Article 113693 B90bebb2ff087f

Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis # " ! (Diptera: Syrphidae)

4+" 2 3* 1 /+0 $ , - . ) * +, - ($% & ' )*& " -.#, .#/0 12 &3 4)*& 5 560 7'8 + #)+ # ,&$ #$%& '()*& !" A3'1 5 560 .13 #)+ & 5 560 ;< ')= >?@ 5 560 9:'1 .#, .#/0 .#/0 4)*& #C >)*& )*& " -.#, .#/0 3)= B,#0 ( ( J I : A#,H@ F,0 - ',#/ : E,& F,0 ) &56 T#$= U# ,Q V:*$@ # &'*P 9 RS$1 .Q & L O & .#, & 9$P 9*' MN 3 ; Paragus L Paragus quadrifasciatus Meigen, 9*' & 4$:,3 [ #0 ;=#@ '4Y 9 $& '\1 9 9SYZ1 O, . && .) &# 3 EW+ E_ _ #_ 9_*' '`+ &'= 3 &$ ;=#@ T1 . 7(* .#, $1 ] ^ & Paragus tibialis Fallen, 1817 1822 # c_0 .?_ 1 _# . _ (_ ( Area Under Curve ) &'_ * #_,3 [Z_ aP_ 3 &$ T1 $& 9 /0 b0 ^' # C$1 # c0 O,#$) 1 9 O,#0 7# & * .? 1 1 9 O,#0 7# 1& O 4* 1 && .)* d,* e E:0 3 &$ ^' '$= & 7#_ _ .$_: 0 &#_ .$:13 e)P 9 * ] ^ . && P. tibialis P. quadrifasciatus 9*' ;=#@ T1 EP & f 0#0 9 9_*' & #_ '_`+ # f1* Rh1 Q : 1& .#, ' ?=#1 Rh1 f1 9*' & # '`+ # Y g#8 E_^& 9= O S0 k/N i/N f 0#0 9 P. tibialis P. quadrifasciatus 9*' & # 61 #,3 [Z aP O 4* 1 51 . * 9$P . & 1 .)* 9SYZ1 O, & 9*' & # ;=#@ ; @ # 1 E& 9 T1 $& Q . Syrphidae Paragus MaxEnt 3 T1 ;=#@ : &7

Predicting distribution models of two flower flies, Paragus tibialis and Paragus quadrifasciatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) in different climates of Iran

A. JABBARI 1, A. M. SARAFRAZI 2, A. A. SHAMSIPOUR 3 and S. IMANI 4 1 and 4- PhD student, Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 2- Associate Professor, Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran; 3- Associate Professor, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Abstract The genus Paragus with more than 50 known species in Iran has a high potential to control pest and concerve pollinator insects. This study was conducted to fill the information gap of the distribution patterns and habitat preferences of the two species, Paragus quadrifasciatus Meigen, 1822 and Paragus tibialis Fallen, 1817 in different climates of Iran. The distribution model was prepared based on species presence records besides seven bioclimatic variables and altitudes. The accuracy of the model was measured using the Area Under Curve Index. The Jackknife test showed the mean temperature of warmest quarter and the precipitation of warmest quarter had the most effect on the distribution patterns of P. quadrifasciatus and P. tibialis respectively. The results showed that semi-arid climates with cold winter and warm summer in northern latitudes of Iran were suitable for the presence of both species, the central and southern regions of Iran with very high temperatures were considered as unsuitable areas for the presence of both species. Area Under Curve indices for both P. quadrifasciatus and P. tibialis were 0.86 and 0.9, respectively, implying the high precision and accuracy of the models for predicting the distribution models of both species in this study. Key words: Distributon Modeling, MaxEnt, Paragus , Syrphidae.

Corresponding author: [email protected] ... Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis : # 9+ $%

