GENERAL REPORT AND ANALYSIS

(ll)

• CH.APTMR I. INTRODUCTION AND GENEILAL EXPI"'ANATIOXS.

All of the statistics of the Thirtoontl1 mines and quarries .are presented in th1:> volume. contains (1) a gmining irulur tries, viz, anthracite and bituminous rrunmg, iron mining, and the petroleum and :naturd gu industry; and (4) eleven get1era! tahlelil whle.h llU'e designed to bring together tlrn more important dat111. in convenient form. These table. ue l'1.lS follo'W'!l: Table 1 oomparet~ the results of the c.e~'l'Uw'i of 1~}{JfJ with thoae of the special oomu1j of ~ 1.nd CJ. tuuries of 1002, by indn1tl'ias.. It for year amount expended for salaries and wages, sUJ>pl1*ilil 111nd materials, royalties and :rent of mines, and eontra<'.t work; the value of products; and the primary horne­ pc>wer med. It also ~ the percent~ of :inereL"l!e in the amounts paid for wuies m.nd wagen, rc1yaltiea and rent of mines, value of products, Abd primary horsepower. Table 2 presents for ea.eh stat,e the ~e dgu, tM..t are shown for the individual industries. in Table I. Table 3 presents for the United St,a,teg M a wh0rla, including both producing and nonprodncing ent.';!'l'­ pri<;e,s, detailed sta.tisti~ as to capital, expe~ of operation and developrnent, persons e~ in mining industries, land eontrolled, and primuy honepower, by industries. Table 4 presents similar statis:tk.'11 by states. Table ,; shows the number of wage t-£men em~oyed in all e:nterprisei oo the 15th dlliy of es.eh month, by industries. Table 6 presents the ~ infonnation by ~toil. Table 7 presents for producing mm5, q~ md wells in the United St111.tes as a whole detailed !itiUmt.icr~ as to c&pital, expenses of operation and devefor,,ment, value of products, persons entraged in mining inth.i'*tm, land oontrolled, &nd pri:muyhomeJXP'W'er, byindall>tri~. Table 8 presents the same ir1fon:wttion by l'*io11Lf.«:1. Tables 9 and 10 presroot detailed statwt~l!l for noo­ producing enterpri.Bes by indUBtriM and st.!!tt63, respeie­ tivelv. T~ble 11 shows the ntJ.Illher of ent~ in~ industry, by stateg. Provisions of la.w.-Thoee portir>m o,f the "Ar:t to provide for the Thirtoonth and sul:~nMt deCt oif (~ a,pproved July 2, 1900, making provision for differs from the calendar year will be accepted, such fiscal year being (:00 Thirteeindi and 1511~quent cenmsee, directs that a census of the one terminating nearest to December 31, 1909. * ., * :ininElll! lltid qlll\orrie!i of the Uniood States shall be taken by tile Ill:retwr of the Cen111Us in the year UH-0 and every ten years In pursuance of this agreement two separate sched­ ~er. . ules were provided for each mining enterprise: (1) A The Goologi® Survey colieds annual statist~cs of mine?, quames, general schedule for all mines and quarries; (2) a sup­ 111,111"1 min'i."r.il produetE, and for the census year iti; ~ork Wlil, to so~e plemental schedule for each of the principal classes of ex:t.e11t, duplici>te that qf the ce-mrus. R~zmg tJ;e _nec~ty of tmibuily in the eompilil,tinn of the statiBtlCB, the elmunat10n of minerals. d1:tplklil.t1e work, and 0ooperii.tion llll far as possi?le in the collection The general schedule for mines and quarries followed of t,be e of responsibility will be employed invested, the expenses of operation and. development, ~ w}- ~all ooeh ned~ will pass and who will see and the number of persons engaged. The annual sta­ tmt ~ pi~n ~ing imkilmatWn rehtive to production will be tistics of the United States Geological Survey are con­ d~h!ed and t~itted to the Geolog:ic&I Survey for tabulation. Pm to 111e¥mnt:t.ing the JllC'hednles the value of product 'lyill be trans­ cerned only with the total quantity and value of each kmd to the~- ~nle. product for each geographic division and state. ii) li Jt it d~ed by the twco burea.us that it is better to have aU Where the same mining enterprise produces more than ti!Mi lllC'W~b Ii ~ lliM qsrries eolleeted by enume:rators or one mineral, the total value of products for that enter­ ~ti,. it u lllmi~ tna:t mch M1J.mera.tors or special prise represents a combination of the values of different i.iv..ats will be 1-tmeted to lleC1i1te the statistics of production for the ~l Su:rvey with ai11 mm:h care as is exercised in obtaining the minerals, whereas for the purpose of the United States i:lt:b:mlltitllt!. reqtwoo by the Bmeau of the Census. The work of Geological Survey itis essential that the value of each the Ct!'M!llll! tilild :moo 'ril:l ~tit be CO!l!!idered completed until all the mineral be presented separately. On the other b.and, m~il'&ti:wa r,""1W ff1r by the rhedules is obtained. The schedules in some instances where the product of a mining enter­ wilil be tr1Um1mdUed by ihe enume'latcml or special agents to the '.B~111 fJi thlli {~and the lll!me procedure followed aa if the prise undergoes a process of dressing or'reduction be­ ~ ~ Jlfl:ade by prodncen th.rough the m.Uls. fore reaching the consumer, the statistics oi the United {7) Ill ltd'~ fJi the·~ mn~ the two bureaus will agree States Geological Survey present the final value of the •11a ~ m:m11iber of emJI·~ 'Who will be engaged in the field. marketable product, whereas the census statistics ~ ~l.1le, ~ entP'loyoos 'Will <»l.lect. the statistics for present the value of the crude product at the mine o:r ~ ~~~t~ ~d ~ ind1l8tries in their respective dis. quarry. The schedules used by the United States tnd!i. All of them will ~-t •till' the~ of the Bureau of ~ c~ and the tra~ ex~ and suba:istence of the Geological Survey for the collection of its annual sta­ ltwney ~tative11, whoo. empkryed in the field on this work th.tics were accordingly adjusted to meet the require­ vill k paid by the ~of the Census. The llp0cial agenta wh~ ments of both bureaus. '!rill be em:~ed in the ,.,.,~ ates will be inst.meted to confer Method of collecting statistics.-The .canvass of ~ ihe ~tl!i~ al the &Ivey hi ehatge of its offices at mines and quarries for the Thirteenth Census was Dai'nlr, Cdf,.; &It lAlm City, Utah; and &n Francisco, &L made by special agents appointed especially to collect (Sj As~ t!1i tt:e ini~ products reported to the Geological S~:r Yill llt>t he :mciaded m the ¢elm1S of mines and quarries, it statistics of manufactures and of mines and quarries; 'lfW bl! ~~le 'ttl mlllCl!ie t~ ti::ita.h! of mineral production, as re. a number of clerks from the perm.anent force of the ~ hy the two b,1~, agree, m no a.ttampt will be made to Bureau of the Census were also detailed to instruct 1 ~ lll'. "· But ~ -~ <~ntll.iming detail5 in regard to production the temporary special agents and to assist in the can­ Vill l!i ttv«y ~t-e be tll.buhttEd by the Goologfoal Survey and vass. In a few sparsely settled districts, in which the INTRODUC'l'ION. ente:rpmes were difficult of at:'e~, mines and qWR'ries were colleet~d by employed for the C(\'!l'.