virus. Many countries, including their business, is a sensitive topic. Still, the re- Namibia, are highly dependant on the tour- sults obtained paint a general picture of what ism industry as they contribute a tremendous is happening, in the Namibian economy. amount to the annual GDP. The research results clearly show that the ma- This research explores the extent that the jority of employers are considering or have to COVID-19 has on the Namibian economy in retrench staff as the companies most surely the tourism sector since nearly 100 700 people do not have the financial means to continue are employed in the tourism sector. There is a operating as usual. Half salary and unpaid rising fear that many small companies will not leave for some employees are the unreal reali- survive the lockdown and will have to close. ty with which the staff must cope.

A close-ended survey was conducted examin- Despite these difficult times, most participants ing four constructs to answer critical questions. indicated that the tourists are slowly gaining The objectives of this research were as follows: trust and hope that they can travel Namibia in • How many people might lose their job? 2021. COVID-19 will significantly impact the • How many SMME’s will survive or not economy, and nearly 40% of tourism-related survive the lockdown. companies are bound to exit the business. The • What are the premeasurements taken by tourism companies in Namibia are sceptical tourism-related companies, to survive that tourism will accelerate after July 2020. during the lockdown period?

A self-administered online survey was distributed to a variety of tourism-related companies in Namibia via email. The survey was drawn up using Google Forms.

From a list of all registered tourism companies in Namibia, 152 were randomly selected to participate. The survey was mailed to participants, and they had 15 days to complete the survey.

26 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 27 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Part 2b Boston City Campus: Faculty Research Outputs1

Overview

Boston City Campus currently offers programmes in a growing range of academic disciplines including business, economics and management studies; law; computer and information sciences; psychology; social sciences; education; communication, journalism and related studies; family ecology and consumer sciences; and, public management and services.

The portfolio of research outputs below demonstrates an emerging culture of scholarly activity which is increasingly being taken up by faculty members. Notwithstanding the pressures of maintaining a clear focus on teaching and learning, faculty continue to see the work of research, conference attendance and participation, research fellowships and affiliations, and external ex- amination of Masters and PhD students from other institutions as a vital aspect of their day-today work.

Entries are organised to reflect a range of scholarly expressions: Academic Journal Articles; Books and Book Chapters; Postgraduate Supervision; Conference Presentations; and, Popular Works (e.g., newspaper articles, blog contributions, etc.). Where possible, abstracts or summaries are provided and all bibliographical details are included as footnotes.

1 Minor editorial changes have been applied to the abstracts.

28 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Academic Journal Articles

Determining the Market for Marine Wildlife Tourism in South Africa2

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College, Stellenbosch, Affiliated with Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society (TREES), Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, School for Tourism management, North-West University, South Africa, ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

P van der Merwe Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society (TREES), Faculty of Economic and Man- agement Sciences, School for Tourism management, North-West University, South Africa, ORCID 0000-0002-6640-4062

M Saayman (PhD) [RIP] Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society (TREES), Faculty of Economic and Man- agement Sciences, School for Tourism management, North-West University, South Africa, ORCID 0000-0001-991-0140

Abstract Viewing and interacting with wildlife in their tive methods are employed in the form of a natural habitat has become an important com- survey, where questionnaires were adminis- ponents of the tourism industry. Shark cage tered to participants of shark cage diving and diving and whale watching are two promi- whale watching. The profile of these tourists nent activities in South Africa and are becom- is indicative of mostly international partici- ing an increasingly popular tourist attraction. pants who have never participated in similar Humans are fascinated with these animals activities before, between the ages of 35 and and want to have a close-up experience. The 40 years. The motives of tourists to participate literature clearly indicates an increase in the indicate that an experience, being educated interest of tourists towards marine wildlife about marine wildlife, the feeling of success activities. The behaviour of these participants, gained through the activity and being close to referring specifically to the profile, reasons for marine wildlife are all important motivations participation, and experiences when partici- for certain tourists. Six market segments have pating in marine wildlife activities, needs clar- been identified, namely thrill seekers, thalas- ification. If these behaviours are known, mar- sophiles (from the Greek ‘friends of the sea’), keting can be done more effectively. Gaining risk takers, adrenaline seekers, consorts and an understanding of why these participants experience seekers (T2RACE). The results ob- join in marine wildlife activities, the industry tained from this research are hopefully going can hopefully be managed more effectively to be very useful for improving the under- and efficiently. Therefore, the purpose of this standing of the marine wildlife tourism mar- research is to determine the market of marine ket, development of marine wildlife tourism wildlife tourists in terms of shark cage diving participation guidelines, and in enhancing and whale watching. Quantitative, descrip- quality of offerings and best practices.

2 Geldenhuys, L., Van der Merwe, P. and Saayman, M., 2019. Determining the market for marine wildlife tourism in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(4), pp.1-18.

29 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 A scrutiny of the essence of business incubators in the distribution sector3

Chukuakadibia Eresia-Eke, Chux Gervase Iwu, Afeez Olalekan Jaiyeola, Tichaona Buzy Musikavanhu

Abstract Purpose: The potential for small businesses Results: Results reveal that the gender com- in the distribution sector to contribute to so- position of incubatees is severely skewed in cio-economic development remains largely favour of males. Also, most incubatees en- inert due to a litany of challenges that they rolled in the incubators with a hope that it face. Incubators have emerged as the ‘silver would ease their pathway to big businesses, bullet’ for most of the problems but the extent financiers and business registration institu- to which they are effectively helping small tions, and it is not. business overcome their challenges remains debatable. This study seeks to determine the Conclusion: Incubators are mostly in- core reasons why respondents enrolled in an ward-looking and are adept at offering train- incubator, the essence of the incubator and the ing interventions. To improve the effective- extent to which the incubator performance is ness of incubators, it is necessary to invest satisfactory. efforts in attracting more females and building networks with key external stakeholders Research design, data, and methodology: A that could possibly assist the incubatees es- positivist philosophical approach was adopt- tablish and grow their businesses. ed for the study. This quantitative study used a survey method to collect data from incubatees in a cross-sectional manner. The data were subsequently analysed to generate necessary insights.

Administering postgraduate education for success: The necessity for postgraduate orientation4

Chux Gervase Iwu, Tichaona Buzy Musikavanhu, Hector Nkandu, Maurice Dassah

Abstract The call by the government of South Africa en in this regard. This knowledge gap is dire for an improved postgraduate throughput especially in light of the essential role of post- and pass rate is yet to meet with commensu- graduate education in national government’s rate attention from researchers. To date, not strategy for improved employment statistics much empirical studies have been undertak- and of the emphasis on access to much more

3 Eresia-Eke, C.E., Iwu, C.G., Jaiyeola, A.O. and Musikavanhu, T.B., 2019. A scrutiny of the essence of business incubators in the distribution sector. Journal of Distribution Science 17(6), pp.5-13. (DOI: 10.15722/jds.17.6.201906.5). Institutional affiliation(s): University of Pretoria and Cape Peninsula University of Technology. 4 Iwu, C.G., Musikavanhu, T.B., Ukandu, H. and Dassah, M., 2019. Administering postgraduate education for success: the necessity for postgraduate orientation. Aca- demia, (16-17), pp.185-210. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.26220/aca.3177). Institutional affiliation(s): Cape Peninsula University of Technology.

30 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 meaningful work. Postgraduate education is data and writing up the research report. Data commonly perceived to be a lonely journey for this study was collected during a two-day because students are considered mature at orientation programme at a South African the level of postgraduate studies. Despite the university of technology. The faculty of busi- assumption that postgraduate students have ness and management sciences organised the somewhat mastered the art of academic writ- two day event so that the faculty’s new post- ing, they confront certain challenges associat- graduate students could be made aware of the ed with postgraduate study. In South Africa, steps they are required to follow during their postgraduate students have often complained studies. The results suggest an overwhelming about lack of guidance regarding administra- approval of postgraduate orientation. This tive processes and procedures associated with paper provides an ideal opportunity to fur- research. One of the approaches to clarifying ther examine poor postgraduate throughput the roles and responsibilities of the postgrad- and pass rates in South African universities uate student is orientation. Specifically, with but, more importantly, it is hoped that the pa- respect to postgraduate research, orientation per advances new ways of looking at the man- programmes offer students the opportunity agement and administration of postgraduate to familiarise themselves with administrative students as well as postgraduate orientation procedures regarding research ethics, data at higher education institutions. collection, submission of chapters, analysis of

More than a teacher: Understanding the teacher-learner relationship in a public high-school in South Africa5

Leza Soldaat Stellenbosch University

Abstract Teaching is considered a caring occupation due ships formed between the teacher and learner. to the nature of the interaction between teach- The article suggests that teachers adopt three ers and learners (Hocschild, 1983). Care giving additional roles outside that of teaching. These can be a demanding task, however, emotional roles, the coach, counsellor, and parental fig- labour invested in the occupation – with re- ure, foster emotional understanding (Denzin, gards to their relationships with learners – con- 1984) between the teacher and learners, which tributes to job satisfaction, commitment and be creates a positive classroom climate. These emotionally rewarding. The proximity or dis- roles are deemed necessary for the fulfilment tance of these relationships are dependent on of successful relationships with learners. How- five emotional geographies, namely socio-cul- ever, there are challenges which teachers face tural, moral, professional, physical, and politi- when attempting to develop these bonds with cal relatability (Hargreaves, 2001). This paper learners, which include a negative classroom draws on a case study of teachers at a former climate, socio-cultural distance, and sexual ha- Model C high-school in South Africa to exam- rassment – faced by women teachers. ine the formation and development of relation-

5 Soldaat, L.J. 2019. More than a teacher: Understanding the teacher-learner relationship in a public high-school in South Africa. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 9(1): 77 – 89. DOI: 10.5539/jedp.v9n1p77

31 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Clinical Ethics Committees in Africa: Lost in the shadow of RECs/IRBs?6