# _> _ 3#_1 ]_/1 O _, . &3_ #0 . e ,r'Y' ; 9_*' * _= & ._ h V_ ^ R ^& ? 7#* ]$: [Z_ & _ 9$P 9*' llll 3 ; .Q & '_P 9_ _ 9_*' E: ,3 # $o1 ]\1 ,/ &# ]_/1 _: _ 9$_ 3 ( Wiegmann et al ., 2011 ) ._/ . . E #$& V ^ 9_ 9_'0 V_ ^ _:P &_( , # 28 9= $: #)+ _ 9_*' ;=#_@ T_1 _ ^ _ho0 O _ S0 # ( Black et al ., 1990 ) 3_)= e ,m0#$ ]/1 Q'n61 V__1'8 3 __P# EP__ (Species Distribution Model) O _& .'_8 9_ ( Kaiser et al ., 2007 ) &'_1 3 : & 7#_* 3 &$_ 3#1 9*' .'<$: ,3 $P & H# c0 Q'n61 O , = T#$= & & S1 ;5* oh S BIOCLIM DOMAIN GARP MaxEnt # \* b'$1 ? &'*P L41 .Q & O , 3 ]/1 # e ., = 1 , Elith et al ., 2006; ) E 9$ , /'0 V ^ A#$: LIVES L_ ll 3 _ 9$P 9*' lll 3 ; Syrphidae #_ 9*' '5Y ;=#@ ; @ 9 9= ( Philips et al ., 2006 /_ &'*_P O , 9*' fp & qY #)+ . $: . . *3&#@ (1 Presence - only ) 9*' '`+ && z &#_ & _ /1 : ;5* 'o*3 3 S *'P &# __> , &#__ 9__*' * ? ,__ b'__* __ 3__ T__1 _#h 3 .( Petanidou et al ., 2011 ) = 1 , . *) __, __1 __ 9__ MaxEnt ?__ 7#__* ]__/1 __ __m, 3 '_P E_' 9_ 3 d_$<1 r,] & /* Q e _, .'8 9 91*# ,O {<$* E8 (9= Wisz et al. , 2008 ) _ 9_ _ 9$_ 9 3 /1 S oh O & E d _v'0 #_ _ 9_*' ;= #_@ _ ; @ # #c'1 A .( Van Emden and Harrington, 2007 ) , 1 ;=#_@ a^_* _82h 3 &$_ . Y $+ ,| 3'0 O , ]/1 L 3 ,> Paragus Lattrille, 1804 L .( Pearson et al ., 2007 ) E u_v'nP _ *& s_5* #t= & &#$: 'h 9 9= E &'*P 9__ 13 & &__S$1 __SYZ1 __ # P __ T__ __h & . _ 9_*' 7 0 Q && A#$: e $=wY@ 95Z1 & _ _ 1 ( Aguilar et al ., 2015 ) E #)+ ;=#@ ; @ 3_)= e ,r'Y' T#$= & 9$ #> .'8 9 __ ( Polce et al. , 2013; Aguirre-Gutierrez et al. , 2016 ) .( Sorokina, 2009 ) *# 1 #^ &$ &'1 &'_1 & . E_ 9_$# 7_(* MaxEnt ?_ 7#_* 3 &$ .# , & Syrphidae &'*P L41 9 13 & 5 560 Cheilosia L_ _ 9*' ;=#@ # , V L41 Shakeryari et al ., e) $_:*' 1'*'_:=0 3'_+ & #$) L__ __ 9__*' ( Milic et al. , 2013 ) Meigen, 1833 &'_1 _x /0 E/* ( 2012; Shojaei Hesari et al ., 2016 # # __, ? 9o__ (& Nikolic et al ., 2013 ) Pipiza Fallén, 1810 Jabbari et al ., 2013; Jalilian ) _ 7'_ E: ,3 9 L_ _ 9_*' 9_% E_ _ a<)1 # .>Y Paragus L_ & &'1 O , . E 9$P&#@ /* ( et al. , 2014 9_= Y_+ & _*& _4 Rh_1 9_ 3 V,& 0, Pipiza #_ _, &'= #4* uoYp = 1 @ yn1 ? * Rh_1 & '_P ;=#@ V :*$@ Cheilosia L 9*' Gilasian and Sorokina, 2011; Khaghaninia ) E *& .# , . . *& *$: '= (. and Hosseini, 2013 #)+ ;=#@ # &S$1 3 T1 .# , & 9_ 13 & _82h 9_*' #_ 9_ $_& E ,/ 9_ . 3 9_= E 7(* MaxEnt ? 7#* 3 &$ O , 9*' ] ^ 9 9$: ;=#@ T1 $: 3, #C ;=#_@ 9= &#= Solhjouy-Fard et al . (2013 9 ) .'0 1 O _& .'_8 9_ /* '5Y V :*$@ O$# #\* & L &#_= a<_)1 &' * # .# , & O 9*' B@ '5Y V_1'8 O , #0#c'1 #$/ # #/ *'0 1 9$ oh S (1@A ?* - . &+0 - => % : + <)'

