A Pragmatic Study of the Speeches of Angela Merkel

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A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF THE SPEECHES OF ANGELA MERKEL:

SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS

A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Program in English Language Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniara (M.Hum) in English Language Studies

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong 126332055

Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta

2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF THE SPEECHES OF ANGELA MERKEL:

SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS

A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Program in English Language Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniara (M.Hum) in English Language Studies

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong 126332055

Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta

2017

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A TIIESIS

A PRAGMATIC STT]DY OF TTIE SPEECHES OF ANGELA MERKEL:

SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong 1263320ss

'{:

, ,t {

Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A f3 h,*

Thesis Advisor 27tu Jt:/iy,zol7 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A THESIS

A PRAGMATIC STUDY OB THE SPEECHES OF ANGEI,A MERKEL:

SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS

Presented by

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong

Student Number: 1263320 55

Defended before the Thesis Committee and Declared Acceptable

THESIS COMMITTEE

Chairperson Dr. J. Bismoko

Secretary Dr. B.B. Dwijaflnoko, M.A

Members 1. Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hurn

2.F.X. Mukarto, Ph. D

Yogyakarta, 31" July, 2017 Graduate School Director University t

Dr. Gregorius Budi Subanar, S. J.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the fulI consequences including degree cancellation if he/she took somebody else's idea, phrase, or sentence without a proper reference.

Yogyakart a, 2'7'h July, 2Ol7 The writer

Agnechia Fris valny 126332055

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Agnechia Friska RivalnY NIM : 126332055

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A PRAGMATIC STWY OF THE SPEECHES OF ANGEL,'I MERKEL:

SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS

memberikan Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyirnpan, pangkalan mengalihkan dalam bentuk media 1ain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk akademis data, mendistribusikarrnya di intenlet atau media lain untuk kepentingan tetap tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selarna mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya' Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 27 Juli 2017

Yang

risk Rivalny Lodong PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong. 2017. A Pragmatic Study of the Speeches of Angela Merkel: Speech Acts Analysis. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University. A language has its primary function as the physical message which is to express meanings and to convey these to someone else. In real communication process, when a speaker communicates, he/she hopes to influence others to respond as he/she wants them to (Ross, 1995, p.5). This can be seen in public speaking. The utterances, the way of uttering them, even the speaker’s motivation influence the speech and the effect on the audience. Therefore, this study analyzes the speeches of an influential speaker in the world, Angela Merkel. There are two research questions formulated in this study: 1) Which Speech Acts types exercise in Angela Merkel’s speeches? 2) Which lexical repetitions are used in the speeches of Angela Merkel? This study uses Austin’s speech act theory and public speaking theory. This study considered as qualitative research. Thus, in order to conduct the study well, content analysis is applied. The subjects of this study are the transcript of Angela Merkel’s speeches. The transcripts of the speeches are analyzed based on Austin’s speech act theory related to the locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts performed. Then, the researcher examines the lexical repetition used in the speeches. There are two conclusion gained in this study. The first is the speech acts found in the speeches of Merkel. The second is the lexical repetition used in Merkel’s speeches. In this study, the locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts found are varied. Based on the sentence form, Merkel uttered her point in the form of declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives, exclamations, and fragments. However, Merkel’s speeches uttered the locutionary acts mostly in the form of declarative sentences. In the first speech, there are 23 possible illocutionary acts which fall under assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive. More various, there are 29 possible illocutionary acts found in Angela Merkel’s second speech which fall under the category of assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declaration. The possible perlocutionary acts on the audience are varied. They depend on the illocutionary acts conveyed in Merkel’s transcripts of speeches. There are three forms of lexical repetitions used in Angela Merkel’s transcripts of speeches, namely words, phrases, or clauses which are repeated separately during the speech, in sequenced sentences, as well as within the sentence. Through lexical repetition, the speaker could clarify and emphasize her points. The audience could gain the remarkable content of the speeches better. Repetitions make the speeches more interesting, remarkable, and significant in style.

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Eventually, the results of this study will be beneficial for scholars, public speaker, as well as future researchers who are interested in speech acts and lexical repetition of a speech. Teachers and learners can also draw some benefits for the teaching and learning process.

Keywords: locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary, lexical repetition, Angela Merkel.

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ABSTRAK

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong. 2017. A Pragmatic Study of the Speeches of Angela Merkel: Speech Acts Analysis. Yogyakarta: Program Magister Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Bahasa memiliki tujuan utama sebagai pesan fisik untuk mengekspresikan maksud dan menyampaikannya kepada orang lain. Dalam proses komunikasi, ketika seseorang berkomunikasi, ia berusaha mempengaruhi orang lain agar dapat merespon sesuai yang diharapkan (Ross, 1995, p.5). hal ini dapat dilihat dalam berpidato. Ungkapan yang digunakan, cara mengungkapkannya, bahkan motivasi pembicara mempengaruhi pidato yang disampaikan dan efeknya terhadap audiens. Penelitian ini menganalisis pidato-pidato dari seorang pembicara yang sangat berpengaruh di dunia, Angela Merkel. Ada dua pertanyaan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini: 1) Jenis-jenis tindak tutur apa saja yang digunakan di dalam pidato- pidato Angela Merkel? 2) Apa saja pengulangan kosa kata yang ditemukan dalam pidato-pidato Angela Merkel? Penelitian ini menggunakan teori tindak tutur dan teori pidato. Penelitian ini dikategorikan sebagai penelitian kualitatif, khususnya penelitian mengenai isi sebuah dokumen. Subjek penelitian ini adalah transkrip pidato dari Angela Merkel. Transkrip tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan teori tindak tutur yang dikemukakan oleh Austin, yaitu mengenai tindak lokusi, ilokusi dan perlokusi yang ditampilkan. Kemudian peneliti menganalisis pengulangan kosa kata yang ditemukan di dalam pidato. Hasil penelitian dijabarkan sebagai penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Terdapat dua kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama adalah jenis-jenis tindak tutur yang digunakan didalam pidato-pidato Angela Merkel. Kedua adalah pengulangan kosa kata yang ditemukan dalam pidato-pidato Merkel. Dalam penelitian ini, tindak lokusi, ilokusi, dan perlokusi yang ditemukan beragam. Berdasarkan bentuk kalimatnya, Merkel mengutarakan isi pidatonya dalam bentuk kalimat pernyataan, kalimat perintah, kalimat tanya, kalimat seru, bahkan fragmen. Namun, sebagian besar isi pidato-pidato Merkel diungkapkan dalam bentuk kalimat-kalimat pernyataan. Dalam pidato yang pertama, ditemukan 23 jenis tindak ilokusi yang mungkin dan termasuk dalam kategori verba asertif, direktif, komisif, dan ekspresif. Lebih beragam lagi, ditemukan 29 jenis tindak ilokusi yang mungkin pada pidato Angela Merkel yang kedua dan digolongkan ke dalam category verba asertif, direktif, komisif, ekspresif, dan deklarasi. Tindak perlokusi yang ditemukan sangat beragam. Hal ini tergantung pada tindak ilokusi yang diungkapkan dalam pidato-pidato Merkel. Terdapat tiga bentuk pengulangan kosa kata yang digunakan dalam transkrip pidato Angela Merkel yaitu kata, frasa, maupun klausa yang diulang dalam kalimat-kalimat terpisah, dalam urutan kalimat, dan dalam satu kalimat yang sama. Dengan pengulangan kosa kata, pembicara dapat memperjelas dan

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menegaskan poin-poin yang ingin disampaikan. Audiens sendiri dapat menangkap isi pokok pidato dengan lebih baik. Pengulangan kosa kata dalam pidato membuat pidato tersebut lebih menarik dan lebih berkesan. Akhirnya, hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berguna untuk kalangan akademis, para pembicara, serta para peneliti lain yang tertarik dengan tindak tutur maupun pengulangan kosa kata dalam sebuah pidato. Para pendidik dan pengajar juga dapat mengambil beberapa manfaat untuk proses belajar mengajar.

Kata kunci: locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary, lexical repetition, Angela Merkel.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to those who helped and supported me in completing this thesis. First, I want to express my praise to Jesus

Christ for blessing me with such a wonderful life and for all the chances I got to learn life lessons for being a better person day by day.

Next, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. for his guidance, suggestions, and valuable feedback during my thesis writing process. My deepest gratitude also go to all KBI lecturers and staff members who have taught and helped me these years. I am also grateful to Dr. E. Sunarto,

M.Hum, Dr. J. Bismoko and F.X. Mukarto, Ph. D for the feedbacks and suggestions to improve my thesis during the thesis review as well as the thesis defense.

Moreover, I thank my wonderful family especially my parents, Yupson

Lodong and Derlin Sandewa for their everlasting love and prayers. Not to forget, my thankfulness goes to my sisters and brother, Aphrodityas Sherlisa, Angelika

Trivena and Agung Panglima Putra and all family for their support and prayers.

Last but not least, I want to express my special thanks to all my friends in

JOY Fellowship Indonesia for always reminding me to complete this thesis; my family in GKI Adisutjipto for all the prayers and for making my life more valuable; and all of my students for giving me chances to have more experiences.

Thanks for coloring my process in bringing this thesis to the final stage of completion.

Agnechia Friska Rivalny Lodong

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi ABSTRAK ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of The Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of The Study ...... 4 D. Benefits of The Study ...... 4 E. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Theoretical Review ...... 7 1. Language Functions ...... 8 a. Micro Functions ...... 8 b. Macro Functions ...... 11 2. Pragmatics ...... 12 3. Speech Acts ...... 14 a. Locutionary Acts ...... 15 b. Illocutionary Acts ...... 16 c. Perlocutionary Acts ...... 19

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4. Public Speaking Communication ...... 21 a. Speech ...... 21 b. Audience Interaction ...... 23 5. Lexical Repetition ...... 24 B. Previous Research Findings ...... 25 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 27

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ...... 29 B. Research Subjects ...... 30 C. Research Instruments ...... 30 D. Data Analysis ...... 31 E. Research Procedures ...... 31

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Speech Acts Found in the Speeches of Angela Merkel ...... 33

1. Locutionary Acts in the Speeches ...... 33

2. Illocutionary Acts in the Speeches ...... 39

3. Perlocutionary Acts in the Speeches ...... 51

B. Lexical Repetition Used in the Speeches ...... 55

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS

A. Conclusions ...... 58

B. Suggestions ...... 59

C. Implications on Teaching and Learning ...... 60

REFERENCES ...... 61

APPENDICES ...... 62

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Locutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech We Have No Time To Lose 34

Table 2. Locutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 37

Table 3. Illocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech We Have No Time To Lose 40

Table 4. Illocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 45

Table 5. Perlocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech We Have No Time To Lose 52

Table 6. Perlocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 54

Table 7. Lexical Repetition in Merkel’s speech We Have No Time To Lose 56

Table 8. Lexical Repetition in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 57

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1. Locutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech

We Have No Time To Lose 63

Appendix 2. Locutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 75

Appendix 3. Illocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech

We Have No Time To Lose 89

Appendix 4. Illocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 102

Appendix 5. Lexical Repetition in Merkel’s speech

We Have No Time To Lose 118

Appendix 6. Lexical Repetition in Merkel’s speech in Brussels 122

Appendix 7. Biography of Angela Merkel 125

Appendix 8. Speech of Angela Merkel We Have No Time To Lose 128

Appendix 9. Speech of Angela Merkel in Brussels 137

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher introduced and described the nature and content of the proposed study. This chapter consists of five subchapters. Those are background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms.

A. Background of The Study

Language has its primary function which is to express meanings and to convey those meanings to someone else. The language used as the physical message to convey meanings can be expressed in many forms that can vary depending on the situation and involving various speech communities. It can be in form of written and spoken text, formal and informal ones. The meaning of the message that the receiver gets is influenced by the way in which the message is coded, the medium or channel chosen for its transmission, and the skill (Ross,

1995, p.5)

Speech is one way to convey the thought, ideas, and what the speakers means. The aims of the speeches are to give something to the audience, the speaker hopes that the audience would understand the topic which the speaker informed, to entertain the audience, the speaker hopes that the audience will satisfy and amuse about the message delivered to audience and the last is to influence the audience, so eventually the audience are convinced to what the speaker convey and willing to do so. In the social-political field, people

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comunicate their thoughts and ideas commonly through speech in order to convey their goals to the society.

Speech, as we have seen, is just one of a number of channels through which humans can communicate. Concepts and ideas cannot be directly communicated, and speech is perhaps the most highly developed channel for the transmission of ideational as opposed to emotional or other sorts of interpersonal messages. To understand speech production we will ultimately need to understand both how conceptual messages are represented in the mind, and how those messages are translated into sounds which can pass from speaker to listener.

People communicate with others by what is called conversation. A conversation means the exchange of words, sentences and many other expressions and information between people in a certain situation and certain topic. The study of conversation is related to the study of speech acts. When people have conversation to express themselves, they not only produce utterance but also performed actions. Actions that performed via utterances are generally called speech acts (Yule, 1996:47).

This study takes a case on Angela Merkel‟s speeches. She is not only her country‟s most popular leader for a generation, but arguably the most respected politician in the world. Her speeches have been recorded and shared all over the world. Merkel inspired people and communicated her concern on humanity issues surroundings through her speeches. The charisma of Merkel has influenced many people to take action and make changes related to issues she proposed in the speeches. Indeed, she was able to showcase not only her respect for individual freedom but her solidarity with her nation.

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A pragmatic persona and a confident, unswerving approach towards the people of her nation is an important element of her success. She is counted among the most influential woman of the world and is serving her second term as

Germany‟s chancellor. Angela Merkel is known for her confident speeches and the power to defend herself.

Angela Merkel has gained immense popularity because of her no-nonsense attitude and her quality of weighing her words before she speaks. This successful female politician serves as a role model to many young girls and women of the world. Her vision is clear. One of her supporter says that she identifies with her, she wants to be a strong woman like her and she gets very inspired to see how

Merkel manages to defend herself among her male colleagues.

Angela Merkel has always supported the unification of European countries for the welfare of its people. She believes in the unity of its students for better educational platforms. Although there might be some people who oppose her way of handling the government, but the power to handle every sort of criticism and to take it positively is what makes her different. She has been accused of defending the elite and ignoring the lower classes. Her opponents also accuse her of spending fewer funds on education.

Maintaining the power in this male dominant society is a task to accomplish. Angela Merkel has inspired a lot of women to be independent and competent by her speeches. Therefore, this paper is aimed to study the content of her speeches to see how strong the woman talk can convey every ideas and meaning to be applied in the society.

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Public speaking is included as public communication that conveys meaning and ideas of the speaker in spesific purpose through language. Through public speaking, the speaker may hope he/she can influence the audience to perform response as he/she wants to, or even affect them to take action. Therefore, this research aimed to study the content of what the speakers did through language in Angela Merkel‟s speeches based on speech acts theory and the stylistic element of the speeches through lexical repetition.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the research background stated above, there are three questions which are addressed in this study as follows:

1. Which Speech Acts types exercise in Angela Merkel‟s speeches?

2. Which lexical repetitions are used in the speeches of Angela Merkel?

C. Objectives of The Study

There are two objectives that can be obtained. By conducting this study, the researcher is expected to be able to:

1. To identify the speech acts exercised in the speeches of Angela Merkel.

2. To identify the lexical repetition used in the speeches of Angela Merkel.

D. Benefits of The Study

The researcher of this study expected that the results can be beneficial for:

1. Readers of this study

This study is expected to be beneficial for the readers in providing information

related to the topics discussed in this study.

2. Scholars

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The result of this study can give beneficial information for those who want to

deepen knowledge about Angela Merkel.

3. Public Speakers

This study will provide significance to public speakers in making effective,

interactive speech that can be remarkable for the audience.

4. Future researchers

This study gives future researchers beneficial inputs to conduct similar research

about speech acts and lexical repetitions, in its relation with speaker‟s interaction with the audience.

E. Definition of Terms

This study includes some specific terms. In an attempt to clarify concepts and avoid misinterpretation, the following explanation defines the key words or phrases of terms specifically used in this study.

1. Speech

Speech is a way to convey ideas in logical manner and use reliable evidence to support the speaker‟s point. Speech communicates thoughts effectively in public or to the audience. It consists of three main parts namely introduction to gain the audience‟s attention and take them to the topic issued, body in which the speaker explains the main topic and supports it with evidences, and the last is conclusion to restate and make remarkable conclusion through effective closing of the speech. The researcher does not distinguish the term speech, public speaking, or public speech. The speeches analyzed in this study are delivered by Angela Merkel.

2. Speech Acts

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Speech acts are defined as particular kinds of action that performed when uttering the expressions or speech such as by stating, promising, warning, ordering, and so on (Cruse, 2000, p.331). Speech acts consists of three separate acts (Searle, 1974) namely an act of saying something (locutionary act), an act of doing something (illocutionary act), and an act of affecting something

(perlocutionary act). In this study, the researcher uses the term speech act, locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act as proposed by Austin and Searle.

3. Lexical Repetition

Lexical repetition is repeating fully words, or word-phrases, in a subsequent sentence, either referring to the same object or to another example of object variation e.g. its close synonym within the text. Besides making the speech to be more significant in style, repetition aims to emphasize point as well as to make speech more effective and interesting. (Fowler, 1986, p.64; Nicholls, 1999).

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents a review of related theory contextualized to the topic being studied. This chapter consists of two main parts: theoretical review and theoretical framework. The theoretical review will discuss some theories used in this research while the theoretical framework shows how the theories or concepts are used to determine the type of data and to analyze the research problems.

A. Theoretical Review

In this part, the researcher elaborated related theories to analyze the data.

The related theories used are theory of language function, theory of speech in public communication, theory of pragmatics, and theory of speech acts.

The consideration of using these theories are the basis of analyzing the data is because the topic of this study is arisen from a phenomenon in language study which language use in speeches conveys particular function in communication and in addressing meaning. This study focused on the analysis of speech acts in the speeches of Angela Merkel. Thus, the theory of pragmatics, especially theory of speech acts which is under this linguistics field would be discussed. Besides, since the data of this study were gathered from two transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches, the theory of public speaking communication is needed to support the analysis and give descriptions on language used in speeches.

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1. Language Functions

It is a natural phenomenon to use language as a primary means of communicating one‟s thoughts (Wisniewski, 2007). It results difficulty for some people to define the language functions. Bloomfield (1993) noted “perhaps because of its familiarity, we rarely observe it, taking it rather for granted, as we do breathing or walking”. Finch (1998) as cited by Wisniewski (2007) divided the language functions into two categories. These categories are micro functions which refer to specific individual uses, and macro functions that deal with more overall aims. a. Micro Functions

Micro function is the category of language functions which refer to specific individual uses. Language functions have seven micro functions, namely the physiological function, phatic function, recording function, identifying function, reasoning function, communicating function, and pleasure function.

The first is physiological function. It is the function of a language use in this view is to release physical and nervous energy. The language use rarely conveys meaning. Therefore it is used only to make the speaker feels better for releasing repressed energy. For example, when watching football match in the

TV, fans often shout instructions, express support, disappointment, or curse words to the players, these expressions are useless. The speaker‟s expressions will not give any influence to the players.

The second function is named phatic function. Finch (1998) as cited by

Wisniewski (2007) stated that the language use in this function is characterized by lack of any informative content and is intended to link people and make the

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coexistence peaceful and pleasant. In short, it brings sociability function of language. It can be found mainly in speech, by greeting the addressees through phrases as „nice day today‟ or „how do you do‟, and in certain types of writing as in letter, for instance in the salutation Dear Sir/Madam and ending Yours faithfully.

The third function is called recording function. Finch (1998) mentioned

“recording function denotes using language to make a durable record of things that ought to be remembered. Owing to its omnipresence writing is probably the most significant function of language.” The recording function of language can be illustrated in the use of language as a mean to note particular, chronological event in the past. Before being developed into alphabets in present times, the first writing system in form of pictures, developed in the Middle East in 4000 BC to represent something, can be included as the recording function of language.

The next function of language in this category is the identifying function.

Language is used also to identify the objects and events in the world (Wisniewski,

2007). People might have a concept of an object in their mind. To let other people understand what object a speaker is referring to, language is needed to put this concept of an object into words. By naming the object both the speaker and the addressee will be able to signify and identify it. In other words, it is related to the function of language to name things or objects so that the speaker could identify the object being discussed and the addressee could refer to it. “We use names to classify different types of things, whether we call a car anautomobile, a lorry, a van or a truck makes a big difference” (Wisniewski, 2007).

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The next function is called reasoning function. Finch (1998) as cited by

Wisniewski called it as instruments of thought. In human thinking process, language use is necessarily needed. Because human brain works in processing information, it will be very difficult to think without any use of words. Thus language provides with concepts formulated by means of language. When someone thinks about something or a concept, words referred to it will come in mind. For example when someone thinks about stationery, what comes to his/her mind must be words related to it such as pencil, books, ruler, eraser, pen, etc. It must be impossible to think about it without any use of words.

The sixth function is the communicating function. Most speakers view communicating as the major function of language. “Requesting, apologizing, informing, ordering as well as promising and refusing are all reasons for communicating our ideas” (Wisniewski, 2007). For example when someone says can you tell me what time is this? She/he is performing language communicating function of requesting. Or, by uttering John will be home at 3, the speaker is communicating her thoughts of informing something to the addressee.

The last function of language functions in this category is the pleasure function. Language can give pleasure for both the speakers and listeners. It can be felt for instance through the use of assonance, alliteration, and onomatopoeia in poetry, the mild sound of English, unusual use of syntactic rules, as well as novelties of meaning juxtapositions and language games (Wisniewski, 2007). In speech, the use alliteration can be illustrated in the use of words “to dream, to dare, to do” by repeating its beginning sounds (Grice & Skinner, 1995). b. Macro Functions

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The other category of language functions is macro functions that deal with more overall aims. Macro functions is divided into four functions, they are ideational function, interpersonal function, phoetic functions, and textual function.

The first function of language based on macro function is ideational function. According to Finch (1998) as cited by Wisniewski (2007) in his website,

“Ideational function refers to the conceptualizing process involved in our mental activities.” Through language, people can figure out what happens around them.

For example, someone is reporting that the tsunami happened 5 minutes after the

8.9 Richter scale earthquakes. To be able to report what happened after other thing happened, people performs the ideational function of language.

The second function is named interpersonal function. As a social phenomenon, language not only can enable people to communicate each other, it also enables the speaker to transfer ideas in the desired way and to represent the speaker (Wisniewski, 2007). It is because a concept in one‟s mind cannot be understood by the addressee without transferring his/her ideas into a language.

One of the ways, this function can be seen when people delivering a speech.

Through the speech, he/she is transferring his/her ideas to others.

The third function is called poetic function. Through the words and meaning, language can be manipulated in a creative way as in jokes or metaphors for pleasure. For example: Life is a box of chocolate, you never know what you are going to get. This metaphor compares life and a box of chocolate.

The fourth and also the last function of this category is named textual function. Using certain linguistic devices, people are able to create long utterances or cohesive and coherence piece of writing. According to Jakobson as cited by

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Hebert (2007), any act of verbal communication is composed of six elements, or factors (the terms of the model): (1) a context (the co-text, that is, the other verbal signs in the same message, and the world in which the message takes place), (2) an addresser or a sender, (3) an addressee or a receiver, (4) a contact between an addresser and addressee, (5) a common code and (6) a message.

From the elaboration of language functions above, it can be found that generally language functions are divided into two broad categories which are transactional and interactional function. According to Brown and Yule (1983), transactional refers to the function of language to express content. While interactional refers to the use of interpersonal language that is related to social relationships and individual feelings (Brown & Yule, 1983, p.1). Thus, language itself is a social phenomenon as well as a mental phenomenon that can be studied

(Leech, 1983, p.3).

2. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is often described as the study of language in use. As one of branches in Linguistics, pragmatics studies about the relationships between language and its users. Pragmatics analysis focuses on what a speaker might want the words to mean on a particular occasion. Fowler (1986) defined pragmatics as

“conventional relationship between linguistics constructions and the users and the uses of language.” There are three aspects involved in this definition. Those are linguistics construction, the users or speakers of the language, and the language use.

Fromkin and Rodman (2002, p.207) wrote that pragmatics is concerned with the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context. According to Fromkin and

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Rodman (2002), there are two contexts which are relevant to interpret meaning, namely linguistic context and situational context. The linguistics context deals with the discourse that precedes the phrase or sentence to be interpreted (Fromkin

& Rodman, 2002). Interpreting the meaning through the discourse, the sentence or utterances delivered, leads to the second context, situational context. Situational context involves the knowledge of the real world referents of the discourse. It allows the speaker, hearer, and any third parties present (Fromkin & Rodman,

2002).

Different from syntax which concerns with words order and a study of words literal meaning called semantics, pragmatics; only pragmatics allows human into the analysis.

Leech (1983) redefined pragmatics to be more than meaning that relatives to a speaker or user of language but also to the speech situations, “I shall redefine pragmatics for the purpose of linguistics, as the study of meaning in relation to speech situations” (Leech, 1983). Pragmatics concerns on the use of language in communication, particularly in the relationship between sentence or utterances and the context or the situation in which they are used which depends on the knowledge of the real world.

Speech situations that influence the meaning of language use studied in pragmatics are related to these following criteria (Leech, 1983): a. Addresser and addressee b. The context of utterance c. The goal(s) of an utterance d. The utterance as a form of act or activity (speech act)

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e. The utterance as a product of a verbal act

Thus, “pragmatics is distinguished from semantics in being concerned with meaning in relation to a speech situation” (Leech, 1983) mentioned above. In other words, pragmatics focuses on “how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways” (McManis, Stollenwerk, Zhang &

Bissantz, 1987).

3. Speech Acts

Central to Pragmatics is Speech Acts Theory. It is a tool to interpret the meaning and function of words in different speech situations. It concerns itself with the symbolism of words, the difference between a meaningful string of words and meaningless ones, the truth value or falsity of utterances, and the function to which language can be put.

