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Roma Imparatorluğu Döneminde Kapadokya Bölgesi

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Roma Imparatorluğu Döneminde Kapadokya Bölgesi T.C. NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ROMA İMPARATORLUĞU DÖNEMİNDE KAPADOKYA BÖLGESİ (M.S. III ve IV. Yüzyıllar) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Fadime ÜNLÜ Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kürşat KOÇAK Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Nevşehir Ağustos 2014 T.C. NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ROMA İMPARATORLUĞU DÖNEMİNDE KAPADOKYA BÖLGESİ (M.S. III ve IV. Yüzyıllar) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Fadime ÜNLÜ Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kürşat KOÇAK Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Nevşehir Ağustos 2014 Bütün hakları saklıdır. Kaynak göstermek koşuluyla alıntı ve gönderme yapılabilir. © Fadime ÜNLÜ, 2014 ÖZET ROMA İMPARATORLUĞU DÖNEMİNDE KAPADOKYA BÖLGESİ (M.S. III. ve IV. Yüzyıllar) Fadime ÜNLÜ Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Ağustos 2014 Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kürşat KOÇAK Kapadokya bölgesi bir Roma eyaleti olduğunda bölgenin sınırları; Pontus Krallığı’nın sınırlarını şekillendiren kuzey dağlarından Toroslar’a, batı-doğu yönünde ise Fırat nehrinden Tatta (Tuz) gölü ve Lycaonia’ya kadar uzanmaktaydı. Ancak Roma İmparatorluğu’nun bir eyaleti olarak Kapadokya bölgesinin kimi zaman sınırları genişletilmiş kimi zaman da yapılan düzenlemelerle parçalanarak küçültülmüştür. Kapadokya bölgesi, M.S. 17 yılında Roma İmparatorluğu’nun bir eyaleti haline getirilmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra Kapadokya eyaleti, M.S. 54 yılında Galatya eyaletine eklenmiş ancak iki ayrı yönetim olmaya devam etmiştir. M.S. 66 yılında Kapadokya bu eyaletten ayrılsa da M.S. 72 yılında tekrar birleştirilmiş ve Galatya- Kapadokya eyaleti olarak anılmıştır. Bu birleşik eyaletin yönetimi hem vali hem de komutanlar için çok zor olduğundan dolayı Galatya-Kapadokya eyaleti M.S. 112/113 yılında tekrar ayrılmıştır. Bu ayrılma yönetim değişikliğini de beraberinde getirmiş, bölgede procuratorların (İmparator vekili) yönetimi yerine imparator tarafından eski konsüller arasından seçilen legatuslar’ın (komutan ve İmparator vekili) yönetimi başlamıştır. Eklenen yeni şehirlerle sınırlarını genişleten Kapadokya eyaletinin doğu yarısı, İmparator Diocletianus (M.S. 284-305) döneminde Küçük Armenia’ya eklenmiştir. İmparator Valens (M.S. 364-378) ise M.S. 371/372 yılında Kapadokya’yı I ve II olarak ikiye bölmüştür. M.S. 386 yılına gelindiğinde ise, II. Armenia adıyla yeni bir eyalet oluşturulmuş ve temel olarak toprakları Kapadokya eyaletinin doğu kısmından alınarak bu eyaletin sınırlarını daha da küçültmüştür. Kapadokya eyaleti, önemli yolların geçiş güzergahında ve Roma’nın doğu sınırına yakın bir konumda olmasından dolayı burada yol yapım çalışmaları düzenli olarak yapılmış ve bölge imparatorlar tarafından ziyaret edilmiştir. Kapadokya eyaleti, yaşanan Sasani savaşlarında önemli bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Bölge, bu savaşlarda Sasanilerin, Palmyra Krallığı’nın, Gothlar’ın ve Hunlar’ın istila ve yağmalarına maruz kalmıştır. iii Kapadokya bölgesinde pek çok tanrı ve tanrıçayı içinde barındıran bir inanç iklimi yaşanmıştır. Bölgede paganizm’denateşperestliğe, imparator kültünden dağ kültüne kadar çeşitli inançlar taraftar bulmuştur. Hıristiyanlık dini ise imparatorluk topraklarına girdiği günden itibaren devlet politikasını etkilemiş, kimi zaman devleti karşısına alırken kimi zaman da yanına almıştır. İmparatorların politikalarına göre paganizm ya da Hıristiyanlık yüceltilmiş ancak karşı inanç taraftarları zulme uğratılmıştır. Yaşanan bu zulümler esnasında Kapadokya eyaletinden üç Kapadokya Babası çıkmıştır. Caesareialı Basil, NyssalıGregory, NazianzusluGregory olarak bilinen Kapadokya Babaları, dönemin tanıkları olarak önemli eserler bırakmışlardır. Bu eserler, bölgedeki Hıristiyanlık inancından sosyal tabakalara, imparatorluk yönetiminden bölge iklimine kadar pek çok önemli bilgi içermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Roma İmparatorluğu, Kapadokya Eyaleti, Hıristiyanlık, Kapadokya Babaları. iv ABSTRACT REGİON of CAPPADOCİA inthe REİGN of ROMAN EMPİRE (A.D. III. and IV. Centuries) Fadime ÜNLÜ Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Instıtüte of SocialSciences, Department of History, M.B.A. August 2014 Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Kürşat KOÇAK When the region of Cappadocia was a province of Roman Empire , the borders of the region was reaching from North Mountains which formed the borders of Pontus Kingdom to Taurus Mountains and from west to east it was bordered from the river of Euphrates to the lake of Tatta and the state of Lycaonia. But as a province of Roman Empire sometimes the borders were enlarged and sometimes shrunken by disintegrations with the regulations. Region of Cappadocia became a province of Roman Empire at year of A.D. 17. Thereafter, the province of Cappadocia united with the province of Galatia at A.D. 54 but it remained in two different