7#_* 3 &$_ _ 7& 9_+#1 & _ 9S#1 *&' &#= '_ { Q_ _: 9* Y 1& 4* O 1 .# , ?=#1 T_ $+ 9_= ')= ] ^ 3 h5* ;=#@ ; @ ? _ O_ ;=#_@ #_ ._>1 #_0,O f_1* e_)P 7# &'_= _Y E_& &'_ _ ] ^ . & 9*' '`+ , ' { # C0 #c .# , & #4 ,& 9SYZ1 & . 1 9_ O _ S0 &'_o* z#$& & /* '`+ 3 $:1 A? Nabis palifer Seidenstucker, 1954 _ 9_*' ;=#_@ #_ . 9 &# 9*' * Rh1 E: Y O _13 ;'@ # Nabis Pseudoferus Remane,1949 ./_v ) .# , .$ B@ 3 &# 9*' * : + O _ S0 9*' & # &# A#$: & #c'1 V18 & * _ ( &? _, +# ,' 9 ', 4/= $< T61/x 3#oY *_'} '_4Y . ( Solhjouy-Fard and Sarafrazi, 2013 ) ]_ . 7(* " T h ? Y1 90 3 &$ L_ _ 9_*' _ O 9*' p e,r'Y'= .'<$: 3, b_0 , _ #C g#_8 T'h V1 82h 9 = .13 &#____= a<____)1 MaxEnt ~____'0 .# ____, & Geocoris . _ E_oc &#_ 9_*' * F , _0 ;'@ b'* V61 _ 9*' e,r'Y'= .'<$: 3, O $<1 *'} V>Y + 9) & L O , V1= #)+ 9*' * _ O ] 5$:1 9Z # O , O (% !l%" ) && &' . *_ V_5$1 4_) , 13 9_ _/4* 9_& e 0 && .__)* d__$<1 s__5* & __ 9__*' &__S0 E__ 'h 3 Ante Vujic ' :#@ &?* 0 , # , 3 L@ 9*' * (. Solhjouy-Fard and Sarafrazi, 2016 ) . &$# .$: #v ')= E & 3 T1 SYZ1 3 1 E& 9 B $*, 9_ s'_1 _ && V 60 9 ,?(0 : & % 5ID 9_ 3 | _ &# _= _ 9_1*# 9_ $& & 3,& y'_ , #C 82h # V:= T & . Eoc ( monitoring ) ; _@, _ #_h $W_+ _ _,? 91*# 9_*' * 9_ s'_ #1 _82h 9 = '\1 O 9 . E #=HY &_(1 #5$_ 4$_: 3, E 1,#, $: ,3 b'0 3, V_:= T & | 1 82h # n< &# E_ ]$_: '= _ 9_*' # 61 Z # C0 #c ; @ . Eoc csv E1# & L__ 3 #__$/ &$__ '__\1 9__ .( Nikolic et al ., 2013 ) ?_ 7#_* 3 &$_ _ E: C) +" _*'0 _1 _82h O , T#$= 91*# & Paragus & 9_*' & # ;=#@ 9)5* ArcGIS 10.2 (ESRI, 2013) .# _, & 9$_ = E E,#,1 91*# & /1 ;5* V>_ ) _ ] _#0 9_* 'h 9 .# , d$<1 ^ ] 9_*' & ;=#_@ _ T_1 '_\1 O _ 9_ . _ 9$& .( T _ .# _, d$<1 ] ^ & P. quadrifasciatus P. tibialis _ # C$1 #c O S0 '\1 9 : K L J 2! V_1'8 O,#0 ]/1 # Oc0 S0 # MaxEnt 91*# 3 # #/ _ 9 _ Y ? Y* & 9*' ;=#@ '6* # d$<1 ^ E: 3, _ ] _^ EP_ _ 9*' ;=#@ '6* & ,' { Hijmans et al ., ) WorldClim && ?_=#1 3 b_0 # C$1 & ?_ 7#_* E_^& .?_ 1 9*' & # # f1 '5Y E ,/* & .( T ) 9$# ( km 2 9) *c l E^& ( 2005 . # 9*' & ;=#@ f1 T1 9 Holway et al ., ) 9_*' 7' Jackknife E:0 z # c # c _0 O #$), 9= , (Q,9 2002; Roura-Pascula et al ., 2009 * B V _ 60 9 ,?(0 # $& 9*' ;=#@ 3 T1 & 9_*' * s_5* O _ S0 #_ : E + FG H CD .( .( T ) * {<$* , /* | _1 9_ T 9_+#1 & . E_# #^ #\*1 9$>* & &# A?_ '_)= Rh_1 _P# & 9*' '`+ 9= &''1 ... Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis : # 9+ $%

aP_ 3 T_1 &#_> 8 E^& # '\1 9 N2 : / H CD Elith ) _ &$ ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic ) ?_ 7#_* 3 &$_ 9*' ;=#@ 3 T1 N M ROC &'_ * # _, 3 [Z_ ( et al ., 2006; Phillips et al ., 2006 _ #c'_1 SDM T_1 e , .'8 9 MaxEnt (Version 3.3.3 k) &_8 9_1& O _ AUC ( Area Under Curve ) aP_ ,S : &$ # ,3 \0 #$_) E^& & .)* &8 9 e &?*, AUC 9= E "l Maximum number of iteration: 500, Convergence threshold: 10 -5, Regularization multiplier: 1, Maximum AUC uQ'_ S1 9*' ;=#@ '4Y 3 T1 & ? 7#* number of background paint: 10000, Cross – validation .( Pearce and Ferrier, 2000 ) E T'o^ &'1 /l 3 #0Q replicates: 10

