The Case of Separable Adjectives in Bambara Valentin Vydrin

Where corpus methods hit their limits: the case of separable adjectives in Bambara Valentin Vydrin

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Valentin Vydrin. Where corpus methods hit their limits: the case of separable adjectives in Bambara. Rhema, Moscow State University of Education, 2018, 10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-34-49. halshs- 02011349

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DOI: 10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-34-49

В.Ф. Выдрин

Национальный институт восточных языков и цивилизаций, 75214 г. Париж, Франция; Национальный центр научных исследований Франции, 94800, г. Вильжюиф, Франция; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, 199034 г. Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация

Там, где корпусные методы теряют эффективность: пример разделяемых прилагательных в бамана

Разделяемые прилагательные в языке бамана (< группа манден < семья манде < макросемья нигер-конго, Мали) представляют собой морфологи- ческий подкласс в составе части речи прилагательное. Разделяемое прила- гательное – это сложное слово, состоящее из именного корня, чаще всего со значением части тела, качественного глагола и соединительного элемента -la- ~ -lan- или -ma- ~ -man-. В предикативном употреблении финальный ком- понент (т.е. качественный глагол) отделяется от левой части вспомогательным словом (предикативным показателем) ka или man. Разделяемые прилагатель- ные обозначают в основном человеческие качества (моральные или физиче- ские), их семантика нередко идиоматична. Продуктивность этого морфологи- ческого подкласса ограничена. Для выявления инвентаря разделяемых прилагательных были примене- ны два подхода: элицитация и поиск в Справочном корпусе бамана (который на момент исследования включал около 4 110 000 слов). Теоретически возмож- ное количество разделяемых прилагательных – 570 (15 зафиксированных имен- ных корней × 19 качественных глаголов × 2 коннектора). Элицитация позволила обнаружить 75 разделяемых прилагательных, а корпусное исследование – 25, три из которых отсутствовали в списке, полученном путем элицитации. Этот эксперимент доказывает, что при изучении деривационной морфологии, когда лингвист должен заполнять матрицу, корпусное исследование не может Лингвистика заменить элицитацию. С другой стороны, корпусной подход дает ценные допол- 34 нительные данные, которые невозможно получить путем элицитации. languages. Key words:elicitation,corpus study,adjective,qualitative verbs, Bambara,Mande cannot be obtainedthrough elicitation (which included roughly 4,110,000 words at have beenfollowed:elicitationanda searchintheBambaraReferenceCorpus of this subclassislimited. (moral or physical),andtheirsemanticsareveryoftenidiomatic.The productivity by theauxiliary wordka of aseparable adjective(thequalitativeverbroot)issplitfromthe rest oftheform verb roots × 2 imaginable numberof lexemesthistypeequals570(15nounroots×19 qualitative ~-lan-or -la- The case of separable adjectives in Bambara Where corpus methods hit their limits: St. Petersburg,199034,RussianFederation University, St. Petersburg Villejuif, 94800,France; French NationalCentreforScientificResearch, Paris, 75214,France; National InstituteforOrientalLanguagesandCivilizations, V. Vydrin DOI: 10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-34-49 качественные глаголы,языкбамана,языкиманде. Ключевые слова:элицитация,корпусныеисследования,прилагательные, On needs to fillout a matrix, elicitation cannot simply be replacedby the corpus study,25,3ofwhichare absent fromtheelicitatedlist. root designatingmostoftena bodypart,qualitativeverband connector West Africa).A separableadjectiveisacompoundlexemeconsistingof anoun of speech adjectivesinBambara(