K. Moodley, S. Kabanda, L. Soldaat, A. Kleinsmidt, A. E. Obasa & S. Kling.7

Abstract Background: Clinical Ethics Committees ness of CECs. However, the majority of partic- (CECs) are well established at healthcare in- ipants (81.7%) were interested in establishing stitutions in resource-rich countries. Howev- CECs. Participants listed assistance required er, there is limited information on established in establishing CECs including funding, re- CECs in resource poor countries, especially in sources, capacity building and collaboration Africa. This study aimed to establish baseline with other known CECs. The results do not data regarding existing formal CECs in Afri- reflect CECs established since the onset of ca to raise awareness of and to encourage the COVID-19 in Africa. Conclusions: This study establishment of CECs or Clinical Ethics Con- provides a first look into CECs in Africa and sultation Services (CESs) on the continent. found very few formal CECs on the conti- Methods: A descriptive study was undertaken nent indicating an urgent need for the estab- using an online questionnaire via SunSurveys lishment of CECs or CESs in Africa. While to survey healthcare professionals and bio- the majority of healthcare professionals and ethicists in Africa. Data were subjected to de- bioethicists are aware of ethical dilemmas in scriptive analysis and Fischer’s exact test was healthcare, the concept of formal CECs is for- applied to determine associations. Texts from eign. This study served to raise awareness of the open-ended questions were thematically CECs. Research ethics and RECs overshadow analysed. Results: In total 109 participants CECs in Africa because international funders from 37 African countries completed the sur- from the global north support capacity devel- vey in December 2019. A significant associa- opment in research ethics and establish RECs tion was found between participants’ bioeth- to approve the research they fund in Africa. ics qualification or training and involvement Raising awareness via educational opportu- in clinical ethics (p = 0.005). All participants nities, research and conferences about CECs were familiar with Research Ethics Commit- and their role in improving the quality of tees (RECs), and initially conflated RECs with health care in Africa is sorely needed. CECs. When CECs were explained in detail, approximately 85.3% reported that they had no formal CECs in their institutions. The con- straints to developing CECs included lack of training, limited resources, and lack of aware-

6 Moodley, K., Kabanda, S.M., Soldaat, L., Kleinsmidt, A., Obasa, A.E. and Kling, S., 2020. Clinical Ethics Committees in Africa: lost in the shadow of RECs/IRBs?. BMC medical ethics, 21(1), pp.1-10. 7 Institutional affiliation: Moodley, K. (Stellenbosch University), Kabanda, S. (Stellenbosch University),Soldaat, L. (Stellenbosch University), Kleinsmidt, A. (Stellenbosch University), Obasa, A.E. (Stellenbosch University) & Kling, S (Stellenbosch University).

32 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Books and Book Chapters

The Travel Drive8

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

Synopsis Consider for a moment the last time you went are no longer obligated to travel to specific on holiday. There must have been a specific destinations, but all are in reach. As a result reason why you decided to undertake the of this growth in the industry, there are a journey. Can you remember the reason? As a variety of different reasons why people will tourist you would have had a variety of desti- undertake a journey. These reasons can either nations to choose from, such as a coastal des- be something that drives the tourists from an tination, a bushveld destination, a mountain internal perspective, such as a feeling of want- destination or an urban destination. Did you ing to escape a busy lifestyle, or it can be an decide the destination for the scenery, food external stimulus, such as seeing an advertise- or culture, or did you choose the destination ment for a trip to an island destination, that as a means of relaxing away from your work- awakened the need for a holiday. ing environment? The destination we choose as tourists often relate directly to our needs, It is therefore important for all travel and or the reasons we have for embarking on the tourism students to understand the push- journey. Whatever your specific reason was, and-pull factors that influence people’s de- the journey had a purpose and you had a cision to travel. This is also where Maslow’s need to fulfil. Tourism practitioners have to hierarchy of needs come into play. Maslow’s understand such needs and how it relates to hierarchy provides an excellent overview of tourists’ travel drive, as this will indicate the not only our daily needs, but the needs that reasons why people travel and allow for op- tourists will want to have met, such as ca- portunities of improvement and experience tering, accommodation, entertainment, be- enhancement. Not only can it enhance our longing and social situations. Our needs are understanding of tourists, but it can greatly directly related to our motives for travelling. contribute to the expansion of the industry. When an understanding of tourists’ needs are acquired, the specific offering can be tailored The tourism industry is vast and ever-grow- to maximise the benefits and value for tour- ing. Tourism can be defined as “the activity ists, and thereby stimulating growth. Further- of people who move between different geo- more, travel motives are often used to explain graphic locations, for any purpose and any people’s movement in both a global and local duration” (World Tourism organisation, environment and provide valuable insight 2018). This contribution involves social and into the interpretation of tourism statistics. financial exchanges between the tourist and This unit therefore provides the reader with members of the local community. Due to the an overview of travel behaviour and the im- improvement in transportation methods and portance of travel motives within the context globalisation, tourism has become a popular of the tourism industry. and ever-growing industry where travellers

8 Geldenhuys, L., Ellis, N., Huxtable, B., Landers, S., Gebers, J., Terblanche, E. & Weimann, T. 2019. South African tourism in perspective. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media.

33 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 1 WhereMinor editoriala faculty changesmember have has producedbeen applied a co-authored to the abstracts. work, the faculty member’s name is bolded.

Global and Local Tourism Footprints9

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

Synopsis Tourism is a global phenomenon with a dy- close the border of Mozambique. A large part namic nature. The industry is constantly of the community is owned and operated by changing and growing and with this, impacts South African National Parks (SANParks) and on economic, environmental and socio-cul- has a strong cultural orientation. Visitors im- tural factors. For example, in 2017 the tourism merse themselves in the beauty of the ocean, industry created 31 752 new jobs in a strug- deep sea fishing and scuba diving activities. gling economy, marking 2017 as the year in As a tourist in the area, you will have to spend which tourism has created the most jobs in a money on food, drinks, activities and access to period of a year, in the last eight years (Sats- the beach. For some activities, such as fishing, sa, 2018). The industry is not only dynamic in you will need a permit, while you will also be this regard but shows resilience during tough spending money on accommodation and per- economic periods. One of the aims of tourism haps purchasing hand made goods from the management is to maximise the positive im- community members, such as hand-crafted pacts, while minimising the negative impacts. wooden items. By merely purchasing some of The aim of tourism at the destination level is these items, you are making an impact on the to maximise positive economic and socio-cul- local economy, while impacting the cultural tural impacts while minimising negative en- community and contributing to environmen- vironmental impacts. tal impacts. Keeping this in mind, the unit fo- cusses on highlighting the economic, environ- Imagine yourself on holiday in a small rural mental and socio-cultural impacts that result community such as Sodwana Bay. Sodwana from tourism activities at a destination. bay is a small community in KwaZulu-Natal,

9 Geldenhuys, L., Kean, C., Ahmed-Deonarain, M., Rossouw, N., Schroeder, J. & Williams, S. 2020. Travel Agencies: An Operational Guideline. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media.

34 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The Importance of Information

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

Synopsis Information is an integral part of any travel would like to prepare yourself on certain ele- agent’s toolkit. Agents need to gather infor- ments, such as accommodation and transpor- mation and provide information to the public. tation options, and collecting information will They will need to gather information on new assist in eliminating your uncertainty. and interesting products and destinations to deliver innovative travel services. Similarly, There are two ways that you can collect in- it is also important for them to provide rele- formation on travel components at the des- vant information on their specific services to tination, namely traditional methods and the market in an appropriate manner. Provid- web-based methods (Kah et al., 2016:125). ing information that is relevant and useful to Traditional methods include brochures, leaf- tourists is an important in tourists’ decision lets, personal experience (if this is applica- making process. Accurate information will in- ble) and speaking to friends and family who fluence the tourist’s decision to make use of a have been to the destination previously. Web- particular travel agent’s services. based methods, on the other hand, provide ease of access to a large database of informa- The knowledge acquired on various travel tion and is convenient for the tourists. This in- components, such as accommodation, trans- cludes visiting websites, blogs and watching portation or even the destination itself, can online videos on the internet. After speaking minimise the risk of vacationing at an un- to a friend, you still want a bit more informa- known destination. For example, if you have tion on the destination and decide to speak to not visited Vietnam previously, travelling a travel agent, who points out helpful web- there for two weeks will seem daunting, es- sites and provide you with brochures to read pecially since the culture is different to what on the destination. Based on what you have South Africans might be used to. Collecting heard and read, you decide to book you va- information from travel agents or even per- cation and embark on a bucket-list adventure. sonal sources can assist the tourist to feel more at ease and to have an idea of what to With the above in mind we will reverse the expect from their holiday there, thereby solv- roles. Consider yourself to be the travel agent ing travel uncertainty (Kah, Vogt & MacK- that is asked to provide information on travel ay, 2016:125). We should therefore consider components at the specific destination. There the importance of information from both the will be information available, but you need to tourist’s perspective and the travel agent’s provide it to the tourist in a way that makes perspective. sense for their particular needs. Where would you find the information, and how would you Think about an international destination present it to them? you would like to visit one day, for example Australia or Bali. You have never been to this The unit considers the importance of informa- destination before, but you have made the de- tion to travel agencies by discussion the vari- cision to travel there and you are equally ex- ous types of information required and used to cited and unsure of how to go about booking provide a successful service. Each component your vacation and what to expect. You know is considered separately, which includes a that this is all part of the excitement, but you discussion on general guidance, information

35 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 for accommodation, transport and destina- and how this impacts the travel and tourism tion-specific information. The unit ends off industry. with a look at information in the Digital Age