.$: 0 .$:13 1& E 'h V18 9 z # .# , ^ ] 9/@ (N % Table 1. Climate zones of Iran based on moisture and temperature of summer and winter

Climates codes Moisture Winter Summer A-C-VW Arid e)P Cool P Very warm 7# P A-C-W Arid e)P Cool P Warm 7# A-K-M Arid e)P Cold &# Mild T$S1 A-K-W Arid e)P Cold &# Warm 7# A-M-VW Arid e)P Mild T$S1 Very warm 7# P A-M-W Arid e)P Mild T$S1 Warm 7# H-C-W Humid {'h#1 Cool P Warm 7# H-K-M Humid {'h#1 Cold &# Mild T$S1 H-K-W Humid {'h#1 Cold &# Warm T$S1 H-K-C Humid {'h#1 Cold &# Cool eP HA-C-VW Hyperarid e)P P Cool P Very warm 7# P HA-M-VW Hyperarid e)P P Mild T$S1 Very warm 7# P PH-C-W Post-humid {'h#1 P Cool P Warm 7# PH-K-C Post-humid {'h#1 P Cold &# Cool eP PH-K-M Post-humid {'h#1 P Cold &# Mild T$S1 PH-K-W Post-humid {'h#1 P Cold &# Warm 7# SA-C-VW Semi-arid e)P 9 * Cool P Very warm 7# P SA-C-W Semi-arid e)P 9 * Cool P Warm 7# SA-C-M Semi-arid e)P 9 * Cool P Mild T$S1 SA-K-M Semi-arid e)P 9 * Cold &# Mild T$S1 SA-K-W Semi-arid e)P 9 * Cold &# Warm 7# SA-M-VW Semi-arid e)P 9 * Mild T$S1 Very warm 7# P SH-C-VW Semi-humid {'h#1 9 * Cool P Very warm 7# P SH-C-W Semi-humid {'h#1 9 * Cool P Warm 7# SH-K-M Semi-humid {'h#1 9 * Cold &# Mild T$S1 SH-K-W Semi-humid {'h#1 9 * Cold &# Warm 7# (1@A ?* - . &+0 - => % : + <)'

.# &, P. quadrifasciatus P. tibialis ;=#@ T1 EP & &$ 61 Z # C$1 ON % Table 2. Environmental variations used in distribution model of P. tibialis and P. quadrifasciatus in Iran Codes Layers bio1 Annual Mean Temperature bio2 Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp - min temp)) bio3 Isothermality bio4 Temperature Seasonality bio5 Max Temperature of Warmest Month bio6 Min Temperature of Coldest Month bio7 Temperature Annual Range bio8 Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter bio9 Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter bio10 Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter bio11 Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter bio12 Annual Precipitation bio13 Precipitation of Wettest Month bio14 Precipitation of Driest Month bio15 Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) bio16 Precipitation of Wettest Quarter bio17 Precipitation of Driest Quarter bio18 Precipitation of Warmest Quarter bio19 Precipitation of Coldest Quarter Alt. Altitude

.# &, P.quadrifasciatus P. tibialis '5Y ;=#@ 3 T1 & E=)1 v& O #$), 61 Z # C$1 PN % Table 3. Environmental variations with the most contribution percent in potential distribution modeling of P. tibialis and P. quadrifasciatus in Iran

Species Bioclimatic variables Percent contribution

bio 12 (annual precipitation) 35.1 bio 18 (precipitation of warmest quarter) 26.2 bio 14 (precipitation of driest month) 23.5 bio 10 (mean temperature of warmest quarter) 6.1 P. tibialis Alt. (Altitude) 4 bio 13 (precipitation of wettest month) 1.9 bio 5 (Max temperature of warmest month) 1.8 bio 9 (mean temperature of driest quarter) 1.3

bio 12 (annual precipitation) 33.6 bio 10 (mean temperature of warmest quarter) 30.1 bio 18 (precipitation of warmest quarter) 13.1 bio 14 (precipitation of driest month) 10.7 P. quadrifasciatus Alt. (Altitude) 8.7 bio 5 (Max temperature of warmest month) 1.7 bio 13 (precipitation of wettest month) 1.2 bio 9 (mean temperature of driest quarter) 0.9

... Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis : # 9+ $%

9 P. tibialis P. quadrifasciatus 9*' ]/ 9= Eoc QK R .( .( V> ) *&' &'= ! f 0#0 .# _, #_# & 9*' & 3 &'= &S0 b' (1 &

&' b' T 9 ] ^ # 82h )1 .# .# , ] ^ & Paragus quadrifasciatus (B) Paragus tibialis (A) ;=#@ 9)5* N S 50 Fig.1. Distribution map of Paragus tibialis (A) and Paragus quadrifasciatus (B) in climates of Iran. For climate codes, see Table 1 (1@A ?* - . &+0 - => % : + <)'