~u:s <1f pc1,pulat4on Whereas at the special e~llli of rni;r:~ell'! 1902 the field force was undEir the United States Geologicll Sun'ey, at the Census the c.anvus of mine;:; JWid qu.mi.rri~l\$ wu under the direct supervL;;ion of the Bureau of Censt11. The fact that the mining mnlliW> of 19'Xl ,~·u conducted simultaneously with thf.~ census t•f u:iw:tu­ f actures and population fmabled th~~ Bureau of Census to make a more eomplett! canv~ of quarries, and petroleum and gai> wti& thliin ut the specifil census of mines and quarrielil :for HJminer" (surface gold mines) secured from individual operntors for 95 per cent of the tutal JM'O­ duction of that indwstry, wh.ereu at tlu~ precedir« special censll.!! only 02 per cent of the total valWtJ of products ·wu covered by NJports from ind.ividtl.al operators. Similarly, the ptt~nt ClllllV~ c:if ~~i and zine pro only 49 per cent of the total :production for ~ and S6 per cent of the toW production for lfissouri were covered by mportl!! from iodi~Wll opemtfJrs. A number C>f the eehednt. originally received froro :field agents and en.UD1:et11.·tor1 were, upon e:umina:ticn at the B:ureG, found to be defeetin. Sut"h 1:>1.:11J~1u• $Ml.:i;;m,1iil:llll of w~mmanufacturing branch of the modified before they are regarded as marketable com­ business. In cases where they are conducted at the modities. Even coal is often broken up and sorted mines the cost of materials as presented in the sta­ a.eoording to size at the mines. All such work is tistics for manufactures includes a value, sometimes theore as of 11. iimplti eha:racter it is not ordinarily considered as produced by the mine. On the other hand, in the im.nufaeture by those in the industry. Consequently, mining statistics the value of the product for bitu­ in thooe cMeS where the quasi-manufacturing proc­ minous coal mines and copper mines having coke ~ applied t-0 the erode products at the mine or ovens or smelters includes the value of the :finished qus.;rry ue of a very simple . c~acter, the. ~usiness product of the ovens or smelters, duplication being • a wbrJlie is trea,ted as pertain.mg to the mmmg and avoided by assigning no value to the coal or ore. In quurying i.n.dws:try, and no pm -0£ the statistics relat­ a few cases a similar policy has been pursued with ing to it is segregated for :inclusicm with the returns respect to establishments in other industries. for nw:n:d11;C.t'l1I'f.lfi. (3) On the other hand, in the case of a few indus­ On the other b.a.nd, in many cases there are applied tries simple and inexpensive mining or quarrying oper­ to materials at the mine or the quarry manufacturing ations are conducted in connection with a business in ~of a ehar&et« so elaborate that it is most which much the greater part of the activities are of a ~Ne to take t:l:ulm into consideration in the census manufacturing character. These are treated only in ot r.unmaeturt1S. This desirability is particularly the statistics for manufactures. This is the case with great in thole instances where the same kinds of man­ the brick and tile, cement, lime, and pottery.industries. ufwt:uring prooosses are in certain cases conducted The reason why the Census Bureau thus adopted at the mine or quarry and in othe:r cases by establish­ a different policy in the case of some border-line indus­ ment.a disUmt from the mines or quarries and not tries from that adopted in the case of others was one operated under the same ownership. For example, of practical convenience.· In the case of most indus­ there are :m..any concerns which opera.te copper mines tries in which the manufacturing operations are con· &n:d in immediate conjunction therewith opera,te ducted in conjunction with mining and quarrying, the ~}ters for hand.ling copper ore, sometimes keeping two branches are so intimately associated that a cmly a single set of books for both branches, while segregation of the statistics could be made only on at the same time there are other copper smelters dis­ the basis of the roughest kind of estimates. In the tan:t from mines and under separate ownership. If case of the bituminous coal and copper mines oper­ the eel'lin'.IS statistics of mimufaotures are to cover the ating, respectively, coke ovens and smelters, however, copper~ltiog intlumy completely, it is obviously the two branches of business are usually much more n~ to include data. rel&ting to those smelters sharply divided, and many of the establishments were which a.re operated in immediate conjunction with able to furnish for the two separately either accurate ~. statistics or estimates approaching closely to accuracy. "the policy aetwilly ptU'SUed by the Census Bureau In the case of industries of the third group, again, a.t the Thirteenth Ommm with respect to industries the operations of manufacturing and of mining or on the bo!l'dm:- line between mining and manufacturing quarrying are so_ intimately associated that segrega­ hH been l!tS follows: tion would be almost impossible, and in view of the (1) In the case of most of those industries in which minor importance of the mining or quarrying opera­ there were esta.Nmb.men.ts which conducted both min­ tions it seemed best to include the data only in the ~ or quarrying opentions and manufacturing oper­ statistics for manufactures. a:t1om of a more or less elab-Orate character the data The following table shows, for 1909, the principal for &aeh such establishment, as a whole, ha;e been in­ items of the statistics of mines and quarries as con­ cluded in the census statistics of mines and quarries tained in the present volume, side by side with the Mid ah!ro in the census statis,tics of manufactures. corresponding items relating to manufactures as pub­ (2} In the. cue of the coal and coke industry and lished in the volume dealing with that subject, together the copper industry, however, if an establishment with figures showing the numbers or amounts which cond~ted at the same time mining and manufacturing have been included both in the statistics for mines Operi!!.tions, the data for both have been included in the and quarries and in those for manufactures. I.NTRODUCTIOS. 17