35 Лингвистика ISSN 2500-2953 Rhema. Рема. 2018. № 4

1. Introduction In works on field linguistics methodology and in the current linguistic practice, elicitation is sometimes regarded as a rather inappropriate way of acquiring language data, and elicitated data is viewed as second-rate. Some colleagues tend to reject the elicitation altogether, in a more or less explicit way, and the following quotation is representative of this trend:1 Interview fieldwork is justified if there is nothing else to be done. It is a very poor option if a speech community is available – but some researchers opt to concentrate on interview fieldwork with a few speakers conveniently placed in a city or in a township. A grammar of a language spoken by a few million people which is based on the work with one consultant in an urban environment could be interesting, but is unlikely to be comprehensive and fully reliable [Aikhenvald, 2007, p. 5]. According to this approach, only natural texts, only spontaneous data can be regarded as reliable, and any use of elicitation is just a desecration of linguistic fieldwork. This negativity is a natural reaction to an inappropriate and maladroit application of elicitation methods. The position of other authors may be less categorical. Most often, they recognize the usefulness of elicitation for obtaining certain types of language data; cf. a detailed analysis of various elicitation methods in [Chelliah, De Reuse, 2011]. The value of the data from natural texts cannot be contested (although here too, one should beware of ungrammatical forms spontaneously used by speakers). There are however some aspects of language structure where one can hardly attain satisfactory results without elicitation. Among such spheres are word formation and derivation, verbal lability, fine-grained syntactic studies; in fact, any research topic where an exhaustive checking of numerous options in a matrix is necessary. In this sense, I recollect Vladimir Nedjalkov's (p.c.) position on the utility of elicitation in the verbal derivation studies: “If you check a matrix with your language consultant, and if even in 20% of cases he produces wrong answers or fails to answer, you obtain 80% of correct data. And if you work exclusively with natural texts, you are lucky if you obtain data for 30 or 40% of positions in the matrix”. I heard this argument from Vladimir Nedjalkov some 25 years ago, when big electronic text corpora were rare. Since that time, the progress in language documentation has been impressive. After the world-biggest languages, many

Лингвистика mid-size languages were provided with multimillion text corpora accessible 36 1 In informal discussions, much more categorical judgements are often expressed. for the averagely-productive word-compounding modelforadjectives. has madeVladimir Nedjalkov's stance obsolete? orthography of Mali. as thepreceding one. absence of tonal mark on avowelmeansthat the syllables belongs to thesametonal domain Méric, 2011b],in short:tonemarkersappearonlyon theinitial syllables of thetonaldomain; it follows theprinciplesformulated for the Bambara Reference Corpus [Vydrin,Maslinsky, presentation, see [Vydrin,2016].In thepresentpaper, tonal notationisphonological, 2. The Bambara language 2. The Bambara without official status in their countries, are becoming available. on line, and now,more and morenewcorpora for minor languages andthose in and opensbrightperspectives for language studies. Sinceitspublication on theInternet, this amount of data represents a revolutionary breakthrough of millions words;however,foran Africanlanguagealmostunrepresented even mid-sized European or Asian languages which comprise hundreds tokens mayseemunimpressivewhencomparedwithcorpora of bigand corpus), andit continuestogrow.Alanguagecorpusof some 9million of 9,146,875 tokens(ofthese, 1,122,416 tokens inthedisambiguated sub- in thedisambiguated sub-corpus); in November 2018, it it contained about1,100,000tokens(ofthese,28,000 texts freely accessible on line [Vydrin, Maslinsky,Méric, 2011]. In 2011, (or even hundreds)ofresearch articles have beenpublished. 1999a; Bailleul, 2007; Bailleul et Kastenholz, 1989; Bailleul, 2000; Vydrin, 2008],big dictionaries [Vydrine, courses andtextbooks[Bird,Kante, 1976; Bird,Hutchison,Kante, 1977; there is a and secondaryeducation. Bambara is arelatively well-described language: it is widelyusedintheliteracy programs and,to someextent, in theprimary 10 million L2speakers.Bambara hassomewrittenliterature and periodicals; (but alsoin itsdiaspora),bysome4million L1 speakersandat least is thebiggest languageofMali(WestAfrica).Itspoken,mainlyin and high. studies, lexicographic research andlanguage teaching. Rhema. Рема.2018.№4 2011, the In thisstudy,I attempt to answer thisquestiondrawingonBambaradata Could it be that the 2 Since 2011,thereexistsan electronic annotated corpus of Bambara Bambara (