Parker (1986) as cited by Darma (2005), wrote that there are five branches discussed in the field of pragmatics. The five branches discussed in pragmatics are performatives, felicity condition, speech acts, implicature and conversational maxims. Whereas Fromkin and Rodman (2002) mentioned that pragmatics includes speech acts, presuppositions, and deixis. Since this research focused on the speech acts used in the speeches of Angela Merkel, the researcher would further discuss on the theory of speech acts used to analyze the data.

As a branch of study under the field of pragmatics, speech acts theory studies what an utterance does beyond just saying something (Fromkin and

Rodman, 2002). It is related with the communicating function of language in which speakers can use language to do things. Searle (1974) wrote:

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The reason for concentrating on the study of speech acts is simply this: all linguistics communication involves linguistics acts. The unit of linguistics communication is not, as has generally been supposed, the symbol, word or sentence, or even the token of the symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of the speech acts.

Speech acts then becomes the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. The utterance of the sentence actually constitutes the action reffered to (Parker, 1986). The focus is on the action speakers do by performing the language.

Austin (1963) pointed out that when people use language, they are performing a kind of action. Speech acts then can be explained as acts that performed when uttering the expressions or speech. Austin proposed three levels of speech act related to the acts a sentence may perform. They are: a. Locutionary Acts

Austin (1963) differentiated locutionary acts from the two other by defining it as performing act of saying something. A locutionary act is “the utterance of certain noises, certain words in a certain construction, and the utterance of them with a certain sense and certain reference” (Austin, 1963). From his definition, it can be stated that the focus of locutionary act is on the production of an utterance with certain condition. Lyons as cited by Cruse (2000) distinguished this act as follow.

1) Produce an utterance through physical act of speaking: producing certain type

of noise (or in the case of written language, a set of written symbols),

2) Compose a sentence: composing a string of words conforming to the grammar

of some language,

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3) Contextualized which is related to speaker‟s intention.

Leech (1983) added “We may provisionally identify the locutionary act with the transmission of the message (ideational communication)”. It can be illustrated as follow:

LOCUTION: speaker says to hearer that X

(X being certain words spoken with a certain sense and reference)

Thus the message transferred in performing locutionary acts involves composing sentence in certain form. That is why locutionary act refers to a particular person as the hearer. It comprises the production of sounds and words with meaning by the speaker (Schiffrin, 1994) to the hearer. When the forms are distinguished from speaker‟s intention and context, then it leads into the so-called illocutionary acts. b. Illocutionary Acts

While locutionary act is the act of saying something, illocutionary act is the transmission of the discourse (interpersonal communication) in which the speaker performs an act in saying something (Leech, 1983). In other words, illocutionary act is performing an act of doing something. It is defined as the action of communication like asserting a fact, asking questions, requesting an action, making a promise, or giving a warning (Fromkin & Rodman, 2002).

If locutionary act or uttering the words is performed in appropriate contextual condition, illocutionary act has been performed. However, the same illocutionary act can be performed in different locution (Cruse, 2000). For example in I saw Jane this morning and I saw your wife this morning. These sentences can refer to the same meaning on the assumption that the addressee‟s

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wife is called Jane. On the other hand, “the same locutionary act can realize different illocutionary act” (Cruse, 2000). For instance when a speaker says I’ll be there, this utterance can function as a promise, a prediction, or a warning.

Searle (1979) as cited by Leech (1983) classified illocutionary acts into five categories:

1) Assertives

Assertives are ways of asserting a proposition in order to put it forward as true. In other words, this act commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition for example in stating, suggesting, boasting, complaining, claiming, or reporting. Performative verbs commonly used to assert certain proposition are report, insist, claim, maintain, answer, agree, remark, mention, announce, testify, remind, admit, disclose, deny, complain, or predict (Alston, 2000). The utterance

The door is open can constitute an act of asserting that the door is now open.

2) Directives

Directives are intended to produce some effect through action by the hearer. It commonly appears in ordering, commanding, requesting, advising, and recommending. According to Alston (2000), “Directives are concerned with guiding the behavior of others.” It commonly expressed through the use of these following verbs: ask, request, tell, command, order, forbid, advise, recommend, suggest, or propose. To illustrate, when a mother says to her child Take your feet off the table, this act constitutes an act of ordering. The effect expected by uttering this order is the child taking his feet off the table (Parker, 1986).

3) Commissives

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Commissives commit the speaker (to a greater or lesser degree) to some feature actions; e.g. promising, vowing, offering (Alston, 2000; Leech, 1983).

Mostly, commisives appear with verbs like promise, bet, guarantee, invite, and offer. For example, I hereby promise that I’ll come.

4) Expressives

This is considered as the acts of expressing or making known something which is related to the speaker‟s psychological attitude towards the state of affairs the illocution presupposed. In short, it expresses some psychological state of the speaker (Alston, 2000). It exists in thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling, etc. for example:

I thank you for your help.

I congratulate you for your promotion.

Or, I apologize for stepping on your toe.

Verbs that commonly used to perform this act are thank, apologize, commiserate, compliment, or congratulate. Those are used to express: enthusiasm, contempt, relief, desire, willingness, intention, opinion, opposition, determination, unhappiness, and delight (Alston, 2000).

5) Declaratives

Austin (1963) called it as exercitives. It is considered as the giving of a decision in favor of or against a certain course of action (Austin, 1963) performed as “a verbal exercise of authority, verbal ways of altering the „social status‟ of something, or an act that is made possible by one‟s social or institutional role or status” (Alston, 2000).

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Exercitives or declarations are performed by someone who is authorized to do so within institutional framework which corresponds with the propositional content and reality. It is used in resigning, dismissing, christening, naming, excommunicating, appointing, sentencing, etc. for example, I (hereby) pronounce you as husband and wife. Some performative verbs used to indicate declaratives are adjourn, appoint, pardon, name, nominate, sentence, hire, fire, and approve

(Alston, 2000)

The existence of illocutionary performative verbs justifies the existence of illocutionary categories (Leech, 1983) c. Perlocutionary Acts

Performing an act of affecting someone by saying something is considered as perlocutionary act. Performing perlocutionary act uses language as a tool to affect someone. Cruse (2000) wrote “Take the act of persuading someone to do something, or getting them to believe that something is the case.” It goes beyond communication; like annoying, frightening, cheering someone up, or tricking someone by what the speaker tells to the addressee. “A perlocutionary act consists in the production of some effect” (Alston, 2000). Hence, perlocutionary acts would be based on the illocutionary acts.

However, even performed in the appropriate intention, for example when cheering someone up, it will not constitute the act of cheering right away. The person being cheered up should do what the speaker is proposed. Therefore the act can be counted as perlocutionary act (Cruse, 2000). A speaker advices the addressee, You should bring your umbrella, for example. If the addressee does the speaker‟s advice by bringing the umbrella, perlocutionary act is performed. Other

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example is if a speaker reports something, the perlocutionary act performed by the addressee can be to know, to be informed, or to believe. Therefore, performing a perlocutionary act is producing certain effects on an audience (Austin, 1963 as cited by Alston, 2000)

According to Fowler (1986) “a successful speech act requires several conditions to be fulfilled”. The criterion is not on the truth or falsehood of the propositions expressed in language, but whether the speech acts are appropriately uttered. Meanwhile, “all speech acts have their conditions of appropriateness, differing widely from case to case” (Fowler, 1986). For example in promising, an utterance can be appropriately counted as a promise if whatever being promised becomes the speaker‟s future act and the speaker him/herself intends to do it.

Another example of appropriateness conditions of speech acts can be illustrated as in marriage. Only marriageable persons can be declared as husband and wife. One cannot consecrate flowers, dogs, a pair of shoes, or even babies.

Certain utterances of speech act such as promise, declare, baptize, order or request (Fowler, 1986) contain performative verbs for example:

I promise to pay you fifty dollars.

I declare the summit begins.

Performative verbs can usually used to signal speech acts. To set them apart from non-performative verbs, it normally occurs with „hereby‟ e.g. I hereby command you to surrender. Besides, performative verbs used to indicate speech acts are restricted in grammar. It must be in the form of simple present tense, whether it is in active or passive form (Cruse, 2000), for example:

I hereby promise to pay you next week.

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Passengers are (hereby) requested not to smoke.

You are (hereby) warned to leave immediately.

However, the form of performative verbs in speech acts can be ambiguous because “Speech acts can be based on construction other than explicit performative verbs” (Fowler, 1986). For example, instead of saying I hereby order you to shut the door, the speaker can say Shut the door! or Could you shut the door? The second example looks like a question asking whether the addressee is able to shut the door. This form is considered as indirect speech acts of ordering. Thus, context is needed to disambiguate them (Cruse, 2000).

4. Public Speaking Communication a. Speech

According to Wilson, Arnold, and Wertheimer (1990) when people speak in public, they report what they know or have learned. People also try to convince others of the correctness of a belief or the need for collective action (Wilson,

1990, p.4). However, delivering speech in public speaking is more than speaking in public. It is an organized, structured way of communicating with others.

Speech is a way to convey ideas in logical manner and use reliable evidence to support the speaker‟s point (UNC, 2007). It consist of three main parts namely introduction to gain the audience‟s attention and take them to the topic issued, body in which the speaker explains the main topic and supports it with evidences, and conclusion to restate and make remarkable conclusion through effective closing of speech.

Delivering a speech in public, the speaker needs knowledge to support his/her idea of speech. Wilson et.al (1990) proposed at least two useful knowledge

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that a speaker can possess when speaking in public. The first one is knowledge of speaking in public that leads to increased skill in social decision making. If a speaker wants to give influence to the audience, he/she should value the audience.

Speakers who do it well will earn cooperation and respect from the audience

(Wilson, 1990). The second one is knowledge of speaking in public yields skill in promoting and defending ideas. Speaker needs the audience‟s acceptance on his/her ideas.

A speaker must have purpose by delivering his/her ideas. Ross (1995) mentioned there are three general purpose of a speech. The first is to inform people of something about which the speaker either has more knowledge or knows in a different, more specific way. The goals of informative speaking are clarity, interest, and understanding. Organizational of the material will be the key to obtain these goals.

Secondly, a speaker may deliver his/her speech to persuade or to convince people to believe something, convince them to do something, and stimulate them to a higher level of enthusiasm and devotion (Ross, 1995). Finally, a speech can be used to entertain people. These speeches contain jokes, stories and a variety of humor. It depends on the experience, skill, and personality of both speaker and audience (Ross, 1995).

In general, speaker should be involved in their subject or topic of the speech, as well as in the audience. Thus, their gesture and language will be both dynamic and spontaneous. b. Audience interaction

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In public speeches, the audience is made up of listeners. Ross (1995) described audience as a fairly formal collection of individuals who assemble for a specific purpose. The audience gets the information from what the speaker said. In order to interact with the audience, the speech delivered must be fit with the audience (UNC, 2007). Most of speeches invite audience to react in one of three ways. Those are through audience‟s felling, thinking, or acting.

In delivering a speech in public speaking, it is important for the speaker in consider his/her audience. By understanding the occasion and the audience, a speaker can make appropriate speech to deliver. Besides the occasion, Ross

(1995) pointed out at least six considerations to value the audience. The first one is that a speaker needs to consider the ethnic-cultural identity of the audience. The second one is related to the religion. These two first considerations are very critical for a speaker. It can influence the content of speech that he/she is going to deliver. Ross added group membership, gender, age, and education to assess, before delivering a speech in public speaking communication (1995).

A speaker in public speaking communication can possibly have an interaction with his/her audience. Audience in public speaking can be formed as a collection of individual. Ross (1995) mentioned that there are three patterns of audience interaction. Three of these patterns are polarization that describes unusual homogeneous audience attitudes; interstimulation which refers to some of the unpredictable behavior characteristic of audience and more specifically to the concept of social facilitation including suggestions and reinforcement; and feedback response from the audience to the efforts of the speaker in delivering speech.

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5. Lexical Repetition

Lexical repetition is the most common form of lexical cohesion devices.

Together with collocation, the existence of lexical repetition contributes to the cohesion of text. It is simply repeated words or word-phrases through the text

(Cutting, 2002, p.13). In a speech, repetition is done by the speaker through restating words, phrases, or sentences. To create a lexical cohesion, lexical repetition as well as synonym is commonly used. For example in Ulysses work, from the stair head … he peered down the dark winding stairs. The word stairs varies the stair head reference through its synonym as well as repeating it

(Fowler, 1986, p.64).

Lexical repetition also exploits for stylistic effect. Using repetition and parallelism can make the speech delivered become more significant in style.

Lexical repetition and parallelism wording are two of significant stylistic resources through rhythm. For example: There are some of us, Mr. Chairman, who will fight and fight and fight again to save the party we love (Nicholls, 1999, taken from the speech of Hugh Gaitskell, Labor Party Conference, 1960).

One of ways to achieve the objective of a speech and to help the audience remember the point easily is by appealing the audience‟s senses and feeling.

According to Grice and Skinner, repetition is one of ways that can be practiced to enliven the language of speech. It functions to emphasize a point or to call for an action (Grice & Skinner, 1995, p.237)

If the speaker does not give any prominence to certain words or sentence, consequently, the speech will be dull and boring. However, using lexical

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repetition to emphasize the significance of a key idea, argument, or theme should be employed selectively or it will fall flat (Darma, 2005).

B. Preview Research Findings

There are many researchers which investigates speech acts. One of them was conducted by Elizabeth (2004). She did her research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Interdepartmetal

Program in Linguistics from Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Her research entitled “Variation in the

Performance of Speech Acts in Peninsular Spanish: Apologies and requests”. This research examines variations in the performance of speech acts and additional discourse features in situational speech patterns of Peninsular Spanish. Forty participants from Castile and Andalusia were interviewed, and the data were coded to examine the differences in speech act realizations and the use of specific discourse features. The participants‟ responses were classified by regional, gender, and age differences for the data set. Sociolinguistics differences in the use of additional discourse features were also compared, examining the use of alerters, personal address items, intensifiers, polite markers, hedges, accepting responsibility, offering repair, and the expression of need. In addition, native speaker judgements and metalinguistic discussions were conducted to test the speech act data of participants from Castile and Andalusia and to verify the acceptability of the responses.

The research findings show that little variation is seen in the performance of speech acts viewed from the aspects of region, gender, and age. The speech acts

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for apologies and requests are formulaic in nature and only change with situational variation. Likewise, even though some differences exist, there is no statistical significance in the use of additional discourse features, according to region, gender, and age. The use of these discourse features provides information for Spanish language variation and in the areas of linguistic politeness and language and gender. Results from the metalinguistics discussions provide qualitative data, supporting the findings of speech act realization.

Another research regarding speech acts was conducted by Ardiansyah

(2015). His research for the attainment of Master degree from Muhammadiyah

University of Surakarta entitled “Student Expressive Speech Acts Operated in

Teaching Learning Conversation in ELTI GRAMEDIA Surakarta.” The research aimed to describe the realizations of expressive speech acts used by students, to explain the students‟ strategies in their expressive utterances, to explain the students‟ intentions in performing expressive utterances. The data of the research were collected from the teaching-learning conversation in ELTI GRAMEDIA

Surakarta employed by students aged 19-23 years old.

C. Theoretical Framework

This part presents the elaboration how the theories are used to conduct the research. Since this research focused on the use of speech acts employed in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches, the researcher used the theory of speech acts and public speaking communication to analyze the transcripts of the speeches.

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In analyzing the speech acts found in the transcripts of the speeches analyzed, the researcher examined the existence of the three categories of speech acts; locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. In analyzing the locutionary act, the researcher would study the sentence composed in the speeches through its sentence form, whether the sentences were performed in declarative, imperative, interrogative, or in exclamation.

In analyzing the illocutionary acts in the speeches, the researcher would examine the intention of the speaker in uttering them such as for asserting a fact, asking a question, requesting an action, making a promise, or giving a warning.

The researcher would analyze the speaker‟s intention from five categories of illocutionary act, which are assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and exercitives found in the speeches. And for the perlocutionary acts, the researcher would examine the effects on the audience resulted from the speaker‟s act of uttering them for instance to persuade, to do something, or to inspire the audience.

The theory of lexical repetition in public speaking communication elaborated in the previous subchapter would be used in analyzing lexical repetition found in the speeches and its influence to the whole speech. Lexical repetition analysis would help to figure out the style of the speeches of Angela

Merkel.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methods of research and analysis, outlines the procedure to be used to gather and analyzed the data. This chapter consists of the research method, research subjects, research instruments, data analysis and research procedures. The type of study discusses the approach uses in this research.

A. Research Method

This study is considered as qualitative research since the primary data is in the form of texts. One of the major characteristics of qualitative research is the use of descriptive data. Managing the large volume of descriptive data generated from interviews, observations, and the collection of documents is an important consideration in qualitative research (Ary, Jacobs & Razavich, 2002). This study used the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches and will be analyzed based on the theory of speech acts by Austin and Searle.

Considering the type of data studied, the researcher used content analysis in order to be able to conduct this study well. Content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics of the materials. The materials analyzed in content or document analysis method can be in a form of textbooks, newspapers, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents (Ary et.al 2002). This study itself used the

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transcript of the speeches of Angela Merkel as the documents analyzed for the data sources.

B. Research Subjects

The researcher chose the transcript of the speeches of Germany chancellor,

Angela Merkel as the subjects of the research. Instead of the recorded speech, the transcript of the speeches was chosen because the researcher would study the explicit force of speech act found in the speeches, through its lexical and grammatical form. The other reason the transcript of the speeches was chosen because the recorded speech is not uttered in English.

The topic of the speeches was related to freedom and liberation of race or state addressed to mass of people and parliaments. There are two speeches of

Angela Merkel used as the research subjects of this study. The first speech used in the study is the speech given by Angela Merkel before the US Congress on

November 3, 2009. The transcript of the speech is entitled We Have No Time to

Lose. The second transcript was Angela Merkel‟s speech in the European

Parliament in Brussels on November 7, 2012.

C. Research Instrument

The method used to conduct this study is qualitative research using content analysis method, so the researcher needed a kind of flexible instrument to gather and analyze the data. Lincoln and Guba (as cited in Ary et.al, 2002) believed that only a human instrument was capable of capturing the complexity of the human experience.

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Human instrument as the primary instrument in qualitative research (Ary et.al, 2002) was practiced in collecting and analyzing the data in this study. It dealt with fieldwork method applied in this study which was content analysis using the transcript of the speeches of Angela Merkel based on Austin‟s speech act theory.

Beside the researcher herself as the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing the data, the documents analyzed were included as the instruments of the research. The documents analyzed to gather the data were gained from the transcripts of the speeches of Angela Merkel selected for this study. Since the researcher analyzed speech acts found in the documents of the speeches through its transcript, therefore, content analysis is applied.

D. Data Analysis

To analyze the findings and to answer the research questions, the researcher used content analysis as the research method applied. The researcher answered the questions formulated in problem formulation. Firstly, the researcher would analyze the data from the speech acts found in the speeches based on the theory related to the existence of locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts in the transcripts of the speeches of Angela Merkel. Second, the researcher would examine the lexical repetition used. The researcher would describe the results in words as descriptive qualitative research.

E. Research Procedures

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Research procedure explains the step by step process to conduct this research. The researcher would begin with speech acts found in the transcripts of

Angela Merkel‟s speeches to answer the first problem formulation. First, the researcher would analyze the sentence forms to figure out the locutionary acts used in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches. Next, the researcher would examine the illocutionary acts used by Merkel in her transcripts of speeches. The illocutionary acts found would be used to interpret the perlocutionary acts occurred. The findings then would be discussed in form of description of the results.

Having answered the first question in this study, the researcher would examine the second problem formulation. The researcher would study the lexical repetition found in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches. The findings then would be interpreted and reported.

After answering the questions in the problem formulation, the researcher would conclude the results. From the results gained after analyzing the speeches, the researcher would be able to figure out Merkel‟s style of the speeches.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presented the data findings gained from the study undertaken and discussed them to answer the research questions formulated in the problem formulation. This chapter consists of two sections. The first section answers the first research question on speech acts found in the transcripts of

Angela Merkel‟s speeches. The second section discusses the lexical repetition used in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches.

A. Speech Acts Found in the Speeches of Angela Merkel

This section answer the first problem formulation raised in the study. The researcher presented and interpreted the data findings about acts found in the transcripts of speeches of Angela Merkel based on Austin‟s speech acts theory.

There are three types of speech acts found in this study; namely locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. In order to organize the data presentation and discussion, this part is divided into three sections based on the three types of speech acts analyzed.

1. Locutionary Acts in the Speeches

As stated in chapter II, locutionary act is an act of producing certain utterance (Austin, 1963). By uttering a word or sentence, the speaker has performed locutionary acts. In delivering a speech, sentences produced in the speeches were the results of speaker‟s performing locutionary acts. In this study, the researcher analyzed the locutionary acts through the transcripts of the speeches of Angela Merkel. The locutionary acts in the speeches of Angela Merkel were

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analyzed from the grammatical form of the sentences. The researcher studied whether the speakers performed declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence, or fragment during her speeches.

These forms are considered as the sentence moods of locutionary acts.

With the purpose of organizing, the findings are provided in table. The number of sentences containing locutionary forces found in Angela Merkel‟s speeches is provided in percentage as well as numbers. The percentage calculation is rounded up to two last digits. Table 1 presents the locutionary acts found in a speech of Angela Merkel before the US Congress entitled “We Have No Time To

Lose”.

Table 1. Locutionary Acts in Merkel’s We Have No Time to Lose speech

Number of Sentence Containing Locutionary Acts

Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamatory Fragment

166 87,8% 11 5,82% 2 1,05% 4 2,11% 6 3,17%

In delivering the speeches, it is possible for a speaker to use various form of sentences. This can help the speaker to make his speech more exciting. From the analysis on Angela Merkel‟s first speech, it can be found that she mostly used declarative form of locutionary acts. From the first speech entitled We Have No

Time to Lose, Merkel used declarative in 166 sentences out of the total 189 sentences. From this number of sentences, as many as 87,8 % of the sentences uttered in the form of declarative sentences. These findings can be seen from the following sentences.

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[1] I am the second German Chancellor on whom this honor has been

bestowed. (para.2)

[2] I lived with my parents in Brandenburg, a region that belonged to the

German Democratic Republic (GDR), the part of Germany that was

not free. (para.3)

[3] It was on November 9, 1989 that the Berlin Wall fell and it was also on

November 9 in 1938 that an indelible mark was branded into

Germany's memory and Europe's history. (para.6)

[4] And yet it is our duty to convince people that globalization is an

immense global opportunity, for each and every continent, because it

forces us to act together with others. (para.30)

Even though Merkel‟s speech was delivered mostly in form of declarative sentences, imperative sentences can be found in Merkel‟s speeches analyzed in this study. In the same speech “We Have No Time to Lose”, Merkel performed imperative form of sentences for 11 times. It is as many as 5,82% of the whole sentences expressed in her speech. It can be illustrated as follows.

[5] Now, today, our political generation must prove that it is able to meet

the challenges of the 21st century, and that in a sense it is able to tear

down today's walls. (para.34)

[6] For we all know: We have no time to lose! (para.53)

[7] To achieve this we need the readiness of all nations to assume

internationally binding obligations. (para.54)

The varieties of sentence form performed by Angela Merkel in her speeches also occurred in the use of interrogative sentences. In this first speech

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analyzed in this study, it was found that Merkel used two interrogative sentences during her speech. This number equals to 1,05% of the whole speech. Some of interrogative sentences Merkel performed in her speech are illustrated in the following sentences.

[8] What did I see and what did I read? What was I passionate about?

(para.11)

[9] What does that mean? First it means building peace and security,

second, achieving prosperity and justice, and third, protecting our

planet. (para.35)

Then, 2,11% of Merkel‟s speech was delivered in exclamatory sentences.

This percentage represents four sentences out of 189 sentences in total. Some of exclamatory sentences are illustrated as in the following sentences.

[10] Zero tolerance must also be shown if, for example, weapons of mass

destruction fall into the hands of Iran and possibly threaten our

security! (para.37)

[11] Iran knows our offer, but Iran also knows where we draw the line: A

nuclear bomb in the hands of an Iranian President who denies the

Holocaust, threatens Israel and denies Israel the right to exist, is not

acceptable! (para.38)

[12] Whoever threatens Israel also threatens us! (para.39)

In delivering her speech, Merkel used fragments to give additional points to what have been said previously. There are six fragments performed by the speaker that could be found in the first speech. In the other words, 3,17% of the

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speech was delivered using fragment. The fragments found in Merkel‟s speech could be illustrated in the following sentences.

[13] Article 1 of the Grundgesetz proclaims, and I quote, "Human dignity

shall be inviolable". (para.5)

Table 2 presents the locutionary acts found in a speech of Angela Merkel in the European Parliament in Brussels:

Table 2. Locutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels

Number of Sentence Containing Locutionary Acts

Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamatory Fragment

161 73,8% 50 22,9% 3 1,37% 4 1,83% - -

Speech in the European Parliament in Brussels consisted of 218 sentences.

From this number of sentences, as many as 73,8 % of the sentences uttered in the form of declarative sentences. This percentage represents 161 sentences out of the total sentences. These findings can be seen from the following sentences.

[14] I would like to use the opportunity to give you my slant on the State

of the Union – not looking primarily at the Multiannual Financial

Framework but I‟m sure we can come back to that in the discussion.

(para.1)

[15] We Germans will never forget that the happy development of our

country is inextricably linked to the history of the European Union.

(para.3)

[16] Freedom is the foundation for the united and determined Europe.

(para.5)

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Even though Merkel‟s speech was delivered mostly in form of declarative sentences, imperative sentences can be found in Merkel‟s speeches analyzed in this study. In the second speech, Merkel performed imperative form of sentences for 50 times. It is as many as 22,9% of the whole sentences expressed in her speech. It can be illustrated as follows.

[17] In fact, we now need to find the right way forward to stabilize

economic and monetary union in the long term by rectifying the

design flaws. (para.18)

[18] We need to find our own, new solutions. (para.19)

[19] We therefore need solutions which create a sensible balance between

necessary new intervention rights at European level and the scope for

action of member states and their parliaments, which must be

preserved. (para.44)

The varieties of sentence form performed by Angela Merkel in her speeches also occurred in the use of interrogative sentences. In this second speech analyzed in this study, it was found that Merkel used three interrogative sentences during her speech. This number equals to 1,37% of the whole speech. Some of interrogative sentences Merkel performed in her speech are illustrated in the following sentences.