Tllb·le 1

' A vel"'"®~ numt:"'1f. • Numiw_.r Diil<~b« a Indu'1"$ roy'1lt>1'1l

It should be clearly un'n in the table, would give a totttl having no real significance, md it is of c°'u~ equally beside the point to Mid together the figurl!#il for cost of materialer of operators, the principal variations being penses reported for producing mines include the cost found in the mining of .anthracite coal, iron, and cop­ both of operation and of development work which ~r, with an lltvem.ge of more than two mines per was done in connection with operation. operator; in the :mining of tungsten, with an average A certain amount of development work is incidental of n:1ore than five mines per operator; and in the quar­ to the operation of every mine. The general mining rying of gypii!um., with an average of nearly three schedule inquired for the total amount which had quurie£ per operator. In the production of petro­ been expended during the year 1909 for development leum itnd .r:uiturlltl gu, on the other band, there was work, this amount being included in the expenses an 1Lvernge of more than 20 wells to one operator. reported for services, materials and supplies, and O&pita.1.-The 0011sus oohedule required every oper­ miscellaneous objects. Where an enterprise reported Ak»r twell as the cost of La.ad taa:a.re.-The Thirteenth Census was the first fuel and the rent of power. The schedule called only to exwnd the inquiry relating to land tenure to all for the cost of such supplies and materials as had been hNJ.aelues of the mining industry. At the Eleventh used during the year cove:red by the report. Accurate CM.""us this inquiry WM confined to coal lands. At the figures, however, could be furnished only in those cases speew cansM of mines and quarries for 1902 the where the operators kept an account of supplies and inquiry was confined to precioua-metal mines. 'The materials used, or had an inventory made of all in stock Wlllwi.1 statistics . of the United States Geological at the beginlling and at the end of the year. Such a Survey for HIOQ mcluded an inquiry in relation to system of accounting is far from general among mine operators, and there is reason to believe that in many tb~ ac:t"Mg_a and form of tenure of oil and gas lands. 'I'h.iii mqwry was extended by the Bureau of the cases the reported cost of supplies and materials cov­ ered all purchased during the year rather than tbose ~ to all ll'rlnes., quarries, and petroleum and used during the year. The crude product of some oper­ na.tui:at gas w~. A special inquiry for that purpose ators was purchased by others for further dressing or WM I~~rted .m .the .general schedule for mines and refining or was resold in the form in which purchased; Thl.i mqmryr however, was omitted from qu~. the cost of such materials is shown in a separate the gtrH~r:al 1ehedule for petroleun1 and natural ~olumn in the general tables for producing mines, but wel~"ll, heitig. included in the supplement.al sched~S: m all other tables it is included in the general item of eallmg for lWClrtnation intended for use by both cost of supplies and materials. INTHODU<"TION. lli1eellaneou expen&&$.---In the a.Hie" and the rent of minti;s, paid for contrEU'.t work arill in All other Eixpenses not enumer·au•d combined undti.r the head of "Heut of offiet:"S and sundry expenJc1es," '11\"hieh includes rent of offi.1·0" and buildings other than at tlrn mine, quarry, or of patentn"I, in-;ura.nce, ordinary repairs of and nui.chinery (uot iududing m&t<:'riaL'> therefor w11en• carried in sep&rllt(~ account;;), adYerti.;;.ing, damag£"'· 1 trnveliug expenc;1's, imd all other 1mndry Value of prodncts.-The value of products for 1009 in mo;.;t case::; represents the ;alu(~ of th£i producti> marketed during that year, not the Vo!ilue of th<.