V is a verb, AUX is an auxiliary word expressing grammatical semantics of tense, aspect, mode and polarity (in the Mandeist tradition, AUX are named “predicative markers”), O is direct a object (whose absence makes the verb intransitive), X is an oblique (indirect object or adjunct), most often

represented by a postpositional phrase. The word order in NP is N2 – N1 (N1 is head noun, N2 is dependent noun), N – Adj (the adjectival modifier follows the head noun). 3. The case study: Separable adjectives in Bambara 3.1. Adjectives and qualitative verbs Adjectives in Bambara represent a part of speech of its own [Vydrine, 1999b; Tröbs, 2008].3 An adjective follows the modified noun (1a); the tonal article (designated by a suspended acute diacritic) and the plural marker /-u/ (in the standard orthography represented by -w) follows the adjective (1b).4 (1) a. só jέ house white\art5 ‘white house’ b. só jέ-w house white\art-pl ‘white houses’ There are several morphological subclasses of adjectives; some of these are tonally compact with the modified nouns (i.e., they are prosodically non- autonomous), other subclasses are non-compact. There is another class of lexemes in Bambara specialized in the expression of property values: qualitative verbs.6 They can be regarded as a separate part of speech or as a subclass of verbs. Their syntactic behavior is similar to that of “dynamic verbs” (i.e. all the other verbs of the language), but

3 The part-of-speech status of adjectives in Bambara has been amply discussed in the special literature, and it is hardly appropriate to resume this discussion here. 4 The inverse word order, adjective-noun, appears in the inversive construction [Dumestre, 1987, р. 249–259; Vydrin, in press, leçon 30]. The article and the plural marker follow the noun immediately when the adjective is used as secondary predicate [Vydrin, in press, leçon 31]. Both these constructions are relatively rare in texts and represent no special interest for the topic of the current study. 5 Abbreviations and glosses: adr – addressative postposition; art – tonal article; inf – infinitive marker; ipfv – imperfective; nmlz – nominalization suffix; np – noun phrase; pl – plural marker; qual.neg – negative predicative marker of qualitative verbs; recp – reciprocal pronoun; rel – relative marker (pronoun or determinative). 6 Лингвистика Also referred to as “stative verbs” [Creissels, 1985] or “predicative adjectives” [Vydrine, 1990; Bailleul, 2007]. In the terminology of Gérard Dumestre (1987; 2003), these lexemes 38 are just “adjectives”. either between the connector -la- bólomadɔgɔ ‘poor,weak’.Thereseemsto benoevidentsemanticdifference vowel); there are sometimes duplicates, as for example -la- phonetic variants (-na- 3.2. Morphosyntax of separable adjectives 3.2. Morphosyntaxof separable – in question. convertible into nouns(2b)designatingpersonsimparted with the quality their meanings are often (but notalways)idiomatic (2a). They are very easily – – – N +ConnQV,where: of theadjectives. They are – rare). Many qualitative verbs produce adjectives by the 60 lexemes (ofthesesome40arefrequentlyused,theothersmoreorless verbs component is separatedfrom the restby predicative marker of qualitative attested for other wordclasses)is that,whenused predicatively, their final Rhema. Рема.2018.№4 – – – – – they can be QV is astemofqualitative verb. connectors stemfromlocative postpositions; Conn is aconnector belonging to asemantically adjacent lexicon); N is anominal stem, most often the and they canbe accompanied by only twopredicative markers, ka imtransitiva tantum are relatively dynamic rare amongthe verbs), and of predicative markers expressingvariousTAMmeanings, but notwithka To thecontrary, dynamicverbscanappearwithawholeset (2) These adjectives express mainly human properties (physical or moral), The formsof connectors-ma- Separable adjectives represent one of the The qualitative verbs representan unproductive closed class of about A peculiarmorphosyntactic featureof theseparableadjectives(not and mɔ1gɔ a. b. ka man. man indiscreet person’ ‘indiscreet dálafɛgɛn person’ ‘indescreet human -lan-: theyappearwhenthe preceding component ends on anasal or man, sothat the negative, which expressnotense,aspector modalsemantics. only intransitive (while dynamic verbs are dá-la-fɛgɛn

mouth-inlight la and -nan- (variants: initial bicomponent constituent appears as a formed according to the and -ma-,theirdistribution is lexical. lan, na,nan)or ma(avariant: and are in -man-, name of abody part (or aterm complementary distribution with tonally non-compact classes -la- and means of conversion. very often labile, and following formula: -lan- bólomandɔgɔ and are, in fact, affirmative man), both part