Travel offerings: Cruises10

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

Synopsis Cruise tourism has been described as a grow- of 2019 is 18 ships (CLIA, 2019). This will fur- ing and dynamic industry and the econom- ther contribute to the economic contribution ic contribution is often overlooked (Gibson, of the industry as an increase in passengers 2018:1). According to a study conducted mean an increased revenue. amongst cruise liners worldwide, approximately 1 108 676 shipboard officers and Cruise passengers are offered a variety of crew members are employed by the indus- entertainment options, restaurants and rec- try, (CLIA, 2019). A total of US$ 45.6 billion reational activities onboard. With the added (R 688.5 billion) (at the time of writing) are bonus of convenience and comfort, this con- paid annually in wages and salaries (CLIA, tributes to the romanticized façade of cruise 2019). Additionally, the indirect contribution tourism. Selecting a cruise destination is the of this industry includes the employment of first step in the process of participating in a various suppliers, such as food services, en- cruise. Once the need for a holiday has been gineers, manufacturers, port agents and au- realised and the tourist has selected a desti- thorities, the transportation sector and the nation, such as Mozambique and Pomene as accommodation sector (Gibson, 2019:1). With offered by MSC Cruises, the next step is to this in mind, it is clear that the supply side of book the cruise. Various dates and prices are the cruise tourism industry has a vast impact, provided for the specific option, and booking which includes a social and economic contri- is as easy as completing the online booking bution to local and national economies across form or contacting your travel agent and pay- the world. From the demand side the indus- ing the deposit. try supplies cruises year-round, with a total of 26.7 million passengers currently participat- Tourists are increasingly opting for a cruise ing in cruises, but this is expected to increase during holiday times because of the conve- to 30 million passengers by end 2019 (CLIA, nience offered. All meals, accommodation 2019). This number has been steadily increas- and entertainment onboard is included in the ing from 2009 with a total of 17.8 million pas- price of the cruise, leaving passengers with sengers who cruised during that year. This little to want for. The unit therefore address- indicates an increase of 12.1 million passen- es the different types of cruises available and gers participating in cruising over the past ten compares the advantages and disadvantages years. Aside from the number of passengers of cruising as a holiday. Other concepts ad- that have increased, the number of ships that dressed are the inclusions and exclusions of a will be making a debut throughout the course cruise, the important considerations of which

10 Geldenhuys, L., Kean, C., Ahmed-Deonarain, M., Rossouw, N., Schroeder, J. & Williams, S. 2020. Travel Agencies: An Operational Guideline. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media.

36 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 travel agents should be aware of and how to eller and agent’s perspective, and lastly, an make recommendations to travellers, how to evaluation of current local and international go about booking a cruise, important prepara- trends in the cruise tourism industry. tions for a cruise holiday from both the trav-

Travel offerings: Coaches11

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

Synopsis Globalisation has made it possible for tour- Coach transportation is somewhat slower ists to travel to many destinations around the than air transportation, but there are various world. For the majority of tourists, flying to benefits to making use of coach transporta- the destination and taking an alternative type tion, some of which are addressed through- of transport to surrounding destinations is out the unit. Furthermore, the unit explores the first option. However, in some instances the different types of coaches, identifies what tourists will make use of coaches to travel to, is included and excluded in coach transpor- from and around a destination. Coach travel is tation purchases and discusses how these in- similar to a bus, but coaches are used for long clusions and exclusions should be identified. distance travel as it includes a wider range of Important considerations for travel profes- convenience enhancing features. This includes sionals who work with coach transportation beverage services, improved comfort and on- bookings are also recommended, while de- board bathroom facilities. With the enhanced scribing the reservation process in depth. The convenience, tourists often opt to travel long important travel preparations for both the distances with coach transportation. tourist and the travel professional is outlined, with relevant examples to assist with a prac- Coaches are used as either the primary meth- tical understanding. The unit concludes with od of travelling from the destination of origin an evaluation of current coach travel trends in to the destination for tourism purposes, or it South Africa and around the world. can be used as a way of travelling between various attractions as part of a tour. In a different situation, the bus can be used as transport at the end destination to travel between the various attractions.

11 Geldenhuys, L., Kean, C., Ahmed-Deonarain, M., Rossouw, N., Schroeder, J. & Williams, S. 2020. Travel Agencies: An Operational Guideline. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media.

37 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Itineraries12

Linda-Louise Geldenhuys Boston City Campus and Business College ORCID 0000-0003-2284-3714

Synopsis Planning and organisation are two key el- plied with an itinerary. Your tour will depart ements to a great holiday. How a holiday or for a five-day tour to Phuket on 15 April from journey is planned and organised will differ O.R. Tambo International Airport and you fly for each tourist. Planning starts when you set with Etihad Airlines, flight number EY603. an achievable objective, such as saving enough You will arrive in Phuket on 16 April at ten money to visit an international destination for o’clock. From there, you will meet the driv- 14 days. Planning can, therefore, be defined as er and be transported to the Seaview Patong the process of preparing for a specific situa- hotel. On the first day in Thailand, you will tion or scenario and formulate a way in which depart on a city tour of Patong at nine o’clock. the situation should be navigated (Saayman, Lunch will be served at a local restaurant as 2009:116). The concept of organisation, on the part of the tour. Day two marks your visit to other hand, can be described as the process the Big Buddha. The statue is an important of arranging actions and tasks that should be landmark in Thailand and worth the visit. Day completed to achieve a specific objective (Saay- three is a travel day to Krabi. Once there, you man, 2009:144). It is clear that planning and or- will check in to your hotel and spend some ganisation go hand in hand, this is also true for time relaxing. On day five you will embark travelling. An itinerary is a method for travel on a guided hike to a waterfall and have the professionals to ensure effective planning and opportunity to spend some time enjoying the organisation is implemented. natural surroundings. During the hike, you might spot various animals and be exposed As a tool for planning and organisation, an to vegetation indigenous to the island. This is itinerary makes it easy for the travel profes- also your last day in Thailand and the after- sional to plan all components of the client’s noon is yours to spend however you like. The holiday, but it also makes it easier for the cli- following day, you will be transported back ent to understand the layout of the trip, and for to the airport and board flight number EY604 when excursions have been scheduled. While back to O.R. Tambo with Etihad Airways. planning the trip, the itinerary provides an overview of how each day will be spent, how While this is a brief overview of what an much time is available for each activity and itinerary might entail, there are various for- when the best time will be to participate in var- mats that an itinerary can be presented in ious activities. The itinerary will also serve as a and that a tour can be arranged according to. point of reference for the tourist. For example, The amount of detail stipulated in the itiner- if the tourist needs to check their flight time ary will also be dependent on the needs and and number, it can be found on the itinerary, wants of the tourist. The purpose of this unit as well as the electronic flight ticket. is, therefore, to identify, explain and be able to compile an effective and efficient itinerary. If you purchase a tour to Thailand from Hel- lo Islands, a tour operator that specialises in designing tours to Thailand, you will be sup-

12 Geldenhuys, L., Kean, C., Ahmed-Deonarain, M., Rossouw, N., Schroeder, J. & Williams, S. 2020. Travel Agencies: An Operational Guideline. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media.

38 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Managing risks, stakeholders and procurement13

Tichaona Buzy Musikavanhu Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis Risks are unavoidable in a project. The book by emphasising the importance of procure- chapter discusses how a project manager, in ment management, how to efficiently and ef- consultation with various stakeholders, can fectively manage the process of acquiring raw identify, analyse and minimise or eliminate materials for the project, the use of procure- the impact of risks. Furthermore, the success ment policies and maintaining good supplier of any project is dependent on how well the relations. Managing risks, stakeholder rela- project manager understands and manages tions, and the procurement processes should stakeholder expectations and interests during help to achieve project objectives. the project life-cycle. The chapter concludes

Contested Masculinities: Polysemy and Gender in 1 Thessalonians14

Robert Stegmann Research Fellow, Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Old and New Testament ORCID 0000-0002-9655-5136

Book Description In Contested Masculinities, the author argues for the importance of critical consciousness, and attentiveness to the interplay of the biblical text, context and the long, complex, histories of interpretation that play out in the construction of masculinities. Locating his reading of 1 Thessalonians within the thickly textured setting of a postcolonial, post-apartheid South Africa, the author seeks to recontextualize Paul, providing a nuanced understanding of how Paul’s letters exercise authority over both the church and the academy. The author maintains that attempts to frame either the biblical text or notions of masculinity as singular and universal perpetuate and reinforce binary for- mulations (church/academy, global north/global south, coloniz- er/colonized, male/female) and entrench hierarchies of power. The author re-reads 1 Thessalonians, exploring the fissures that come into view when training a postcolonial and gender-critical lens on the biblical text and delivers a refreshing account that is playful and open and porous, especially as a conversational piece for masculinity, ancient and contemporary.

13 Masikavanhu, T B. 2020. Managing risks, stakeholders and procurement. In Anderson, W, Le Roux, C, & Ward, B. (eds.). 2020. Project Management: From Kick-Off to Close-Out. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media. 14 Stegmann, R. 2020. Contested Masculinities: Polysemy and Gender in 1 Thessalonians. Lanham: Lexington Books. This title is part of the series Feminist Studies and Sacred Texts, edited by Susanne Scholz.

39 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Harvard Method of Referencing: A Beginner’s Guide15

Jacques J. Viljoen Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis Referencing is a method used in the academ- we write, it says something about who we are, ic world to indicate where ideas, theories, and at the heart of who we are, should be love quotes, facts and any other evidence and for what we do, and that means treating our information used in an assignment can be scholarship with love and a love for knowl- found. The Harvard style of referencing is edge (Waghid & Davids, 2019, p.10). With this an author-date method that cites each source beginner’s guide to the Harvard method of within the body and at the end (reference list) referencing, Boston City Campus wants to in- of an assignment by providing the name(s) troduce a fundamental and standardised style of the author(s) followed by the date of pub- of referencing to acknowledge the sources of lication. Higher education commands many information that students use in their assign- references. Our scholarship depends on what ments (Viljoen: 2019).