~ mined during that year. fo thi"> respect the data differ from tlwsti usua11y obtained for manufacturing t'li!ltab­ lishments. In order to ascerta:in th£~ value of thfj products mined during the year 1900, account would hitve had to be taken of the inventorioo at the begin­ ning and at the dooe of the year. fo llllUly min:irlg ir1- cht"3tries, howeyer, no uueh inveilltoriel!! are made, hy reu.Am of the pnmly speculath'e value of the ernde nroduct lying on the dump. Another dmnent of inaccuril.!:y inherent in the :sta­ tistfos as to the va.lu(~ of products is due to the com­ bination of mining vrith manufacturing. ]1.fo15.t of ttw product of iron mines is not fl.Old u ore, 'but ill in blru,it furnaces operated by the owners of the miner~. A large proportion of the output of coal is likewied in iron and stool works operated by the own.era of the coal mines, while a com1iderable proportion liltri& cqncerns which own the coal mines, either dirn<~dy, or indirectly through subsidiary c;ompanies. In such cases the reported va1ue of the mining product i11 often a mere item of hookkeeping whieh may or may not reflect the actual market value of the product. Th.e t-0tal value of products for some industries in­ cludes a certain amount of duplication, due to the fact that the erode produet of some opel'a:toni w• UBed I.IS Iruiterial by others whose mines or quarries were equipped with dressing or refining plants; the total value of products for the indnstry, fl.C.COrdingly, in­ cludes both the erode product and the refined product made from it. In order to elimina.te this duplication and to obtain the approximate value of prod0<~ts for each indUBtry, the cos:t of such materials, which is shown in a separate column in the general tables for producing mines, should be subtractro fron1 the to·tal value of products for the indwitry. There is, howel"er, a certain degree of inac.eur&ey involved in such a t;om­ putation, becau;.se the purehL~r of the crude product, usually figures freight as a put of the cc)St of hl11 ma­ terials, whereas the value reported by the ,,.,.. ,.,.,,"'''''•.1r.:r represents the selling value at the mine. Statistics of the value of each mineral product were obtained by the Bureau of the Census in cooper~tion with the United States Geolog:k&l Survey, hut the t~·o 20 MINES AND QUARRIES. stoxm indu.Gypsum •.. ·-······------·-···· 5,812,810 5, 906, 738 -93;928 19,675 +700 Infuaorlal earth and tripoli ••. _...... 142, 060 122, 348 +19 712 6H,370 -50,913 68,463 37, 860 +30' 603 ~:i:'.~l~::: :: :: : : :: :: : : ::: ::: :: : : : : 13, 307 45, 053 -31' 746 -2, 'lZl, 009 Mica._._ •..••••••••. __ •••.•••••••••. 206, 794 280, 529 -73' 735 -583,621 Mineral pigments ••..•.•.•...••..... 151,015 613, 133 -462' 118 +I,138,371 Monazite and zircon •••••.. _...•.•... 64,472 65,282 ~810 -309,785 OJl.etones, scythe

• Vtllue of lead antl zinc not published by Geological Survey, <'HAI'TEH lf.

SIT.MM.ARY ..A!\D A~ALYRI~ OF HESrI.:r~

Continenta.l United Sta.tes and nonoontiguou terri­ ·tory: 1909.-Tablc 1 gives for HKl9 the principal statistics collected by the Bureau of the for all mines and quarries nnd petrolcnun and gaH welli> within the area. of enumeration. In a,dditirm to

Table 1

Number of (Jperatol'!I! ...... _; 24, 3;')5 Number of minf:l!3 ar1d quiurirn!I ••••••••.. __ ...... 27,200 Number of petroleum and gas we& ...... l~,448

Pt•rsnns engaged in xnining indwi~, Dee. rn, l!J()',J. .. . l, 175, l, PI"l1!'rieton; and firm mem.benit, ~l...... :lii, Nuplberpprfo~ing mltlit~l hi.b;:}r in co~e- ' "' w1n with mme1J1, qnurMis, 1u:id well:!ii ...... Salliried Mlpkry~ .•.•.••...... Wlllge ~n ...... , l,

Primary h1,r~epv11·er ...... Capital...... $47,

Exix;~ of oper:a.titrn and devek!Jl.ment...... , &nnieoo ...... , &lari!'f~ ...... · W:itge!!l ...... •·•·· Supplieiumd mat.eriall! ...... P..oytil.tie11 11.nxl rout of mmflll .•...... •...... Contract work •.....••••...... Miaeell:artoou111 • . • • • • • • ......