[20] So what needs to be done? (para.43)

[21] At the start of my speech, I repeated the question which I‟m

sometimes asked outside Europe: will the European experiment

weather the crisis? (para.59)

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Then in this second speech, 1,83% of Merkel‟s speech was delivered in exclamatory sentences. This percentage represents four sentences out of 218 sentences in total. Some of exclamatory sentences are illustrated as in the following sentences.

[22] I‟m convinced that together we can create a Europe marked by

stability and strength! (para.54)

[23] It forms the centre piece of a renewed European Union! (para.56)

The existence of sentence mood may vary. It depends on the needs and the message the speaker wanted to deliver (Ross, 1995). In her speeches, Merkel did not always use all forms of sentence. Fragments did not found in the second speech, and only found in the first speech. So in the other words, she did not utter any fragments.

The findings show that Merkel mostly performed locutionary acts in her speeches through declarative sentences. Meanwhile to be more communicative with his audience, he delivered his speeches in the form of imperatives and interrogatives. Although Merkel rarely used exclamatory word or sentence in her speeches, the existence of the exclamatory sentences has made her speech livelier.

In addition, fragments found in Merkel‟s speech functioned as additional points delivered by the speaker to explain the previous message.

2. Illocutionary Acts in the Speeches

As elaborated in the previous chapter, illocutionary act is performed when the speaker expresses the utterance in an appropriate context. However, according to Cruse (2000), there are two conditions which are worth noting. First, the same

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locutionary act can be performed in different illocutionary act. By analyzing the transcripts of speeches delivered by Angela Merkel, the possible illocutionary acts performed could be figured out.

The explicit form of illocutionary acts in the transcripts of the speeches was examined through its sentence form and performative verbs that encodes illocutionary acts. The findings then were categorized and interpreted into the closest types of illocutionary acts. The researcher studied whether the possible illocutions are included in assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, or even exercitive as developed by Searle (as cited in Alston, 2000).

Table 3. Illocutionary Acts in Merkel’s We Have No Time to Lose speech

Number of use Illocutionary Acts Frequency Percentage Stating 80 42,3% Mentioning 13 6,87% Reminding 8 4,23% Assertive Reporting 7 3,7% Warning 7 3,7% Remarking 3 1,58% Ordering 4 2,11% Directive Suggesting 1 0,52% Betting 5 2,64% Assuring 4 2,11% Commissive Hoping 3 1,58% Inviting 1 0,52% Guaranteeing 1 0,52% Encouraging 12 6,34% Thanking 10 5,29% Humbling 9 4,76% Praising 7 3,7% Remembering 7 3,7% Expressive Commending 2 1,05% Deploring 1 0,52% Apologizing 1 0,52% Questioning 1 0,52% Sympathizing 1 0,52%

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In discussing the illocutionary acts performed in the speeches of Merkel, the researcher presented the findings in table. The table provides the varieties of illocutionary acts. They are calculated in numbers. The possible illocutionary acts found in the speech of Angela Merkel before the US Congress entitled “We Have

No Time To Lose” are presented on the table 3.

The research findings show that Merkel performed various types of illocutionary acts. In the first speech, there are 24 possible illocutionary acts which fall under assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive categories of illocution. For the first category, assertive, it was found that there are seven possible illocutionary acts intended by the speaker. The first is an act of stating something. In the first speech analyzed, Merkel aimed to state something for 80 times or equals to 42,3% of the whole speech. This could be shown through the following sentence.

[24] We recognize the difficulties. (para.30)

By performing this sentence, Merkel intended to state that they are recognize the difficulties that faced by Germany about globalization.

Secondly, under the category of assertive, Merkel also performed an act of reporting. In order to make her speech more valuable, Merkel reported some facts related to Konrad Adenauer, about his struggle and his dedication to build the

Republic of Germany after the first World War. One of the sentence that contained an act of reporting something is illustrated below.

[25] After the war, he was among the men and women who helped build

up the free, democratic Federal Republic of Germany. (para.4)

The findings show that there are six acts of reporting in Merkel‟s speeches.

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The third illocutionary act in Merkel‟s first speech is an act of reminding.

There are 8 acts of reminding that can be found through the transcript of the speech. This finding is illustrated in the following sentence.

[26] It was on November 9, 1989 that the Berlin Wall fell and it was also

on November 9 in 1938 that an indelible mark was branded into

Germany's memory and Europe's history. (para.6)

In that sentence, Merkel recall the moment of Berlin Wall in his audience mind. This is considered as an act of reminding she performed.

As a public speaker, it is good to state a concluding remark from points delivered. It helps the audience to get the message lies behind the points. It is a good way to re-emphazise the speaker message (Hughes and Phillips, 2000, p.50).

Merkel performed acts of remarking for 3 times in the first speech. It could be shown as in paragraph 5

[27] Article 1 of the Grundgesetz proclaims, and I quote, "Human dignity

shall be inviolable". (para.5)

Beside the illocutionary acts that have been mentioned above, Merkel also performed act of mentioning something for 13 times. It could be illustrated in the following sentences.

[28] On this basis we can build stable partnerships with others, first and

foremost with Russia, China and India. (para.45)

In this sentence, the speaker mentioned some countries that represent her focus to build stable partnerships. By performing this act, she aimed his audience to be informed, and then be involved in her plan.

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Next, Merkel performed an act of warn something for 7 times in her speech which is illustrated in the sentence below.

[29] We can already see where this wasteful attitude towards our future

leads: In the Arctic icebergs are melting, in Africa people are

becoming refugees due to environmental damage, and global sea

levels are rising. (para.53)

In uttering this sentence, Merkel warns the audience attitude related to environmental damage and global issue.

Alston (2000) described directive in illocutionary acts as acts which

“concerned with guiding the behavior of others” (p.34). in Merkel‟s first speech, there are two acts which fall under this category. They are acts of ordering and suggesting. The researcher found there are 4 acts of ordering someone to do something in the first speech analyzed in this study. The finding is shown in the following sentences.

[30] And yet it is our duty to convince people that globalization is an

immense global opportunity, for each and every continent, because it

forces us to act together with others. (para.30)

Not only guiding her audience‟s behavior, Merkel also committed “to a certain line of action” (Alston, 2000, p.34). The commissive category is shown by her performing acts of inviting, hoping, promising, assuring also betting and guaranteeing. There is one act of inviting found uttered by the speaker. This finding could be seen through the sentence below.

[31] I appeal to you: Let us jointly work towards a world economic order

which is in the interests of both America and Europe! (para.51)

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Moreover, the act of hoping also occurred in the speech three times. It is shown in the following sentence.

[32] We need an agreement at the climate conference in Copenhagen in

December. (para.53)

Further, beside inviting and hoping, acts of promising and guaranteeing can also be found in Merkel‟s speeches as shown in table 3. They are performed one time for each. The following sentences represent the findings.

[32] That I promise you. (para.58)

[33] We as a nation, and I personally, will never forget that. (para.23)

There are four acts of assuring found uttered by the speaker in her speech.

The finding could be seen through the sentence below.

[34] And nevertheless, I am deeply convinced that there is no better

partner for Europe than America and no better partner for America

than Europe. (para.31)

Further, act of betting also found as many as five times in the transcript of

Merkel‟s speech. This sentence illustrates the act of Betting Merkel performed.

[35] No doubt about it - in December the world will look to us, to Europe

and America. (para.55)

The last category of illocutionary acts which was found in Merkel‟s transcripts of speeches is expressive. Alston (2000) explained it as “some psychological state of the speaker” (p.34). There are ten acts performed under this category. Those are thanking, praising, remembering, humbling, deploring, commending, apologizing, and questioning. These acts are discussed further in the next paragraph.

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After analyzing the transcript of Merkel‟s speech, the researcher found that

Merkel performed acts of thanking for 10 times. These following sentences illustrate the finding.

[36] I thank the 16 million Americans who have been stationed in

Germany over the past decades. (para.19)

[37] I thank George Herbert Walker Bush for placing his trust in Germany

and then Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl and presenting us Germans

with an offer of immeasurable value in May 1989: "Partnership in

leadership." (para.22)

Merkel also performed acts of commending for two times in the transcript of her speeches as illustrate below.

[38] And I cannot stand before you today without mentioning how grateful

I am for the presence of one guest, who personally experienced the

horror of National Socialism in Germany and whom I recently met

personally: Professor Fritz Stern. (para.7)

In this speech, Merkel expressed her gratitude to the struggle of some people for their country. Merkel performed another act of humbling to express her state of feeling, as shown in:

[39] Not even in my wildest dreams could I have imagined, twenty years

ago before the Wall fell, that this would happen. (para.10)

The act of humbling was occurred 9 times in her first speeches.

In order to motivate her audience, Merkel also performed an act of encouraging for 12 times. It is shown in the sentences below.

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[40] Everyone was given the chance to build something new, to make a

difference, to venture a new beginning. (para.25)

[41] All things are possible, also in the 21st century, in the age of

globalization. (para.30)

The act of praising [42] and remembering [43] was performed seven times for each. These following sentences illustrate the finding.

[42] Without their support as soldiers, diplomats and generally as

facilitators it never would have been possible to overcome the division

of Europe. (para.19)

[43] I, like many other teenagers, was passionate about a certain brand of

jeans that were not available in the GDR and which my aunt in West

Germany regularly sent to me. (para.13)

Moreover, there is one act of apologizing, one act of deploring one act of questioning and one act of sympathizing in Merkel speech.

These findings showed that there are 24 possible illocutionary acts which were found in the transcript of Merkel‟s speech. In asserting something, Merkel performed six acts namely stating, reporting, reminding, remarking, mentioning, and warning. While in guiding her audience‟s behavior, she performed two acts.

Those are ordering and suggesting. Next, as her commitment to certain actions,

Merkel attained six possible illocutionary acts of inviting, promising, promising, assuring, betting and guaranteeing. Lastly she performed ten acts to express her psychological states through thanking, praising, remembering, humbling, commending, deploring, apologizing, questioning, sympathizing and encouraging.

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The next is the possible illocutionary acts found in the second speech of

Angela Merkel before the European Parliament in Brussels on November 7, 2012.

The table is presented as follows.

Table 4. Illocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels

Number of use Illocutionary Acts Frequency Percentage Stating 30 13,7% Mentioning 22 10,09% Reporting 17 7,79% Reminding 14 6,42% Assertive Remarking 13 5,96% Warning 6 2,75% Predicting 2 0,91% Disagreeing 2 0,91% Commanding 21 9,6% Ordering 12 5,5% Directive Suggesting 4 1,83% Asking 3 1,37% Hoping 11 5,04% Inviting 8 3,66% Promising 7 3,21% Commissive Assuring 6 2,75% Betting 4 1,83% Guaranteeing 2 0,91% Encouraging 8 3,66% Deploring 5 2,29% Remembering 4 1,83% Praising 3 1,37% Thanking 2 0,91% Expressive Questioning 1 0,45% Congratulating 1 0,45% Sympathizing 1 0,45% Apologizing 1 0,45% Commending 1 0,45% Declaration Declaring 1 0,45%

In this second speech, Merkel performed more various types of illocutionary acts. There are 28 possible illocutionary acts which fall under assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declaration categories of illocution. For the first category, assertive, it was found that there are eight

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possible illocutionary acts intended by the speaker. The first is an act of stating something. In the first speech analyzed, Merkel aimed to state something for 30 times or equals to 13,7% of the whole speech. This could be shown through the following sentence.

[44] We Germans are aware of our responsibility for a bright future for the

EU. (para.4)

By performing this sentence, Merkel intended to state that the Germany are aware of their responsibility for European Union‟s bright future. She states this sentence in the opening of her speech in front of the European Parliament in

Brussel.

Secondly, under the category of assertive, Merkel performed an act of mentioning which is uttered 22 times or 10,09% of the whole speech. It is illustrated in the sentence [45] below.

[45] It is this freedom in all its facets – freedom of expression, of the

media, belief and assembly – that we have to work tirelessly to

defend. (para.5)

In this sentence, Merkel mentioned freedom in all its facets that the

Germany have to work tirelessly, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the media, belief and assembly.

In order to make her speech more valuable, Merkel reported some information she had experienced outside the European Union which people look with keen interest to them, the European Union. The sentence that contained an act of reporting something is uttered 17 times or 7,79% of the percentage of the

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whole speech which is contained 218 sentences. The findings are illustrated in the following sentence.

[46] On my trips outside the European Union, for example to Asia, I have

in recent years got to know many dynamic, ambitious countries that

are very much on the rise. (para.7)

The next illocutionary act in Merkel‟s second speech is an act of predicting. There are two acts of predicting that can be found through the transcript of the speech. This finding is illustrated in the following sentence.

[47] This will release growth momentum that is crucial for our future.

(para.24)

This sentence is uttered to predict what is needed for growth momentum fo the

Germany future, which is creating the conditions for new growth, above all by working hard to further develop the internal market and need to rapidly implement the legislative steps included in the Compact for Growth and Jobs.

Beside the illocutionary acts that have been mentioned above, Merkel also performed act of warning in her second speeches for 6 times or as same as 2,75%.

It could be illustrated in the following sentences.

[48] This all goes to show that the problems we are dealing with today had

taken root long before the current crisis began. (para.30)

In this sentence, the speaker warned the audience about the crisis the face in that moment. By performing this act, she aimed his audience to be aware that such a situation does not repeat itself.

As stated previously, directive in illocutionary acts is an act which

“concerned with guiding the behavior of others. In Merkel‟s second speech, there

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are four acts which fall under this category. They are acts of commanding, asking, ordering and suggesting.

The first illocutionary act found in Merkel second speech which belongs in the directive category is commanding. She performed act of commanding something to someone for 21 times or 9,6%. The sentence is illustrated below.

[49] The principle of subsidiarity and national democratic processes must

be respected! (para.44)

It is related to her position as German Chancellor, and also the speaker and member of European Parliament which enables her to give command under her authority. In the sentence above, she commands the audience to respect the principle of subsidiarity and national democratic processes.

Moreover, Merkel also uttered act of asking for three times, ordering for

12 times and suggesting for 4 times.

Beside the types described previously, it is found that Merkel performed six possible illocutionary acts under commissive category, which assign to a certain line of action. It is derived from his performing act of hoping, inviting, promising, assuring, betting and guaranteeing.

Similar to the findings in the first speech, Merkel also expressed some psychological state in delivering her speeches. There are ten acts of expressive category performed in this second speech, such as encouraging, deploring, remembering, praising, thanking, questioning, congratulating, sympathizing, apologizing and commending.

Different from the first speech, in this second speech of Merkel, there is one more category of the possible illocutionary acts uttered, namely exercitive

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which is found in the transcripts. Under the category of exercitive, Merkel expressed act of declaring something for one time in her speech. It can be seen in:

[50] It forms the centre piece of a renewed European Union! (para.56)

3. Perlocutionary Acts in the Speeches

Perlocutionary act is the effect of speaker‟s uttering something performed by the audience (Alston, 2000). From the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches, it cannot be decided what exactly the perlocutionary acts are. However, the possible perlocutionary acts are drawn from the interpreted illocutionary acts discussed previously.

In order to simplify the data presentation, the findings are organized in table. At this point, the researcher relates the illocutionary acts gained with their possible effect his audience might perform. Table 5 provides the perlocutionary acts found in Merkel‟s speech entitled We Have No Time To Lose.

After analyzing the possible illocutionary acts found in Merkel‟s transcripts of speeches, and listing them, the researcher is able to determine the assumed perlocutionary acts as the possible effects of the illocutionary acts found the audience may perform. In the other words, the analysis on the perlocutionary acts depends on the speaker‟s illocutionary acts conveyed. Sentence [50] exemplifies the findings.

[50] After the war, he was among the men and women who helped build

up the free, democratic Federal Republic of Germany. (para.4)

In sentence [50], Merkel performed the possible illocutionary act of reporting.

Conveying this act, the assumed effect that is performed by the audience can be to

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know, to be informed, or to understand. Thus the audience knew and understood that Konrad Adenauer helped to build up the free, democratic Federal Republic of

Germany after the second World War as reported by the speaker.

Table 5. Perlocutionary Acts in Merkel’s We Have No Time to Lose speech

Illocutionary Acts Perlocutionary Acts Stating To know, to understand, or to realize Mentioning To know, to be informed, to inspire Reminding To remember, or to realize Reporting To know, to understand or to realize Warning To know, to be warned, to act Remarking To be convinced Ordering To inspire, to act Suggesting To inspire, to be motivated, to act Betting To prove Assuring To believe, to be sure, to realize Hoping To inspire, to act Inviting To be involved, to join Guaranteeing To feel comfort, to be convinced To be irritated, to be motivated, to realize, to Encouraging act Thanking To please Humbling To appreciate or to please Praising To please Remembering To remember or to realize Commending To please Deploring To realize, to understand Apologizing To act, to forgive Questioning To be answered, to be informed Sympathizing To feel comfort, to feel supported

Different illocutionary acts can result different perlocutionary acts (Alston,

2000). For instance when the speaker asked something, the possible perlocutionary act that the audience made can be to act.

As has been mentioned before, the perlocutionary act is highly dependent on the illocutionary acts performed. For example if the illocutionary act is

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mentioning, the possible perlocutionary act the audience performed can be to know, to be informed, or to inspire. The perlocutionary act will be different when the illocutionary act is an act of assuring. The perlocutionary act on the audience can be to believe, to be sure, or to realize. Thus, the complete list perlocutionary acts from Merkel‟s first speech are presented in table 5.

In discussing the possible perlocutionary acts found in Angela Merkel‟s speech in Brussels, the findings are also provided in table to simplify the organization. The illocutionary acts found are listed and related with the closest effects performed by the audience. Thus, table 6 presents the perlocutionary acts conveyed in Merkel‟s second speech.

The possible effects of the speech delivered that the audience may perform could be determined after analyzing and listing the possible illocutionary acts found in Merkel‟s speech in Brussels. The analysis on the perlocutionary acts conveyed by the speaker. Alston (2000, p.31) mentioned that “perlocutionary acts can be based on illocutionary acts, but not vice versa”.

When the illocutionary act Merkel performed is related to the expression of his psychological state, the effects on the audience can be different, even though those effects also touch the audience psychological state. For example in sentence [51] which is considered as act of encouraging.

[51] To do so, we need together to recall the power of freedom and find

the courage to change. (para.14)

Encouraging her audience that Germany need to be together to find the courage to change.

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The possible perlocutionary acts for encouraging can be to be irritated, to be motivated, or to realize as well as to act.

In both speeches, Angela Merkel as Germany Prime Minister performed illocutionary acts related to her authority. Those illocutionary acts might result the same perlocutionary act on the audience that is to act. The complete perlocutionary acts that the audience might perform regarding Merkel‟s speech in

Brussels are provided in Table 6.

Table 6. Perlocutionary Acts in Merkel’s speech in Brussels

Illocutionary Acts Perlocutionary Acts Stating To know, to understand, or to realize Mentioning To know, to be informed, to inspire Reminding To remember, or to realize Reporting To know, to understand or to realize Warning To know, to be warned, to act Predicting To know, to inspire Disagreeing To discuss, to act against Commanding To inspire, to act Remarking To be convinced Ordering To inspire, to act Suggesting To inspire, to be motivated, to act Asking To act Betting To prove Assuring To believe, to be sure, to realize Hoping To inspire, to act Inviting To be involved, to join Guaranteeing To feel comfort, to be convinced To be irritated, to be motivated, to realize, to Encouraging act Thanking To please Praising To please Remembering To remember or to realize Commending To please Deploring To realize, to understand Apologizing To act, to forgive Questioning To be answered, to be informed Sympathizing To feel comfort, to feel supported Declaring To act

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B. Lexical Repetition Used in the Speeches of Angela Merkel

This section tries to answer the second problem formulation raised in the study. It reveals the lexical repetition found in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches. By presenting the repetitions found in those speeches, the types of repetition used and the speakers‟ style in delivering their speeches can be gained.

The lexical repetition analysis in this section is based on two matters, the number of repetition and the form of the lexical repetition, whether the repetition occurred in the same sentence or in sequenced sentence. The lexical repetition found in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches are presented as follows.

1. Lexical Repetition in Angela Merkel’s “We Have No Time to Lose” speech.

The repetitions appeared in Merkel‟s transcript of speeches are not only in the form of repetitions in separate sentences. There are also repetitions existing sequenced of sentence as well as within sentence. Therefore, in presenting the findings, the researcher explores each speech and discussed them one by one. In order to organize and simplify the discussion, the result presented in tables.

The first speech of Angela Merkel which is analyzed with lexical repetition entitled We Have No Time to Lose delivered before the US Congress on

Nov. 3, 2009.

In this speech, there are 14 words, phrase, clauses, as well as sentences that become the power of the speech that could be found. The repetitions of this speech are grouped into three types. Those are words, clause or sentence that being repeated separately during the whole speech, in sequenced sentence, and within the sentence.

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The findings are presented in Table 7.

Table 7. Lexical Repetition in Merkel’s We Have No Time to Lose speech

Repeated Lexis Number of Type (word/clause/sentence) Repetition Repeated Germany 16 times Separately America and Europe 11 times November 9 3 times Human dignity shall be inviolable 2 times I was passionate about 4 times It was possible 2 times Nothing that ….. me more 3 times Sequenced All things are possible 3 times sentence What brings and keeps European and American 3 times together cooperation 2 times Globalization 4 times Europe and America 2 times Within Freedom 2 times sentence Strengthened 2 times

In Merkel‟s first speech, it is found that there are two repeated separately.

Those are Germany and America and Europe. These words all related to her concern in the speech. The speech is addressed for the Germany people and the relationship between America and Europe.

Beside words repeated in separate sentences, there are ten words even clauses which were repeated in sequenced sentences.

The repetition happened within sentence is occurred two times in the transcripts of the first speech.

2. Lexical Repetition in Angela Merkel’s speech in the European Parliament in Brussels, Nov. 07, 2012

Angela Merkel‟s speech in the European Parliament in Brussels is about her concern in economic and monetary union and growth of German. There are

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repeated expressions of Merkel in the transcript of the speech which made the speech remarkable. The complete findings in lexical repetition found in Merkel‟s second speech are presented in Table 7.

Table 8. Lexical Repetition in Merkel’s speech in Brussels

Repeated Lexis Number of Type (word/clause/sentence) Repetition Repeated German 5 times Separately Economic 29 times 9 November 2 times We will never forget that 2 times Freedom 6 times The power of freedom 2 times The courage to change 2 times Sequenced It is a symbol the symbol of a Europe 2 times sentence Economic and monetary union 10 times Growth 6 times We have to make sure that 2 times Legitimacy and oversight 2 times We must always renew the political shape 2 times United and determined 3 times Within Freedom 2 times sentence Strengthened 2 times

Delivering a speech in front of public involves the audience‟s participation. Most of speeches invite audience to react in one of three ways, through audience‟s feeling, thinking, or acting. In the transcript of Merkel‟s speech in front of the European Parliament in Brussels, she gave an encouragement to the audience.

There are some words which are consistently repeated in this second speech. There are two words repeated separately, they are economic and german.

12 words and clauses which are repeated in the sequenced sentence, and two words which are repeated within sentence.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter, the researcher concludes the study into two parts. The first part presents the conclusion of the study. Lastly, the second part provides the suggestions.

A. Conclusions

In this part, the two problem formulations raised in this study are concluded based on the discussion in the previous chapter. First, the researcher concluded about the speech acts found in the speeches of Angela Merkel based on Austin‟s speech acts theory. Second, the researcher presented the conclusion on the lexical repetition used in the speeches.

Generally, delivering a speech considered as interpersonal function of language use. However, if viewing of the purpose of the speech, for instance informing, reporting, or persuading, speech is regarded as communicating the speaker‟s ideas. In this study, the locutionary acts found were varied. Based on the sentence form, Angela Merkel uttered her point in the form of declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives, exclamations, even fragments. However, Merkel performed locutionary acts of uttering something mostly in the form of declarative sentences.

Even though the speeches were delivered mostly in declarative forms, it did not mean that the whole speeches primarily ruled in making statements. It was

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because the same locutionary acts could contain different illocutionary acts, and vice versa, different locutionary acts could perform the same illocutionary acts.

B. Suggestions

After analyzing and discovering significant findings, the researcher would like to give suggestions to the readers of this study, also scholars, public speakers, as well as for the future researchers who are interested in speech acts and lexical repetition.

1. Scholar

The results of this study can give beneficial information for those who wants to deepen knowledge about Angela Merkel. Moreover, this study helps scholars to understand the classifications of speech acts proposed by Austin and Searle. Thus, this is suggested for scholars and educators design materials or course that can enhance learners‟ understanding in speech acts. Scholars and educators can also set exercise in public speaking including what factors that can make the speech remarkable.

2. Public speakers

This study provides significance to public speakers in making effective, interactive speech that can gain audience‟s response. Angela Merkel is one of an influential woman in the world that inspires many people through her speech.

Through the speech, she could gain power to support their struggle, even in the world wide. Many professions will succeed if having public speaking ability.

Therefore, it is recommended for public speakers and other professions to be able to speak in purpose, in public. By speaking purposefully, communicator especially

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public speaker will be able to speak contextually. Using quotation or figurative language when delivering speech in public as Merkel did could make the speech remarkable. It is also suggested to provide some facts related to the topic of the speech like Merkel did in her speeches.

3. Future researchers

This study gives future researchers beneficial inputs to conduct similar research about speech acts and lexical repetition. However, this study only used the transcripts of the speeches. Thus, it is suggested for the future researchers study the spoken form of the speeches as well, for instance through the recording or video. It is also recommended for future researchers to use various communication forms such as dialogue, news report, movies, etc. Hence, future researchers can analyze the intonation expressed by the speakers or conditions that contributes the successful performance of speech acts.

Implications on Teaching and Learning

From the findings in the analysis on the speech acts as well as lexical repetition found in the transcripts of Angela Merkel‟s speeches, two implications can be drawn in relation to teaching and learning process. They can be beneficial both for teacher and students. In constructing knowledge, facilitator, and learners need to understand each other. Therefore, good communication process should be applied in order to gain understanding. For example when teaching, teachers can practice using the correct tone in order to be able to utter words or sentences based on their intention. Thus, the students as the hearers could perform the expected action based on teachers‟ aim.