P. tibiali s ;=#_@ 3_ T_1 : P. tibialis 9_*' & ;=#_@ _# : E T .$ V1 ')= Y E :^ & 1 .)* 9__= __ & __1 .__)* ( " A B V>__ ) P. quadrifasciatus ?_P 9 _ +* 9_ 3 '_)= Y ^# T #p ] _, r _ SA-K-W ] _^ 9_ & 9_*' & _6 #0 ;=#@ _ V_4 V1 3#oY '= 9$ Y 91& uv'nP ) 7#_ _ .$_: 0 &#_ _ .$:13 e)P 9 * $ 'h O _, &#_ ;=#_@ # o1 V61 ( ')= T *=# e_P _ .$_:13 e)P 9 * $ 'h ] ,r SA-C-W ;=#_@ T_1 _ ; _@ O .( " A V> ) E 9*' e__)P $ '__h ] __, r __ A-C-W 7#__ __ .$__: 0 ._)* MaxEnt ?_ 7#* 3 &$ P. quadrifasciatus 9*' 9_= 0 O , . E 7# .$: 0 eP .$:13 _* ,& 3 &+ 0 ? * 9*' O , ;=#@ V :*$@ & 1 SA-K-W _6 #0 ] _^ f _ 0#0 P . tibialis 9_*' &'1 & .$ & ?=# $1 #$) ')= T & P . tibiali s 9*' O _, P. quadrifasciatus 9*' &'1 & Y A-C-W SA-C-W _= 'h 9 .( " B V> ) E ')= #p T Y 'h 9 . E SA-C-W A-C-W SA-K-W 'v 9 f 0#0 V61 .'8 9 .# , & Q 9 9& , #C g#8 9_*' .$_ J & |_^ ] _^ 9* & P. tibialis 9*' = E_ _ && .)* 9*' O , '5Y ;=#@ # f1 A?'_)= .$_ ] _^ ; 3 P. quadrifasciatus O _, _S ;=#_@ b'_* #_ RoZ1 3,& P &+ 0 9= . E . . E .# , & 9*' y#_ T 0 {#p T 3 ;=#@ & 9*' & # 9____*' ;=#____@ V ____:*$@ & ____v ____0 '_= 9$_ {#_p T & .( , I 2 T'h & ')= 9_*' #$_) ;=#@ V :*$@ P. tibialis P. quadrifasciatu s T _ & &'Y_ & 9_Y & 9}= '= T & 3#oY _ E _:^ & P. quadrifasciatus 9*' 9 Eo:* P. tibiali s . E_ z#_3 _ '_= 9$ $ & &+ 0 y# & ;=#_@ V _:*$@ O ,#0Q 9*' O ., E ')= Y _ e_)P 9_ * ] _^ & 9_*' &# S ;=#@ O #$), 9_ ')= Y .$ *=# V4 &61 ] _^ O _, m ., E 7# .$: 0 &# .$:13 ._#P &+ 0 ^# #p .( , I V & .$ _1 O ,#0&# 1& O 4* 1 T & ll "ll mm * & ?_P 9 +* & *=# V4 . E & Y º C T_ 1 O #0, 7# 4* O 1 9& #v # ,3 #v T ( Quercus Linnaeus ) s'_ 9_ 3 $1 9*' Q ]_<0 &_S0 .( De Pauw et al ., 2002 ) E_ l l" 3 P. tibiali s 9_*' Hill (2010) 9_$ O, _, , 0 & $: 9_ Eo_:* O _@ o_:* 1& & # &'*P # Djellab et al . (2013) .$:4* Northwich 95Z1 V4 _ Q ]<0 # ] $@ 1& #$) #0Q o:* 1& ~ , #_ _ # _, ?(Y s'_ _ V4 3 P. tibialis 9*' E__ ºC _ _ # #__ l ºC &'*_P O _, &#_ & ;=#_@ V _:*$@ 9)5* z# . *&#= A? 9 )1 ^ O _, _ V_n _1& _ u21_= 9_= ( Adashkevich, 1975 ) V :*$@ & 9*' O , 9= 9'$1 .'0 1 P. tibialis 9*' O _ . E_ R_oZ1 SA-K-W _ ^ Rh1 & #)+ E_ *'_0 .# , ,> r'Y'= &61 & o1 ;=#@ & _ . ;=#_@ 7_8 9*' &# ;=#@ V :*$@ 9)5* Salix Linnaeus L_ ._ _ #_ o_1 V61 9= _ _ 9}0 . e * 9x ,& V1 .# , ?=#1 Glycyrrhizia glabra Linnaeus 9__*' Medicago Linnaeus 9 _ +* ( Bakhtiyari, 1998 ) &_ 7#_ P ' { #__ o_1 ._ ? 1 Salix 9_*' .( Badripour, 2006 ) E_ .__)* Q__ __: __1& __ ( Saharo-Sindian ) .# __, '__ Medicago . ( Speight, 2014 ) 9*' O , qY #)+ . & 1 ... Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis : # 9+ $%