39 Лингвистика ISSN 2500-2953 Rhema. Рема. 2018. № 4

of the subject NP, but it carries no tonal article (even in the contexts where, normally, one would expect the article). Cf. an adjectival attributive use (3a) and a predicative use (3b). (3) a. Nìn báaraˋ ìn man kán kà kέ kó this work\art this qual.neg equal inf do matter sèn-na-teli yé. foot-in-quick like ‘This work should not be done hastily’ (lit.: … should not be transformed into a fast matter’) [Kibaru 391]7 b. Bὲnbaliyаˋ sen-na ka téli mɔ1gɔˋ-w disagreement\art foot-in qual.aff quick person\art kála-liˋ mà ɲɔ2gɔn ná. sew-nmlz\art adr recp at ‘A discord is more rapid than a reconciliation among the people’ [Jɛkabaara 136]. The element sènna cannot be used in any other syntactic context as an autonomous word; it is a quasi-lexeme. 3.3. Inventorization of separable adjectives The separable adjectives were described for the first time by Gérard Dumestre who tried to inventory the lexemes of this class [Dumestre, 1987, р. 235–248]. According to him, 15 nominal roots and 11 qualitative verbs roots take part in the word formation of this type. Since then, more items have been found (mainly through elicitation), and currently [Vydrin, in press, Leçon 29], we have 15 nominal roots and 19 qualitative verbs in play. The nouns in question are: bólo ‘hand/arm’, dá ‘mouth’, dùsu ‘heart’, jà‘shadow’, jòli ‘blood’, jù ‘bottom, buttocks’, kólo‘bone’, kɔ2nɔ ‘stomach’, kùn ‘head’, ní‘soul’, nún ‘nouse’, ɲέ ‘eye’, sèn ‘foot/leg’, tέgɛ ‘palm (of hand)’, túlo‘ear’. The qualitative verbs are: cá ‘numerous’ (in the separable adjective, the derived adjectival form appears, cáman), dí ‘pleasant’, dɔ2gɔ ‘few’, jέ ‘white’, júgu ‘bad, evil’, fárin ‘courageous, aggressive, strong’, fέgɛn ‘light (non-heavy)’, fìn ‘black’, gὲlɛn ‘hard, difficult’, gírin ‘heavy’, gó ‘unpleasant, unpalatable’, gòni ‘hot’, kálan ‘hot’, kègun ‘sly’, kólon ‘empty’, kúnan ‘bitter’, mìsɛn ‘small’, súma ‘calm; cool’, téli(n) ‘rapid, fast’. Лингвистика 7 In square brackets, references to the sources of language examples are indicated. Kibaru and 40 Jɛkabaara are periodicals published in Bambara in Mali. bólolafɛgɛn, bólomanjugu bólolanjugu bólomadɔgɔ bólolandi is thefull listoflexemes. produced similar results, therefore, they can be native speakersduringdifferentperiodsof time;informants produced 75 separable adjectives. This studywascarried out withseveral the inventory of really existing items. imaginable separable adjectives do not exist. The which bringsusto thefigureof570.However,inreality, most of theoretically is 285. Thisnumbershouldbemultiplied by 2 (thenumberofconnectors), bólolasuma light-fingered;whotouches ‘thievish, bólolamisɛn bólolankolon bólolango bólomagɛlɛn bólolateli dálafɛgɛn, dámandi dálandi dálacaman dálagɛlɛn dámagɛlɛn dálango dálajugu dálagirin dámango dálakunan dálankolon Rhema. Рема.2018.№4 lctto [uete 18, р. 1987, [Dumestre, Elicitation The number of theoretically imaginable combinations of these components everything; meticulous’, everything’, thing; who comesto hitpeople easily’, one's fault)’, gnise one'sfault)’, in anunpleasant way or doesnotanswer’, teral meaning), in anunpleasant way or doesnotanswer’, ‘talkative; indiscreet’, ‘talkative; indiscreet’, ‘uncouth (inspeech)’, ‘venomous (inspeech);whoanswers ‘careful, skilful’, ‘very quick, prompt; skilful; who touchesevery- ‘miserly’, dálafíɲɛ ‘venomous (inspeech);whoanswers ‘malicious, venomous, evil-tongued’, ‘talkative’, ‘disorderly, unkempt; bad worker’, ‘who hasnothing to