Stress and Care Techniques for Caregivers16

Jacques J. Viljoen Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis HIV/AIDS has shifted the medical landscape more formal health care, reaching into homes completely and placed significant responsi- and communities affected by HIV/AIDS (UN- bility on the shoulders of caregivers. This re- AIDS 2, 2013). However, social protection in sponsibility is unusually large in South Africa, the form of remuneration or opportunities to where the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is excep- generate income must be given to caregivers tionally high. The burden of HIV/AIDS care is to allow them to provide their much-need- not only limited to caregivers in the healthcare ed care without risking their own economic professions. It spills over into communities, stability (UNAIDS 2, 2013). The chapter high- forcing the informal sector and professionals lights the difficult circumstances under which in several other positions to counsel, educate caregivers work and looks into the strategies and care for people infected and affected by that can be implemented to help caregivers to HIV/AIDS. Many health departments or min- cope with occupational stress and to prevent istries in developing nations favour creating burnout. It also discusses how caregivers can a professional workforce of community care- take care of themselves (Viljoen, 2019). givers to complement and further the reach of

15 Viljoen, J. J. 2019. Harvard Method of Referencing: A Beginner’s Guide. Johannesburg: Boston City Campus & Business College. 16 Abrahams, A., Aslam, V., Hennop, I., Potgieter, L., Shaw, G., Terblanche, E., Van Rugge, R., Viljoen, J., Volschenk, H. 2019. Fundamentals of HIV Care and Support. Edge Learning Media

40 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Employee17

Jacques J. Viljoen Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis Despite the education and work to raise many concerned itself mainly with training awareness around the topic of HIV/AIDS, in and non-discrimination between employer 2015 UNAIDS found that, across 35% of the and employees over HIV/AIDS. Employees countries with relevant data, half the men are not required to share their HIV/AIDS sta- and women admitted to holding discrimi- tus with their employer nor are forced to do natory attitudes to people living with HIV so. Still, a lack of education in this area con- (UNAIDS, 2015). We are bombarded with in- tinues to perpetuate irrational fear and ille- formation on the topic of HIV/AIDS. Why is gal discrimination against people with HIV it then that those employees with the disease (Schimke, 2014). From the previous two units, are still struggling to communicate with their you were given an overview of HIV/AIDS, employers and co- workers for fear of being and you learned about HIV/AIDS in Africa victimised? With myth, suspicion, taboo and and the world. It is clear that the stigma as- doubt, HIV/AIDS is ever since embedded in sociated with people living with HIV/AIDS myth, suspicion, doubt, and the fact that the prevails. The current unit is focusing on the disease is the result of having sex, therefore, impact of HIV/AIDS-related stigmas on the the subject is often not spoken about open- employee in the workplace. The chapter elab- ly. Those living with the disease face broad orates on HIV-related stigma, discrimination, forms of stigma in their daily lives. While its relation to prejudice, negative attitudes, there are So don’t, we have laws protecting abuse aimed at individuals living with HIV/ the employee that is impacted by HIV/AIDS? AIDS, and bereavement counselling and sup- Yes, we do have such protecting laws in the port (Viljoen, 2019). form of the Employment Equity Act. Still,

17 Terblanche, E., Filmer, L., Huxtable, B., Van Rugge, R., Viljoen, J., Volschenk, H. 2019. Fundamentals of HIV Workplace Policy and Training. Edge Learning Media.

41 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Postgraduate Supervision

The Implementation of a Performance Management System: A Case Study of a Selected Logistics Company at City Deep in Johannesburg, South Africa

Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Student: Kenneth Dipela Kgatle Date: August 2020 Purpose and Organisation: Full dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Technology in Human Resource Management Degree in the Faculty of Management Sciences at the Durban University of Technology.

Abstract A selected logistics company, at City Deep for data collection from study participants. in Johannesburg, rolled out a balanced score- Microsoft Excel was used to analyse the data card as a strategic performance management collected. Inferential (z) statistic testing, factor system (PMS) to remedy service delivery analysis, and Cronbach’s Alpha test were per- challenges since 1997. The institutionalisation formed using the Statistical Package for the of the system has become an essential aspect Social Sciences (SPSS) and the statistical tools of the organisation’s people management available in Microsoft Excel. strategy to the overall strategic objectives of the company. Numerous problems marred its Research findings revealed that the compa- implementation, with some employees citing ny’s vision and mission statement were not inconsistencies in the ratings awarded, inef- adequately shared with subordinates con- fective communication and favouritism, and cerning the company’s balanced scorecard as this consequently affected service delivery a PMS. Additionally, performance feedback performance. was found to be biased and ineffective, thereby severely affecting the implementation of The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the PMS. the implementation of a PMS at the selected logistics company. The study was guided by In conclusion, senior management must in- its sub-objectives. These include determining stitutionalise continuous professional devel- the factors influencing the participation of opment workshops to effectively disseminate managers and employees in a PMS; evaluat- the organisation’s vision and mission state- ing the relationship between knowledge prac- ments to its employees. Managers are urged tices in a PMS and excellent service delivery to conduct regular performance evaluation and seeking remedies to the implementation sessions and provide objective written perfor- challenges thereof. mance feedback to subordinates timeously.

A quantitative research methodology was utilised. Standardised close-ended questionnaire on a seven-point Likert Scale was employed

42 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The Challenges of Enriching Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises with Financial Management Knowledge in Kwa Zulu Natal, Metropolitan Area

Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Student: Wiseman Mazibuko Date: 2020 Purpose and Organisation: Full dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Business Administration Degree in the Faculty of Management Sciences at the Durban University of Technology.

Abstract South Africa is experiencing enormous so- Results show that the sector has grown and cio-economic challenges such as gender-based has become an engine to drive economic stabi- violence, poverty and inequality, including a lisation, poverty alleviation and employment high level of unemployment. Many business- creation. However, perennial challenges grew es are either closing or downsizing. Many exponentially. A majority of SMMEs concurs businesses are either closing or downsizing. that lack of adequate financial management People are resorting to alternative ways to acumen negatively impacts on their success. alleviate poverty by establishing SMMEs. To Most of them cannot upskill themselves and get established, SMMEs are encountering a are not satisfied with stakeholder interven- daunting task when it comes to implementing tions in that regard. sound financial systems. In conclusion, funding is not a panacea to all The study sought to examine the challenges of the challenges faced by this sector. Solutions capacitating SMMEs with financial manage- should come from SMMEs instead of stake- ment acumen and to remedy the difficulties holders prescribing how problems should be of implementation thereof. Primary research resolved. Apart from financial management was conducted amongst SMMEs in KwaZu- understanding, SMMEs maintains that net- lu-Natal, Metropolitan Area. working opportunities with business associ- ates are vital to their success. A quantitative research paradigm was adopt- ed utilising a five-point Likert scale questionnaire as data collection instrument. A sample of 250 randomly selected SMMEs participated from a target population of 2200. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as SPSS and Cron- bach’s Alpha.

43 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Effect of the implementation of the progression education policy at public institutions: a case study of Pinetown District in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.

Supervisor: Dr Alpha Mugari Student: Philasande Dedictus Makhanya Date: November 2020 Purpose and Organisation: Full dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Technology in Public Administration and Management Degree in the Faculty of Management Sciences at the Durban University of Technology.

Abstract Education is a fundamental human right for tured interview questionnaires administered all South Africans as enshrined in the consti- to teachers and learners from conveniently tution and the Schools Act No. 84 of 1996. The selected four schools in the Pinetown District government is mandated to ensure that all Department of Education from a sample of 80 citizens have access to education and should participants. they satisfy the learning outcomes completes/ progresses to the next level. This implies that The outcomes of this systematic inquiry have there is progress in education. Challenges revealed massive and complex effects of the like repetition, dropouts, and age-grade with- implementation of the progression of edu- in the education system should not hinder cation policy. Concerning learners, these in- teaching and learning. clude the inability to cope with the next level, future poor performance and capabilities, On the contrary, the implementation of the lack of interest in learning, students’ reliance, promotion and progression policy (PPP) has and entitlement. Regarding teachers, these in- presented many challenges to the school- clude teacher frustration, delusion and false ing system (Government Gazette No.19377, confidence, grade 12 poor performance lack 1998:03 and Department of Education circular of key attributes and many others. No. 94 of 2014:94). The regulation allows the passing of students who would have failed As recommendations to the implementation the grade to avoid keeping them in one phase challenges of the PPP and future educational for longer than four years. policy matter, bottom-up consultation, moni- toring and evaluation, and alternative ways of Against this backdrop, the purpose of the pedagogy featured were seen as integral strat- study is to investigate the effect of the im- egies to remedy the implementation thereof. plementation of the progression of educa- Whilst a plethora of interventions and recom- tion policy at public institutions. It sought to mendations were made, immediate interven- explore the factors that qualify a student for tions like include extra classes, practical and advancement, examine the behaviour and ac- technical skills, experimental work, repetitive ademic performance of progressed students teaching, knowledge and understanding, in a classroom and to seek ways of resolving over-crowded classes, identification of learn- the unintended consequences the policy has er difficulties at an early stage, parental in- caused within the schooling system. volvement featured prominently.

A qualitative interpretive paradigm was ad- opted. Data was collected using semi-struc-

44 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Conference Presentations

Exploring staff perceptions of first-generation students to enhance professional development of academic staff18

C. Hamshire, R. Forsyth, S. Caton, D. Fontaine, & L. Soldaat19

Abstract Supporting students’ transition to higher edu- were invited to reflect on their perceptions and cation, is often described as essential to enhance experiences, using semi-structured interviews. their progression and learning experiences. Yet All interviews were digitally recorded; tran- students from non-traditional backgrounds scribed verbatim and subsequently analysed continue to report considerable difficulties using a thematic approach to identify staff in adapting to university life (Hamshire, For- perceptions. Despite the very different cultural syth, & Player, 2018; Laubscher-Kelly, Paxton, contexts experienced by these students in the & Majombozi, 2018). Whilst there is a consid- two institutions, the staff reported consider- erable body of research on students’ learning able similarities in the challenges they believed experiences, the perspectives of staff working that students face in integrating into university with those students are rarely recorded. This life. This session will present findings from the paper reports on a collaborative project be- project, with a focus on the role of academic tween researchers in the UK and South Africa professional development, We will also show- exploring staff perceptions of first generation case some of the resources developed for pro- students’ experiences. Twenty members of fessional development during the project as staff volunteered to be included in the study well as offering reflections on future develop- at each of the participating institutions, and ments and potential wider implications.