Value of produem...... l,Z0,5,370, 11!$ I; l,~,410,m

Of the total number of persons engaged in mining Table 2 givet1il eomp,1.ratini industries in the area covered by the preceding table, nonprc)ducing mi.naa in the Cnit-t-d only a little more than one-half of 1 per cent were in Alaska, while the rnining operations in I!s:waii and Porto Rico were insignifi.c.ant. Owing to the fact that a c.ertain number of mines in continental United States and Alaska were engaged in development work only, during the census yea,r, the figure for value of products in 1909, $1,255,:no,163, re­ lates to a smaller number of enterprises th•m. the fig- j ure:s for persons engaged in the industries, expenEif.'I!!. ete. i While Alaska, H&waii, and Porto Rieo n~ported i some mineral prodm::ta in 1909, M shown by the above j table, the dis­ ter is confined to the data reported for o.mti!u:mtal United States (referred to simply M the United Producing and nonpTod.11cing mines.-In irome; a&­ pects of the statistics of mining indt.u;tries di'!!tinl:"­ tion between producing and rwnprodudng miues iiif important. So far as it is y>0ssibl~' to bring urea in regard to production into rel&ition with various factors of operation, particularly the munl:K•r of employees and the expenses cit operation, it is mJC­ essary to confine c-0rr1p!Uiwns t<; the produdng mim"liil. 22 MINES AND QUARRIES. nroducing mines, with. only incidental reference to the !-r • d of the relative .i' Perhaps the most sat=actory m ex . th non.producing enterprises. imp{lrt~nce of the two classe.'> of mines shown~ the There were reported in all mining industries in the pre~'.R.:ding table is thi~ number of wag; earne;:~ucin; United States in 1909, as shown by the previous table, amount of pritmii'Y power, the figures or non al . 19 915 operators of producing mines, who employed mint>s n~pn.;senth:;g exactly 2 per cent of the tot m l,OoS,283 wage earners and report_ed products valued ood1 instance. Tfw average nu.mber .of w~g: :~n;~~ at $1,238,410,322. . . . . per operator for the nonproducmg mmes Geographic dist!ibut1on of producing enterpr1ses.-The the prnducing mines 53. . . distribution of the mining industries by geographic in regard to divisions and states is shown in Table 3, which gives Ad_?lth~al d<~tails nonproduc~g3 :t'c~ art' givt•n m Tables 9 and 10 (pp. 339 an~ \ . _ the number of wage earners employed and the value r)resent separatH figures for m?st of .the.drff:~enh ~ of products for each division and state, with the per­ 18 ing fridustries. The furthe~ discualssro~ mril~ \~Pt~: I centage which such number or value forms of the total. of the statistics for 1909 will de · pnma Y Wl

PRODU'OING ENTERl'JUSllB: 1909

Wage earners (Deo.15, or y r od Num· nearest repro- a1 ue 0 pr ucta DlVIBION ,uID 81'.!TE, Num· berof Num- sentativeda.y). ber of !Jl!nes opera- and berof 1--~--1----- tors. quar- wells. Per Per ries. Number. e~t cent .Amount. ,ol total. total.

W. Noll.mCENTlUL- Continued. Nebraska ...... 18 20 ...... 491 Kansas ..•• ; ...... 643 582 3,402 lr.,441 ('l .Ii Soum .ATLA.Nnc: • Delaware ...... · •• g 9 ...... 628 (') Maryland ...... 126 173 ····---- 7 745 0.7 (IJ.s Virglnja ...... 150 244 .. .-- ... ~ .. 1o;s93 1.6 0.7 West VirgfI.lia ...... 798 718 15, 146 78,404 7.4 6.2 North Cru:olina ...... 118 130 2,825 0,3 O.l South Carolina •••••• 29 32 ...... 2,014 0.2 0.1 (k.arg!e...... 92 100 ...... 4,014 0.4 0.2 Florida ...... 36 96 ...... 5,483 0.5 0.1 E. S\}'ll'n'I, C~lln>.AL:' 0.2 Kentucky ...... 437 442 1,1°¥ 22,033 2.1 0.9 0.1 Tenn1lS!IOO ••••••••••• 216 3 18,028 1.1 LO 0.7 Alaballl8 ...... -• • • ' 302 2. 2.0 177 .. ~.'. '. 30,795 O.ll W. l:lmrr:a oximw.: (l) Arkansas:'...... 96 146 62 6,422 0.6 0.3 0.1 Lolllslana ••••..••••. 33 2 246 953 0.1 0.5 Oklahoma ...... 864 212 12,113 13,920 1.3 .l!.1 1.1 TeXBS ...... 236 92 2,279 6,957 0.6 o.o ' 0.7 Jd:OUNT.AtN; 28.2 Montana ...... , ... 373 543 ...... 20,roa 1.9 4A 1daho ...... 174. 370 ...... 3,592 0.3 0.1 5,l wr:mlng...... 66 95 21 8 499 0.8 o.9 1.8 Co orad.o ...... 672 1,575 76 24:709 2.4 3.7 6.2 New Mexico •••••.•• 98 28 5 ...... 5,682 0.5 0.4 5,5 Arlrona ...... 135 251 ...... 13, 451 1.3 2.8 0.6 Utah ...... 188 235 ...... 11,004 1.0 1.8 N1>vada...... 266 374 ...... 5,572 0.5 1.9 4.7 P.!C!Flc: 1.1 Washington ...... 93 170 ...... 7 343 0.7 0.0 2.6 ~on ...... 116 161 ...... 1;os1 0.1 0.1 (l) orn!a ...... 1,3. 1,279 4,316 23,358 2.2 5.1 0.5