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Furthermore, pragmatics especially speech acts can educate students to be able to fluently use language, whether it is spoken or written, contextual to the situation. Henceforth, students can respond to the utterance well. It will enhance students‟ communicative competencies.

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REFERENCES

A. Printed Source

Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Alston, W. (2000). Illocutionary acts and sentence meaning. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

Ary, D., Jacobs, L., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education. Belmont: Thomson Learning

Curse, D. (2000). Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Fowler, R. (1986). Linguistic criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Fromkin, V., & Rodman, R. (2002). An introduction to language (7th ed.). new York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.

Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. New York: Academic

Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Harlow: Longman

Levinson, S., C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

McManis, C., Stollenwerk, D., Zhang, Z., & Bissantz, A. (Eds). (1987). Language files. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Advocate Publishing Group

Parker, F. (1986). Linguistics for non-linguists. Boston: College Hill Press

Ross, R. (1995). Speech communication: The speech making process 10th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Searle, J. (1974). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

UNC. (2007) The writing center. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/speeches/

Van Djik, Teun A. 2006. Ideology and Discourse Analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies (June 2006) 11(2), 115-140. London: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group.

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Wilson, J., Arnold, C., & Wertheimer, M. (1990). Public speaking as a liberal art. Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Yule, George. 1995. Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press

B. Internet Source

Elizabeth, Laura Stapleton. 2004. Variation in the Performance of Speech Acts in Peninsular Spanish: Apologies and requests. A Dissertation. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06032004- 1191432/unrestricted/Stapleton_dis.pdf January 15, 2016.

Ardiansyah, Risma N. 2015. Students Expressive Speech Acts Operated in Teaching Learning Conversation in ELTI GRAMEDIA Surakarta. A Master Thesis. A Master Thesis. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. http://eprints.ums.ac.id/39259/1/COVER.pdf. September 20, 2015.

Speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel before the US Congress on Nov. 3, 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/angela-merkel-s-speech-we- have-no-time-to-lose-a-659196.html

Speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel in the European Parliament in Brussels, Nov. 07, 2012. https://www.bundesregierung.de/ContentArchiv/EN/Archiv17/Reden/2012 /2012-11-07-merkel-eu.html

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APPENDICES

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The relationship between Sentence Form and Locutionary acts in Angela Merkel’s We Have No Time speech

Locutionary Acts Sentences Madam Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Distinguished Members of Congress, I would like to thank you Declarative Sentence for the great honor and privilege to address you today, shortly before the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. (para.1) Declarative Sentence I am the second German Chancellor on whom this honor has been bestowed. (para.2) The first was Konrad Adenauer when he addressed both Houses of Congress in 1957, albeit one after Declarative Sentence the other. (para.2) Declarative Sentence Our lives could not have been more different. (para.3) Declarative Sentence In 1957 I was just a small child of three years. (para.3) I lived with my parents in Brandenburg, a region that belonged to the German Democratic Republic Declarative Sentence (GDR), the part of Germany that was not free. (para.3) Declarative Sentence My father was a Protestant pastor. (para.3) My mother, who had studied English and Latin to become a teacher, was not allowed to work in her Declarative Sentence chosen profession in the GDR. (para.3) Declarative Sentence In 1957 Konrad Adenauer was already 81 years old. (para.4) He had lived through the German Empire, the First World War, the Weimar Republic and the Second Declarative Sentence World War. (para.4) Declarative Sentence The National Socialists ousted him from his position as mayor of the city of Cologne. (para.4) After the war, he was among the men and women who helped build up the free, democratic Federal Declarative Sentence Republic of Germany. (para.4) Nothing is more symbolic of the Federal Republic of Germany than its constitution, the Basic Law, or Declarative Sentence "Grundgesetz". (para.5) Declarative Sentence It was adopted exactly 60 years ago. (para.5) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Fragment Article 1 of the Grundgesetz proclaims, and I quote, "Human dignity shall be inviolable". (para.5) This short, simple sentence - "Human dignity shall be inviolable" - was the answer to the catastrophe Declarative Sentence that was the Second World War, to the murder of six million Jews in the Holocaust, to the hate, destruction and annihilation that Germany brought upon Europe and the world. (para.5) Declarative Sentence November 9th is just a few days away. (para.6) It was on November 9, 1989 that the Berlin Wall fell and it was also on November 9 in 1938 that an Declarative Sentence indelible mark was branded into Germany's memory and Europe's history. (para.6) On that day the National Socialists destroyed synagogues, setting them on fire, and murdered countless Declarative Sentence people. (para.6) Declarative Sentence It was the beginning of what led to the break with civilization, the Shoah. (para.6) Declarative Sentence I cannot stand before you today without remembering the victims of this day and of the Shoah. (para.6) And I cannot stand before you today without mentioning how grateful I am for the presence of one Declarative Sentence guest, who personally experienced the horror of National Socialism in Germany and whom I recently met personally: Professor Fritz Stern. (para.7) He was born in 1926 in what was then the German city of Breslau and today is the Polish city of Declarative Sentence Wroclaw. (para.8) Declarative Sentence He and his family were able to escape the Nazi regime in 1938 and flee to the United States. (para.8) In his autobiography, published in 2006 under the title "Five Germanys I Have Known", Fritz Stern Declarative Sentence describes the moment of his arrival in New York's harbor in 1938, a haven of freedom and security. (para.8) Ladies and gentlemen, it is wonderful that history willed that we should both - the twelve-year-old boy Declarative Sentence who was driven out of Germany and me, the Chancellor of reunited Germany who was born in the GDR - be here in this distinguished House. (para.9) Declarative Sentence This fills me with great joy and deep gratitude. (para.9) Not even in my wildest dreams could I have imagined, twenty years ago before the Wall fell, that this Declarative Sentence would happen. (para.10) It was beyond imagination then to even think about traveling to the United States of America let alone Declarative Sentence standing here today. (para.10) Declarative Sentence The land of unlimited opportunity - for a long time it was impossible for me to reach. (para.11) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The Wall, barbed wire and the order to shoot those who tried to leave limited my access to the free Declarative Sentence world. (para.11) So I had to create my own picture of the United States from films and books, some of which were Declarative Sentence smuggled in from the West by relatives. (para.11) Interrogative What did I see and what did I read? What was I passionate about? (para.11) Sentence I was passionate about the American dream - the opportunity for everyone to be successful, to make it Declarative Sentence in life through their own personal effort. (para.12) I, like many other teenagers, was passionate about a certain brand of jeans that were not available in the Declarative Sentence GDR and which my aunt in West Germany regularly sent to me. (para.13) I was passionate about the vast American landscape which seemed to breathe the very spirit of freedom Declarative Sentence and independence. (para.14) Immediately in 1990 my husband and I traveled for the first time in our lives to America, to California. Declarative Sentence (para.14) Declarative Sentence We will never forget our first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean. (para.14) Declarative Sentence It was simply gorgeous. (para.14) I was passionate about all of these things and much more, even though until 1989 America was simply Declarative Sentence out of reach for me. (para.15) Declarative Sentence And then, on November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. (para.15) Declarative Sentence The border that for decades had divided a nation into two worlds was now open. (para.15) Declarative Sentence And that is why for me today is, first of all, the time to say thank you. (para.16) I thank the American and Allied pilots who heard and heeded the desperate call of Berlin's mayor Ernst Declarative Sentence Reuter as he said "People of the world, … look upon this city." (para.17) Declarative Sentence For months, these pilots delivered food by airlift and saved Berlin from starvation. (para.18) Declarative Sentence Many of these soldiers risked their lives doing this. (para.18) Declarative Sentence Dozens lost their lives. (para.18) Declarative Sentence We will remember and honor them forever. (para.18) Declarative Sentence I thank the 16 million Americans who have been stationed in Germany over the past decades. (para.19) Declarative Sentence Without their support as soldiers, diplomats and generally as facilitators it never would have been PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

possible to overcome the division of Europe. (para.19) Declarative Sentence We are happy to have American soldiers in Germany, today and in the future. (para.19) They are ambassadors of their country in our country, just as many Americans with German roots today Declarative Sentence act as ambassadors of my country here. (para.19) I think of John F. Kennedy, who won the hearts of despairing Berliners during his 1963 visit after the Declarative Sentence construction of the Berlin Wall when he called out to them: "Ich bin ein Berliner." (para.20) Ronald Reagan far earlier than others saw and recognized the sign of the times when, standing before Declarative Sentence the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, he demanded: "Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate … Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall." (para.21) Declarative Sentence This appeal is something that will never be forgotten. (para.21) I thank George Herbert Walker Bush for placing his trust in Germany and then Federal Chancellor Declarative Sentence Helmut Kohl and presenting us Germans with an offer of immeasurable value in May 1989: "Partnership in leadership." (para.22) Fragment What a generous offer, 40 years after the end of World War II. (para.22) Declarative Sentence Just last Saturday we saw each other again in Berlin, along with Mikhail Gorbachev. (para.22) Declarative Sentence We also owe him a debt of gratitude. (para.22) Ladies and gentlemen, to sum it up in one sentence: I know, we Germans know, how much we owe to Declarative Sentence you, our American friends. (para.23) Declarative Sentence We as a nation, and I personally, will never forget that. (para.23) All over Europe the common quest for freedom released an incredible power: in the trade union Solidarno in Poland, amongst the reformers surrounding Václav Havel in Czechoslovakia, at the first Declarative Sentence opening of the Iron Curtain in Hungary and at the demonstrations that took place every Monday in the GDR. (para.24) Where there was once only a dark wall, a door suddenly opened and we all walked through it: onto the Fragment streets, into the churches, across the borders. (para.25) Everyone was given the chance to build something new, to make a difference, to venture a new Declarative Sentence beginning. (para.25) Fragment I also started a new. (para.26) Declarative Sentence I left my job as a physicist at the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin behind me and went into politics. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(para.26) Declarative Sentence Because I finally had the chance to make a difference. (para.26) Declarative Sentence Because I had the impression that now it was possible to change things. (para.26) Declarative Sentence It was possible for me to do something. (para.26) Ladies and gentlemen, twenty years have passed since we were given this incredible gift of freedom. Declarative Sentence (para.27) But there is still nothing that inspires me more, nothing that spurns me on more, nothing that fills me Declarative Sentence more with positive feelings than the power of freedom. (para.27) Declarative Sentence A person who has experienced such a positive surprise in life believes that much is possible. (para.28) Or, to put it in the words of Bill Clinton in Berlin in 1994: "Nothing will stop us. All things are Declarative Sentence possible." (para.28) Declarative Sentence Yes, all things are possible. (para.29) Declarative Sentence Like the fact that a woman like me can stand before you today. (para.29) That a man like Arnold Vaatz, who spent time in prison because he was a dissident during the GDR Declarative Sentence regime in Dresden, can be here today as a Member of the German Bundestag and of my delegation. (para.29) Declarative Sentence All things are possible, also in the 21st century, in the age of globalization. (para.30) We back home in Germany know just as well as you do in America that many people are afraid of Declarative Sentence globalization. (para.30) Declarative Sentence We do not just brush these concerns aside. (para.30) Declarative Sentence We recognize the difficulties. (para.30) And yet it is our duty to convince people that globalization is an immense global opportunity, for each Declarative Sentence and every continent, because it forces us to act together with others. (para.30) The alternative to globalization would be shutting ourselves off from others, but this is not a viable Declarative Sentence alternative. (para.30) Declarative Sentence It would lead only to isolation and therefore misery. (para.30) Thinking in terms of alliances and partnerships on the other hand, is what will take us into a good Declarative Sentence future. (para.30) Declarative Sentence Ladies and gentlemen, it is true that America and Europe have had their share of disagreements. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(para.31) One may feel the other is sometimes too hesitant and fearful, or from the opposite perspective, too Declarative Sentence headstrong and pushy. (para.31) And nevertheless, I am deeply convinced that there is no better partner for Europe than America and no Declarative Sentence better partner for America than Europe. (para.31) Because what brings Europeans and Americans together and keeps them together is not just a shared Declarative Sentence history. (para.32) What brings and keeps Europeans and Americans together are not just shared interests and the common Declarative Sentence global challenges that all regions of the world face. (para.32) That alone would not be sufficient to explain the very special partnership between Europe and America Declarative Sentence and make it last. (para.32) Fragment It is more than that. (para.32) That which brings Europeans and Americans closer together and keeps them close is a common basis of Declarative Sentence shared values. (para.32) Declarative Sentence It is a common idea of the individual and his inviolable dignity. (para.32) Declarative Sentence It is a common understanding of freedom in responsibility. (para.32) This is what we stand for in the unique transatlantic partnership and in the community of shared values Declarative Sentence that is NATO. (para.32) Declarative Sentence This is what fills "Partnership in Leadership" with life, ladies and gentlemen. (para.32) This basis of values was what ended the Cold War, and it is this basis of values that will enable us to Declarative Sentence stand the tests of our times - and these tests we must stand. (para.33) Declarative Sentence Germany is united, Europe is united. (para.34) Declarative Sentence That is what we have achieved. (para.34) Now, today, our political generation must prove that it is able to meet the challenges of the 21st century, Imperative Sentence and that in a sense it is able to tear down today's walls. (para.34) Interrogative – What does that mean? First it means building peace and security, second, achieving prosperity and Declarative Sentence justice, and third, protecting our planet. (para.35) Declarative Sentence Here, too, America and Europe are called upon in a very special way. (para.35) Imperative Sentence Even after the end of the Cold War we are thus faced with the task of tearing down the walls between PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

different concepts of life, in other words the walls in people's minds that make it difficult time and again to understand one another in this world of ours. (para.36) Imperative Sentence This is why the ability to show tolerance is so important. (para.36) Declarative Sentence While, for us, our way of life is the best possible way, others do not necessarily feel that way. (para.36) Fragment There are different ways to create peaceful coexistence. (para.36) Tolerance means showing respect for other people's history, traditions, religion and cultural identity. Declarative Sentence (para.36) Declarative Sentence But let there be no misunderstanding: Tolerance does not mean "anything goes". (para.37) There must be zero tolerance towards all those who show no respect for the inalienable rights of the Declarative Sentence individual and who violate human rights. (para.37) Zero tolerance must also be shown if, for example, weapons of mass destruction fall into the hands of Exclamatory Iran and possibly threaten our security! (para.37) Exclamatory Iran must be aware of this. (para.38) Iran knows our offer, but Iran also knows where we draw the line: A nuclear bomb in the hands of an Exclamatory Iranian President who denies the Holocaust, threatens Israel and denies Israel the right to exist, is not acceptable! (para.38) Imperative For me, Israel's security will never be open to negotiation. (para.39) Declarative Not only Israel is threatened but the entire free world. (para.39) Exclamatory Whoever threatens Israel also threatens us! (para.39) This is why the free world meets this threat head-on, if necessary with tough economic sanctions. Declarative (para.39) Ladies and gentlemen, Germany will therefore provide staunch support to the peace process with the Declarative aim of realizing a two state solution, a Jewish State of Israel and a Palestinian state. (para.39) Declarative We also stand up to the threat of international terrorism. (para.40) Declarative We are aware that no country, no matter how strong, can do this alone. (para.40) Declarative We all need partners. (para.40) Declarative We are only strong if we are part of a community of partners. (para.40) Since we shared the view of the then President George W. Bush, after 9/11, that we had to do Declarative everything we could to prevent Afghanistan from ever again harboring a threat to security, Germany PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

has since 2002 been present on the ground with the third-largest troop contingent. (para.41) Declarative We want to make the concept of networked security successful. (para.41) Declarative This means that civilian and military engagements are inextricably linked. (para.41) Declarative The international community's commitment in Afghanistan is undoubtedly a tough one. (para.42) It places great demands on all of us, and it must be taken into the next phase as soon as the new Afghan Imperative government is in office. (para.42) Our objective must be to develop a strategy to transfer responsibility, which we want to do early next Declarative year at a joint UN conference. (para.42) We will be successful if, as we have done up to now, we continue travel this road together in the Imperative Alliance, every step of the way. (para.42) Declarative Germany is ready to shoulder that responsibility. (para.42) There is no doubt that NATO is and will continue to be the crucial corner-stone of our collective Declarative defense. (para.43) Declarative Its Security Concept is being constantly developed and adapted to new challenges. (para.43) Declarative Its foundation and clear compass for peace and freedom will, however, remain unchanged. (para.43) Declarative It is my firm belief that we Europeans can contribute even more in the future. (para.44) For we Europeans are currently working towards giving our European Union a new contractual basis. Declarative (para.44) Declarative The final signature has just been added. (para.44) This will make the EU stronger and more capable of action, and thus make it a strong and reliable Declarative partner for the United States. (para.44) On this basis we can build stable partnerships with others, first and foremost with Russia, China and Declarative India. (para.45) Declarative This is because our world is freer and more networked than ever. (para.45) The fall of the Berlin Wall, the revolution in information and communication technology, the rise of Declarative China, India and other countries to become dynamic economies - all this has made the 21st century world a different place from the world we knew in the 20th century. (para.45) Declarative That's a good thing, because freedom is the very essence of our economy and society. (para.45) Declarative Without freedom the human mind is prevented from unleashing its creative force. (para.45) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declarative But what is also clear is that this freedom does not stand alone. (para.46) Declarative It is freedom in responsibility and freedom to exercise responsibility. (para.46) Declarative For that reason the world needs order. (para.46) The near-collapse of the international financial markets showed what happens when there is no such Declarative order. (para.46) If there is one lesson the world has learned from last year's financial crisis, it is that there is no Declarative alternative to a global framework for a globalized economy. (para.47) Without universally-binding rules for transparency and supervision there can be no greater freedom but Declarative rather we risk the abuse of freedom and thus instability. (para.47) In a way this is a second wall that has to fall: A wall standing in the way of a truly global economic Declarative order, a wall of regional and exclusively national thinking. (para.47) The key to cooperation between the major industrialized countries and emerging economies lies in the Declarative G20. (para.48) Declarative Here again cooperation between America and Europe is a crucial corner-stone. (para.48) Declarative It is a cooperation that is not exclusive but rather inclusive. (para.48) Declarative The G20 has shown that it can take action. (para.49) Declarative We need to resist the pressure of those who almost led the nations of this world into the abyss. (para.49) That means no more and no less than that international economic policy must become more sustainable. Declarative (para.49) Declarative This crisis was also an expression of too much short-term thinking. (para.49) Millions of people all over the world might lose their jobs or even suffer poverty and starvation because Declarative of this. (para.49) Imperative To achieve prosperity and justice we must do all we can to prevent such a crisis in the future. (para.49) Declarative That also means not giving in to the temptation of protectionism. (para.50) Declarative This is why the WTO Doha negotiations are so important. (para.50) The success of the Doha Round would send a valuable message of the openness of the world economy, Declarative particularly in the current crisis. (para.50) Declarative Equally, the Transatlantic Economic Council can also fulfill an important task. (para.51) Declarative We can use it to prevent competing subsidies and give incentives to reduce trade barriers between PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Europe and America. (para.51) I appeal to you: Let us jointly work towards a world economic order which is in the interests of both Imperative America and Europe! (para.51) Ladies and gentlemen, the fact that global challenges can only be met by comprehensive international Declarative cooperation is also shown by a third great challenge of the 21st century, by a wall, so to speak, separating the present from the future. (para.52) That wall prevents us from seeing the needs of future generations, it prevents us from taking the Declarative measures urgently needed to protect the very basis of our life and climate. (para.52) We can already see where this wasteful attitude towards our future leads: In the Arctic icebergs are Declarative melting, in Africa people are becoming refugees due to environmental damage, and global sea levels are rising. (para.53) I am pleased that you in your work together with President Obama attach such significance to Declarative protecting our climate. (para.53) Imperative For we all know: We have no time to lose! (para.53) Imperative We need an agreement at the climate conference in Copenhagen in December. (para.53) Imperative We have to agree on one objective - global warming must not exceed two degrees Celsius. (para.53) To achieve this we need the readiness of all nations to assume internationally binding obligations. Imperative (para.54) We cannot afford failure with regard to achieving the climate protection objectives scientists tell us are Declarative crucial. (para.54) That would not only be irresponsible from an ecological point of view, but would also be Declarative technologically short-sighted, for the development of new technologies in the energy sector offers major opportunities for growth and jobs in the future. (para.54) Declarative No doubt about it - in December the world will look to us, to Europe and America. (para.55) It is true that there can be no agreement without China and India accepting obligations, but I am Declarative convinced that if we in Europe and America show that we are ready to accept binding obligations, we will also be able to persuade China and India to join in. (para.55) And then, in Copenhagen, we will be able to tear down the wall between the present and the future - in Declarative the interests of our children and grandchildren and of sustainable development worldwide. (para.55) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Ladies and gentlemen, I am convinced that, just as we found the strength in the 20th century to tear down a wall made of barbed wire and concrete, today we have the strength to overcome the walls of the Declarative 21st century, walls in our minds, walls of short-sighted self-interest, walls between the present and the future. (para.56) Ladies and gentlemen, my confidence is inspired by a very special sound - that of the Freedom Bell in Declarative the Schöneberg Town Hall in Berlin. (para.57) Declarative Since 1950 a copy of the original American Liberty Bell has hung there. (para.57) A gift from American citizens, it is a symbol of the promise of freedom, a promise that has been Declarative fulfilled. (para.57) On October 3, 1990 the Freedom Bell rang to mark the reunification of Germany, the greatest moment Declarative of joy for the German people. (para.57) Declarative On September 13, 2001, two days after 9/11, it tolled again, to mark America's darkest hour. (para.57) The Freedom Bell in Berlin is, like the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, a symbol which reminds us that Declarative freedom does not come about of itself. (para.58) Declarative It must be struggled for and then defended anew every day of our lives. (para.58) In this endeavor Germany and Europe will also in future remain strong and dependable partners for Declarative America. (para.58) Declarative That I promise you. (para.58)

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The relationship between Sentence Form and Locutionary acts in Angela Merkel’s speech in the European Parliament in Brussels

Locutionary Acts Sentences Mr. President, Martin Schulz, Members of the European Parliament, ladies and gentlemen, I am delighted Declarative to be able to speak to you today. (para.1) Declarative This is my first opportunity to do so since the German Council Presidency in 2007. (para.1) I would like to use the opportunity to give you my slant on the State of the Union – not looking primarily Declarative at the Multiannual Financial Framework but I’m sure we can come back to that in the discussion. (para.1) In two days it is 9 November which this year marks the 23rd anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Declarative (para.2) 9 November 1989 was a truly wonderful moment in the history of Germany and indeed the whole of Declarative Europe. (para.2) Declarative It marks the start of an era of freedom, unity and democracy in Germany and all across Europe. (para.2) We Germans will never forget that the happy development of our country is inextricably linked to the Declarative history of the European Union. (para.3) We will never forget that we also owe a debt of gratitude especially to our eastern neighbors for their Declarative courageous yearning for freedom. (para.3) Declarative We Germans are aware of our responsibility for a bright future for the EU. (para.4) It is in this spirit that the German Federal Government’s policies are geared towards the interests of both Declarative our country and Europe. (para.4) I would like to recall a leitmotif today, a mainspring of European integration, namely the freedom that Declarative opens the way for a life in peace and prosperity. (para.5) It is this freedom in all its facets – freedom of expression, of the media, belief and assembly – that we Declarative have to work tirelessly to defend. (para.5) Declarative Without freedom there can be no rule of law. (para.5) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declarative Without freedom there can be no diversity and no tolerance. (para.5) Declarative Freedom is the foundation for the united and determined Europe. (para.5) Particularly in this major test that Europe faces today, the power of freedom can help us lead Europe out Declarative of the crisis stronger than before. (para.6) Declarative After all, the power of freedom, I am convinced, also gives us the courage to change. (para.6) It is precisely this courage to change that we now need to show to assert the European Union in the Declarative international race that is the 21st century. (para.6) On my trips outside the European Union, for example to Asia, I have in recent years got to know many Declarative dynamic, ambitious countries that are very much on the rise. (para.7) Declarative There, people look with keen interest to us, the European Union. (para.7) But the people there often ask me with some scepticism: will the European experiment weather the crisis? Interrogative (para.7) Declarative This question makes it plain. (para.8) The current grave crisis dominates people’s perception of the European Union – also those looking from Declarative the outside. (para.8) Now it is up to us to change the sceptical attitude towards Europe and catch up in global competition – Declarative through hard work at home. (para.8) For this reason, it is not just a great honour for the European Union to receive the Nobel Peace Prize this Declarative year. (para.9) This important prize in the midst of the most serious crisis to strike Europe since the adoption of the Declarative Treaties of Rome 55 years ago is also an extremely valuable political signal to the world, but also to the Europeans. (para.9) Martin Schulz will receive the prize in Oslo together with the Presidents of the European Council and the Declarative European Commission. (para.10) Declarative I am delighted that some of my colleagues have, like myself, decided to attend the ceremony. (para.10) By being there, we want to underscore that the European Union is all of us together: 500 million citizens. Declarative (para.10) Declarative We all know that we Europeans have united for the better. (para.10) Declarative The Nobel Peace Prize reminds us never to forget this no matter how huge the challenges and how PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