.( .( Goeldlin de tiefenau, 1974 ) __= E__1 __ YS Centaurea 9_*' O _, _ Q 9 _, HC0 &'_1 9$ . ? 1 G. glabra #_ 9= ( Djamali et al ., 2011 ) .# , , ^' :50 ._ 3 #_4 &, (,> Rojo and Marcos-Garcia, 1998 ) E ?_P 95Z1 E ^' Rh1 */ :50 z &'*_P ._ |_Z^ '_h 9_ *'_0 .# , 95Z1 fYp _ Rh_1 3 _> , 9_= &#_= O S0 9Y$S1 95Z1 3 ? .__ ?__ 9__= ( Badripour, 2006 ) $__: Umbelliferae P. quadrifasciatus P. tibialis 9_*' ;=#_@ #_ V :*$@ .( Krsteska, 2011 ) E 9*' O , V1= #)+ . ? 1 #_ ? _ * .# _, y#_ T _ {#p T E :^ . E .# _, & P. quadrifasciatus 9_*' '5Y ;=#@ # Rh__1 V1__ __ 8 '__h 9__ __ ] __:50 O __ z__ 9_1& V1_ #p .( , I .$ #p 95Z1 & 1 .)* _ _ 9*' O , Speight (2014) 9Z O & . E 9*#$ 1, o1 95Z1 .$:1 '= &$1 & .$ O , 80 . . &#= A? 9*#$ ,1 Rh1 @ 9Y$S1 Rh1 3 /'_0 V_ ^ |_0#1 9= E 9*' O , &# ;=#@ # 3 : E E TE E+ E J HCD .$_ Y _ _ E _:^ #$_) _ #h 3 . &'_ 1 V1 # c _0 O,#$) b0 # C$1 E ^ '$= N b' (1 b?_1 |_0#1 .o V4 V1 #p .( , I #_ . J( T_ ) _*&' & 9_*' &#_ ;=#_@ T1 & 9_*' O _, ;=#_@ #_ f1 V61 .$ O , Y e_,r'Y'= _* T_1 3 _1 E_& 9_ _ # z ;=#_@ #_ V :*$@ s5* 3 #4 &, .,> * a<)1 ( ( bio12 ) 9*Q * # C$1 9 9= a<)1 P. tibialis 4 Rh1 83 Rh1 9= E .2 .$ 9*' O , _1 O,#0 e)P * ( bio18 ) 1 9 O,#0 7# * 9_*' '_`+ E_/ Q_ V :*$@ s5* .'8 9 .$ O , T1 EP & E=)1 v& O,#$) f 0#0 9 ( bio14 ) 9 __ +* *__=# __ V__4 O __ . __* __ && .__)* E_:0 B,_$* O _ . J( T ) $& P. tibialis ;= #@ ;=#__@ #__ f__1 Rh__1 3 __> , .'__8 9__ ?__P bio5 bio12 bio18 _ ^ # C$1 &#= a<)1 Jackknife #_ 9_= ?_P Rh1 . * a<)1 P .quadrifasciatus O_, ;=#@ 3 T1 & # c0 O,#$) f 0#0 9 bio10 && ._)* ;=#_@ #_\* 3 f1 Rh1 .'8 9 9*' O , F_@ _ &' * .( J " E V>_ ) _* 9$_& _/8 9_ 9*' ( Quercus ) s'_ 9 3 P ;'@ & * P . tibiali s 9_*' '5Y ;=#@ && .)* ( Response Curves ) 3 9__= ( Bodripour, 2006 ) E__ |__0#1 __ V__4 & _1 9_ O,#_0 7#_ _* _ $ot1 ] 5$:1 9Z & __, __1 __ 9__ 9__*' O __, [ #__0 &'__1 __ ~ __61 #t=_+ _ _1 9Z ( bio12 ) 9*Q * ( bio18 ) O _, & _ _=#@ ._ 3 #4 &, .(,> Speight, 2014 ) _1 9_ O,#0 7# 1& O 4* 1 ( bio5 ) 1 O,#0 7# 1& #_$1 ll # _, 3 _80 & Rubus Linnaeus L V4 ;=#_@ T_1 & # C$1 O,#0 ]/1 9Z & . E ( bio10 ) &#_ 9 ,HC0 &'1 9$ . ? 1 9= ( Bodripour, 2006 ) E a<)1 &' * Roh (bio12 bio18 ) P. tibiali s 9*' O __ .( Goeldlin de tiefenau, 1974 ) E__ 9__*' O __, 9_*' '_`+ L*_ Rh_1 O, & * ;,? 9= {#p T E :^ ) *'0 .# , 95Z1 3 , E :^ ;,? bio5 &'1 & 9= E Y+ & O, . , 1 ;,? _* && .)* 9*' O , '`+ # o1 Rh1 ( .# , _ , _1 ; _= 9*' '`+ T $+ J ºC &+ 3 S 1& Centaurea L Umbelliferae &'*P 9*' 9= 1& ;,? 9= &#= )1 .'0 1 bio10 &'1 & O Badripour, ) &'_ Rh_1 O _, f_Yp _ 9*' 3 Linnaeus _ , _1 ; _= 9_*' '_`+ T_ $+ ºC &_+ 3 S Umbelliferae V # 9*' O , qY #)+ ( 2006 "J.( A, B, C, D V> ) __ __ 9$__ 9__ . __ Q ( Speight, 2014 ) (1@A ?* - . &+0 - => % : + <)'