•No mineral production in District of Columbia or Mlsslss!ppl. Whether t..he ilnport.ance of the mining industry be the United States. No other state approaches it in meuured by the viilue of its products or by the num­ importance. Illinois and West Virginia, whi.ch rank ber of wage e.amere employed 1 the Middle Atlantic divi­ next in importance, each had products -valued at a aion cuily nm.ks :first among the several geographic little more than $76,000,000, or less than one-fourth dimon11 1 the 'Value of its m.ine:ril products in 1909 the "Value shown for Pennsylvania. Other states where amounting t.o $371 1000,000 1 or 30 per cent of the total the value of mineral products exceeded $50,000,000 fa·r the United Stfl.tes. Next in order was the East are Michigan, Ohio, California, Minnesota, and Mon­ Nmil:t Central di'Vi$ion, with products valued at tana. The eight states named reported in 1909, 65.4 $Z::~8.00Q,000, or a.bout one-filth of the total. The per cen.t of the value of all mineral products for the min.end products of these two divisions consist largely United States. of (:(}al. Other divisions with a considerable mineral There are se-veral states in which the mineral produc-­ prorluc:tion are the Mountain, West North Central, tiou is quite insignificant. In the District of Colum­ and &uth Atla.ntic. bia and Mississippi no mineral production was re­ Th~ pnmlinence of the Middle Atlantic division in ported. Rhode Island, North Dakota, Nebraska, and minmtl production is due almost wholly to the state Delaware each contributed less than one-tenth of 1 of Pt>:m:ll!iyivania, which, with products (mainly coal) per cent of the whole value of mineral produ~ts, vtitlued at nearly $350,000,000 in reported more 1909~ while the contribution of Maine, New Hampshire, than one-fourth of the value of all mineral products in Massachusetts, Connecticut, North Carolina, South SUMMARY AND A.. ~ALYSIS OF RF.:.')UL

...... ctJt.-.-11111~ ()"1M,.llllllto'7.... () '2,600,CllO to-.~ 0 Lm thlll1 -2.MO.llKIO

V.ALUE OF FRODUL'TS, :MINI.NG INIHJSTRIES, HY S'tATES l.W2 ,l.'.'fU lMI..

(~-~2,pl>lA\.)

~OFDOl.~11 jfS •• PEHHSYLVAHJA - M.UH~ WEST VlflatNJA

MICHIQA.ff FlUiCENTAGE DIM'W:lll:fti)!ill', liilY Dn"I!!lQJ'.l/>. OHIO (Iii

~HDIANA KANSAS lOWA HEW'(ORK KEHTUCKY TEHHESSEE --·llH·$04 T£XJ.8 WASHUtGTOff VIRGINIA FLORIDA IOAHO WISOON::IH HEW J!Ef!SlEY VERMONT LOU1$1AHA SOUTH DAKOTA MARYLAOO MINES AND QUARRIES. 24 engaged in productive enterprises and contributed Cuolina., Georgia, Arkansas, New Mexico, and Oregon more than 99 per cent of the total value of products was less than one-half of 1 per cent in each case. The distribution of the wage earners employed in of mining industries. produdng mines among the divisions and states fol­ Coal minlli.g far outranks any other industry in im­ lows approximately the distribution of the total value portance. In 1909 it furnished occupation to more of prroductis. 'Where coal is the chief mineral prod­ than t:vo-t~ds of all ~he wage earners employed by uct, howen•r, the number of wage earners is rela­ producmg mmes, quarries, and wells, and contributed tively greater than elsewhere. The :Middle Atlantic only a little less than one-half of the total value of division reported a considerably greater percentage of products reported. Of the total value of coal pro­ all wage earners in the producing mines of the country duced, the anthracite mines furnished approximately than of the totaI vaiue of mineral products. In less one-fourth and the bituminous mines three-fourths. marked degree the same stat,ement holds true of the Another fuel industry-the production of petroleum EMt South Central, South Atlantic, Ea.st North Cen­ and natural gas-ranks second in importance in value t,r&l., and New England divisions, while each of the of products, but employs comparatively few wage remaining divisions reported a larger percentage of the earners. t()t&l. nlue of products than of the t.:ital number of Of the metals, copper and iron outrank the precious wage eamers. Pennsylvania employed 36.l per cent metals both in the value of the product mined and in of all the wage earners, Illinois 7. 7 per cent, and West the number of wage earners, but lead and zinc fall con­ Virginia. 7.4 per cent, these three leading coal states siderably below the precious metals in both respects. tcgether reporting more than one-half of all the wage General comparison for the United States: 1902- euners employed in mining industries. ~909.-Table 5 on the next page gives statistics regard­ Principal mining industries.-Table 4 shows the rel­ mg expenses, value of products, and mechanical power ative importance of the principal mining industries in for producing mines, quarries, and petroleum and gas 1009. w~lls in the United States for 1909 and 1902, together with the percentages of increase. --,-~,--·==-===r======.I The figures in this table for 1909 vary slightly from those shown in preceding tables by reason of the I Wa;ge eairners differences between the present census and that of (Dtle. lS,Oll'Dellr• Vaine of product&. estr~ta- 1902 in the classification of mining industries. There :lfmnber tfve day), ot ope!"• I are many industries on the border Hne between min­ ~. l'er ing and manufacturing. Certain mechanical and cent Amount, of chemical processes required for the preparation of total. the mineral for the market after its extraction from All~ ••••••••.••. 19,91:5 l,GG!i,213 100.0 $1,238,410,322 190.0 the ground may be performed either at the mine or at C!lllil. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 743, 2113 69.8 Iin,142,931i 46.6 the factory ~here the mineral is used as material. All>~ ••••••••••••• -•••• 1'13,llll4 16.3 149,IS0,4n 120 ~-···············1 illll,789 53.li 427 t 962, 464 34. 6 The practices in this respect vary from industry to ~ndntm:ill p!l••.••. j 7,7113 00,831 3.7 185,416,684 15.0 mdustry and from period to period.