difficult our work and our daily lives. (para.11) With its decision, the Nobel Committee is enjoining us to focus once more on what is really crucial in the Declarative current crisis. (para.11) Declarative It is not the debt figures, unit labour costs and growth rates, no matter how important that all is. (para.11) What is truly important is instead the realization that our single currency is so much more than just a Declarative currency. (para.11) Declarative It is the symbol for the peaceful and democratic unification of Europe we have achieved. (para.11) Declarative It is the symbol for a Europe of peace, prosperity and progress. (para.11) So what we are actually talking about at the current time is preserving and further developing European Declarative unification for the good of our children. (para.12) That is why the Nobel Peace Prize is a mandate for us all to create a better EU together – a Europe Declarative marked by strength and stability. (para.12) Martin Schulz was right when he said in his inaugural speech as newly elected President of the European Declarative Parliament “Either we all lose, or we all win.” (para.13) The conclusion we draw, ladies and gentlemen, can only be that we want to and indeed will win together. Declarative (para.13) Declarative That is certainly what I want. (para.13) Together we can assert our European model that combines economic success with social responsibility. Declarative (para.14) Declarative And taking it further, together we can consolidate it to make it stronger than ever. (para.14) Imperative To do so, we need together to recall the power of freedom and find the courage to change. (para.14) We can see the first fruits of our efforts to overcome the crisis, both at the level of member states and also Declarative in the development of new crisis management instruments. (para.15) Yet we must not leave it at that. Much remains to be done to win back trust in the European Union as a Imperative whole. (para.15) Imperative That is why we must not stop halfway. (para.15) I would like to make a pledge to you here today. Germany will do everything it can to ensure the Declarative European Union can also in future keep its promise of freedom and prosperity. (para.16) Declarative But I am also here because I am counting on your support. (para.16) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Once again, we are hearing more and more voices saying we could just sit back and relax now, saying we Declarative don’t actually need to renew economic and monetary union because the work has already been done with the immediate crisis management measures. (para.16) Declarative To my mind, that is completely wrong. (para.17) Instead of sitting back, we need to ensure step by step at all levels of the EU that Europe’s strengths can Imperative flourish once more: the freedom, the dynamism and the prosperity that the European Union can offer its people at home; the impact and influence that the European Union gives us in the outside world. (para.17) The President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, said in his speech on the State of the Declarative Union on 12 September in this chamber: “We must complete the economic and monetary union.” (para.18) In fact, we now need to find the right way forward to stabilize economic and monetary union in the long Imperative term by rectifying the design flaws. (para.18) We need to be ambitious here and must not shy away from changing the treaty basis of economic and Imperative monetary union if this should prove necessary. (para.18) Declarative This process of deepening the European Union is indispensable. (para.18) In this process, I see you, the European Parliament, and also the European Commission as allies. Declarative (para.18) Declarative Let me say that quite plainly. (para.18) Declarative There is no model for the current crisis. (para.19) Declarative The European Union is a unique entity. (para.19) That is why we now have to do what Europe is rightly famous for, that is, we need to be inventive. Imperative (para.19) Imperative We need to find our own, new solutions. (para.19) All member states need to implement reforms, structural changes and tough consolidation steps to Imperative increase competitiveness if we are to effectively combat the causes of the crisis. (para.19) I know that this is really asking a lot of the people in the member states particularly affected by the crisis. Declarative (para.20) Declarative I know the people there are finding it very difficult as a result of these steps. (para.20) Declarative But I have some good news for you at such a difficult time. (para.20) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declarative The reforms are starting to bear fruit. It is not a waste of time. (para.20) Declarative It is worth it. (para.20) Declarative In Ireland, Portugal and Spain, but also in Greece, unit labour costs have dropped significantly. (para.20) Declarative That is a key factor in competitiveness. (para.20) Declarative Current account deficits are also falling. (para.20) The consistent reform path followed by the member states to increase competitiveness is also of course Declarative bolstered by the solidarity of Europe, for example through the new permanent rescue package, the European Stability Mechanism. (para.21) Imperative The two go hand in hand and they are both equally important. (para.21) Declarative Sustainable consolidation and growth are interdependent. (para.22) Declarative The two need to be pursued with equal vigour. (para.22) Declarative I want to say that again because sometimes we try to play one off against the other. (para.22) Declarative But we need them both. (para.22) Imperative We want new growth. (para.22) Imperative We want more jobs based on solid budgets. (para.22) But we also have a responsibility towards future generations not to rob them of possibilities in the future. Imperative (para.22) Declarative Growth is rooted in enterprise. (para.22) Declarative Growth is not something we can define politically. (para.22) Declarative Rather, we need entrepreneurs in Europe. (para.22) Declarative Entrepreneurship is rooted in freedom and the necessary flexibility. (para.22) Declarative We need to work on this in Europe. (para.22) That is why the Euro Plus Pact includes steps to strengthen growth and employment in the member states. Declarative (para.23) That is why we made a point of bolstering the fiscal compact with a Compact for Growth and Jobs. Declarative (para.23) Declarative So on the one hand it is matter of targeting public spending. (para.23) But because it isn’t just about money, we are on the other hand creating the conditions for new growth, Declarative above all by working hard to further develop the internal market. (para.23) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

We now need to rapidly implement the legislative steps included in the Compact for Growth and Jobs. Imperative (para.24) Declarative This will release growth momentum that is crucial for our future. (para.24) Declarative The Council is committed here, as is, I am convinced, the Parliament. (para.24) Of course, the Multiannual Financial Framework that we want to adopt at the European Council in two Declarative weeks is also an essential prerequisite if we are to provide the necessary impetus for growth. (para.25) Each and every euro that we spend – and this must be our yardstick – needs to create added value in Declarative terms of growth and jobs. (para.25) It is not enough to spend money, rather the money has to be invested in a good and targeted manner. Declarative (para.25) We need to take a very close look at our policies at national and European level to effectively combat the Imperative roots of the crisis. (para.26) Critically analysing and then rectifying the design flaws in the architecture of economic and monetary Imperative union is no less important. (para.26) The only way to be successful in the long term, I am convinced, is if we pay equal attention to both. Imperative (para.26) Declarative That is the only way to build a Europe marked by strength and stability. (para.26) It was the Maastricht Treaty that created economic and monetary union in 1992, twenty years ago. Declarative (para.27) Back then, there was not enough support for those who wanted to bolster monetary union with a real Declarative economic union. (para.27) Declarative A monetary union with fully communitarized monetary policy was the result. (para.27) Declarative Economic union, however, was weak in structure. (para.27) Today, we are dealing with the consequences of these decisions, consequences which remained concealed Declarative initially after the introduction of the euro only to emerge later. (para.27) For example, the differences in the competitiveness of the member states of the eurozone have increased Declarative not decreased. (para.28) Declarative By way of example, we need only look at the development of unit labour costs. (para.28) Declarative In his capacity as ECB President, Jean-Claude Trichet made the point on many occasions. (para.28) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declarative All too often, it fell on deaf ears. (para.28) In some member states, it was also possible to accumulate massive debts for years without being Declarative penalized by higher interest or by the sanctions created for the purpose in the Stability and Growth Pact. (para.29) This all goes to show that the problems we are dealing with today had taken root long before the current Declarative crisis began. (para.30) The problems are of course different in each member state, ranging from government debt, banking Declarative crises, private sector debt to a lack of competitiveness. (para.31) And with the onset of the global financial and economic crisis in 2008/9, developments were exacerbated. Declarative (para.31) If all the member states had stuck to the agreed thresholds and engaged in reform to increase their Declarative competitiveness, economic and monetary union would never have been embroiled in such a crisis even with a relatively week economic union. (para.32) Declarative But the mix of home-grown contraventions and design flaws almost spelt disaster for Europe. (para.32) Imperative That is why I believe it is extremely important that we really learn the lesson of this crisis. (para.33) Imperative We have to make sure that such a situation does not repeat itself. (para.33) Imperative And we have to make sure that Europe emerges from the crisis stronger than before. (para.33) That means we need to analyse what went wrong in the creation of economic and monetary union and Imperative renew its foundations. (para.33) Taking it further, we need to create reliability at national level in the member states by finally sticking to Imperative what we have agreed. (para.33) Let me just give you one example: we or our predecessors as heads of state and the government had Declarative agreed for every member state of the European Union to spend 3% of its GDP on research and development. (para.34) Declarative Today, we have states that spend 0.7% and states that spend 3.5%. (para.34) Declarative But hardly anyone has really stuck to what we said we would do. (para.34) Declarative In my view, therefore, four elements are of crucial importance for the future. (para.35) First, a renewed economic and monetary union will need greater financial market policy integration, Imperative based on functioning and robust financial markets. (para.35) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

To this end, we have to define the framework conditions for the financial markets more precisely, Imperative harmonize financial market regulation and ensure that all of this is also applied to the international financial markets. (para.35) Furthermore, we must create an effective European supervisory mechanism for European banks in order Imperative to be able to better avert systemic risks to our economic order. (para.35) The most recent decisions by the European Council made it clear that quality must have priority over Declarative speed. (para.36) Declarative It’s vitally important that our supervisory mechanism really does work. (para.36) Imperative We therefore have to take great care to clarify the complex legal issues. (para.36) Declarative For we have to establish banking supervision worthy of that description. (para.36) Imperative Second, a renewed economic and monetary union needs greater fiscal policy integration. (para.37) We have already made significant progress towards strengthening budgetary discipline by adopting the Declarative fiscal compact. (para.38) I’m delighted that eleven of the twelve member states required for its entry into force have now ratified it, Declarative most recently France and Estonia. (para.38) I can well imagine going even further by, for example, granting the European level real rights to Declarative intervene in national budgets when the agreed ceilings of the Stability and Growth Pact have not been observed. (para.38) Imperative Third, a renewed economic and monetary union needs greater economic policy integration. (para.39) Today we see quite clearly that sufficiently binding economic policy coordination was lacking, and Declarative indeed is still lacking. (para.40) In the monetary union, for instance, it’s not possible to keep on demanding that national policies be Declarative geared to strengthening competitiveness as the basis for long-term growth and employment nor, if necessary, to enforce such policies. (para.40) Let me remind you that in his 1989 report on the establishment of economic and monetary union, the then Commission President Jacques Delors pointed out the importance of the two pillars of economic and Declarative monetary union because, and I quote, “ [...] monetary union without a sufficient degree of convergence of economic policies is unlikely to be durable and could be damaging to the Community.” (para.41) Declarative That’s what Jacques Delors said back in 1989. (para.41) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declarative The crisis has shown how right Jacques Delors’ analysis was. (para.42) It has shown that problems in individual member states really can cause the monetary union as a whole – Declarative and with it all of us, all 27 EU member states – to falter. (para.42) Nevertheless, we have only just begun the urgently needed process of strengthening economic policy Declarative coordination. (para.42) Interrogative So what needs to be done? (para.43) At the European Council in October, we had an initial discussion on this and agreed that we have to look Imperative more closely in future at those areas of policy which are vitally important for the functioning of economic and monetary union. (para.43) Declarative For one country’s loss of competitiveness quickly becomes a problem for all. (para.43) Greater economic policy coordination will also perhaps become necessary where core spheres of national Declarative sovereignty are affected. (para.44) Declarative I’m thinking here of sensitive policy areas such as labour market or tax policy. (para.44) Declarative Naturally, we have to proceed with caution. (para.44) Imperative The principle of subsidiarity and national democratic processes must be respected. (para.44) We therefore need solutions which create a sensible balance between necessary new intervention rights at Imperative European level and the scope for action of member states and their parliaments, which must be preserved. (para.44) The European institutions must be strengthened to allow them to correct mistakes or violations of the Imperative rules effectively. (para.45) Imperative We have to finally establish a genuine exchange between the European and the national levels. (para.45) I favour a new layered and differentiated procedure within the framework of which the member states, Declarative with the approval of their parliaments, would conclude binding and feasible agreements on reform with the European level, for example the European Commission. (para.45) I can also imagine supporting in a spirit of solidarity concrete reform measures which result in more Declarative competitiveness through targeted incentives from a new financial instrument in the eurozone. (para.46) This is an idea for the future which, of course, needs a viable legal basis and about which we will make a Imperative decision at the European Council in December as part of the package of measures necessary to deepen economic and monetary union. (para.46) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I will work to ensure that we adopt an ambitious roadmap in December on renewing economic and Declarative monetary union. (para.47) Declarative It should contain concrete measures which we can implement in the coming two to three years. (para.47) Ladies and gentlemen, I want to say once more that the European Parliament will be our partner in all of Imperative these endeavours. (para.48) Our intention is neither to bring about a divided European Union nor to do anything which will have a Declarative detrimental impact on either the European Parliament or the European Commission. (para.48) This is merely about shaping the necessary interaction between the various levels in such a way that it Declarative really can result in the greater economic policy coordination which Jacques Delors advocated. (para.48) Declarative I believe that this will enable us to regain confidence and credibility on an enduring basis. (para.48) Declarative For – let’s be honest – the European sovereign debt crisis is essentially a crisis of confidence. (para.49) Declarative That is evident when you talk to investors outside Europe. (para.49) Declarative Confidence will have to be regained with care. (para.49) Renewing the foundations of economic and monetary union is in the interest of Europe’s citizens, whom Declarative all of you represent here in this Parliament. (para.49) Imperative That is why I’m counting on your support! (para.49) I’ve already indicated that I’m aware of the concerns about a division between an EU of the 17 and of the Declarative 27, soon to be 28. (para.50) Declarative I believe we can convincingly assuage such concerns. (para.50) For, firstly, the deepening of economic and monetary union is essential for the future of the European Declarative Union as a whole. (para.50) Second, a renewed economic and monetary union will remain open to those non-euro countries which Declarative wish to take part. (para.50) Declarative There is no closed club of euro countries, we will always welcome others. (para.50) For, after all, economic and monetary union was established with the aim that every member state would Declarative take part. (para.50) I’m certainly committed to ensuring that deepened economic and monetary union does not lead to a two- Declarative speed Europe but, rather, creates a double-strength European Union. (para.51) Declarative Furthermore, I’m firmly convinced that we can only create a Europe marked by stability and strength if PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the member states and the organs of the European Union work together. (para.51) Declarative Ladies and gentlemen, I’m also aware of the concerns about the repatriation of powers. (para.52) However, I’m convinced that if we perform the tasks that lie ahead well, that’s to say if we truly learn the Declarative lessons from this crisis, then we will experience the very opposite. (para.52) Declarative Then we will see a Europeanization of national powers in no space of time. (para.52) If we seize this opportunity and if we understand that we are stronger than any individual nation on its Imperative own, if we stand together as Europeans in a globalized world, then we will succeed. (para.52) National parliaments – just like governments – will increasingly assume their responsibility for greater Declarative European integration. (para.53) In a speech in Brussels last February, the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, said Declarative that politically speaking national parliaments have become “European institutions”. (para.53) Declarative We can sum up this idea by saying: all of us together make up Europe. (para.53) Declarative Europe is domestic policy. (para.53) A stronger dialogue between national parliaments and you – the members of the European Parliament – Declarative would also help national parliaments to perform their task of guaranteeing the Union a bright future even better. (para.53) Exclamatory I’m convinced that together we can create a Europe marked by stability and strength! (para.54) Imperative And for that we need greater democratic legitimacy and oversight. (para.54) For me, the important thing is that legitimacy and oversight are to be found on the level where decisions Imperative are made and implemented. (para.54) That means that if one of the European level’s competences is strengthened, the role of the European Imperative Parliament must also be strengthened. (para.54) Imperative If national competences are affected then, of course, national parliaments must play a key role. (para.54) We should also openly discuss how decisions at European level which only affect the eurozone can be Exclamatory lent legitimacy in future. (para.55) For example, we have to consider whether only parliamentarians from the euro countries should be Exclamatory allowed to vote on such matters. (para.55) However, we should not contemplate – as is sometimes suggested – establishing an additional Imperative parliamentary institution. (para.55) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declarative The European Parliament is the bedrock. (para.55) Stronger democratic legitimacy and oversight – this principle must be adhered to in all measures aimed at Imperative deepening economic and monetary union. (para.56) Exclamatory It forms the centre piece of a renewed European Union! (para.56) As Head of Government, I want to state categorically that democratic legitimacy can only be achieved Declarative through parliaments. (para.56) Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, speaking here again today in the European Parliament naturally Declarative reminds me of 2007, the year of the German EU Presidency. (para.57) That year we set out our fundamental convictions in the Berlin Declaration marking the 50th anniversary Declarative of the signing of the Rome Treaties. (para.57) The then President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering, signed the document on behalf of Declarative this House. (para.57) In retrospect, the signing on 25 March 2007 can be regarded as a breakthrough in the difficult Declarative negotiations which ultimately led to the Treaty of Lisbon. (para.57) Declarative At that time, we were seeking to deepen the European Union as a whole. (para.58) Today our task is to deepen economic and monetary union in order to lead the European Union to a new Imperative level of stability and strength. (para.58) In the 2007 Berlin Declaration we said, “Our history reminds us that we must protect this for the good of Declarative future generations. (para.58) Imperative For that reason we must always renew the political shape of Europe in keeping with the times.” (para.58) I’m convinced that we will only live up to our responsibility if we renew the political shape of economic Declarative and monetary union in keeping with the times. (para.58) At the start of my speech, I repeated the question which I’m sometimes asked outside Europe: will the Interrogative European experiment weather the crisis? (para.59) Declarative I’ll tell you how I normally respond. (para.59) As a physicist I know all about experiments and am therefore in a position to say that European Declarative integration has long since moved beyond the experimental stage – if, indeed, it was ever accurate to call it an experiment. (para.59) Declarative At any rate, I regard it as a union which – to stay true to the image – has long since achieved a stable PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

aggregate state. (para.59) Even if we have to subsequently realign individual parameters in our model, it will remain steadfast, Declarative stable and strong. (para.59) Declarative To put it like a politician: yes, we will continue the European Union success story. (para.60) Declarative Germany will play its part. (para.60) The European Union will be successful because the power of freedom lends us Europeans courage and Imperative imagination. (para.60) Imperative We know that we are stronger if we are united and determined. (para.60) United and determined we can defend our European social and economic model in the globalized world. Declarative (para.60) United and determined and as a union of peace, freedom and prosperity, we can serve as a model for Declarative other regions of the world. (para.60) Imperative This – and no less – should be our common goal. (para.60) Declarative I believe in our common European future. United for the better. (para.61)

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The relationship between Sentence Form and Illocutionary acts in Angela Merkel’s We Have No Time speech

Illocutionary Acts Sentences Madam Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Distinguished Members of Congress, I would like to thank you Expressive: Thanking for the great honor and privilege to address you today, shortly before the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. (para.1) Expressive: I am the second German Chancellor on whom this honor has been bestowed. (para.2) Humbling The first was Konrad Adenauer when he addressed both Houses of Congress in 1957, albeit one after Expressive: Praising the other. (para.2) Expressive: Our lives could not have been more different. (para.3) Humbling Assertive: Stating In 1957 I was just a small child of three years. (para.3) I lived with my parents in Brandenburg, a region that belonged to the German Democratic Republic Assertive: Stating (GDR), the part of Germany that was not free. (para.3) Assertive: Stating My father was a Protestant pastor. (para.3) Expressive: My mother, who had studied English and Latin to become a teacher, was not allowed to work in her Deploring chosen profession in the GDR. (para.3) Assertive: In 1957 Konrad Adenauer was already 81 years old. (para.4) Mentioning He had lived through the German Empire, the First World War, the Weimar Republic and the Second Assertive: Reporting World War. (para.4) Assertive: Reporting The National Socialists ousted him from his position as mayor of the city of Cologne. (para.4) After the war, he was among the men and women who helped build up the free, democratic Federal Assertive: Reporting Republic of Germany. (para.4) Assertive: Stating Nothing is more symbolic of the Federal Republic of Germany than its constitution, the Basic Law, or PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

"Grundgesetz". (para.5) Assertive: Reminding It was adopted exactly 60 years ago. (para.5) Assertive: Remarking Article 1 of the Grundgesetz proclaims, and I quote, "Human dignity shall be inviolable". (para.5) This short, simple sentence - "Human dignity shall be inviolable" - was the answer to the catastrophe Assertive: Remarking that was the Second World War, to the murder of six million Jews in the Holocaust, to the hate, destruction and annihilation that Germany brought upon Europe and the world. (para.5) Assertive: Reminding November 9th is just a few days away. (para.6) It was on November 9, 1989 that the Berlin Wall fell and it was also on November 9 in 1938 that an Assertive: Reminding indelible mark was branded into Germany's memory and Europe's history. (para.6) On that day the National Socialists destroyed synagogues, setting them on fire, and murdered countless Assertive: Reminding people. (para.6) Assertive: Stating It was the beginning of what led to the break with civilization, the Shoah. (para.6) Assertive: I cannot stand before you today without remembering the victims of this day and of the Shoah. (para.6) Sympathizing And I cannot stand before you today without mentioning how grateful I am for the presence of one Expressive: guest, who personally experienced the horror of National Socialism in Germany and whom I recently Commending met personally: Professor Fritz Stern. (para.7) He was born in 1926 in what was then the German city of Breslau and today is the Polish city of Assertive: Stating Wroclaw. (para.8) Assertive: Reporting He and his family were able to escape the Nazi regime in 1938 and flee to the United States. (para.8) In his autobiography, published in 2006 under the title "Five Germanys I Have Known", Fritz Stern Assertive: describes the moment of his arrival in New York's harbor in 1938, a haven of freedom and security. Mentioning (para.8) Ladies and gentlemen, it is wonderful that history willed that we should both - the twelve-year-old boy Expressive: Praising who was driven out of Germany and me, the Chancellor of reunited Germany who was born in the GDR - be here in this distinguished House. (para.9) Expressive: Thanking This fills me with great joy and deep gratitude. (para.9) Expressive: Not even in my wildest dreams could I have imagined, twenty years ago before the Wall fell, that this Humbling would happen. (para.10) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

It was beyond imagination then to even think about traveling to the United States of America let alone Expressive: Thanking standing here today. (para.10) Expressive: The land of unlimited opportunity - for a long time it was impossible for me to reach. (para.11) Humbling Expressive: The Wall, barbed wire and the order to shoot those who tried to leave limited my access to the free Remembering world. (para.11) Expressive: So I had to create my own picture of the United States from films and books, some of which were Remembering smuggled in from the West by relatives. (para.11) Expressive: What did I see and what did I read? What was I passionate about? (para.11) Questioning Expressive: I was passionate about the American dream - the opportunity for everyone to be successful, to make it Remembering in life through their own personal effort. (para.12) Expressive: I, like many other teenagers, was passionate about a certain brand of jeans that were not available in the Remembering GDR and which my aunt in West Germany regularly sent to me. (para.13) Expressive: I was passionate about the vast American landscape which seemed to breathe the very spirit of freedom Remembering and independence. (para.14) Expressive: Immediately in 1990 my husband and I traveled for the first time in our lives to America, to California. Remembering (para.14) Assertive: Remarking We will never forget our first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean. (para.14) Expressive: It was simply gorgeous. (para.14) Commending Expressive: I was passionate about all of these things and much more, even though until 1989 America was simply Remembering out of reach for me. (para.15) Assertive: Reminding And then, on November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. (para.15) Assertive: Stating The border that for decades had divided a nation into two worlds was now open. (para.15) Expressive: Thanking And that is why for me today is, first of all, the time to say thank you. (para.16) I thank the American and Allied pilots who heard and heeded the desperate call of Berlin's mayor Ernst Expressive: Thanking Reuter as he said "People of the world, … look upon this city." (para.17) Expressive: Thanking For months, these pilots delivered food by airlift and saved Berlin from starvation. (para.18) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Expressive: Thanking Many of these soldiers risked their lives doing this. (para.18) Expressive: Dozens lost their lives. (para.18) Apologizing Expressive: Praising We will remember and honor them forever. (para.18) Expressive: Thanking I thank the 16 million Americans who have been stationed in Germany over the past decades. (para.19) Without their support as soldiers, diplomats and generally as facilitators it never would have been Expressive: Praising possible to overcome the division of Europe. (para.19) Expressive: Praising We are happy to have American soldiers in Germany, today and in the future. (para.19) They are ambassadors of their country in our country, just as many Americans with German roots today Expressive: Praising act as ambassadors of my country here. (para.19) Assertive: I think of John F. Kennedy, who won the hearts of despairing Berliners during his 1963 visit after the Mentioning construction of the Berlin Wall when he called out to them: "Ich bin ein Berliner." (para.20) Ronald Reagan far earlier than others saw and recognized the sign of the times when, standing before Assertive: the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, he demanded: "Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate … Mr. Gorbachev, tear Mentioning down this wall." (para.21) Commissive: Betting This appeal is something that will never be forgotten. (para.21) I thank George Herbert Walker Bush for placing his trust in Germany and then Federal Chancellor Expressive: Thanking Helmut Kohl and presenting us Germans with an offer of immeasurable value in May 1989: "Partnership in leadership." (para.22) Expressive: Thanking What a generous offer, 40 years after the end of World War II. (para.22) Assertive: Stating Just last Saturday we saw each other again in Berlin, along with Mikhail Gorbachev. (para.22) Expressive: Praising We also owe him a debt of gratitude. (para.22) Expressive: Ladies and gentlemen, to sum it up in one sentence: I know, we Germans know, how much we owe to Humbling you, our American friends. (para.23) Commissive: We as a nation, and I personally, will never forget that. (para.23) Guaranteeing All over Europe the common quest for freedom released an incredible power: in the trade union Assertive: Stating Solidarno in Poland, amongst the reformers surrounding Václav Havel in Czechoslovakia, at the first opening of the Iron Curtain in Hungary and at the demonstrations that took place every Monday in the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