18 Hamshire, C., Forsyth, R., Caton, S., Fontaine, D. & Soldaat, L. 2019. Exploring staff perceptions of first-generation students to enhance professional development of academic staff. In: Proceedings: EuroSoTL 2019, 13 June 2019 - 14 June 2019, Bilbao, Spain. Retrieved from: http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/624935/ 19 Institutional affiliation: Hamshire, C. (Manchester Metropolitan University), Forsyth, R. (Manchester Metropolitan University), Caton, S. (Manchester Metropolitan University), Fontaine, D (University of Cape Town). & Soldaat, L (University of Cape Town).

45 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Teaching and Learning: Lessons for the FYE from a High School: Case Study20

Leza J Soldaat

Abstract Teaching is considered a caring occupation due emotional understanding between the teacher to the nature of the interaction between teach- and learners (Denzin, 1984), that creates a posi- ers and learners (Hocschild, 1983). Care-giving tive classroom climate. These roles are deemed can be a demanding task, but emotional labour necessary for the fulfilment of successful re- invested in the occupation – with regards to lationships with learners. There are, though, their relationships with learners – contributes challenges which teachers face when attempt- to job satisfaction, commitment, and can be ing to develop these bonds with learners – emotionally rewarding. The proximity or dis- these include a negative classroom climate, so- tance of such relationships are dependent on cio-cultural distance, and sexual harassment of five emotional geographies, namely: socio-cul- women teachers. Overall, the paper provides tural; moral; professional; physical; and, polit- an understanding of the relationships formed ical relatability (Hargreaves, 2001). In this con- between teachers and learners and how this text, this presentation draws on a case study, can contribute to a successful and effective conducted during 2016 and 2017, of teachers teaching and learning experience. Although at a former Model C high-school located in the research was conducted at a former Model Worcester, South Africa to examine the forma- C high-school, a recent presentation at a sym- tion and development of relationships formed posium at the University of Cape Town, high- between the teacher and learner. The paper lighted valuable points which staff at tertiary suggests that teachers adopt three additional institutions could implement in the classroom roles outside that of teaching. These roles – the (especially with regards to First-in-Family stu- coach, counsellor, and parental figure – foster dents) for effective teaching and learning.

The Expectations Gap: Resources to Support Discussion21

C. Hamshire, R. Forsyth, D. Fontaine, & L. Soldaat

How can we make a difference? Staff discourses of First Generation students22

C. Hamshire, R. Forsyth, S. Canton, D. Fontaine-Rainen, & L. Soldaat

20 Soldaat, L.J. 2019. Teaching and Learning: Lessons for the FYE from a High School; Case Study. South African National Resource Centre (SANRC), First-Year Experience (FYE) conference, Durban: South Africa. Available at: https://www.sanrc.co.za/index.php/conference-2019-presentations 21 Forsyth, R., Hamshire, C., Fontaine-Rainen, D, & Soldaat, L.J. 2019. The Expectations Gap: Resources to Support Discussion. South African National Resource Centre (SAN- RC), First-Year Experience (FYE) conference, Durban: South Africa. Available at: https://www.sanrc.co.za/index.php/conference-2019-presentations 22 Hamshire, C., Forsyth, R., Caton, S., Fontaine, D. & Soldaat, L. 2019. How can we make a difference? Staff discourses of First Generation students.South African National Resource Centre (SANRC), First-Year Experience (FYE) conference, Durban: South Africa. Available at: https://www.sanrc.co.za/index.php/conference-2019-presentations

46 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 (Re)Membering Higher Education: An Exploration of an Integrative Pedagogy and its Implications for Quality Advancement23

Robert Stegmann Boston City Campus and Business College

Mike Thoms Boston Media House

Abstract In this paper, we argue for an integrative ped- suggesting that many of the metrics and mod- agogy at the centre of all quality assurance els run the risk of re-inscribing an educative and management activities and propose that a paradigm that fractures the learning experi- pedagogy which elevates human flourishing, ence both for students and faculty. Thus, while well-being, and justice, reframes, reimagines approaches to quality assurance within Higher and re-members (a fractured) higher educa- Education Institutions often pay attention to tion. The paper wrestles with the notion of the various aspects of HE and to ensuring the academic integrity as the outworking of an effective and efficient management of these institution’s pedagogy and thereby draws the parts, it is not always clear how the parts are correlation between an integrative (and inte- integrated into a coherent system or how such grating) pedagogy, quality enhancement and a system contributes to academic integration. the resulting integration of learning for the The resulting fragmented attempt to attend to student. The paper presents an intersectional each part, even while pursuing the goal of an pedagogy informed by capabilities approach, integrated system, betrays a view of learning transformative learning and the knowing-do- that is itself fragmented. In this paper, we at- ing-being paradigm of Barnett and Coate tempt to re-member quality in higher educa- (2005) and determines how the overlapping tion by exploring the nature and implications and interlocking of these theoretical and eval- of an integrative pedagogy for quality. uative paradigms can assist in reimagining the metrics of quality assurance. Furthermore, the paper problematises approaches to higher education quality assurance and management,

23 Stegmann, R. & Thoms, M. 2019. (Re)Membering Higher Education: An Exploration of an Integrative Pedagogy and its Implications for Quality Advancement. Council on Higher Education, Pretoria, CSIR International Convention Centre, 26-28 February.

47 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Popular Works

Boston City Campus & Business College embraces the fundamental role of e-resources in the digital universe of e-learning and teaching24 Jacques J. Viljoen Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis Recognising the rapid growth of e- learning and at their own time”. Students are thus able worldwide, Boston’s academicians continual- to position their knowledge project within the ly collaborate, and gauge e-resources related broader commercial knowledge system and to programmes and modules taught, to con- to benchmark their endeavours on the knowl- tinually offering accessible ‘library’ resources edge continuum from the lower NQF levels to that students can utilise “in their own space, the most advanced.

Remote Work Environment: Balanced, Agile and Adaptable25 Jacques J. Viljoen Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis Working remotely has become the new norm. or having to organise accommodation which Working from the comfort of your own home, entails extra cost and inconvenience. A healthy and perhaps in your favourite pyjamas, comes balance will keep your life free from undue with the avoidance of the stresses of travelling stress, busyness and guiltiness so that you can to a venue which may be miles away from home lead a happy, healthy and purposeful life.

Virtual relief in a time of extreme uncertainty26 Jacques J. Viljoen Boston City Campus and Business College

Synopsis There are several things we cannot control how long it will last, or what things will be like about lockdown and Covid-19 – not knowing when it’s over. One aspect we do know, how- how long it will last can feel unnerving – but ever, is that worrying about it won’t change the we can manage some parts of the day, and we outcome. Learning how to tolerate uncertainty must focus on these matters and not the things is a massive part of building healthy coping we can’t control. Reflecting on what we have skills for ourselves. Keeping your sanity and control over is essential in a situation of extreme managing your happiness is key. uncertainty. We don’t know what will happen,

24 Innercity Gazette, March 2019. Available from https://issuu.com/innercitygazette/docs/innercity_gazette_4_-_11_april_2019 25 BBC Blog, September 2020. Available from https://www.boston.co.za/remote-work- environment-balanced-agile-and-adaptable/ 26 BBC Blog, March 2020. Available from https://www.boston.co.za/virtual-relief-in-a-time- of-extreme-uncertainty-tips-to-stay-on-top-of-your-game/

48 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 49 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Part 3a Boston Media House: Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in Media Operations Management Students1

Overview

Boston Media House offers a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in Media Operations Management. A four-year undergraduate degree, the BBA provides candidates with the opportunity to specialise in the business aspect of the media world. Students meeting the requirements of the qualification will be positioned to assume operational management responsibilities in the various sub-fields of media communications. Additionally, candidates may further their learning in other aspects of media from a vantage point of a solid foundational understanding of the structures, operations, and legislative framework specific to the broader media environment.

In the final year of this programme, the candidates complete Research Methods, which is a 20-credit introduction into the world of formal research. Paired with this subject is the Research Project, a 30-credit independent research undertaking. Students attend lectures as part of Re- search Methods and are paired with a supervisor who serves as a guide and mentor during this research journey.

Submissions featured in this edition of the Boston Scholarly Review explore topics ranging from the effect of cyber attacks on businesses in Gauteng, an investigation into the stereotypical portrayal of women in the horror film genre, the emergence of online radio stations and the effect this is having on traditional broadcasting, and what the future of journalism is in South Africa, considering the emergence of citizen journalism.

1 Minor editorial changes have been applied to the submissions.

50 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Year 2019

Getting in touch with consumers: using social media to create brand awareness and customer engagement

Student: Maletsema Angy Mashabela Supervisor: Dr Nadia Morton Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract Technology has improved how brands create that for customers social media is an ideal way brand awareness and engage with their cus- to be heard and have their opinions consid- tomers when new means of communication ered. The interview results from advertising such as social media is introduced. Social me- agency representatives indicate that social media has changed the way brands, marketers dia humanises the brands, helps them reach and consumers see the buying process. This large audiences and have a direct connection study investigated the effectiveness of so- with their customers. The overall results of the cial media applications (Facebook, Twitter, study thus show that social media is an effec- YouTube, and Instagram) in achieving brand tive tool to create and sustain brand awareness awareness and customer engagement. Experts and customer engagement, and consequently in the advertising and marketing industry has to be embraced. Social media will continue (n=5) were interviewed and social media us- to grow, placing pressure onto brands to shift ers (n=42), were invited to complete an online from using traditional media to social media to questionnaire. The questionnaire results found keep their customer base.