administrations. Even though Cappadocia was separated at the year of A.D. 66 it was reunited at A.D. 72 and called the province of Galatia-Cappadocia. The province of Galatia- Cappadocia was separated again at the year of A.D. 113 because it was very difficult to rule this united province for both governors and commanders. This separation caused changes at administrative structure; the rule of legatos which were chosen by emperor among old consuls began, started instead of the rule of procurators. East half of the province of Cappadocia which was enlarged with the new cities was added into Minor Armenia at the time of Emperor Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305). Emperor Valens (A.D. 364-378) divided Cappadocia into two parts as I and II at 371/372.A new province namely II. Armenia was constituted at the year of 386 and the east part of the Cappadocia was taken as a base for that province so the province of Cappadocia was shrunken more. Because the province of Cappadocia was on important ways and passing routes and its close position to east border, there were regular road construction works and the region was visited by emperors. Especially it had a significant location at Sassanid wars. At these wars Cappadocia as a province was exposed invasions and loots by Sassanids, Kindom of Palmira, Goths and Huns. v There was belief climate which contains plenty of gods and goddess at the region of Cappadocia. From Paganism to Pyrolatrist, from emperor cult to mountain cult there were various of believes which found follower. Christianity has affected the policy of the state since it has entered the territory of the Empire by being at the side or against of the state occasionally. According to the policies of Emperors Paganism or Christianity were exalted but the one on the opponent side was suppressed. Under this suppression three Cappadocian Fathers came out at the province of Cappadocia. Cappadocian Fathers known as Caesarian Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus left important works as being witnesses of the time. At these works there is plenty of information from the belief of Christianity to social classes, from administration of Empire to the climate of the region. KeyWords:Roman Empire,Province of Cappadocia, Christianity, Cappadocian Fathers. vi ÖNSÖZ Roma İmparatorluğu Döneminde Kapadokya Bölgesi (M.S. III. ve IV. Yüzyıllar) adlı bu çalışmamız ile içinde bulunduğumuz Kapadokya Bölgesi’nin coğrafyasını tanımaya, M.S. III. ve IV. yüzyıllar içinde bu bölgede yaşanan siyasi, dini, ekonomik ve sosyal hayatı açıklamaya çalıştık. Bu amaçla başladığımız çalışmamız Giriş, I. Bölüm, II. Bölüm, III. Bölüm ve Sonuç bölümlerinden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde; kaynaklar kısaca tanıtılmış, tez konusunun seçilme nedenleri ve tez aşamalarından bahsedilmiştir.Birinci bölümde; Kapadokya bölgesi hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiş ve Roma imparatorlarının bölge üzerinde uyguladıkları devlet politikasına değinilmiştir. İkinci bölümde;Roma İmparatorluğu’nun dini politikası, Kapadokya eyaletindeki Hıristiyanlık dini ve Kapadokya bölgesinin önemli şehirleri ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde; Kapadokya bölgesindeki idari-sosyal ve iktisadi hayat anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise; Kapadokya Bölgesi hakkında vermeye çalıştığımız bilgiler ışığında ulaşılan sonuçlara yer verilmiştir. Çalışmamızın hazırlık ve yazım aşamasında, konunun seçimi, sınırlandırılması ve muhtevayla ilgili katkılarından dolayı Prof. Dr. İlyas GÖKHAN’a, tez danışmanım Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kürşat KOÇAK’a ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Seyhun ŞAHİN’e,tezimize yaptığı önemli katkılarından dolayı Gürkan GÖKÇEK’e, yardımlarını esirgemeyen bölüm hocalarımıza, tamamlama aşamasında yardımcı olan Arş. Gör. A. Fatih ŞENDİL’e, uluslararası kaynak temininde yardımcı olan Emel GENÇ’e, konu ve kaynak ortaklığıyla çalıştığım mesai arkadaşım Arş. Gör. Hasan TUNCER’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. vii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET………………………………………………………………………...……...iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………...………....….v ÖNSÖZ……………………………….…………………………………………….vii İÇİNDEKİLER……..……………………...……………………………...………viii KISALTMALAR.....................................................................................................xiii GİRİŞ……..……………………………..……………………...............................…1 1. BÖLÜM: KAPADOKYA BÖLGESİ’NİN TARİHÇESİ ve ROMA İMPARATORLARI’NIN BÖLGEDEKİ DEVLET POLİTİKASI.......................5 1.1. Kapadokya Adının Kökeni………...………………………….………..……5 1.1.1. Kapadokya Bölgesi’nin Jeomorfolojisi……...………………………...8 1.1.2. Kapadokya Bölgesi’nin Coğrafi Konumu ve Sınırları………...……..9 1.1.3. Roma Eyaleti Olmadan Önceki Süreçte Kapadokya Bölgesi…..…...11 1.1.4. Roma Eyaleti Olarak Kapadokya……………………..……………..12 1. 2. Roma İmparatorları’nınDevlet Politikası………...………..………………15 1.2.1. SeptimusSeverus (M.S. 193-211) Dönemi……...….....……………15 1.2.2. Caracalla (M.S. 211-217) Dönemi………………...……..………..…17
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