GDR. (para.24) Assertive: Where there was once only a dark wall, a door suddenly opened and we all walked through it: onto the Mentioning streets, into the churches, across the borders. (para.25) Expressive: Everyone was given the chance to build something new, to make a difference, to venture a new Encouraging beginning. (para.25) Expressive: I also started a new. (para.26) Encouraging Expressive: I left my job as a physicist at the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin behind me and went into politics. Encouraging (para.26) Expressive: Because I finally had the chance to make a difference. (para.26) Encouraging Expressive: Because I had the impression that now it was possible to change things. (para.26) Encouraging Expressive: It was possible for me to do something. (para.26) Encouraging Ladies and gentlemen, twenty years have passed since we were given this incredible gift of freedom. Assertive: Reminding (para.27) Expressive: But there is still nothing that inspires me more, nothing that spurns me on more, nothing that fills me Encouraging more with positive feelings than the power of freedom. (para.27) Assertive: Stating A person who has experienced such a positive surprise in life believes that much is possible. (para.28) Expressive: Or, to put it in the words of Bill Clinton in Berlin in 1994: "Nothing will stop us. All things are Encouraging possible." (para.28) Expressive: Yes, all things are possible. (para.29) Encouraging Expressive: Like the fact that a woman like me can stand before you today. (para.29) Encouraging That a man like Arnold Vaatz, who spent time in prison because he was a dissident during the GDR Expressive: regime in Dresden, can be here today as a Member of the German Bundestag and of my delegation. Encouraging (para.29) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Expressive: All things are possible, also in the 21st century, in the age of globalization. (para.30) Encouraging We back home in Germany know just as well as you do in America that many people are afraid of Assertive: Stating globalization. (para.30) Assertive: Stating We do not just brush these concerns aside. (para.30) Assertive: Stating We recognize the difficulties. (para.30) And yet it is our duty to convince people that globalization is an immense global opportunity, for each Directive: Ordering and every continent, because it forces us to act together with others. (para.30) The alternative to globalization would be shutting ourselves off from others, but this is not a viable Directive: Suggesting alternative. (para.30) Assertive: Warning It would lead only to isolation and therefore misery. (para.30) Commissive: Thinking in terms of alliances and partnerships on the other hand, is what will take us into a good Assuring future. (para.30) Ladies and gentlemen, it is true that America and Europe have had their share of disagreements. Assertive: Stating (para.31) Assertive: One may feel the other is sometimes too hesitant and fearful, or from the opposite perspective, too Mentioning headstrong and pushy. (para.31) Commissive: And nevertheless, I am deeply convinced that there is no better partner for Europe than America and no Assuring better partner for America than Europe. (para.31) Because what brings Europeans and Americans together and keeps them together is not just a shared Assertive: Stating history. (para.32) What brings and keeps Europeans and Americans together are not just shared interests and the common Assertive: Stating global challenges that all regions of the world face. (para.32) That alone would not be sufficient to explain the very special partnership between Europe and America Assertive: Stating and make it last. (para.32) Commissive: It is more than that. (para.32) Assuring Assertive: That which brings Europeans and Americans closer together and keeps them close is a common basis of Mentioning shared values. (para.32) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Assertive: It is a common idea of the individual and his inviolable dignity. (para.32) Mentioning Assertive: It is a common understanding of freedom in responsibility. (para.32) Mentioning This is what we stand for in the unique transatlantic partnership and in the community of shared values Assertive: Stating that is NATO. (para.32) Assertive: Stating This is what fills "Partnership in Leadership" with life, ladies and gentlemen. (para.32) This basis of values was what ended the Cold War, and it is this basis of values that will enable us to Assertive: Stating stand the tests of our times - and these tests we must stand. (para.33) Assertive: Stating Germany is united, Europe is united. (para.34) Assertive: Stating That is what we have achieved. (para.34) Now, today, our political generation must prove that it is able to meet the challenges of the 21st century, Directive: Ordering and that in a sense it is able to tear down today's walls. (para.34) Assertive: What does that mean? First it means building peace and security, second, achieving prosperity and Mentioning justice, and third, protecting our planet. (para.35) Assertive: stating Here, too, America and Europe are called upon in a very special way. (para.35) Even after the end of the Cold War we are thus faced with the task of tearing down the walls between Directive: Ordering different concepts of life, in other words the walls in people's minds that make it difficult time and again to understand one another in this world of ours. (para.36) Assertive: Stating This is why the ability to show tolerance is so important. (para.36) Assertive: Stating While, for us, our way of life is the best possible way, others do not necessarily feel that way. (para.36) Assertive: Stating There are different ways to create peaceful coexistence. (para.36) Tolerance means showing respect for other people's history, traditions, religion and cultural identity. Assertive: Stating (para.36) Assertive: Reminding But let there be no misunderstanding: Tolerance does not mean "anything goes". (para.37) There must be zero tolerance towards all those who show no respect for the inalienable rights of the Assertive: Warning individual and who violate human rights. (para.37) Zero tolerance must also be shown if, for example, weapons of mass destruction fall into the hands of Assertive: Warning Iran and possibly threaten our security! (para.37) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Assertive: Warning Iran must be aware of this. (para.38) Iran knows our offer, but Iran also knows where we draw the line: A nuclear bomb in the hands of an Assertive: Warning Iranian President who denies the Holocaust, threatens Israel and denies Israel the right to exist, is not acceptable! (para.38) Assertive: Stating For me, Israel's security will never be open to negotiation. (para.39) Assertive: Stating Not only Israel is threatened but the entire free world. (para.39) Assertive: Warning Whoever threatens Israel also threatens us! (para.39) This is why the free world meets this threat head-on, if necessary with tough economic sanctions. Assertive: Stating (para.39) Ladies and gentlemen, Germany will therefore provide staunch support to the peace process with the Assertive: Stating aim of realizing a two state solution, a Jewish State of Israel and a Palestinian state. (para.39) Assertive: Stating We also stand up to the threat of international terrorism. (para.40) Assertive: Stating We are aware that no country, no matter how strong, can do this alone. (para.40) Assertive: Stating We all need partners. (para.40) Assertive: Stating We are only strong if we are part of a community of partners. (para.40) Since we shared the view of the then President George W. Bush, after 9/11, that we had to do Assertive: Stating everything we could to prevent Afghanistan from ever again harboring a threat to security, Germany has since 2002 been present on the ground with the third-largest troop contingent. (para.41) Assertive: Stating We want to make the concept of networked security successful. (para.41) Assertive: Stating This means that civilian and military engagements are inextricably linked. (para.41) Assertive: Stating The international community's commitment in Afghanistan is undoubtedly a tough one. (para.42) It places great demands on all of us, and it must be taken into the next phase as soon as the new Afghan Assertive: Stating government is in office. (para.42) Our objective must be to develop a strategy to transfer responsibility, which we want to do early next Assertive: Stating year at a joint UN conference. (para.42) We will be successful if, as we have done up to now, we continue travel this road together in the Commissive: Hoping Alliance, every step of the way. (para.42) Commissive: Germany is ready to shoulder that responsibility. (para.42) Assuring PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

There is no doubt that NATO is and will continue to be the crucial corner-stone of our collective Commissive: Betting defense. (para.43) Assertive: Stating Its Security Concept is being constantly developed and adapted to new challenges. (para.43) Assertive: Stating Its foundation and clear compass for peace and freedom will, however, remain unchanged. (para.43) Commissive: Betting It is my firm belief that we Europeans can contribute even more in the future. (para.44) For we Europeans are currently working towards giving our European Union a new contractual basis. Assertive: Stating (para.44) Assertive: Stating The final signature has just been added. (para.44) This will make the EU stronger and more capable of action, and thus make it a strong and reliable Assertive: Stating partner for the United States. (para.44) Assertive: On this basis we can build stable partnerships with others, first and foremost with Russia, China and Mentioning India. (para.45) Assertive: Stating This is because our world is freer and more networked than ever. (para.45) The fall of the Berlin Wall, the revolution in information and communication technology, the rise of Assertive: China, India and other countries to become dynamic economies - all this has made the 21st century Mentioning world a different place from the world we knew in the 20th century. (para.45) Assertive: Stating That's a good thing, because freedom is the very essence of our economy and society. (para.45) Assertive: Stating Without freedom the human mind is prevented from unleashing its creative force. (para.45) Assertive: Stating But what is also clear is that this freedom does not stand alone. (para.46) Assertive: Stating It is freedom in responsibility and freedom to exercise responsibility. (para.46) Assertive: Stating For that reason the world needs order. (para.46) The near-collapse of the international financial markets showed what happens when there is no such Assertive: Stating order. (para.46) If there is one lesson the world has learned from last year's financial crisis, it is that there is no Assertive: Reporting alternative to a global framework for a globalized economy. (para.47) Without universally-binding rules for transparency and supervision there can be no greater freedom but Assertive: Reporting rather we risk the abuse of freedom and thus instability. (para.47) In a way this is a second wall that has to fall: A wall standing in the way of a truly global economic Assertive: Stating order, a wall of regional and exclusively national thinking. (para.47) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The key to cooperation between the major industrialized countries and emerging economies lies in the Assertive: Stating G20. (para.48) Assertive: Stating Here again cooperation between America and Europe is a crucial corner-stone. (para.48) Assertive: Stating It is a cooperation that is not exclusive but rather inclusive. (para.48) Assertive: Stating The G20 has shown that it can take action. (para.49) Assertive: Stating We need to resist the pressure of those who almost led the nations of this world into the abyss. (para.49) That means no more and no less than that international economic policy must become more sustainable. Assertive: Stating (para.49) Assertive: Stating This crisis was also an expression of too much short-term thinking. (para.49) Millions of people all over the world might lose their jobs or even suffer poverty and starvation because Assertive: Stating of this. (para.49) Assertive: Stating To achieve prosperity and justice we must do all we can to prevent such a crisis in the future. (para.49) Assertive: Stating That also means not giving in to the temptation of protectionism. (para.50) Assertive: Stating This is why the WTO Doha negotiations are so important. (para.50) The success of the Doha Round would send a valuable message of the openness of the world economy, Assertive: Stating particularly in the current crisis. (para.50) Assertive: Stating Equally, the Transatlantic Economic Council can also fulfill an important task. (para.51) We can use it to prevent competing subsidies and give incentives to reduce trade barriers between Assertive: Stating Europe and America. (para.51) I appeal to you: Let us jointly work towards a world economic order which is in the interests of both Commissive: Inviting America and Europe! (para.51) Ladies and gentlemen, the fact that global challenges can only be met by comprehensive international Assertive: Stating cooperation is also shown by a third great challenge of the 21st century, by a wall, so to speak, separating the present from the future. (para.52) That wall prevents us from seeing the needs of future generations, it prevents us from taking the Assertive: Stating measures urgently needed to protect the very basis of our life and climate. (para.52) We can already see where this wasteful attitude towards our future leads: In the Arctic icebergs are Assertive: Warning melting, in Africa people are becoming refugees due to environmental damage, and global sea levels are rising. (para.53) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Expressive: I am pleased that you in your work together with President Obama attach such significance to Congratulating protecting our climate. (para.53) Assertive: Reminding For we all know: We have no time to lose! (para.53) Commissive: Hoping We need an agreement at the climate conference in Copenhagen in December. (para.53) Commissive: We have to agree on one objective - global warming must not exceed two degrees Celsius. (para.53) Wishing To achieve this we need the readiness of all nations to assume internationally binding obligations. Commissive: Hoping (para.54) We cannot afford failure with regard to achieving the climate protection objectives scientists tell us are Assertive: Stating crucial. (para.54) That would not only be irresponsible from an ecological point of view, but would also be Assertive: Stating technologically short-sighted, for the development of new technologies in the energy sector offers major opportunities for growth and jobs in the future. (para.54) Commissive: Betting No doubt about it - in December the world will look to us, to Europe and America. (para.55) It is true that there can be no agreement without China and India accepting obligations, but I am Commissive: Betting convinced that if we in Europe and America show that we are ready to accept binding obligations, we will also be able to persuade China and India to join in. (para.55) And then, in Copenhagen, we will be able to tear down the wall between the present and the future - in Assertive: Stating the interests of our children and grandchildren and of sustainable development worldwide. (para.55) Ladies and gentlemen, I am convinced that, just as we found the strength in the 20th century to tear down a wall made of barbed wire and concrete, today we have the strength to overcome the walls of the Assertive: Stating 21st century, walls in our minds, walls of short-sighted self-interest, walls between the present and the future. (para.56) Ladies and gentlemen, my confidence is inspired by a very special sound - that of the Freedom Bell in Assertive: Stating the Schöneberg Town Hall in Berlin. (para.57) Assertive: Reporting Since 1950 a copy of the original American Liberty Bell has hung there. (para.57) Assertive: A gift from American citizens, it is a symbol of the promise of freedom, a promise that has been Mentioning fulfilled. (para.57) Assertive: Stating On October 3, 1990 the Freedom Bell rang to mark the reunification of Germany, the greatest moment PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

of joy for the German people. (para.57) Assertive: Stating On September 13, 2001, two days after 9/11, it tolled again, to mark America's darkest hour. (para.57) The Freedom Bell in Berlin is, like the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, a symbol which reminds us that Assertive: Stating freedom does not come about of itself. (para.58) Assertive: Stating It must be struggled for and then defended anew every day of our lives. (para.58) In this endeavor Germany and Europe will also in future remain strong and dependable partners for Assertive: Stating America. (para.58) Commissive: That I promise you. (para.58) Promising

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The relationship between Sentence Form and Illocutionary acts in Angela Merkel’s speech in the European Parliament in Brussels

Illocutionary Acts Sentences Assertive: Mr. President, Martin Schulz, Members of the European Parliament, ladies and gentlemen, I am delighted Thanking to be able to speak to you today. (para.1) Assertive: Stating This is my first opportunity to do so since the German Council Presidency in 2007. (para.1) Assertive: I would like to use the opportunity to give you my slant on the State of the Union – not looking primarily Mentioning at the Multiannual Financial Framework but I’m sure we can come back to that in the discussion. (para.1) Assertive: In two days it is 9 November which this year marks the 23rd anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Reminding (para.2) Assertive: 9 November 1989 was a truly wonderful moment in the history of Germany and indeed the whole of Reminding Europe. (para.2) Assertive: Stating It marks the start of an era of freedom, unity and democracy in Germany and all across Europe. (para.2) Assertive: We Germans will never forget that the happy development of our country is inextricably linked to the Mentioning history of the European Union. (para.3) Assertive: We will never forget that we also owe a debt of gratitude especially to our eastern neighbors for their Mentioning courageous yearning for freedom. (para.3) Assertive: Stating We Germans are aware of our responsibility for a bright future for the EU. (para.4) It is in this spirit that the German Federal Government’s policies are geared towards the interests of both Assertive: Stating our country and Europe. (para.4) Assertive: I would like to recall a leitmotif today, a mainspring of European integration, namely the freedom that Reminding opens the way for a life in peace and prosperity. (para.5) Assertive: It is this freedom in all its facets – freedom of expression, of the media, belief and assembly – that we Mentioning have to work tirelessly to defend. (para.5) Assertive: Stating Without freedom there can be no rule of law. (para.5) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Assertive: Stating Without freedom there can be no diversity and no tolerance. (para.5) Assertive: Stating Freedom is the foundation for the united and determined Europe. (para.5) Assertive: Particularly in this major test that Europe faces today, the power of freedom can help us lead Europe out Promising of the crisis stronger than before. (para.6) Commissive: After all, the power of freedom, I am convinced, also gives us the courage to change. (para.6) Assuring It is precisely this courage to change that we now need to show to assert the European Union in the Assertive: Stating international race that is the 21st century. (para.6) Assertive: On my trips outside the European Union, for example to Asia, I have in recent years got to know many Reporting dynamic, ambitious countries that are very much on the rise. (para.7) Assertive: There, people look with keen interest to us, the European Union. (para.7) Reporting Assertive: But the people there often ask me with some scepticism: will the European experiment weather the crisis? Reporting (para.7) Assertive: This question makes it plain. (para.8) Reporting Assertive: The current grave crisis dominates people’s perception of the European Union – also those looking from Remarking the outside. (para.8) Commissive: Now it is up to us to change the sceptical attitude towards Europe and catch up in global competition – Inviting through hard work at home. (para.8) Expressive: For this reason, it is not just a great honour for the European Union to receive the Nobel Peace Prize this Praising year. (para.9) This important prize in the midst of the most serious crisis to strike Europe since the adoption of the Assertive: Treaties of Rome 55 years ago is also an extremely valuable political signal to the world, but also to the Mentioning Europeans. (para.9) Assertive: Martin Schulz will receive the prize in Oslo together with the Presidents of the European Council and the Reporting European Commission. (para.10) Expressive: I am delighted that some of my colleagues have, like myself, decided to attend the ceremony. (para.10) Thanking PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Commissive: By being there, we want to underscore that the European Union is all of us together: 500 million citizens. Hoping (para.10) Assertive: Stating We all know that we Europeans have united for the better. (para.10) Assertive: The Nobel Peace Prize reminds us never to forget this no matter how huge the challenges and how Reminding difficult our work and our daily lives. (para.11) Commissive: With its decision, the Nobel Committee is enjoining us to focus once more on what is really crucial in the Inviting current crisis. (para.11) Assertive: It is not the debt figures, unit labour costs and growth rates, no matter how important that all is. (para.11) Mentioning Assertive: What is truly important is instead the realization that our single currency is so much more than just a Remarking currency. (para.11) Assertive: It is the symbol for the peaceful and democratic unification of Europe we have achieved. (para.11) Mentioning Assertive: It is the symbol for a Europe of peace, prosperity and progress. (para.11) Mentioning So what we are actually talking about at the current time is preserving and further developing European Assertive: Stating unification for the good of our children. (para.12) Directive: That is why the Nobel Peace Prize is a mandate for us all to create a better EU together – a Europe Commanding marked by strength and stability. (para.12) Assertive: Martin Schulz was right when he said in his inaugural speech as newly elected President of the European Remarking Parliament “Either we all lose, or we all win.” (para.13) Assertive: The conclusion we draw, ladies and gentlemen, can only be that we want to and indeed will win together. Encouraging (para.13) Directive: Ordering That is certainly what I want. (para.13) Commissive: Together we can assert our European model that combines economic success with social responsibility. Inviting (para.14) Commissive: And taking it further, together we can consolidate it to make it stronger than ever. (para.14) Hoping Assertive: To do so, we need together to recall the power of freedom and find the courage to change. (para.14) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Encouraging Assertive: We can see the first fruits of our efforts to overcome the crisis, both at the level of member states and also Mentioning in the development of new crisis management instruments. (para.15) Yet we must not leave it at that. Much remains to be done to win back trust in the European Union as a Directive: Ordering whole. (para.15) Directive: That is why we must not stop halfway. (para.15) Commanding Commissive: I would like to make a pledge to you here today. Germany will do everything it can to ensure the Promising European Union can also in future keep its promise of freedom and prosperity. (para.16) Commissive: But I am also here because I am counting on your support. (para.16) Inviting Once again, we are hearing more and more voices saying we could just sit back and relax now, saying we Assertive: don’t actually need to renew economic and monetary union because the work has already been done with Reminding the immediate crisis management measures. (para.16) Assertive: To my mind, that is completely wrong. (para.17) Disagreeing Instead of sitting back, we need to ensure step by step at all levels of the EU that Europe’s strengths can Assertive: flourish once more: the freedom, the dynamism and the prosperity that the European Union can offer its Encouraging people at home; the impact and influence that the European Union gives us in the outside world. (para.17) The President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, said in his speech on the State of the Assertive: Union on 12 September in this chamber: “We must complete the economic and monetary union.” Reporting (para.18) Commissive: In fact, we now need to find the right way forward to stabilize economic and monetary union in the long Inviting term by rectifying the design flaws. (para.18) Commissive: We need to be ambitious here and must not shy away from changing the treaty basis of economic and Inviting monetary union if this should prove necessary. (para.18) Assertive: Stating This process of deepening the European Union is indispensable. (para.18) In this process, I see you, the European Parliament, and also the European Commission as allies. Assertive: Stating (para.18) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Assertive: Stating Let me say that quite plainly. (para.18) Assertive: Stating There is no model for the current crisis. (para.19) Assertive: Stating The European Union is a unique entity. (para.19) Directive: That is why we now have to do what Europe is rightly famous for, that is, we need to be inventive. Commanding (para.19) Directive: We need to find our own, new solutions. (para.19) Commanding All member states need to implement reforms, structural changes and tough consolidation steps to Directive: Ordering increase competitiveness if we are to effectively combat the causes of the crisis. (para.19) Expressive: I know that this is really asking a lot of the people in the member states particularly affected by the crisis. Apologizing (para.20) Expressive: I know the people there are finding it very difficult as a result of these steps. (para.20) Sympathizing Assertive: But I have some good news for you at such a difficult time. (para.20) Encouraging Assertive: The reforms are starting to bear fruit. It is not a waste of time. (para.20) Encouraging Assertive: It is worth it. (para.20) Encouraging Assertive: In Ireland, Portugal and Spain, but also in Greece, unit labour costs have dropped significantly. (para.20) Reporting Assertive: Stating That is a key factor in competitiveness. (para.20) Assertive: Current account deficits are also falling. (para.20) Reporting The consistent reform path followed by the member states to increase competitiveness is also of course Assertive: Stating bolstered by the solidarity of Europe, for example through the new permanent rescue package, the European Stability Mechanism. (para.21) Assertive: Stating The two go hand in hand and they are both equally important. (para.21) Assertive: Stating Sustainable consolidation and growth are interdependent. (para.22) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Assertive: Stating The two need to be pursued with equal vigour. (para.22) Assertive: I want to say that again because sometimes we try to play one off against the other. (para.22) Reminding Assertive: But we need them both. (para.22) Reminding Commissive: We want new growth. (para.22) Hoping Commissive: We want more jobs based on solid budgets. (para.22) Hoping Commissive: But we also have a responsibility towards future generations not to rob them of possibilities in the future. Warning (para.22) Assertive: Stating Growth is rooted in enterprise. (para.22) Assertive: Stating Growth is not something we can define politically. (para.22) Commissive: Rather, we need entrepreneurs in Europe. (para.22) Hoping Assertive: Stating Entrepreneurship is rooted in freedom and the necessary flexibility. (para.22) Commissive: We need to work on this in Europe. (para.22) Inviting Assertive: That is why the Euro Plus Pact includes steps to strengthen growth and employment in the member states. Remarking (para.23) Assertive: That is why we made a point of bolstering the fiscal compact with a Compact for Growth and Jobs. Remarking (para.23) Assertive: Stating So on the one hand it is matter of targeting public spending. (para.23) Commissive: But because it isn’t just about money, we are on the other hand creating the conditions for new growth, Hoping above all by working hard to further develop the internal market. (para.23) We now need to rapidly implement the legislative steps included in the Compact for Growth and Jobs. Directive: Ordering (para.24) Assertive: This will release growth momentum that is crucial for our future. (para.24) Predicting PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Expressive: The Council is committed here, as is, I am convinced, the Parliament. (para.24) Commending Assertive: Of course, the Multiannual Financial Framework that we want to adopt at the European Council in two Mentioning weeks is also an essential prerequisite if we are to provide the necessary impetus for growth. (para.25) Each and every euro that we spend – and this must be our yardstick – needs to create added value in Directive: Ordering terms of growth and jobs. (para.25) Directive: It is not enough to spend money, rather the money has to be invested in a good and targeted manner. Suggesting (para.25) We need to take a very close look at our policies at national and European level to effectively combat the Directive: Ordering roots of the crisis. (para.26) Assertive: Critically analysing and then rectifying the design flaws in the architecture of economic and monetary Mentioning union is no less important. (para.26) Directive: The only way to be successful in the long term, I am convinced, is if we pay equal attention to both. Suggesting (para.26) Assertive: That is the only way to build a Europe marked by strength and stability. (para.26) Remarking Assertive: It was the Maastricht Treaty that created economic and monetary union in 1992, twenty years ago. Reminding (para.27) Assertive: Back then, there was not enough support for those who wanted to bolster monetary union with a real Reminding economic union. (para.27) Assertive: Stating A monetary union with fully communitarized monetary policy was the result. (para.27) Assertive: Stating Economic union, however, was weak in structure. (para.27) Today, we are dealing with the consequences of these decisions, consequences which remained concealed Assertive: Warning initially after the introduction of the euro only to emerge later. (para.27) Assertive: For example, the differences in the competitiveness of the member states of the eurozone have increased Mentioning not decreased. (para.28) Directive: Ordering By way of example, we need only look at the development of unit labour costs. (para.28) Assertive: In his capacity as ECB President, Jean-Claude Trichet made the point on many occasions. (para.28) Mentioning PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Expressive: All too often, it fell on deaf ears. (para.28) Deploring In some member states, it was also possible to accumulate massive debts for years without being Assertive: penalized by higher interest or by the sanctions created for the purpose in the Stability and Growth Pact. Mentioning (para.29) This all goes to show that the problems we are dealing with today had taken root long before the current Assertive: Warning crisis began. (para.30) Assertive: The problems are of course different in each member state, ranging from government debt, banking Mentioning crises, private sector debt to a lack of competitiveness. (para.31) Assertive: And with the onset of the global financial and economic crisis in 2008/9, developments were exacerbated. Reporting (para.31) If all the member states had stuck to the agreed thresholds and engaged in reform to increase their Expressive: competitiveness, economic and monetary union would never have been embroiled in such a crisis even Deploring with a relatively week economic union. (para.32) Assertive: But the mix of home-grown contraventions and design flaws almost spelt disaster for Europe. (para.32) Deploring Directive: That is why I believe it is extremely important that we really learn the lesson of this crisis. (para.33) Suggesting Assertive: Warning We have to make sure that such a situation does not repeat itself. (para.33) Directive: And we have to make sure that Europe emerges from the crisis stronger than before. (para.33) Commanding Directive: That means we need to analyse what went wrong in the creation of economic and monetary union and Commanding renew its foundations. (para.33) Directive: Taking it further, we need to create reliability at national level in the member states by finally sticking to Commanding what we have agreed. (para.33) Let me just give you one example: we or our predecessors as heads of state and the government had Assertive: agreed for every member state of the European Union to spend 3% of its GDP on research and Reporting development. (para.34) Assertive: Today, we have states that spend 0.7% and states that spend 3.5%. (para.34) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Reporting Expressive: But hardly anyone has really stuck to what we said we would do. (para.34) Deploring Assertive: Stating In my view, therefore, four elements are of crucial importance for the future. (para.35) Assertive: First, a renewed economic and monetary union will need greater financial market policy integration, Mentioning based on functioning and robust financial markets. (para.35) To this end, we have to define the framework conditions for the financial markets more precisely, Directive: harmonize financial market regulation and ensure that all of this is also applied to the international Commanding financial markets. (para.35) Directive: Furthermore, we must create an effective European supervisory mechanism for European banks in order Commanding to be able to better avert systemic risks to our economic order. (para.35) The most recent decisions by the European Council made it clear that quality must have priority over Assertive: Stating speed. (para.36) Expressive: It’s vitally important that our supervisory mechanism really does work. (para.36) Praising Directive: Ordering We therefore have to take great care to clarify the complex legal issues. (para.36) Assertive: Stating For we have to establish banking supervision worthy of that description. (para.36) Assertive: Second, a renewed economic and monetary union needs greater fiscal policy integration. (para.37) Mentioning Assertive: We have already made significant progress towards strengthening budgetary discipline by adopting the Reporting fiscal compact. (para.38) Expressive: I’m delighted that eleven of the twelve member states required for its entry into force have now ratified it, Congratulating most recently France and Estonia. (para.38) I can well imagine going even further by, for example, granting the European level real rights to Assertive: intervene in national budgets when the agreed ceilings of the Stability and Growth Pact have not been Predicting observed. (para.38) Assertive: Third, a renewed economic and monetary union needs greater economic policy integration. (para.39) Mentioning Expressive: Today we see quite clearly that sufficiently binding economic policy coordination was lacking, and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Deploring indeed is still lacking. (para.40) In the monetary union, for instance, it’s not possible to keep on demanding that national policies be Assertive: geared to strengthening competitiveness as the basis for long-term growth and employment nor, if Remarking necessary, to enforce such policies. (para.40) Let me remind you that in his 1989 report on the establishment of economic and monetary union, the then Assertive: Commission President Jacques Delors pointed out the importance of the two pillars of economic and Reminding - monetary union because, and I quote, “ [...] monetary union without a sufficient degree of convergence of Remarking economic policies is unlikely to be durable and could be damaging to the Community.” (para.41) Assertive: That’s what Jacques Delors said back in 1989. (para.41) Reporting Assertive: The crisis has shown how right Jacques Delors’ analysis was. (para.42) Remarking It has shown that problems in individual member states really can cause the monetary union as a whole – Assertive: Warning and with it all of us, all 27 EU member states – to falter. (para.42) Assertive: Nevertheless, we have only just begun the urgently needed process of strengthening economic policy Reporting coordination. (para.42) Directive: Asking So what needs to be done? (para.43) At the European Council in October, we had an initial discussion on this and agreed that we have to look Assertive: more closely in future at those areas of policy which are vitally important for the functioning of economic Reporting and monetary union. (para.43) Assertive: For one country’s loss of competitiveness quickly becomes a problem for all. (para.43) Reporting Assertive: Greater economic policy coordination will also perhaps become necessary where core spheres of national mentioning sovereignty are affected. (para.44) Assertive: I’m thinking here of sensitive policy areas such as labour market or tax policy. (para.44) Mentioning Assertive: Warning Naturally, we have to proceed with caution. (para.44) Directive: The principle of subsidiarity and national democratic processes must be respected. (para.44) Commanding PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