‘poor; weak’, ‘stingy’, ‘disorderly, unkempt; bad worker’, ‘poor’, bólolanfɛgɛn ‘indiscreet’, ‘thievish; one who touches

‘slow, whoworksslowly’, ‘discreet’,

‘obstinate and cheeky (who failsto

‘obstinate and cheeky (who fails to 3; yrn in Vydrin, 239; regarded as reliable. Here say’; ‘toothless’ (the li- rs, leçon press, task is to recognise establish 9 has 29] reco- 41 Лингвистика ISSN 2500-2953 Rhema. Рема. 2018. № 4

dálamisɛn ‘talkative (who cannot hold one's tongue), indiscreet; quick-tempered; glutton’, dálasuma ‘discreet (that is, one who keeps secrets); reserved (one who is not talkative)’, dálateli ‘who speaks hastily; who insults easily’, dùsumandi ‘affable, kind; in a good mood’, dùsumango ‘unpleasant; irritable, short-tempered’, jalafarin ‘reckless, courageous’, jalagɛlɛn ‘brave’, jalamisɛn ‘fearful’, jòlimandi ‘nice, likeable; preferred, preferable’, jòlimango ‘unpleasant’, jùlajugu ‘shameless; nymphomaniac’, jùlankolon ‘naked’, kólomadɔgɔ ‘puny, undeveloped’, kólomagɛlɛn ‘resistant, tough, vigourous’, kólomamisɛn ‘small, thin; puny, feeble; frail’, kɔ2nɔnandi ‘well-intentioned, helpful; kind’, kɔ2nɔnajɛ ‘sincere, nice’, kɔ2nɔnafin ‘dishonest, bad, wicked’, kɔ2nɔnango ‘insincere; ill-intentioned; nervous’, kɔ2nɔnajugu ~ kɔ2nɔnanjugu ‘ill-intentioned, wicked’, kùnmadɔgɔ ‘puny, feeble; shameless’, kùnnagɛlɛn ‘recalcitrant’, kùnnandi ‘lucky’, kùnnango ‘unlucky’, nílango ‘ill-tempered, sad, sullen’, núnnango ‘quick-tampered, aggressive; teasing’, ɲέnandi ‘happy, cheerful’, ɲέnagɛlɛn ‘rash, foolhardy’, ɲέnajugu ‘sponger, parasitic, beggar’, ɲέnango ‘clumsy, tactless’, ɲέnakegun ‘dexterous’, ɲέnakunan ‘cheeky; jealous’, ɲέnamisɛn ‘meticulous, delicate’, sènnandi ‘quick, light-footed’, sènnagoni ‘rapid’, sènnakalan ‘rapid’, Лингвистика sènnasuma ‘slow’, 42 sènnateli ‘rapid, light-footed’, ɲέnakunan ɲέnakegun ɲέnagɛlɛn ɲέnandi kùnnagɛlɛn kɔ2nɔnajɛ kɔ2nɔmandi bólolandi for ourCorpus: 14 occurmore than5timeswhichcanbe regardedas areliable sample size be regarded as unreliable. This leavesuswith19lexemes; theseonly of túlomagɛlɛn tέgɛmagɛlɛn tέgɛlatelin tέgɛnasuma ‘slow (ofhands)’, tέgɛlamisɛn tέgɛlankolon tέgɛlango tέgɛlandi fascination’, e.g. (4). man-di as acomponent ofdálafɛgɛn-ya of separable adjectives: occurrences can hardly be seen assufficient to include the these, two appear only as components of further derivates, and such Corpus whichthencomprised 4,113,006 tokens. allomorphs of the2connectors) were searched for in theBamana Reference combinations (every nounstemwitheveryqualitative verb stem,withthe 4 Rhema. Рема.2018.№4 8 separable adjectives have singleoccurrences: According to thestatistical standards, suchpotential lexemes should bέ (4) The investigation has produced 27 separable adjectives. Among In October2017,Icarried out an alternative study in whichall imaginable Ǹka is ontheverge ofdisappearance’ [Kibaru 390]. ‘But the charm,fascination and the beautyoffootball be but ‘nice,sympathetic’ in jòlimandi-ya ‘happy, cheerful’, ntòlatanˋ ‘sincere, nice’, ‘nimble, skillful’, ‘careful, skillful’, ‘clumsy’, , ‘rash, foolhardy’, sáraˋ, ‘dexterous’, ‘well-wishing, kind’, ‘cheeky; jealous’. tέgɛlantelin ‘recalcitrant’, football\ ‘thievish; who touches everything’, ‘obstinate, stubborn’. ‘stingy, miserly’, ‘poor’, charm\ art ná,