~...... I 1G1 li31143 5.D 134,616,ll87 10. 9 At the Thirteenth Census the production of cement Jra ..•...... :::::::::::::::I 1"6 B2,Z!O 4.9 100, 947, 082 8. 6 2,2112 37,815 3.0 94,123,180 7.6 ~as cl~si:fied as a manufacturing industry. The burn­ ~=::::::::::::! 33,111.6 3.2 83,88.!i,928 6.8 P~mmw ••••••.••.•. 1,= 4,lil9 0.4 10,237,2:52 0.8 mg of lime was likewise classified as a manufacturing LMlimestone ~~Ill! ...... [ 3,.988 112,350 8. 7 7.!i,002,008 6.1 ~~ ••• "' ...... ! l,~ 37,000 3.5 29, 832, 492 2. 4 quarry the quarrying was regarded as a subordinate part ~ ...... ,..,, 20,!i61 1. 9 18,9117,976 1.5 ~ ...... , ...... 51111 11,008 0.9 7, 702,423 o. 6 of th~ manufacturing operations. At the special census Mlil1!'lih ••••••••••.••••••••• , 71 6,ZU 0.6 6,239,120 0. 5 lll/l 11,4:18 0. 9 6,054,174 0.5 of mmes and quarries in 1902, however, the cement -ll~ ...... llltl 6,200 0.6 D.578,317 o.5 ~,·················· Mlil 2,175 o.2 l,!i88,406 0.1 mdustry was included, and the burning of lime was 51 ll,186 0. 8 10, 781,192 0.9 treated as a part of the operations of the limestone 7!l a,m 0.4 6,812,810 0.5 =~=~~:::::::::::::! 4 «iS (1) 4,432,006 0.4 quarries. In order to make the statistics for the two (,~ ...... [ :l,871 0.4 2, 945, 948 o. 2 Al~ ...... [ ..449 ll,775 0.8 8,835,436 0.7 i censuses comparable, the :figures given in Table 5 1 1-th!lill ime-temh ot 1 per cent. mclude for 1909 those for the burning of lime, elsewhere treated as a manufacturing industry, and Th.e foregoing table presents statistics for g indus­ exclude for 1902 those relating to the production of tries whi:ch in 1909 ~ad pro~ucts exceeding $10,000 ,000 cement. in value. These 9 rndustries employed 95.2 per cent On the other hand, the special census of 1902 did not of Ml the wage .earners engaged in producing enter­ mclude the conversion of coal into coke at the coal mines. pme111 and Clyed ovw 99 per cent of the wiu,.e -o earners tics of manufactures. At the same time, since the SU.'.\IMARY AND AX ALYSI::i OF HE8I~LT~. mining of the coal and its eon·iter!li<:m at th<'1 mim'1~ into coke form, in fact,integrnl patt!l of one industri1tl tion, the c.

Table;,

Expen- {>{ open11tion Md oovei.<>pmt!>nt: l:lervW!!i! •.•...... •.••• ,...... litiappMi llt&d ~ ...... Rcyllltle$ an4 re11t of. mi-...... Coritmet wort...... V~l)I! d predoots ...... ~~p!)Wllr ...... :

VALUE OF PP..<>DUCTS, MINING ISDt.:'l:!TRIJ>:l'i: Jt!'HJ 1, Milt..1.!0• Of D01..l,..lc.1'!$ '"" "~

i'.11:11.C'.lt]ll'.l'AC'flO'!I!, !151' nn·,i···rn••'"'"~"'"' ':'li'!b1'1'@4.) I~

COl'P£~

Cl.AY

TAU: Alff> llOAHTOMI'.

QU'-$!<.VEB

T~ble 1, Jriig!' 317, gives comparative l'>tMtiBtk.s in detail for the years 1909 and 100::!, liy Table 6, which is based on this table, leading mining mdustries d1e nlue of H}Of.} ()f 1nt'l"t>i!lMfl 8.Ud 10021 with the pt"!TCelltagl'.l

Table 8 26 MINES AND QUARRIES.