We therefore need solutions which create a sensible balance between necessary new intervention rights at Expressive: European level and the scope for action of member states and their parliaments, which must be preserved. Questioning (para.44) Directive: The European institutions must be strengthened to allow them to correct mistakes or violations of the Commanding rules effectively. (para.45) Directive: We have to finally establish a genuine exchange between the European and the national levels. (para.45) Commanding I favour a new layered and differentiated procedure within the framework of which the member states, Expressive: with the approval of their parliaments, would conclude binding and feasible agreements on reform with Praising the European level, for example the European Commission. (para.45) Commissive: I can also imagine supporting in a spirit of solidarity concrete reform measures which result in more Hoping competitiveness through targeted incentives from a new financial instrument in the eurozone. (para.46) This is an idea for the future which, of course, needs a viable legal basis and about which we will make a Commissive: decision at the European Council in December as part of the package of measures necessary to deepen Promising economic and monetary union. (para.46) Commissive: I will work to ensure that we adopt an ambitious roadmap in December on renewing economic and Promising monetary union. (para.47) Commissive: It should contain concrete measures which we can implement in the coming two to three years. (para.47) Hoping Assertive: Ladies and gentlemen, I want to say once more that the European Parliament will be our partner in all of Remarking these endeavours. (para.48) Our intention is neither to bring about a divided European Union nor to do anything which will have a Assertive: Stating detrimental impact on either the European Parliament or the European Commission. (para.48) This is merely about shaping the necessary interaction between the various levels in such a way that it Assertive: Stating really can result in the greater economic policy coordination which Jacques Delors advocated. (para.48) Commissive: I believe that this will enable us to regain confidence and credibility on an enduring basis. (para.48) Betting Directive: Asking For – let’s be honest – the European sovereign debt crisis is essentially a crisis of confidence. (para.49) Assertive: Stating That is evident when you talk to investors outside Europe. (para.49) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Assertive: Stating Confidence will have to be regained with care. (para.49) Assertive: Renewing the foundations of economic and monetary union is in the interest of Europe’s citizens, whom Reminding all of you represent here in this Parliament. (para.49) Directive: Ordering That is why I’m counting on your support! (para.49) Assertive: I’ve already indicated that I’m aware of the concerns about a division between an EU of the 17 and of the Mentioning 27, soon to be 28. (para.50) Commissive: I believe we can convincingly assuage such concerns. (para.50) Betting Assertive: For, firstly, the deepening of economic and monetary union is essential for the future of the European Reminding Union as a whole. (para.50) Second, a renewed economic and monetary union will remain open to those non-euro countries which Assertive: Assuring wish to take part. (para.50) Commissive: There is no closed club of euro countries, we will always welcome others. (para.50) Promising Assertive: For, after all, economic and monetary union was established with the aim that every member state would Reminding take part. (para.50) Commissive: I’m certainly committed to ensuring that deepened economic and monetary union does not lead to a two- Guaranteeing speed Europe but, rather, creates a double-strength European Union. (para.51) Commissive: Furthermore, I’m firmly convinced that we can only create a Europe marked by stability and strength if Inviting the member states and the organs of the European Union work together. (para.51) Assertive: Ladies and gentlemen, I’m also aware of the concerns about the repatriation of powers. (para.52) Mentioning However, I’m convinced that if we perform the tasks that lie ahead well, that’s to say if we truly learn the Directive: Ordering lessons from this crisis, then we will experience the very opposite. (para.52) Commissive: Then we will see a Europeanization of national powers in no space of time. (para.52) Promising If we seize this opportunity and if we understand that we are stronger than any individual nation on its Directive: Ordering own, if we stand together as Europeans in a globalized world, then we will succeed. (para.52) Commissive: National parliaments – just like governments – will increasingly assume their responsibility for greater PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Promising European integration. (para.53) Assertive: In a speech in Brussels last February, the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, said Remarking that politically speaking national parliaments have become “European institutions”. (para.53) Assertive: We can sum up this idea by saying: all of us together make up Europe. (para.53) Remarking Assertive: Stating Europe is domestic policy. (para.53) A stronger dialogue between national parliaments and you – the members of the European Parliament – Directive: Ordering would also help national parliaments to perform their task of guaranteeing the Union a bright future even better. (para.53) Commissive: I’m convinced that together we can create a Europe marked by stability and strength! (para.54) Betting Commissive: And for that we need greater democratic legitimacy and oversight. (para.54) Hoping Commissive: For me, the important thing is that legitimacy and oversight are to be found on the level where decisions Hoping are made and implemented. (para.54) Directive: That means that if one of the European level’s competences is strengthened, the role of the European Commanding Parliament must also be strengthened. (para.54) Directive: If national competences are affected then, of course, national parliaments must play a key role. (para.54) Commanding Directive: We should also openly discuss how decisions at European level which only affect the eurozone can be Suggesting lent legitimacy in future. (para.55) For example, we have to consider whether only parliamentarians from the euro countries should be Directive: Asking allowed to vote on such matters. (para.55) Assertive: However, we should not contemplate – as is sometimes suggested – establishing an additional Disagreeing parliamentary institution. (para.55) Assertive: Stating The European Parliament is the bedrock. (para.55) Directive: Stronger democratic legitimacy and oversight – this principle must be adhered to in all measures aimed at Commanding deepening economic and monetary union. (para.56) Declaration: It forms the centre piece of a renewed European Union! (para.56) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Declaring Directive: As Head of Government, I want to state categorically that democratic legitimacy can only be achieved Commanding through parliaments. (para.56) Expressive: Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, speaking here again today in the European Parliament naturally Remembering reminds me of 2007, the year of the German EU Presidency. (para.57) Expressive: That year we set out our fundamental convictions in the Berlin Declaration marking the 50th anniversary Remembering of the signing of the Rome Treaties. (para.57) Assertive: The then President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering, signed the document on behalf of Reporting this House. (para.57) Expressive: In retrospect, the signing on 25 March 2007 can be regarded as a breakthrough in the difficult Remembering negotiations which ultimately led to the Treaty of Lisbon. (para.57) Expressive: At that time, we were seeking to deepen the European Union as a whole. (para.58) Remembering Directive: Today our task is to deepen economic and monetary union in order to lead the European Union to a new Commanding level of stability and strength. (para.58) Assertive: In the 2007 Berlin Declaration we said, “Our history reminds us that we must protect this for the good of Reminding future generations. (para.58) Directive: For that reason we must always renew the political shape of Europe in keeping with the times.” (para.58) Commanding Directive: I’m convinced that we will only live up to our responsibility if we renew the political shape of economic Commanding and monetary union in keeping with the times. (para.58) Assertive: At the start of my speech, I repeated the question which I’m sometimes asked outside Europe: will the Remarking European experiment weather the crisis? (para.59) Assertive: Stating I’ll tell you how I normally respond. (para.59) As a physicist I know all about experiments and am therefore in a position to say that European Commissive: integration has long since moved beyond the experimental stage – if, indeed, it was ever accurate to call it Assuring an experiment. (para.59) Commissive: At any rate, I regard it as a union which – to stay true to the image – has long since achieved a stable Assuring aggregate state. (para.59) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Commissive: Even if we have to subsequently realign individual parameters in our model, it will remain steadfast, Betting stable and strong. (para.59) Commissive: To put it like a politician: yes, we will continue the European Union success story. (para.60) Guaranteeing Directive: Germany will play its part. (para.60) Commanding Commissive: The European Union will be successful because the power of freedom lends us Europeans courage and Assuring imagination. (para.60) Directive: We know that we are stronger if we are united and determined. (para.60) Commanding Assertive: United and determined we can defend our European social and economic model in the globalized world. Encouraging (para.60) Assertive: United and determined and as a union of peace, freedom and prosperity, we can serve as a model for Encouraging other regions of the world. (para.60) Commissive: This – and no less – should be our common goal. (para.60) Hoping Commissive: I believe in our common European future. United for the better. (para.61) Assuring

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List of Lexical Repetition in Angela Merkel’s “We Have No Time to Lose” speech

A. Repetition in Sequenced Sentence

1. Nothing is more symbolic of the Federal Republic of Germany than its constitution, the Basic Law, or "Grundgesetz". It was adopted exactly 60 years ago. Article 1 of the Grundgesetz proclaims, and I quote, "Human dignity shall be inviolable". This short, simple sentence - "Human dignity shall be inviolable" - was the answer to the catastrophe that was the Second World War, to the murder of six million Jews in the Holocaust, to the hate, destruction and annihilation that Germany brought upon Europe and the world.

2. November 9th is just a few days away. It was on November 9, 1989 that the Berlin Wall fell and it was also on November 9 in 1938 that an indelible mark was branded into Germany's memory and Europe's history. On that day the National Socialists destroyed synagogues, setting them on fire, and murdered countless people. It was the beginning of what led to the break with civilization, the Shoah. I cannot stand before you today without remembering the victims of this day and of the Shoah.

3. I was passionate about the American dream - the opportunity for everyone to be successful, to make it in life through their own personal effort. I, like many other teenagers, was passionate about a certain brand of jeans that were not available in the GDR and which my aunt in West Germany regularly sent to me. I was passionate about the vast American landscape which seemed to breathe the very spirit of freedom and independence. Immediately in 1990 my husband and I traveled for the first time in our lives to America, to California. We will never forget our first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean. It was simply gorgeous. I was passionate about all of these things and much more, even though until 1989 America was simply out of reach for me. And then, on November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. The border that for decades had divided a nation into two worlds was now open.

4. I also started anew. I left my job as a physicist at the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin behind me and went into politics. Because I finally had the chance to make a difference. Because I had the impression that now it was possible to change things. It was possible for me to do something.

5. Ladies and gentlemen, twenty years have passed since we were given this incredible gift of freedom. But there is still nothing that inspires me more, nothing that spurns me on more, nothing that fills me more with positive feelings than the power of freedom.

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6. A person who has experienced such a positive surprise in life believes that much is possible. Or, to put it in the words of Bill Clinton in Berlin in 1994: "Nothing will stop us. All things are possible." Yes, all things are possible. Like the fact that a woman like me can stand before you today. That a man like Arnold Vaatz, who spent time in prison because he was a dissident during the GDR regime in Dresden, can be here today as a Member of the German Bundestag and of my delegation. All things are possible, also in the 21st century, in the age of globalization.

7. All things are possible, also in the 21st century, in the age of globalization. We back home in Germany know just as well as you do in America that many people are afraid of globalization. We do not just brush these concerns aside. We recognize the difficulties. And yet it is our duty to convince people that globalization is an immense global opportunity, for each and every continent, because it forces us to act together with others. The alternative to globalization would be shutting ourselves off from others, but this is not a viable alternative. It would lead only to isolation and therefore misery. Thinking in terms of alliances and partnerships on the other hand, is what will take us into a good future.

8. Because what brings Europeans and Americans together and keeps them together is not just a shared history. What brings and keeps Europeans and Americans together are not just shared interests and the common global challenges that all regions of the world face. That alone would not be sufficient to explain the very special partnership between Europe and America and make it last. It is more than that. That which brings Europeans and Americans closer together and keeps them close is a common basis of shared values. It is a common idea of the individual and his inviolable dignity. It is a common understanding of freedom in responsibility. This is what we stand for in the unique transatlantic partnership and in the community of shared values that is NATO. This is what fills "Partnership in Leadership" with life, ladies and gentlemen.

9. The key to cooperation between the major industrialized countries and emerging economies lies in the G20.Here again cooperation between America and Europe is a crucial corner-stone. It is a cooperation that is not exclusive but rather inclusive.

10. No doubt about it - in December the world will look to us, to Europe and America. It is true that there can be no agreement without China and India accepting obligations, but I am convinced that if we in Europe and America show that we are ready to accept binding obligations, we will also be able to persuade China and India to join in. And then, in Copenhagen, we will be able to tear down the wall between the present and the future - in the interests of our children and grandchildren and of sustainable development worldwide.

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B. Repetition Within Sentence

1. This basis of values was what ended the Cold War, and it is this basis of values that will enable us to stand the tests of our times and these tests we must stand.

2. Germany is united, Europe is united.

3. Iran knows our offer, but Iran also knows where we draw the line.

4. A nuclear bomb in the hands of an Iranian President who denies the Holocaust, threatens Israel and denies Israel the right to exist, is not acceptable!

5. That wall prevents us from seeing the needs of future generations, it prevents us from taking the measures urgently needed to protect the very basis of our life and climate.

6. The Freedom Bell in Berlin is, like the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, a symbol which reminds us that freedom does not come about of itself.

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List of Lexical Repetition in Angela Merkel’s speech in the European Parliament, in Brussels

A. Repetition in Sequenced Sentence

1. In two days it is 9 November which this year marks the 23rd anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. 9 November 1989 was a truly wonderful moment in the history of Germany and indeed the whole of Europe. It marks the start of an era of freedom, unity and democracy in Germany and all across Europe.

2. We Germans will never forget that the happy development of our country is inextricably linked to the history of the European Union. We will never forget that we also owe a debt of gratitude especially to our eastern neighbours for their courageous yearning for freedom.

3. I would like to recall a leitmotif today, a mainspring of European integration, namely the freedom that opens the way for a life in peace and prosperity. It is this freedom in all its facets – freedom of expression, of the media, belief and assembly – that we have to work tirelessly to defend. Without freedom there can be no rule of law. Without freedom there can be no diversity and no tolerance. Freedom is the foundation for the united and determined Europe.

4. Particularly in this major test that Europe faces today, the power of freedom can help us lead Europe out of the crisis stronger than before. After all, the power of freedom, I am convinced, also gives us the courage to change.

5. After all, the power of freedom, I am convinced, also gives us the courage to change. It is precisely this courage to change that we now need to show to assert the European Union in the international race that is the 21st century.

6. What is truly important is instead the realization that our single currency is so much more than just a currency. It is the symbol for the peaceful and democratic unification of Europe we have achieved. It is the symbol for a Europe of peace, prosperity and progress.

7. The President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, said in his speech on the State of the Union on 12 September in this chamber: “We must complete the economic and monetary union.” In fact, we now need to find the right way forward to stabilize economic and monetary union in the long term by rectifying the design flaws. We need to be ambitious here and must not shy away from changing the treaty basis of economic and monetary union if this should prove necessary. This process of deepening the European Union is indispensable. In this process, I see you, the European Parliament, and also the European Commission as allies. Let me say that quite plainly. 8. Sustainable consolidation and growth are interdependent. The two need to be pursued with equal vigour. I want to say that again because sometimes we try to play one off against the other. But we need them both. We want new PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

growth. We want more jobs based on solid budgets. But we also have a responsibility towards future generations not to rob them of possibilities in the future. Growth is rooted in enterprise. Growth is not something we can define politically. Rather, we need entrepreneurs in Europe. Entrepreneurship is rooted in freedom and the necessary flexibility. We need to work on this in Europe. That is why the Euro Plus Pact includes steps to strengthen growth and employment in the member states. That is why we made a point of bolstering the fiscal compact with a Compact for Growth and Jobs. So on the one hand it is matter of targeting public spending.

9. That is why I believe it is extremely important that we really learn the lesson of this crisis. We have to make sure that such a situation does not repeat itself. And we have to make sure that Europe emerges from the crisis stronger than before.

10. I’ve already indicated that I’m aware of the concerns about a division between an EU of the 17 and of the 27, soon to be 28. I believe we can convincingly assuage such concerns. For, firstly, the deepening of economic and monetary union is essential for the future of the European Union as a whole. Second, a renewed economic and monetary union will remain open to those non-euro countries which wish to take part. There is no closed club of euro countries, we will always welcome others. For, after all, economic and monetary union was established with the aim that every member state would take part.

11. I’m convinced that together we can create a Europe marked by stability and strength! And for that we need greater democratic legitimacy and oversight. For me, the important thing is that legitimacy and oversight are to be found on the level where decisions are made and implemented.

12. For that reason we must always renew the political shape of Europe in keeping with the times.” I’m convinced that we will only live up to our responsibility if we renew the political shape of economic and monetary union in keeping with the times.

13. We know that we are stronger if we are united and determined. United and determined we can defend our European social and economic model in the globalized world. United and determined and as a union of peace, freedom and prosperity, we can serve as a model for other regions of the world. This – and no less – should be our common goal.

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B. Repetition Within Sentence

1. It is this freedom in all its facets – freedom of expression, of the media, belief and assembly – that we have to work tirelessly to defend.

2. That means that if one of the European level’s competences is strengthened, the role of the European Parliament must also be strengthened.

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BIOGRAPHY OF ANGELA MERKEL

Angela Merkel is a German politician best known as the first female chancellor of Germany and one of the architects of the European Union.

Synopsis

Angela Dorothea Kasner, better known as Angela Merkel, was born in Hamburg, West Germany, on July 17, 1954. Trained as a physicist, Merkel entered politics after the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall. Rising to the position of chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union party, Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor, and one of the leading figures of the European Union, following the 2005 national elections.

Early Years

German stateswoman and chancellor Angela Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner on July 17, 1954, in Hamburg, Germany. The daughter of a Lutheran pastor and teacher who moved his family east to pursue his theology studies, Merkel grew up in a rural area north of Berlin in the then German Democratic Republic. She studied physics at the University of Leipzig, earning a doctorate in 1978, and later worked as a chemist at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences from 1978 to 1990.

First Female Chancellor

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Merkel joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) political party and soon after was appointed to Helmut Kohl's cabinet as minister for women and youth and later served as minister for the environment and nuclear safety. Following Kohl's defeat in the 1998 general election, she was named secretary-general of the CDU. In 2000, she was chosen party leader, but lost the CDU candidacy for chancellor to Edmund Stoiber in 2002.

In the 2005 election, Merkel narrowly defeated Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, winning by just three seats, and after the CDU agreed a coalition deal with the Social Democrats (SPD), she was declared Germany's first female chancellor. Merkel is also the first former citizen of the German Democratic Republic to lead the reunited Germany and the first woman to lead Germany since it became a modern nation-state in 1871. She was elected to a second term in 2009.

Merkel made headlines in October 2013 when she accused the U.S. National Security Agency of tapping her cell phone. At a summit of European leaders she PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

chided the United States for this privacy breech, saying that "Spying among friends is never acceptable." Later reports revealed that the NSA may have been surveilling Merkel since 2002. Merkel was sworn in for a third term in December 2013.

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Speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel before the US Congress on Nov. 3, 2009. “We Have No Time To Lose”

Madam Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Distinguished Members of Congress,

I would like to thank you for the great honor and privilege to address you today, shortly before the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.

I am the second German Chancellor on whom this honor has been bestowed. The first was Konrad Adenauer when he addressed both Houses of Congress in 1957, albeit one after the other.

Our lives could not have been more different. In 1957 I was just a small child of three years. I lived with my parents in Brandenburg, a region that belonged to the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the part of Germany that was not free. My father was a Protestant pastor. My mother, who had studied English and Latin to become a teacher, was not allowed to work in her chosen profession in the GDR.

In 1957 Konrad Adenauer was already 81 years old. He had lived through the German Empire, the First World War, the Weimar Republic and the Second World War. The National Socialists ousted him from his position as mayor of the city of Cologne. After the war, he was among the men and women who helped build up the free, democratic Federal Republic of Germany.

Nothing is more symbolic of the Federal Republic of Germany than its constitution, the Basic Law, or "Grundgesetz". It was adopted exactly 60 years ago. Article 1 of the Grundgesetz proclaims, and I quote, "Human dignity shall be inviolable". This short, simple sentence - "Human dignity shall be inviolable" - was the answer to the catastrophe that was the Second World War, to the murder of six million Jews in the Holocaust, to the hate, destruction and annihilation that Germany brought upon Europe and the world.

November 9th is just a few days away. It was on November 9, 1989 that the Berlin Wall fell and it was also on November 9 in 1938 that an indelible mark was branded into Germany's memory and Europe's history. On that day the National Socialists destroyed synagogues, setting them on fire, and murdered countless people. It was the beginning of what led to the break with civilization, the Shoah. I cannot stand before you today without remembering the victims of this day and of the Shoah.

And I cannot stand before you today without mentioning how grateful I am for the presence of one guest, who personally experienced the horror of National Socialism in Germany and whom I recently met personally: Professor Fritz Stern.

He was born in 1926 in what was then the German city of Breslau and today is the Polish city of Wroclaw. He and his family were able to escape the Nazi regime in 1938 and flee to the United States. In his autobiography, published in 2006 under PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the title "Five Germanys I Have Known", Fritz Stern describes the moment of his arrival in New York's harbor in 1938, a haven of freedom and security.

Ladies and gentlemen, it is wonderful that history willed that we should both - the twelve-year-old boy who was driven out of Germany and me, the Chancellor of reunited Germany who was born in the GDR - be here in this distinguished House. This fills me with great joy and deep gratitude.

Not even in my wildest dreams could I have imagined, twenty years ago before the Wall fell, that this would happen. It was beyond imagination then to even think about traveling to the United States of America let alone standing here today.

The land of unlimited opportunity - for a long time it was impossible for me to reach. The Wall, barbed wire and the order to shoot those who tried to leave limited my access to the free world. So I had to create my own picture of the United States from films and books, some of which were smuggled in from the West by relatives. What did I see and what did I read? What was I passionate about?

I was passionate about the American dream - the opportunity for everyone to be successful, to make it in life through their own personal effort. I, like many other teenagers, was passionate about a certain brand of jeans that were not available in the GDR and which my aunt in West Germany regularly sent to me. I was passionate about the vast American landscape which seemed to breathe the very spirit of freedom and independence. Immediately in 1990 my husband and I traveled for the first time in our lives to America, to California. We will never forget our first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean. It was simply gorgeous.

I was passionate about all of these things and much more, even though until 1989 America was simply out of reach for me. And then, on November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. The border that for decades had divided a nation into two worlds was now open.

And that is why for me today is, first of all, the time to say thank you.

I thank the American and Allied pilots who heard and heeded the desperate call of Berlin's mayor Ernst Reuter as he said "People of the world, look upon this city."

For months, these pilots delivered food by airlift and saved Berlin from starvation. Many of these soldiers risked their lives doing this. Dozens lost their lives. We will remember and honor them forever.

I thank the 16 million Americans who have been stationed in Germany over the past decades. Without their support as soldiers, diplomats and generally as facilitators it never would have been possible to overcome the division of Europe. We are happy to have American soldiers in Germany, today and in the future. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

They are ambassadors of their country in our country, just as many Americans with German roots today act as ambassadors of my country here.

I think of John F. Kennedy, who won the hearts of despairing Berliners during his 1963 visit after the construction of the Berlin Wall when he called out to them: "Ich bin ein Berliner."

Ronald Reagan far earlier than others saw and recognized the sign of the times when, standing before the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, he demanded: "Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall." This appeal is something that will never be forgotten.

I thank George Herbert Walker Bush for placing his trust in Germany and then Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl and presenting us Germans with an offer of immeasurable value in May 1989: "Partnership in leadership." What a generous offer, 40 years after the end of World War II. Just last Saturday we saw each other again in Berlin, along with Mikhail Gorbachev. We also owe him a debt of gratitude.

Ladies and gentlemen, to sum it up in one sentence: I know, we Germans know, how much we owe to you, our American friends. We as a nation, and I personally, will never forget that.

All over Europe the common quest for freedom released an incredible power: in the trade union Solidarno in Poland, amongst the reformers surrounding Václav Havel in Czechoslovakia, at the first opening of the Iron Curtain in Hungary and at the demonstrations that took place every Monday in the GDR.

Where there was once only a dark wall, a door suddenly opened and we all walked through it: onto the streets, into the churches, across the borders. Everyone was given the chance to build something new, to make a difference, to venture a new beginning.

I also started anew. I left my job as a physicist at the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin behind me and went into politics. Because I finally had the chance to make a difference. Because I had the impression that now it was possible to change things. It was possible for me to do something.