art ‘nimble (of hands)’, dá-la-fɛgɛn

at fascination\ jòlimandiyaˋ ò ~ that ‘indiscreet’ wasfound bɛ dálafiyɛn-ya

art ipfv ɲíni

and aní search ‘indiscreetness’, andjòli- cὲɲɛˋ kà beauty\ forms in the inf túnun. mîn

art ‘likability, disappear

rel list

43 Лингвистика ISSN 2500-2953 Rhema. Рема. 2018. № 4 Rhema. Рема. 2018. № 4

Table 1 Separable adjectives in Bamana through elicitation

cáman dí dɔ2gɔ jέ júgu fárin fέgɛn fìn gὲlɛn gírin gó gòni kálan kègun kólon kúnan mìsɛn súma téli(n) lan, bólo lan man la, la, lan ma lan lan la la la lan 1 ma 18 man lan 74 la, ma, lan dá la lan, la la rɔ la lan, la 1, la la la la man (la 1) la 2 man lan 6 man dùsu man man 12 jà la la 2 la

jòli man man (man 2) man 6 lan jù la la 3, lan 8 kólo ma ma ma la, na, nan na, lan, nan kɔ2nɔ nan nan na man 1 na 1 na 1, nan 12 nan 9 nan kùn na 3, ma na nan na 1, nan 48 na 1 nan 6 nan 11

ní lan, (sɔ̌n) s ɔ̌ n nún nan

ɲέ nan na na na nan 1 na na 1 nan na 1 na 1 na

sèn na, nan na na na 1 na na 64 na na 2

tέgɛ ma lan lan ma 6 (lan) lan lan 9 na la, lan Лингвистика Лингвистика túlo ma ma 6 44 45 ISSN 2500-2953 Rhema. Рема. 2018. № 4

bólomadɔgɔ ‘poor; weak’, bólolankolon ‘poor’, dálakolon ‘who has nothing to say’; ‘toothless’ (the lite- ral meaning), dùsumango ‘unpleasant; irritable, short-tempered’, jòlimango ‘unpleasant’, jùlankolon ‘naked’, kɔ2nɔnajugu ‘ill-intentioned, wicked’, kɔ2nɔnango ‘insincere; ill-intentioned; nervous’, kùnnandi ‘lucky’, kùnnango ‘unlucky’, kùnnankolon ‘uncovered’, sènnankolon ‘barefooted’, tέgɛmagɛlɛn ‘stingy, miserly’, tέgɛlankolon ‘poor’, túlomagɛlɛn ‘obstinate, stubborn’. Among the separable adjectives found in the Corpus, four are missing from the list obtained through elicitation. Two are reliable: sènnakolon ~ sènnankolon ‘barefooted’ (64 occurrences) and kùnnankolon ~ kùnnakolon ‘bareheaded’ (12 occurrences). One more lexeme has single occurrence: kɔ́nɔmandi ‘well-wishing, kind’.