. .# , & Paragus quadrifasciatus (B) Paragus tibialis (A) 9*' ;=#@ V :*$@ 9)5* N O 50 E f1* 9*' ;=#@ # Rh1 O #0, f1 ?1#^ Rh1 0 ?1#^ 4* d h z # Fig. 2. Prediction of habitat suitability for Paragus tibialis (A) and Paragus quadrifasciatus (B) in Iran according to color range from red to blue, areas with red are most suitable areas and blue are unsuitable areas for species distribution

... Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis : # 9+ $%

&& .__)* Amoros-Jimenez et al . (2012) __ __# z_# P. quadrifasciatus '5Y_ ;=#_@ _# & # Sphaerophoria rueppelli Wiedemann, 1830 (Syrphidae) ( bio12 ) 9*Q_ _* && ._)* B $*, MaxEnt && O _ && 3 _ * E 'h % l 3 ; 9 &'P ' * f _ 0#0 9_ ( bio10 ) T_ _1 9_ O , #_0 7#_ 1& O 4* 1 .3 ; _= _8 Q _ & h & E 'h ; = _* 9$_& T_1 O _, EP_ & E=)1 v& O #$), .( .( Larde, 1990 ) &' 1 &'*P O , Q &#_= a<_)1 Jackknife E_:0 # O .( T ) ._)* P. tibialis ;=#@ ;'@ so0 # ( bio12 ) 9*Q A (bio10 ) 1 9 O #0, 7# 1& O 4* 1 _S0#1 Rh_1 9_ s' #1 # &'= 3 % && _1& #t=_+ ( bio9 ) _1 9_ O #_0, e)P 1& O 4* 1 9_ s'_ #1 % p_ _83 Rh1 9 s' #1 % .# , _ ^ V_1'8 O #_0, ]_/1 f _ 0#0 9_ ( bio5 ) _1 O #_0, 7# |__0#1 &#__= . __ Speight (2014) . E__ __4 Rh__1 O _, & P. quadrifasciatus ;=#@ T1 EP & H# c0 _= e)P V4 e)P ( 3 P ) .$P F_@ _ &' * z_ #_ .( ! " E V>_ ) * &' 9SYZ1 . $ _: P. tibialis _ 9*' 6 #0 ~ 61 ?8 O _, ;=#_@ 9_Z 9_= &#= . .'0 1 ( Respons Curves ) ;=#__@ __ __ ;__'@ s__o0 &'__1 & O __ 9_ &'_ ] 5$_:1 9_Z e (, bio12 ) 9*Q * 9*' _# _ &'= 3 % _ a<)1 P. quadrifasciatus ; , ?_ 9_*' &'_ T_ $+ _* ; , ?_ _ 9> ,'h Rh_1 9_ s' #1 % p 83 Rh1 9 s' #1 .)* ( bio5 , bio9 , bio10 ) F@ &' * #h 3 . , 1 O _ . $_: _4 Rh_1 9_ s'_ #1 % l _S0#1 , _1& 9_1& e _, 9 9$: 9*' O , '`+ T $+ & 1 Rh_1 9*' O [, #0 &'1 4$: 3, Speight (2014) 9_= 5h_1 &' ] $@ 1& , e @ & 9= E P _*1 ) ( Quercus ) s'_ ._$P& _ _ V4 E )= ;=#_@ '5Y_ Rh_1 _ , 1& v'nP O , & E_& |0#1 ) ?8 Rh1 ( .o *=# V4 9_1& bio9 bio10 #_ T_t1 '_h 9_ . _* 9_*' O , &# . E &#= . ( )* E)= &'<* 1& l " ºC , 1& 91& bio5 &'1 & l " ºC , 1& 9___*' & #___ AUC B ,___$* : WEEE) UEEE VEEE E_& 9 a<)1 Rh1 & 9*' O , '`+ # ] $@ O O _ S0 k/N i/N f 0#0 9 P. tibialis P. quadrifasciatus !.( " A, B,C, D V> ) E 1 _1 E& 9 T1 $& Q E^& 9= ( T ) ( Marginal response curves ) F_@ _ &' * _# ._)* 9_SYZ1 _,O & 9_*' & # ;=#@ ; @ # _* ; , ?_ _ 9_*' & # b'^ T $+ & 1 .)* 3 _1 E_& 9_ _ 9_$ , z_ #_ B , _$* O , . & 1 _ u21_= 9_= _= _1 _ @ ; _= _1& ; ,? ; ,? __ 9__*' __ # __ L__41 ;=#__@ 3__ T__1 9_ . && E_5 Z1 .# _, & 9_*' ;=#_@ V _:*$@ 9 9'0 ( /N N /N" kkJ ) T'__o^ V__ ^ AUC __ Cheilosia L__ 7#_ _ P '_ { _ .# _, ?=#1 Rh1 V Y& O V_ ^ AUC _ Pipiza L_ 9*' ( Milic et al. , 2013 ) ll mm 3 #___$ = 9* Y___ ___* ( Bakhtiyari, 1998 ) .E ( Nikolic et al. , 2013 ) ( /N kM /N" kN ) T'o^ &'_ 9_ #_)+ # o1* ~ #, ( Badripour, 2006 ) e _, r'Y'= _* 3 _, &, ; m@ O, $*,B .( Grichanov and Ovsyannikova, 2009 ) E & . _& .'_8 9_ _ 1 #_)+ 3 9*' & ^ [ #0 9_= & 1 .)* # L41 9*' 7' . . E &' * 9, .# , & )+ .) &# oh S .? 1 .&# Q & 61 Z # C$1 O #0, ]/1 3 ,> E 'h . E &'*P O , &# (1@A ?* - . &+0 - => % : + <)'