Ladies and gentlemen, twenty years have passed since we were given this incredible gift of freedom. But there is still nothing that inspires me more, nothing that spurns me on more, nothing that fills me more with positive feelings than the power of freedom.

A person who has experienced such a positive surprise in life believes that much is possible. Or, to put it in the words of Bill Clinton in Berlin in 1994: "Nothing will stop us. All things are possible." PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Yes, all things are possible. Like the fact that a woman like me can stand before you today. That a man like Arnold Vaatz, who spent time in prison because he was a dissident during the GDR regime in Dresden, can be here today as a Member of the German Bundestag and of my delegation.

All things are possible, also in the 21st century, in the age of globalization. We back home in Germany know just as well as you do in America that many people are afraid of globalization. We do not just brush these concerns aside. We recognize the difficulties. And yet it is our duty to convince people that globalization is an immense global opportunity, for each and every continent, because it forces us to act together with others. The alternative to globalization would be shutting ourselves off from others, but this is not a viable alternative. It would lead only to isolation and therefore misery. Thinking in terms of alliances and partnerships on the other hand, is what will take us into a good future.

Ladies and gentlemen, it is true that America and Europe have had their share of disagreements. One may feel the other is sometimes too hesitant and fearful, or from the opposite perspective, too headstrong and pushy. And nevertheless, I am deeply convinced that there is no better partner for Europe than America and no better partner for America than Europe.

Because what brings Europeans and Americans together and keeps them together is not just a shared history. What brings and keeps Europeans and Americans together are not just shared interests and the common global challenges that all regions of the world face. That alone would not be sufficient to explain the very special partnership between Europe and America and make it last. It is more than that. That which brings Europeans and Americans closer together and keeps them close is a common basis of shared values. It is a common idea of the individual and his inviolable dignity. It is a common understanding of freedom in responsibility. This is what we stand for in the unique transatlantic partnership and in the community of shared values that is NATO. This is what fills "Partnership in Leadership" with life, ladies and gentlemen.

This basis of values was what ended the Cold War, and it is this basis of values that will enable us to stand the tests of our times- and these tests we must stand.

Germany is united, Europe is united. That is what we have achieved. Now, today, our political generation must prove that it is able to meet the challenges of the 21st century, and that in a sense it is able to tear down today's walls.

What does that mean? First it means building peace and security, second, achieving prosperity and justice, and third, protecting our planet. Here, too, America and Europe are called upon in a very special way.

Even after the end of the Cold War we are thus faced with the task of tearing down the walls between different concepts of life, in other words the walls in people's minds that make it difficult time and again to understand one another in this world of ours. This is why the ability to show tolerance is so important. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

While, for us, our way of life is the best possible way, others do not necessarily feel that way. There are different ways to create peaceful coexistence. Tolerance means showing respect for other people's history, traditions, religion and cultural identity.

But let there be no misunderstanding: Tolerance does not mean "anything goes". There must be zero tolerance towards all those who show no respect for the inalienable rights of the individual and who violate human rights. Zero tolerance must also be shown if, for example, weapons of mass destruction fall into the hands of Iran and possibly threaten our security!

Iran must be aware of this. Iran knows our offer, but Iran also knows where we draw the line: A nuclear bomb in the hands of an Iranian President who denies the Holocaust, threatens Israel and denies Israel the right to exist, is not acceptable!

For me, Israel's security will never be open to negotiation. Not only Israel is threatened but the entire free world. Whoever threatens Israel also threatens us! This is why the free world meets this threat headon, if necessary with tough economic sanctions. Ladies and gentlemen, Germany will therefore provide staunch support to the peace process with the aim of realizing a twostate solution, a Jewish State of Israel and a Palestinian state.

We also stand up to the threat of international terrorism. We are aware that no country, no matter how strong, can do this alone. We all need partners. We are only strong if we are part of a community of partners.

Since we shared the view of the then President George W. Bush, after 9/11, that we had to do everything we could to prevent Afghanistan from ever again harboring a threat to security, Germany has since 2002 been present on the ground with the third-largest troop contingent. We want to make the concept of networked security successful. This means that civilian and military engagement are inextricably linked.

The international community's commitment in Afghanistan is undoubtedly a tough one. It places great demands on all of us, and it must be taken into the next phase as soon as the new Afghan government is in office. Our objective must be to develop a strategy to transfer responsibility, which we want to do early next year at a joint UN conference. We will be successful if, as we have done up to now, we continue travel this road together in the Alliance, every step of the way. Germany is ready to shoulder that responsibility.

There is no doubt that NATO is and will continue to be the crucial corner-stone of our collective defense. Its Security Concept is being constantly developed and adapted to new challenges. Its foundation and clear compass for peace and freedom will, however, remain unchanged.

It is my firm belief that we Europeans can contribute even more in the future. For we Europeans are currently working towards giving our European Union a new PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

contractual basis. The final signature has just been added. This will make the EU stronger and more capable of action, and thus make it a strong and reliable partner for the United States.

On this basis we can build stable partnerships with others, first and foremost with Russia, China and India. This is because our world is freer and more networked than ever. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the revolution in information and communication technology, the rise of China, India and other countries to become dynamic economies - all this has made the 21st century world a different place from the world we knew in the 20th century. That's a good thing, because freedom is the very essence of our economy and society. Without freedom the human mind is prevented from unleashing its creative force.

But what is also clear is that this freedom does not stand alone. It is freedom in responsibility and freedom to exercise responsibility. For that reason the world needs order. The near-collapse of the international financial markets showed what happens when there is no such order.

If there is one lesson the world has learned from last year's financial crisis, it is that there is no alternative to a global framework for a globalized economy. Without universally-binding rules for transparency and supervision there can be no greater freedom but rather we risk the abuse of freedom and thus instability. In a way this is a second wall that has to fall: A wall standing in the way of a truly global economic order, a wall of regional and exclusively national thinking.

The key to cooperation between the major industrialized countries and emerging economies lies in the G20.Here again cooperation between America and Europe is a crucial corner-stone. It is a cooperation that is not exclusive but rather inclusive.

The G20 has shown that it can take action. We need to resist the pressure of those who almost led the nations of this world into the abyss. That means no more and no less than that international economic policy must become more sustainable. This crisis was also an expression of too much short-term thinking. Millions of people all over the world might lose their jobs or even suffer poverty and starvation because of this. To achieve prosperity and justice we must do all we can to prevent such a crisis in the future.

That also means not giving in to the temptation of protectionism. This is why the WTO Doha negotiations are so important. The success of the Doha Round would send a valuable message of the openness of the world economy, particularly in the current crisis.

Equally, the Transatlantic Economic Council can also fulfill an important task. We can use it to prevent competing subsidies and give incentives to reduce trade barriers between Europe and America. I appeal to you: Let us jointly work towards a world economic order which is in the interests of both America and Europe! PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Ladies and gentlemen, the fact that global challenges can only be met by comprehensive international cooperation is also shown by a third great challenge of the 21st century, by a wall, so to speak, separating the present from the future. That wall prevents us from seeing the needs of future generations, it prevents us from taking the measures urgently needed to protect the very basis of our life and climate.

We can already see where this wasteful attitude towards our future leads: In the Arctic icebergs are melting, in Africa people are becoming refugees due to environmental damage, and global sea levels are rising. I am pleased that you in your work together with President Obama attach such significance to protecting our climate. For we all know: We have no time to lose! We need an agreement at the climate conference in Copenhagen in December. We have to agree on one objective - global warming must not exceed two degrees Celsius.

To achieve this we need the readiness of all nations to assume internationally binding obligations. We cannot afford failure with regard to achieving the climate protection objectives scientists tell us are crucial. That would not only be irresponsible from an ecological point of view, but would also be technologically short-sighted, for the development of new technologies in the energy sector offers major opportunities for growth and jobs in the future.

No doubt about it - in December the world will look to us, to Europe and America. It is true that there can be no agreement without China and India accepting obligations, but I am convinced that if we in Europe and America show that we are ready to accept binding obligations, we will also be able to persuade China and India to join in. And then, in Copenhagen, we will be able to tear down the wall between the present and the future - in the interests of our children and grandchildren and of sustainable development worldwide.

Ladies and gentlemen,

I am convinced that, just as we found the strength in the 20th century to tear down a wall made of barbed wire and concrete, today we have the strength to overcome the walls of the 21st century, walls in our minds, walls of short-sighted self- interest, walls between the present and the future.

Ladies and gentlemen, my confidence is inspired by a very special sound - that of the Freedom Bell in the Schöneberg Town Hall in Berlin. Since 1950 a copy of the original American Liberty Bell has hung there. A gift from American citizens, it is a symbol of the promise of freedom, a promise that has been fulfilled. On October 3, 1990 the Freedom Bell rang to mark the reunification of Germany, the greatest moment of joy for the German people. On September 13, 2001, two days after 9/11, it tolled again, to mark America's darkest hour.

The Freedom Bell in Berlin is, like the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, a symbol which reminds us that freedom does not come about of itself. It must be struggled PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

for and then defended anew every day of our lives. In this endeavor Germany and Europe will also in future remain strong and dependable partners for America. That I promise you.

Thank you very much.

(http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/angela-merkel-s-speech-we-have-no- time-to-lose-a-659196.html)

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Speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel in the European Parliament in Brussels, Nov. 07, 2012

Mr President, Martin Schulz, Members of the European Parliament, ladies and gentlemen,

I am delighted to be able to speak to you today. This is my first opportunity to do so since the German Council Presidency in 2007. I would like to use the opportunity to give you my slant on the State of the Union – not looking primarily at the Multiannual Financial Framework but I’m sure we can come back to that in the discussion.

In two days it is 9 November which this year marks the 23rd anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. 9 November 1989 was a truly wonderful moment in the history of Germany and indeed the whole of Europe. It marks the start of an era of freedom, unity and democracy in Germany and all across Europe.

We Germans will never forget that the happy development of our country is inextricably linked to the history of the European Union. We will never forget that we also owe a debt of gratitude especially to our eastern neighbours for their courageous yearning for freedom.

We Germans are aware of our responsibility for a bright future for the EU. It is in this spirit that the German Federal Government’s policies are geared towards the interests of both our country and Europe.

I would like to recall a leitmotif today, a mainspring of European integration, namely the freedom that opens the way for a life in peace and prosperity. It is this freedom in all its facets – freedom of expression, of the media, belief and assembly – that we have to work tirelessly to defend. Without freedom there can be no rule of law. Without freedom there can be no diversity and no tolerance. Freedom is the foundation for the united and determined Europe.

Particularly in this major test that Europe faces today, the power of freedom can help us lead Europe out of the crisis stronger than before. After all, the power of freedom, I am convinced, also gives us the courage to change. It is precisely this courage to change that we now need to show to assert the European Union in the international race that is the 21st century.

On my trips outside the European Union, for example to Asia, I have in recent years got to know many dynamic, ambitious countries that are very much on the rise. There, people look with keen interest to us, the European Union. But the people there often ask me with some scepticism: will the European experiment weather the crisis?

This question makes it plain. The current grave crisis dominates people’s perception of the European Union – also those looking from the outside. Now it is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

up to us to change the sceptical attitude towards Europe and catch up in global competition – through hard work at home.

For this reason, it is not just a great honour for the European Union to receive the Nobel Peace Prize this year. This important prize in the midst of the most serious crisis to strike Europe since the adoption of the Treaties of Rome 55 years ago is also an extremely valuable political signal to the world, but also to the Europeans.

Martin Schulz will receive the prize in Oslo together with the Presidents of the European Council and the European Commission. I am delighted that some of my colleagues have, like myself, decided to attend the ceremony. By being there, we want to underscore that the European Union is all of us together: 500 million citizens. We all know that we Europeans have united for the better.

The Nobel Peace Prize reminds us never to forget this no matter how huge the challenges and how difficult our work and our daily lives. With its decision, the Nobel Committee is enjoining us to focus once more on what is really crucial in the current crisis. It is not the debt figures, unit labour costs and growth rates, no matter how important that all is. What is truly important is instead the realization that our single currency is so much more than just a currency. It is the symbol for the peaceful and democratic unification of Europe we have achieved. It is the symbol for a Europe of peace, prosperity and progress.

So what we are actually talking about at the current time is preserving and further developing European unification for the good of our children. That is why the Nobel Peace Prize is a mandate for us all to create a better EU together – a Europe marked by strength and stability.

Martin Schulz was right when he said in his inaugural speech as newly elected President of the European Parliament “Either we all lose, or we all win.” The conclusion we draw, ladies and gentlemen, can only be that we want to and indeed will win together. That is certainly what I want.

Together we can assert our European model that combines economic success with social responsibility. And taking it further, together we can consolidate it to make it stronger than ever. To do so, we need together to recall the power of freedom and find the courage to change.

We can see the first fruits of our efforts to overcome the crisis, both at the level of member states and also in the development of new crisis management instruments. Yet we must not leave it at that. Much remains to be done to win back trust in the European Union as a whole. That is why we must not stop halfway.

I would like to make a pledge to you here today. Germany will do everything it can to ensure the European Union can also in future keep its promise of freedom and prosperity. But I am also here because I am counting on your support. Once again, we are hearing more and more voices saying we could just sit back and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

relax now, saying we don’t actually need to renew economic and monetary union because the work has already been done with the immediate crisis management measures.

To my mind, that is completely wrong. Instead of sitting back, we need to ensure step by step at all levels of the EU that Europe’s strengths can flourish once more: the freedom, the dyna¬mism and the prosperity that the European Union can offer its people at home; the impact and influence that the European Union gives us in the outside world.

The President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, said in his speech on the State of the Union on 12 September in this chamber: “We must complete the economic and monetary union.” In fact, we now need to find the right way forward to stabilize economic and monetary union in the long term by rectifying the design flaws. We need to be ambitious here and must not shy away from changing the treaty basis of economic and monetary union if this should prove necessary. This process of deepening the European Union is indispensable. In this process, I see you, the European Parliament, and also the European Commission as allies. Let me say that quite plainly.

There is no model for the current crisis. The European Union is a unique entity. That is why we now have to do what Europe is rightly famous for, that is, we need to be inventive. We need to find our own, new solutions. All member states need to implement reforms, structural changes and tough consolidation steps to increase competitiveness if we are to effectively combat the causes of the crisis.

I know that this is really asking a lot of the people in the member states particularly affected by the crisis. I know the people there are finding it very difficult as a result of these steps. But I have some good news for you at such a difficult time. The reforms are starting to bear fruit. It is not a waste of time. It is worth it. In Ireland, Portugal and Spain, but also in Greece, unit labour costs have dropped significantly. That is a key factor in competitiveness. Current account deficits are also falling.

The consistent reform path followed by the member states to increase competitiveness is also of course bolstered by the solidarity of Europe, for example through the new permanent rescue package, the European Stability Mechanism. The two go hand in hand and they are both equally important.

Sustainable consolidation and growth are interdependent. The two need to be pursued with equal vigour. I want to say that again because sometimes we try to play one off against the other. But we need them both. We want new growth. We want more jobs based on solid budgets. But we also have a responsibility towards future generations not to rob them of possibilities in the future. Growth is rooted in enterprise. Growth is not something we can define politically. Rather, we need entrepreneurs in Europe. Entrepreneurship is rooted in freedom and the necessary flexibility. We need to work on this in Europe. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

That is why the Euro Plus Pact includes steps to strengthen growth and employment in the member states. That is why we made a point of bolstering the fiscal compact with a Compact for Growth and Jobs. So on the one hand it is matter of targeting public spending. But because it isn’t just about money, we are on the other hand creating the conditions for new growth, above all by working hard to further develop the internal market.

We now need to rapidly implement the legislative steps included in the Compact for Growth and Jobs. This will release growth momentum that is crucial for our future. The Council is committed here, as is, I am convinced, the Parliament.

Of course, the Multiannual Financial Framework that we want to adopt at the European Coun¬cil in two weeks is also an essential prerequisite if we are to provide the necessary impetus for growth. Each and every euro that we spend – and this must be our yardstick – needs to create added value in terms of growth and jobs. It is not enough to spend money, rather the money has to be invested in a good and targeted manner.

We need to take a very close look at our policies at national and European level to effectively combat the roots of the crisis. Critically analysing and then rectifying the design flaws in the architecture of economic and monetary union is no less important. The only way to be successful in the long term, I am convinced, is if we pay equal attention to both. That is the only way to build a Europe marked by strength and stability.

It was the Maastricht Treaty that created economic and monetary union in 1992, twenty years ago. Back then, there was not enough support for those who wanted to bolster monetary union with a real economic union. A monetary union with fully communitarized monetary policy was the result. Economic union, however, was weak in structure. Today, we are dealing with the consequences of these decisions, consequences which remained concealed initially after the introduction of the euro only to emerge later.

For example, the differences in the competitiveness of the member states of the eurozone have increased not decreased. By way of example, we need only look at the development of unit labour costs. In his capacity as ECB President, Jean- Claude Trichet made the point on many occasions. All too often, it fell on deaf ears.

In some member states, it was also possible to accumulate massive debts for years without being penalized by higher interest or by the sanctions created for the purpose in the Stability and Growth Pact.

This all goes to show that the problems we are dealing with today had taken root long before the current crisis began.

The problems are of course different in each member state, ranging from government debt, banking crises, private sector debt to a lack of competitiveness. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

And with the onset of the global financial and economic crisis in 2008/9, developments were exacerbated.

If all the member states had stuck to the agreed thresholds and engaged in reform to increase their competitiveness, economic and monetary union would never have been embroiled in such a crisis even with a relatively week economic union. But the mix of home-grown contraventions and design flaws almost spelt disaster for Europe.

That is why I believe it is extremely important that we really learn the lesson of this crisis. We have to make sure that such a situation does not repeat itself. And we have to make sure that Europe emerges from the crisis stronger than before. That means we need to analyse what went wrong in the creation of economic and monetary union and renew its foundations. Taking it further, we need to create reliability at national level in the member states by finally sticking to what we have agreed.

Let me just give you one example: we or our predecessors as heads of state and government had agreed for every member state of the European Union to spend 3% of its GDP on research and development. Today, we have states that spend 0.7% and states that spend 3.5%. But hardly anyone has really stuck to what we said we would do.

In my view, therefore, four elements are of crucial importance for the future. First, a renewed economic and monetary union will need greater financial market policy integration, based on functioning and robust financial markets. To this end, we have to define the framework conditions for the financial markets more precisely, harmonize financial market regulation and ensure that all of this is also applied to the international financial markets. Furthermore, we must create an effective European supervisory mechanism for European banks in order to be able to better avert systemic risks to our economic order.

The most recent decisions by the European Council made it clear that quality must have priority over speed. It’s vitally important that our supervisory mechanism really does work. We therefore have to take great care to clarify the complex legal issues. For we have to establish banking supervision worthy of that description.

Second, a renewed economic and monetary union needs greater fiscal policy integration.

We have already made significant progress towards strengthening budgetary discipline by adopting the fiscal compact. I’m delighted that eleven of the twelve member states required for its entry into force have now ratified it, most recently France and Estonia. I can well imagine going even further by, for example, granting the European level real rights to intervene in national budgets when the agreed ceilings of the Stability and Growth Pact have not been observed. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Third, a renewed economic and monetary union needs greater economic policy integration.

Today we see quite clearly that sufficiently binding economic policy coordination was lacking, and indeed is still lacking. In the monetary union, for instance, it’s not possible to keep on demanding that national policies be geared to strengthening competitiveness as the basis for long-term growth and employment nor, if necessary, to enforce such policies.

Let me remind you that in his 1989 report on the establishment of economic and monetary union, the then Commission President Jacques Delors pointed out the importance of the two pillars of economic and monetary union because, and I quote, “[...] monetary union without a sufficient degree of convergence of economic policies is unlikely to be durable and could be damaging to the Community.” That’s what Jacques Delors said back in 1989.

The crisis has shown how right Jacques Delors’ analysis was. It has shown that problems in individual member states really can cause the monetary union as a whole – and with it all of us, all 27 EU member states – to falter. Nevertheless, we have only just begun the urgently needed process of strengthening economic policy coordination.

So what needs to be done? At the European Council in October, we had an initial discussion on this and agreed that we have to look more closely in future at those areas of policy which are vitally important for the functioning of economic and monetary union. For one country’s loss of competitiveness quickly becomes a problem for all.

Greater economic policy coordination will also perhaps become necessary where core spheres of national sovereignty are affected. I’m thinking here of sensitive policy areas such as labour market or tax policy. Naturally, we have to proceed with caution. The principle of subsidiarity and national democratic processes must be respected. We therefore need solutions which create a sensible balance between necessary new intervention rights at European level and the scope for action of member states and their parliaments, which must be preserved.

The European institutions must be strengthened to allow them to correct mistakes or violations of the rules effectively. We have to finally establish a genuine exchange between the European and the national levels. I favour a new layered and differentiated procedure within the framework of which the member states, with the approval of their parliaments, would conclude binding and feasible agreements on reform with the European level, for example the European Commission.

I can also imagine supporting in a spirit of solidarity concrete reform measures which result in more competitiveness through targeted incentives from a new financial instrument in the eurozone. This is an idea for the future which, of course, needs a viable legal basis and about which we will make a decision at the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

European Council in December as part of the package of measures necessary to deepen economic and monetary union.

I will work to ensure that we adopt an ambitious roadmap in December on renewing eco¬nomic and monetary union. It should contain concrete measures which we can implement in the coming two to three years.

Ladies and gentlemen, I want to say once more that the European Parliament will be our partner in all of these endeavours. Our intention is neither to bring about a divided European Union nor to do anything which will have a detrimental impact on either the European Parliament or the European Commission. This is merely about shaping the necessary interaction between the various levels in such a way that it really can result in the greater economic policy coordination which Jacques Delors advocated. I believe that this will enable us to regain confidence and credibility on an enduring basis.

For – let’s be honest – the European sovereign debt crisis is essentially a crisis of confidence. That is evident when you talk to investors outside Europe. Confidence will have to be regained with care. Renewing the foundations of economic and monetary union is in the interest of Europe’s citizens, whom all of you represent here in this Parliament. That is why I’m counting on your support!

I’ve already indicated that I’m aware of the concerns about a division between an EU of the 17 and of the 27, soon to be 28. I believe we can convincingly assuage such concerns. For, firstly, the deepening of economic and monetary union is essential for the future of the European Union as a whole. Second, a renewed economic and monetary union will remain open to those non-euro countries which wish to take part. There is no closed club of euro countries, we will always welcome others. For, after all, economic and monetary union was established with the aim that every member state would take part.

I’m certainly committed to ensuring that deepened economic and monetary union does not lead to a two-speed Europe but, rather, creates a double-strength European Union. Furthermore, I’m firmly convinced that we can only create a Europe marked by stability and strength if the member states and the organs of the European Union work together.

Ladies and gentlemen, I’m also aware of the concerns about the repatriation of powers. However, I’m convinced that if we perform the tasks that lie ahead well, that’s to say if we truly learn the lessons from this crisis, then we will experience the very opposite. Then we will see a Europeanization of national powers in no space of time. If we seize this opportunity and if we understand that we are stronger than any individual nation on its own, if we stand together as Europeans in a globalized world, then we will succeed.

National parliaments – just like governments – will increasingly assume their responsibility for greater European integration. In a speech in Brussels last February, the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, said that PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

politically speaking national parliaments have become “European institutions”. We can sum up this idea by saying: all of us together make up Europe. Europe is domestic policy. A stronger dialogue between national parliaments and you – the members of the European Parliament – would also help national parliaments to perform their task of guaranteeing the Union a bright future even better.

I’m convinced that together we can create a Europe marked by stability and strength! And for that we need greater democratic legitimacy and oversight. For me, the important thing is that legitimacy and oversight are to be found on the level where decisions are made and imple¬mented. That means that if one of the European level’s competences is strengthened, the role of the European Parliament must also be strengthened. If national competences are affected then, of course, national parliaments must play a key role.

We should also openly discuss how decisions at European level which only affect the eurozone can be lent legitimacy in future. For example, we have to consider whether only parliamentarians from the euro countries should be allowed to vote on such matters. However, we should not contemplate – as is sometimes suggested – establishing an additional parliamentary institution. The European Parliament is the bedrock.

Stronger democratic legitimacy and oversight – this principle must be adhered to in all measures aimed at deepening economic and monetary union. It forms the centrepiece of a renewed European Union! As Head of Government, I want to state categorically that democratic legitimacy can only be achieved through parliaments.

Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, speaking here again today in the European Parliament naturally reminds me of 2007, the year of the German EU Presidency. That year we set out our fundamental convictions in the Berlin Declaration marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Rome Treaties. The then President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering, signed the document on behalf of this House. In retrospect, the signing on 25 March 2007 can be regarded as a breakthrough in the difficult negotiations which ultimately led to the Treaty of Lisbon.

At that time, we were seeking to deepen the European Union as a whole. Today our task is to deepen economic and monetary union in order to lead the European Union to a new level of stability and strength. In the 2007 Berlin Declaration we said, “Our history reminds us that we must protect this for the good of future generations. For that reason we must always renew the political shape of Europe in keeping with the times.” I’m convinced that we will only live up to our responsibility if we renew the political shape of economic and monetary union in keeping with the times.

At the start of my speech, I repeated the question which I’m sometimes asked outside Europe: will the European experiment weather the crisis? I’ll tell you how I normally respond. As a physicist I know all about experiments and am therefore PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

in a position to say that European integration has long since moved beyond the experimental stage – if, indeed, it was ever accu¬rate to call it an experiment. At any rate, I regard it as a union which – to stay true to the image – has long since achieved a stable aggregate state. Even if we have to subsequently realign individual parameters in our model, it will remain steadfast, stable and strong.

To put it like a politician: yes, we will continue the European Union success story. Germany will play its part. The European Union will be successful because the power of freedom lends us Europeans courage and imagination. We know that we are stronger if we are united and determined. United and determined we can defend our European social and economic model in the globalized world. United and determined and as a union of peace, freedom and prosperity, we can serve as a model for other regions of the world. This – and no less – should be our common goal.

I believe in our common European future. – Zu unserem Glück vereint. Unis pour le meilleur. United for the better.

Thank you very much.

(https://www.bundesregierung.de/ContentArchiv/EN/Archiv17/Reden/2012/2012-11- 07-merkel-eu.html)