Shaping the future of television in South Africa

Student: Keamogetswe Mabe Supervisor: Dr Nadia Morton Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The research study applied theory about In- services by embedding IoT solutions. To win formation Communications Technology (ICT) the race to IoT value, media companies must and the components thereof to the television identify a business and operating model that industry of South Africa and aimed to construct balances IoT development and management feasible ways to predict the future of South Af- costs with investment returns and incremen- rica’s television industry. The television indus- tal revenue per user. There’s no one-size-fits- try is one undiscovered sector where the Inter- all model, each operator will need to forge its net of Things (IoT) technical intelligence could own place in the IoT ecosystem. A quantitative create a new value for television viewers by approach was used to obtain a comprehensive adding new services and functionalities. There description and analysis of the technological are few examples where television broadcast- aspect of South Africa in the media space as a ers have tried to increase the scope of their functional and lucrative business. Three main

51 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 themes were identified from the question- crease production costs in terms of economies naire’s keynotes: Knowledge, Attitude and of scale and scope and to create new revenue Behaviour. The analysis illustrated that the streams to decrease dependence on the tra- explosion of IoT connected devices complete- ditional advertising business. A television ly changes the way content can be discovered broadcaster will be placed in contrast to the and enjoyed. The three dimensions of the new technological innovations, and possible business model framework can help to struc- outcomes and developments will be applied ture past and actual business development to the company. The business model, value opportunities for TV broadcasters and show chain and strategic responses to the techno- the attractive business potential of IoT TV in logical change will be formulated to achieve South Africa. The new opportunities permit a broad overview of the future of television in broadcasters to leverage their content to de- South Africa.

The use of Big Data technology to grow the online radio industry in South Africa

Student: Tshepiso Mokate Supervisor: Dr Nadia Morton Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract This study investigated the potential influence all conducted telephonically, and then tran- that Big Data Technology has on the growth scribed for analysis. The method of analysing and development of online radio in South Afri- the data follows a seven-phase process that ca. The study focuses on the manner in which is outlined by Struwig & Stead (2013). By its Big Data technology can assist content creators nature, qualitative research analysis relies on in this industry collect, process and use large themes in interpreting the data to find a con- amounts of data to create relevant content for clusion (Ness, 2015: 1411). The major findings their audiences. Studies about Big Data tech- that were observed from the data collected nology in general, despite it being a new tech- were: radio content creators rely primarily on nology, are widely available through various social media and traditional sources of media platforms. However, there is limited research to source data that is used for content creation, related to its application to the radio industry. radio content creators may not be well edu- This paper endeavours to provide insights on cated on the scientific background of Big Data the background of Big Data Technology and its Technology, but they are aware of the benefits potential application in the radio industry us- of its abilities, and there is interest from these ing past and current research. The study was content creators to use the technology. A brief designed to make use of a qualitative research conclusion of the study is that Big Data Tech- approach. The data collection process is done nology can be a useful tool for the improve- through interviews with participants actively ment of online radio content in South Africa. involved in producing content for online radio It provides radio content producers with a audiences in South Africa and case studies of great tool to produce better quality content organisations that have used the technology in that has a greater chance of being relevant to their operations. The research uses a sample of those that listen. As a result, Big Data Tech- five radio professionals in the content produc- nology’s use could benefit the radio industry tion aspect. The sample group’s interviews are in South Africa.

52 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 A guide to creating effective and efficient working relationships in the South African music industry

Student: Botshelo Shabangu Supervisor: Ewoudt Cloete Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The study investigated the cause of conflict flict in the industry were related to an unclear in the South African music industry. With the understanding of the roles and responsibility aim of creating a guideline that will assist in of the two stakeholders and the lack of clarity mitigating the causes of conflict to possibly surrounding contracts. The literature review create a more effective and effective working indicated that the conflict surrounding the environment within the music industry. A industry had a direct effect on the industry’s qualitative approach was used to collect data ability to participate and contribute to the for the study. The participants interviewed South African economy. The findings in the are stakeholders in the industry and included study are presented in the form of a guideline artists and record label officials that are work- that can be applied within the South African ing in the SA music industry who have expe- music industry to assist in restructuring the rienced conflict or solved conflicts in the past. nature of the relationships in the industry. The results indicated that the causes of con-

The future of journalism in South Africa: an integration of traditional and citizen journalism

Student: Mikateko Shipalana Supervisor: Ewoudt Cloete Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The advent of the internet has materialised the two. It endeavours to find out what chal- the concept of citizen journalism. This con- lenges, if any, citizen journalism has posed to cept is a rapidly evolving form of journalism, traditional journalism and how the latter re- which has enabled ordinary people to report sponds to them. A questionnaire was electron- newsworthy situations around them. Today, ically distributed among journalists working traditional journalism does not serve as the in Gauteng within the television broadcast only source of news, thus changing the role journalism industry. The study found that of traditional journalism. Alternative news citizen journalism does not pose any immi- sources are present on the Internet, the most nent threat to traditional journalism. In fact, popular being social networking sites. The citizen journalism holds potential benefits as current study aimed to assess how journal- a source of news, proving to be useful in pro- ists perceive the impact of citizen journalism viding content that is inaccessible to profes- on traditional journalism and its role, and to sional journalists. evaluate if there is a possibility of integrating

53 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The effects of social media on plus size women in the fashion industry

Student: Zwivhuya Nematomboni Supervisor: Melusi Makhoba Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The plus size fashion industry, like most busi- on these sites, rather than solely a profession- ness in general, has been heavily impacted in al company, is beneficial to plus size women recent years by the introduction of online so- and plus size fashion designers. Additional- cial media. Social media has changed the way ly, there are three critical social media outlets in which people not only communicate, but currently dominating the market of plus size also how firms advertise and reach their con- fashion: Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. It sumer. The purpose of this research was to ex- would largely benefit businesses to focus on plore the ways social media impacts the fash- creating a presence on these sites. While Face- ion industry, specifically among the plus size book and Twitter have been mainstays for women. Secondary research was used in the quite some time now and Instagram allows a initial stages of the process to gather informa- significant opportunity for business growth, tion prior to conducting primary qualitative innovation and for plus size women to have research. Quantitative data was administered insight on plus size fashion, this was shown through surveys distributed via convenience by the data collected from the research when sample to nearly 100 participants. Results in- 100% of participants indicated that they use dicated that all participants were active on so- social media. The implications of this research cial media. The primary motivator for using provide fashion retailers insight on how effec- social media was to stay in touch with friends. tive the use of social media may be in market- Therefore, positioning a business as a friend ing the plus size fashion industry.

An investigation into the emergence of online radio stations in South Africa and its impact on traditional broadcasting

Student: Sabelo Ntimane Supervisor: Yumna Ebrahim Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The main aim of the study was to investi- content to have a platform while also allow- gate the emergence of online radio stations ing more airways and opportunities for the in South Africa in order to understand the broadcasting industry. Employing both qual- overall effects of this emergent medium on itative and quantitative research methods, the existing traditional radio stations. The pri- emergence of the online radio platform was mary finding was that the emerging medium investigated to gain some understanding of of online radio is an adaptive medium that how the convergence of radio and the Internet provides audiences with multiple content is unfolding within a South African context, and connectivity streams that allow for niche while highlighting some of the opportunities

54 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 and challenges that arise with the emergence to find creative solutions to the limitations this of a platform. The results of the study suggest has on their staffing and content. While digi- that there are a number of advantages to op- tal inequality poses a major limitation to their erating online, that are outweighed by many audience size, some respondents have found negative perceptions and limiting factors such innovative ways of using both online and of- as a lack of financing, resulting in their having fline methods to increase their visibility.

Impact of social media on Gauteng small and medium enterprise’s (SME’S) growth

Student: Neo Tlhagane Makgato Supervisor: Melusi Makhoba Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract Social Media usage by SMEs and the poten- the use of Social Media to other SMEs based tial impact is regarded as an essential tool for on the benefits that they have experienced modern day organisational operations for from the platform. The study notes that So- SMEs to promote their businesses domesti- cial Media can be cost effective if the SMEs cally and globally. Social Media is seen to be make use of their social pages for marketing interactive while traditional media is deemed purposes and utilise the best strategies; which to be a tool that flows in one direction. The can possibly enable them to get their posts research design chosen was qualitative in shared to a larger audience. The respondents nature and semi-structured interviews were report growth in areas such as: finances, in- conducted. The population utilised was SMEs crease in brand awareness, and an increase in in Gauteng. The sample for the study covered readership of their content. The respondents five (5) SME owners who currently manage highly recommend constant engagement SMEs in the Gauteng area and are active on with the audience to remain relevant and to Facebook. The respondents all recommend add a voice to their brands.

55 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Millennial attitude towards personalisation of user experience and its impact on the South African Advertising and Marketing industry

Student: Gugu Mathunjwa Supervisor: Melusi Makhoba Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The research looked at how millennials in cy) and government involvement. Extensive South Africa prefer consuming their market- research was done on this topic but it exclud- ing or advertising materials. According to the ed the South African marketing and advertis- findings extracted from both the primary and ing industry. This is a great opportunity for secondary data, consumers want content that other researchers to investigate the South Af- matches their interests. Even though South rican media environment. The focus should Africa is facing countless hurdles there is still not be on the consumers only, but companies potential for this type of technology to thrive should also be investigated to see whether in the industry. This means improving the this type of advertising has monetary benefits data science, policies (regulating data priva- for them or not.

The contribution of the Gauteng film industry to employment and tourism since 1994

Student: Zinhle Pascalina Ndlalane Supervisor: Yumna Ebrahim Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract Across the globe, creative industries contribute television production and post-production in- to economic growth and their contribution to centives. To address the objectives and prob- job creation is increasingly being recognised. lem, the study used a qualitative research The study investigated the contribution of the approach to evaluate expert’s perspectives film industry to employment and tourism in through an interview setting. Experts includ- the Gauteng province. This report analyses ed film producers, production managers, film the potential of the Gauteng film industry to distributor agents and other professionals in be a driver of development and growth, in- the film industry. The findings of the study cluding an analysis of existing strengths and revealed that the film industry in Gauteng challenges. South Africa has a long history in makes use of other industries therefore con- film and television sector production that has tributing to employment. The study will be resulted in a high level of technical skills and valuable to the film industry as it will increase capacity on the supply side. However, very the motivation of reducing unemployment few Gauteng feature films are produced for and increasing tourism attraction. The study release in cinemas, and those that are tend not uncovered some challenges faced by the film to do well at the box office. The production of industry in Gauteng such as crime, distribu- feature films thus tends to serve the interna- tion and lack of government incentives which tional market, supported by the DTI film and may prevent production shoots.