. Jackknife E:0 Paragus tibialis ;=#@ T1 & ^ # C$1 3 e , # # c0 &' * . A-D N P 50 &' b' T 9 # C$1 V1= 7* )1 # Fig. 3. A-D: The marginal response curves of the contribution variables to predict presence probability of Paragus tibialis with MaxEnt in Iran, E: Jackknif test. See Table 2 for environmental variable definition

P. quadrifasciatus P. tibialis # Maxent T1 3 1 , 3 XN % Table 4. Statistical evaluation of Maxent model for P. tibialis and P. quadrifasciatus Species Training AUC* Test AUC SD** P-value *** Training recordes Test recordes

P. tibialis 0.86 0.81 0.04 0.001 24 10

P. quadrifasciatus 0.9 0.85 0.04 0.001 22 9

*Area Under receiver operating characteristic Curve; **Standard deviation of AUC; *** P < 0.01. ... Paragus quadrifasciatus Paragus tibialis : # 9+ $%

. Jackknife E:0 Paragus quadrifasciatus ;=#@ T1 & ^ # C$1 3 e , # # c0 &' * . A-D N X 50 . . &' b' T 9 # C$1 V1= 7* )1 # Fig. 4. A-D: The marginal response curves of the contribution variables to predict presence probability of Paragus quadrifasciatus with MaxEnt in Iran, E: Jackknif test. See Table 2 for environmental variable definition.

# c _0 O #$), ( bio18 ) 1 9 O #0, 7# * P. tibialis 9 ,& 3 u$o:* 4$: 9*' & # &# 9= E [ 9_*' &'_1 & 9= Y+ & E& 9*' O , ;=#@ T1 & 7#_ _ .$: 0 &# .$:13 e)P 9 * ] ^ ( bio10 ) _1 9_ O #_0, 7# 1& O 4* 1 P. quadrifasciatus & 9_& Q_ _ g#_8 & 'P ;=#@ V :*$@ T_+ O _, . &' ;=#@ T1 EP & # c0 O ,#0Q & V _:*$@ P. tibialis 9_*' && ._)* _ _# . _*& .# _, _ _# _13 * _,& 3 &_+ _0 9*' &# r'Y'= .$ ')= T V4 9 +* & o1 ;=#@ # 6 #0 4$: 3, V 60 9 ,?(0 9 13 & #$) 9_*' 9= Y+ & E & ')= ^# T #p T . . E . V 5$1 ~ |1' 3 #0 V1= '__)= {#__p T __ T __ & #$__) P. quadrifasciatus ;=#_@ #_ #c'1 ^ V1'8 . 1 3 . && ;=#@ V :*$@ (1@A ?* - . &+0 - => % : + <)'

T_ = _ 9_*' * , _ _# # Novi Sad 4)*& W *Y* ,]. & #>)0 r'_Y'= r'Y' . 0@& 3 Ante Vujic ':#@ 3

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