3.4. Elicitation and corpus study: Comparison of the results Let us compare the results of both approaches, cf. Table 1. The noun roots are in vertical columns, the qualitative verbs stems are in horizontal lines; the connectors are in the cases where the combinations of N and QV are attested. The connector is black if the form has been obtained through elicitation, and it is red if the form has been found in the Corpus; in the latter case, the number of occurences is indicated. In this study, elicitation has proved to be three times more effective (with respect to the inventorizing the lexemes in question) than the corpus study: 75 elicitated lexemes vs. 25 ones found in the Corpus; and if we take into account only reliable lexemes (5 occurrences or more), the elicitation turns to be five times more effective. Another advantage is the fact that during an elicitation session, semantic information about the lexeme is normally produced at the same time as the form. In the case of a corpus study, the semantics of a form (especially if we have just a single occurrence) may be obscure. This may be especially Лингвистика true for the separable adjectives whose sense is often idiomatic and not 46 directly derivable from the meanings of the components. ~ (74 occurrences) ‘poor’,sènnakolon the periphery. Thenucleusconsistsofmostfrequentlexemesbólolankolon on thefrequencies, itiseasytosingleoutnucleusofthiscategoryfrom Sprachtypologie 4. Conclusions followed by dí the stems ofqualitativeverbs,mostproductiveonesarekólon particular case,evensuperficialanalysisof frequenciesshowsthatamong the previous one,isavailabilityofstatisticaldataforeachlexeme.Inour skipped duringan elicitation session, despite their frequency. us to discoverlexemeswhich,forsomereasonoranother,mayhavebeen Although it yieldstotheelicitation in terms ofproductivity, it allows of lexemes of the of only natural textswouldfailto provideanearcomplete inventory the Bambara separable adjectives casestudyhasclearly shown thatthe use of data obtained fromnatural texts in alanguage description. However, References the other one. others. It wouldbecounterproductive to absolutize one of them andto reject approaches fits some particular tasks, and it is based study)anda studythroughelicitation are complementary. these Each of (or anyotherstudywherea matrix-like examination is necessary). linguist), rejection of elicitation may lead to very thindescription of derivation to 100,000 words,whichismosttypically of languages studiedbyasingle has onlya limited amount of naturaltextsavailable (in the rangeof20,000 and amongthese, fewarein openaccess.Ifalanguage than 1,000,000words, of languages spokeninAfrica, less thana dozen possess text corpora of more be underlined that Bambara is in apriveledged position: outof some2000 in other studiesofderivative or word-compoundingmodels.Itshould Rhema. Рема.2018.№4 kùnnadi corpus study, even more important than Another strongpointof thecorpusstudy,evenmoreimportantthan Nonetheless, it There is hardlyanyseriouslinguistwhowouldcontesttheimportance 8 Bailleul, 2007 Bailleul, 2000 – Bailleul C. Courspratique de bambara. Bamako, 2000. Aikhenvald, 2007 – Aikhenvald A.Yu. Linguistic fieldwork: setting the In fact,a studybasedonthedata fromnatural texts (inparticular, a corpus- A moresophisticated analysis is possibleifmetadata are taken into account. (51) ‘fortunate’,bólomadɔgɔ und – Bailleul C. Dictionnaire Bambara-Français. 3rd ed. Bamako, 2007. ‘pleasant’, would be wrong to Universalienforschung. subclass. Evidently, the gó ‘unpleasant’ andgὲlɛn ~ sènnankolon think that a corpus studywereuseless. (18) ‘poor;weak’. 2007. № 2007. same situation can be 60 (64) ‘barefooted’,kùnnandi less appropriate for some (1). Рр. (1). 8 ‘difficult’. Based ‘difficult’. Based 3–11. expected ‘empty’, ‘empty’, scene.