56 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Year 2020

An investigation into the factors that are influencing youth graduates from using their qualifications to become entrepreneurs as opposed to being an employee

Student: Olin-Shae De La Cruz Supervisor: Moroesi Mohlahli Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract Gauteng graduates are gaining qualifications ation indoctrination along with a lack of en- to increase their possibility of employment. trepreneurial/business and financial literacy Considering the high unemployment rate, education, lack of capital and support and they are not using their qualifications to start encouragement from school, community and a business to help alleviate the problem. After government are contributing factors leaving graduating graduates are seeking employ- Graduates to seek employment. Business Ed- ment and when unsuccessful are contribut- ucation needs to be taught at a younger age ing to the unemployment rate. The research developing intention and behaviour towards investigates the reasons why graduates are this vehicle. Curriculum needs a less theory seeking immediate employment opposed to heavy and more practical approach and busi- creating employment after graduation con- ness support programmes need to be more sidering they have skills many do not have. engaging with the youth on how they can A phenomenological research design was uti- assist. Increased encouragement could be the lised. Qualitative methods of semi-structured turning point of increased entrepreneurship interviews were applied to gain in depth in- activity in South Africa. sight into the phenomenon. Through gener-

Impact of over-the-top (OTT) and video-on-demand (VOD) media services on the performance of linear television in South Africa

Student: Inga Ndzabe Supervisor: Moroesi Mohlahli Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract This paper analyses the correlation between gest linear TV service providers (SABC and the performance of linear TV service provid- the MultiChoice Group) over a period of 10 ers and the introduction and growth of OTT years. The performance was analysed with and VOD services in South Africa. To answer the main focus being on revenue, return on the question ‘’what impact has OTT & VOD equity, viewership as well as subscriber num- services had on the performance of linear bers. The results revealed that the introduc- TV?’’, the researcher compared the finan- tion and growth of OTT and VOD services cial annual reports of South Africa’s two big in South Africa did in fact have an impact on

57 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 the performance of linear TV services as their OTT has brought in the market. The impli- performance started declining around the cations of this study are to discover whether same time OTT was introduced. Results also there is still a market for linear broadcasting revealed that although performance was neg- for entrepreneurs to invest in currently and atively impacted, linear services were able to in the future. The researcher hopes to assist find ways to increase their numbers after the linear service providers to re-look and rede- introduction of OTT, which means that there fine their business models in order determine is still opportunity for the linear service mar- whether they should stay and grow in the ket to continue growing and improving their broadcasting business. performance, despite the tough competition

The benefit of audio-described media on ShowMax for the visually impaired in South African

Student: Tumisho Mapheto Supervisor: Moroesi Mohlahli Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract This study explores the benefits of audio de- yses technique. The study found that the vi- scribed media on the visually impaired view- sually impaired community in Gauteng have ers on the online video streaming platform, not been catered for in video entertainment. ShowMax in Gauteng. This study is based on The participants were also unaware that there the objectives to (a) investigate the benefits was such technology as audio-described vid- that could arise if more audio described me- eo which would enable them to enjoy videos dia were available for the visually impaired as others do. After the interviews, the partic- in Gauteng and (b) to find out if visually im- ipants who were not aware of the audio de- paired viewers feel they are being catered for scription asked to experience the video which adequately by the media in South Africa. Qual- surprised them. The visually impaired in the itative methodology was used for the study study also indicated that they feel they have and data was collected through semi-struc- become a burden to their families who must tured interviews using a 10-point question narrate every video they watch for them. The guide. The interviews were conducted with results indicated that the visually impaired 10 participants who were accessed through did not wish to be pitied by society as they the Johannesburg Society for the Blind. The are also people who would love to enjoy the sample consisted of seven males and three full experiences that others enjoy. female respondents who were able to understand and communicate in English. Collected data was analysed using the thematic anal-

58 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The use of LinkedIn in job seeking and its impact on older job seekers

Student: Zintle Dlomo Supervisor: Moroesi Mohlahli Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract In this research paper, the researcher under- research focused on interviewing job seekers stood the different changes in searching for over the age of 45 as one segment represent- employment that have been brought about ing older generation and job seekers under 35 by social media platforms like LinkedIn. The which represented the youth. Research sug- intent was to determine whether the older gests that there is a significant gap in terms generation of job seekers understand how of access to LinkedIn among the older genera- using applications like LinkedIn improves tion. The main reasons for this were the lack of their job searching experience and determine functioning capacity and popular misconcep- what the potential impact the lack of access tions that the older generation have of social of the application has on older job seekers. media and LinkedIn. Correlations were made For this study, the researcher intended to find between the people that do not have access to and analyse the general experience, opinions, LinkedIn and the overall confidence that the and personal beliefs that the older job seekers older generation of job applicants have that have about making use of social media and they would find employment. There was also LinkedIn, while also addressing the research a relationship found between the duration problem. To achieve this, the researcher made that participants were looking for jobs and use of a qualitative research method to collect the kind of job searching tool they made use the data required for this study. The research- of. These correlations were also identified in er made use of open-ended questions as to numerous other researching proving that the determine the impact that the lack of access lack of access to LinkedIn most certainly has to LinkedIn has on the older job seeker. The an impact on their job searching process.

Representation and negative racial stereotypes of Africa in Western documentary films: Is Africa still portrayed the same way?

Student: Koketso Magongwa Supervisor: Melusi Mntungwa Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract This study aimed to discover how the West- and BBC documentaries that focused on Af- ern news channels, specifically CNN and rica over ten years. A comparison was made BBC, represent Africa through their docu- of documentaries produced and released in mentaries. The main objective of this study 2010, to those released at the end of the ten was to establish whether there has been a years. This comparison was made to see if shift in how they depict Africa. To establish a there has been a shift in the depiction of Africa change in trajectory, this study analysed CNN by these western news channels. Various ep-

59 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 isodes in a series of four documentaries, two the end of the ten years reveal that both CNN from the CNN and two from BBC were col- and the BBC are gradually moving away from lected. These documentaries were analysed the paradigm of not giving Africa an accurate using content analysis. Findings from the representation. In conclusion, CNN and BBC documentaries produced at the beginning of are making strides to improve how they cov- the ten years reveal Africa has been underrep- er African countries by giving the continent a resented over the years as argued by other re- more positive image. searchers. While findings of documentaries at

The South African film industry: an investigative study into the stereotypical portrayal of women in the horror film genre

Student: Nothando Simelane Supervisor: Melusi Mntungwa Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract In the past, women were hardly represented can horror film genre has portrayed women in in the media and when they were finally rep- a stereotypic manner based on the stereotyped resented, they were stereotypically portrayed theory. However, new and positive themes are as being weaker than their male counterparts. evident in the horror film genre, where women The film industry has made use of ‘damsels in are portrayed as strong and independent indi- distress’ in romantic-comedies and the naïve viduals. This is due to the feminist theorists ‘scream queen’ in slasher films. Therefore, and feminist movements that have fought for this research sought to investigate if the local, women to be portrayed and represented in a fledgling horror film genre is stereotypic to- realistic manner considering the progress that wards female characters and to also analyse women in society have made. the themes that are evident in the films. Three horror films that have female protagonists were chosen and analysed using the narrative analysis and Todorov’s five stages of narration. Of the five stages, only three stages were analysed. The results showed that the South Afri-

60 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 The effects of social media on mental health among students over the age of 17 years in Braamfontein, Johannesburg

Student: Sindisiwe Mazibuko Supervisor: Thabang Motau Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract Introduction: There is insufficient knowledge correlation between students’ preference to be- and evidence about the relationship between ing on social media for leisure and students social media use and mental health issues being addicted to social media because they among students. Objectives: The aim of this are not dependent on social media and can go study was to examine the associations between a day without it. Findings showed a positive social media use and the mental health of correlation between negative social media use, Braamfontein students in Johannesburg over such as unhealthy comparisons practised on the age of 17, based on their social media usage social media and mental health issues. Addi- patterns, motivations for social media use and tionally, a high frequency and volume of social number of social networking sites (SNSs) they networking sites appeared to be a contributo- actively use. Materials and Methods: A quan- ry factor to depression, anxiety and an eating titative study was conducted at a students’ disorder among students. Conclusions: If fu- accommodation in Braamfontein, Johannes- ture studies can determine that social media burg among students (n=53) who were over 17. use leads to mental health issues, rather than Male and female students who had consented the other way around, then this would suggest to participate in the study completed an online that young adults who want to improve their anonymous and self-administered question- mental health and overall wellbeing should naire, which measured patterns of social net- consider reducing social media use and also working use, motivations for using social me- use social media for positive and effective mo- dia, the frequency and volume of social media tivations. This may ultimately have a positive use and the health effects of social media use on effect on their mental health. their mental health. Results: There is a negative

The effectiveness of billboards in comparison to Facebook as advertising tools in Dube, Soweto

Student: Mlungisi Zondo Supervisor: Thabang Motau Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract In a time of rapid technological change, the platforms at their disposal that they can use to traditional means of advertising are fast van- achieve their marketing objectives. However, ishing as there are new ways that are better the level of effectivity of these platforms on aligned to the 21st-century population’s life- this market differs which is something that is style and needs. Marketers now have several often a problem for marketers when distrib-

61 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 uting their advertising budgets between the on an increase as respondents find Facebook different advertising platforms. The key pur- adverts more interactive and memorable. Fur- pose of this study was to investigate whether thermore, the data indicates that people are Facebook or traditional billboards was more more exposed to Facebook advertisements, as effective, and to determine if the community there are a limited number of billboards in their of Dube follows the global trend of the digital township and the few that are there are not po- advertising growth. The study was conducted sitioned in places that people live and spend using a quantitative approach where numeri- most of their time. However, the study found cal data was gathered from the respondents in that billboards are also effective and should different walks of life (n=50) who completed still be utilised. The data from the study sug- the questionnaires to ascertain which of the gested that advertisers need to make the two two advertising platforms relates and is more platforms interactive and feed into each other; effective to them. The study found that Face- they also need to make billboard advertising book’s popularity as an advertising platform is more interactive and more memorable.