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Bailleul et al., 2011 – Bailleul C., Davydov А., Erman А., Maslinsky K., Méric J.-J., Vydrin V. Bamadaba: Dictionnaire électronique bambara-français, avec un index français-bambara. 2011. URL: http://cormand.huma-num.fr/bamadaba.html. Bird et al., 1977 – Bird C., Hutchison J., Kante М. Beginning Bambara / An Ka Bamanankan Kalan: With Bambara-English Glossary. Bloomington, 1977. Bird, Kante, 1976 – Bird C., Kante М. Intermediate Bambara / An Ka Bamanankan Kalan. Bloomington, 1976. Chelliah, De Reuse, 2011 – Chelliah S.L., De Reuse W.J. 2011. Handbook of descriprive linguistic fieldwork. Springer, 2011. Creissels, 1985 – Creissels D. Les verbes statifs dans les parlers manding. Mandenkan. 1985. № 10. Рр. 1–32. Dumestre, 1987 – Dumestre G. Le bambara du Mali: Essai de description linguistique. Paris, 1987. Dumestre, 2003 – Dumestre G. Grammaire fondamentale du bambara. Paris, 2003. Dumestre, 2011 – Dumestre G. Dictionnaire bambara-français suivi d’un index abrégé français-bambara. Paris, 2011. Kastenholz, 1989 – Kastenholz R. Grundkurs Bambara (Manding), mit Texten. Köln, 1989. Tröbs, 2008 – Tröbs H. Bambara. La qualification dans les langues africaines. Qualification in African Languages. H. Tröbs, E. Rothmaler, K. Winkelmann (eds.). Köln, 2008. Рр. 13–28. Vydrin, 1990 – Vydrine V. Les adjectifs prédicatifs en bamana. Mandenkan. 1990. № 20. Рp. 47–90. Vydrin, 1999a –Vydrine V. Manding-English Dictionary (Maninka, Bamana). Vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 1999. Vydrin, 1999b – Vydrine V. Les parties du discours en bambara : un essai de bilan. Mandenkan. 1999. № 35. Рр. 73–93. Vydrin, 2008 – Выдрин В. Язык бамана: Учебное пособие. СПб., 2008. [Vydrin V. Jazyk bamana [Bamana language]. Textbook. St. Petersburg, 2008.] Vydrin, 2016 – Vydrin V. Tonal inflection in Mande languages: The cases of Bamana and Dan-Gwɛɛtaa. Tone and Inflection: New facts and new perspectives. E.L. Palancar, J.L. Léonard (eds.). (Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 296). De Gruyter – Mouton, 2016. Рр. 83–105. Vydrin, in press – Vydrin V. Cours de grammaire bambara. Presses de l’INALCO. To appear in 2019. Vydrin, Maslinsky, Méric et al., 2011 – Vydrin V., Maslinsky К., Méric J.-J. Corpus Bambara de Référence. 2011. URL: http://cormand.huma-num.fr/index.html.

Статья поступила в редакцию 21.10.2018 The article was received on 21.10.2018

Выдрин Валентин Феодосьевич – доктор филологических наук; профессор кафедры африканистики, Национальный институт восточных языков и циви- лизаций, Париж, Франция; исследователь лаборатории языка, речи и культуры

Лингвистика Чёрной Африки, Национальный центр научных исследований Франции; про- фессор кафедры африканистики восточного факультета, Санкт-Петербургский 48 государственный университет Russian Federation of African StudiesFaculty of Asian andAfricanStudies,St.PetersburgUniversity, Africa”, FrenchNational Centre forScientific Research; professorat theDepartment France; researcherat thelaboratory“LanguagesandculturesofSub-Saharan Department, NationalInstituteforOrientalLanguagesandCivilizations, Paris, Rhema. Рема.2018.№4 E-mail: Vydrin ValentinF. –Dr.Phil.Hab.;professorofMandingattheAfrican vydrinе@gmail.com 49 Лингвистика