The effectiveness of digital marketing through social media platforms and the impact on buying behaviour of consumers in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province

Student: Molebogeng Mompei Supervisor: Thabang Motau Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The evolution of digital marketing has not The study was conducted using quantitative been the easiest journey in the marketing research. The respondents were selected us- space, there have been challenges faced in this ing the non-probability sampling method. market while filling the gap. It is well estab- Thirty-five (n=35) respondents took part in lished that individuals who are actively using the research to investigate how their buying social media prefer convenience in this era, behaviours are influenced through social me- therefore, they fall victim to digital marketing dia platforms. The results showed that digital measures that brands take to reach them in marketing has an effective influence for con- the palm of their hands. This study aims to sumers to make the right buying decisions on determine the effectiveness of digital market- their online buying experiences. These results ing through social media platforms and the suggest that digital marketing techniques impact on buying behaviour of consumers in and tools have positively worked to sustain Johannesburg, Gauteng Province. Specifical- relationships with consumers and brands in ly, it will investigate whether consumers find Johannesburg, while playing a huge role in social media influential through social me- brands building a good reputation with their dia platforms. In this context, the study will consumers. On this basis, digital marketing investigate whether digital marketing tech- through social media should be considered niques applied by digital marketing experts when dealing with consumers. reach the right consumers daily and if what the consumers are exposed to is what they are looking for when shopping online.

62 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Effects of cyber-attacks on Gauteng businesses

Student: Keitumetse Maleka Supervisor: Thabang Motau Educator: Dr Nadia Morton

Abstract The following research project was based A total of 10 interviews consisting of 20 ques- on a study that focuses on the effects of cy- tions were completed by the respondents. ber-attacks on Gauteng-based businesses. The purpose of the study is to investigate the root An important finding is that only the IT pro- causes of cyber-attacks on Gauteng business, fessionals acknowledged security threat on which lead to financial losses. The study also their mobile devices, this outcome raised a researched the various psychological factors concern on how aware individuals are of the that may cause individuals to make decisions risk on mobile devices. This finding empha- that may place both them and place the busi- sises that security measures depend on an ness in risk of possible breaches. individual’s perspective, and the researcher recommends that the Gauteng community Cyber security is a necessary consideration continues to develop an understanding on for information technology, the internet and all issues that factor in cyber-attacks such as digital media. The research also aimed to un- psychological reactions to cybercrime, culture cover the current trends, challenges and eth- of fear, self-efficiency and psychological im- ics required by an individual or a company. plications that contribute to the venerability Cyber incidents emphasise the importance of users. of staying up to date on global cybercrimes, especially concerning the use of mobile and computer devices.

The selected research design was the qualitative method. Employees and IT professionals offer different depths in knowledge of cyber-attacks, security and threats, and thus were placed in different groups for the purposes of this research.

63 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Part 3b Boston Media House: Faculty Research Outputs1

Overview

Boston Media House (BMH) offers niche specialisations in the field of media studies. Offering a popular Diploma in Media Studies, BMH attracts candidates to a range of specialisations such as graphic design, animation, advertising, journalism, radio, television and public relations. The Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in Media Operations Management is a four- year undergraduate degree preferred by candidates who see themselves in management positions in the media industry and who favour the creative world’s business side. The candidates in their fourth and final year of the BBA programme are required to undertake independent research and whose research we will showcase here.

We are equally proud of our faculty members who have engaged in research during the 2019 – 2020 academic year. We have seen a range of research outputs, from the Short Film written by Gerhard Ehlers (‘Vinnie and Olga’), an Audiobook by Chris Jordan on the journey into radio broadcasting, and chapters in a textbook by Yumna Ebrahim, which take us on a deep dive into transportation management.

Entries are organised into the following broad categories: Books and Book Chapters; Audio-visual Creations; Study Guides and Illustrations. Where possible, abstracts or summaries are provided, and all bibliographical details are included as footnotes.

1 Where a faculty member has produced a co-authored work, the faculty member’s name is bolded.

64 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Books and Book Chapters

Transportation Management – A Southern African Perspective (Chapter 9)

Conrad van Greunen Regenesys Business School

Yumna Ebrahim Boston Media House

Transportation Management – A Southern African Perspective (Chapter 10)

Yumna Ebrahim Boston Media House

Abstract Transportation Management: A Southern Af- social challenges facing this region. Written rican perspective provides an overview of the by academics and industry experts, it contains contribution made by the Southern African practical case studies, revision questions and Development Community (SADC) towards examples to expand the text, as it attempts to improving transportation management as part address current concerns within higher educa- of its overall goal of increasing opportunities tion pertaining to decolonising content. for growth, given the economic, political and

Audio-visual Creations

“Vinnie and Olga”2

Gerhard Ehlers Boston Media House

Abstract A nun, Olga Vockerodt is a top agent for the al driver lying unconscious in the back of the Vrystaatse Vampier Vegters (VVV) who gets hearse. After a suspenseful trip to the VVV’s sent on a mission to intercept and eliminate eliminating grounds, Olga eventually manag- an old vampire, Vinnie at his fake funeral. She es to overpower Vinnie, and forces him into swaps the two coffins, the empty one on its a burning coffin. Olga becomes increasingly way to the cemetery and the other, containing worried about the bite mark in her neck, as Vinnie, in the back of the VVV’s hearse. The Vinnie appears unscathed the next day pre- mission turns into a nightmare when Vinnie tending to be a blood bank employee drawing orchestrates his own plan and ends up next to blood from a nice old lady. an oblivious Olga as her driver, with the actu-

2 KykNET Silwerskermfees 26 – 29 August 2019, Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa

65 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Radio 1 on 1: 25 of the Most Asked Questions in Radio Broadcasting PART 1 and PART II (Audiobook)

Chris Jordan Boston Media House

Abstract This marks another milestone in my passion for on management, finance, sales and marketing, both radio broadcasting, and for educating the DAB, and how to effectively build podcasting next generation of broadcasters. In PART 1, we and digital strategies into your station’s mis- will explore the beginning of your journey in sion and vision statement. this industry, and your career as a media prac- titioner. We answer questions like what should My aim, and hope, is to interact with as many be on a demo, where do I start my radio ca- aspiring, and seasonal broadcasters out there. reer, how do I work on my on-air personality, You are invited to comment and interact with where do I gather and create compelling con- any questions and comments on this page and tent, and what to expect my first time on air. look forward to some monthly Masterclasses In PART II (Released January 2021) we delve on www.chrisjordanmedia.net. into advanced areas of broadcasting focusing

Study Guides

Cyberlaw

Cameroon Shan-Makanaki Boston Media House Boston City Campus and Business College

Abstract A comprehensive study guide (300 pages) for Crimes and the laws that protect ordinary citi- candidates completing modules in the Law zens from such dangers. which covers the bourgeoning threat of Cyber

66 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Illustrations

If all else fails draw a zombie rabbit3

Flip Hattingh Boston Media House

Abstract In a chapter offering coping mechanisms for ple, Flip’s illustrations offer a unique perspec- the stresses of daily life for professional peo- tive into coping in the modern workplace.

3 Hitge, Erika (Ed) (2020). Boosting Workplace Wellbeing. ISBN 987-0-620-87047-4.

67 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Concluding Remarks

This issue of the BSR does indeed represent a As Plutarch said, “the mind is not a vessel to be depth and breadth of scholarly engagement filled but a fire to be kindled”, and so it is that that reflects the active academic citizenship we see the beauty of the emergent flame. Each of the staff and senior students at both Bos- of the students whose work is featured here ton City Campus and Boston Media House. has had that fire kindled within them, and We note through the submissions showcased each one takes the experience of research with here the vast landscape of what constitutes re- them into the working world or on their con- search and how it differs between disciplines. tinued academic journey. The fire in the mind that is ‘curiosity’ will not be smothered: it will imbue these graduates’ contributions to the working world, no matter the discipline or the As Plutarch said, “the mind is not role they fill. a vessel to be filled but a fire to be As we close off this issue of the Boston Schol- kindled”, and so it is that we see the arly Review for the academic cycle 2019/2020, beauty of the emergent flame. we thank all who contributed to the issue. We also thank our readers, whose interest and attention amplifies the importance of the work herein and the pride we take in its publication. For some, research is a theoretical undertaking that rests largely on text and analysis, where- as for others, the endeavour is creative, taking Dr Janet Viljoen on the form of illustrations. The beauty of this Chair: BMH Research Committee scholarship is that it all matters, and it matters deeply to the pursuit of knowledge and the very identity of higher education.

We acknowledge those who played a pivot- al supporting role in the research presented here: the Supervisors to the senior students for many of whom this was the first foray into the world of formal research. It is with care- ful mentoring on an individual level through the skilled deployment of the Socratic method that the very best is drawn out of the first-time research scholar.

68 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 69 Boston Scholarly Review Volume 1 2019-2020 Adjusted cmyk

Tel: 011 551-9000 Address: 247 Louis Botha Ave, Orchards, 2192, Johannesburg Email: [email protected] boston.co.za

Boston City Campus & Business College (Pty) Ltd Reg. No. 1996/013220/07 is registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a private higher education institution under the Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 101 of 1997). Registration Certificate No. 2003/HE07/002.

Tel: 011 883-0933 Address: Sandton Head Office 137 11th & 128 10th Str, Parkmore Email: [email protected] bostonmediahouse.ac.za

Boston Media House (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 2002/026252/07 is registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a private higher education institution under the Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 101 of 1997). Registration Certificate No. 2008/ HE07/007.

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