Tahle 2, page 318., gives comparative statistics in· Table 8 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Percent detail for the vears 1909 and 1902, by states. The STATE. 1------.-----11 ofde- folfowing table~presents certain fioO'Ures for those states 19011 1902 crease. which show a relative increase in the value of products Colorado ••• ·······-····· ...... $39,397,859 $40, 508, 286 2.7 $1.l:xrve the avera.ge for tho United States: MasSllChusetts ••••.•.•.••.•...... •. 4,332,218 4, 499,401 3.7 South Dakota ...... 6,415, 788 6,697, 797 4.2 2,924, 741 3,080,287 5.0 VALVE OF PWDVCTS. =~::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3,270, 766 3,6.56, 134 10.5 Percent 6, 164, 122 7, 162, 113 13.9 ----.,...-----11 ofin- ~~~-~·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22,324,647 26,896,393 17.0 Oregon ...... 1,237,292 2,087,389 l!JOO 1902 croase. 40.7 ·------:--·------11'- 2,241.3 Colorado and Indiana are the only important mining ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::! 202.8 !JI0.2 states that show a decrease in mining activity. This 117.3 lll.5 decline in Colorado is manifested not only in the value ~::~: ~: ~::::: :: ::: :~ ~:: :: :: :: ;) 106.6 100.3 of products, but also in the amount expended for ~:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 101.4 100.7 salaries and wages, which decreased 7 .2 per cent, and ~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 03.0 Nwtil Dl>i<:oXa ...... 73.3 for royalties, which decreased 4.4 per cent. Ark-...... , ...... 67.8 ~ ...... ! 64.7 Geographic distribution of the principal industries: 1909.-Table 9 gives statistics, by leading states, for Corresponding :figures for those states in which the each of the nine leading mining industries. A graphic value of products showed an actual decrease from 1902 presentation of the value of products is niade in the to 1900 a.re given in Table 8. following diagram:

VALUE OF PRODUCTS, LEADING INDUSTRIES, BY STATES: 1909.

COAL, AKTHRACITf; Mll.l.lOH& OF POLLAll8 ..• llO ao 40 llO llO 70 80 80 100 110 121) 180 140 180 i I I I I I I I I I I I I I

COAL, SITUMINOUS MIU.IONS OF DOLLARS 0 10 "° lllO 40 1111 00 70 80 •o 100 110 l~O 180 140 IH IUlNOllll -vWIEllT- ...... EBmrtm-t1rrm-,.,,.,.,.m

~ -~ -lllA llllllTlilClfltr PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS PRECIOUS METALS, DEE·P MINE.8 -~ MILLIONS OF DOLLARS MIL!-IOH8 OF DOLLARS 0 10 80 40 o 10 20 eD PENNSYLllAHIA -,,__ OKIO CALIFOflloll.\ -Clll~ ~:~::AUTAH ILUtlOIJWl!ST­ t.IOHTM

IJtOH COPPER J#JU.ICM Of' DOU..\118 llO lMI 40 1111 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 0 10 20 80 40 II> I I I I ~~~~~ ~~==~~~1~:::1:-1~11··,.--i1 CALIFORIHA UTAH

LEAD AJtD Zlll4C LIMESTONE GRANITE PHOSPHATE ROCK ~OFl>OLU.M MIUJOl«I OI' DOLLAFlll ft 10 llO MILLIONS OP DOLLARS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 0 10 =VAHIAOITTIO VERMON7 OmlO FLORIDA MA88ACHU8EiTTS TEHN9SEE m :-f/I I INDIANA MAINE SOUTH CAROLINA OHIO ~P", CALIFORNIA MW YORK Wl8CONSIH 141$50\lftl HEW HAMPSHIRE

"lflIWt! ' I 1T SU.'.\D1ARY A.SD

COii.i., pthmA!ite .... l"el:m$Ylv~ ••.. Coal, bltv.m.IJ>OUl! PM!lllylviwia.. . .. !~ ...... , .. ')j.;::_ :~~~::::::::: ::: ::: .. :. Al11.l>l\1ua ...... c.;.,iofl!l4D ...... lndiwa...... Iowa ...... ~=-~::::::::::::::::::::·· ~=:::::::::::::::::::·: Old~ ...... ,...... ~!...... ~ ...... ~a:H u.tim.1 (!;&Ii .• l'e>m1111ytv-...... f)hi!i ...... '.' c.~ ..••...... ,,. .. =:~::::::::::::::.::::: o~ ...... TIWOil!~--··············"''""'' ••••••••••••••••••• ){~:·:::::::::::::::. Ar~<>n~ ...... ~~=:·.:::::::::::::::·:· CtU...... lroa ...... li!,:ml Ml-a...... 11,1,:l!l:li li,l.:ll!i r::::::::::::::::::::.::.:: ll-,lil!ll> N-Ylllrlc...... lli,li42 W~ ...... , ...... l,4M ~~4MJll~- U.• ~ ...... 7,M :N•~---············---·--. 3.111~ ~ ...... !l,!ll!:I Uta...••.•.... _..... ,. .. . l\.•• l~ ...... l,lm Swtla~ ...... l\,4!111 4,!lli9 !Ile.I :!,Im 7:1!::1 Lead. and me ...... " m 21,flllll Ki-1...... , ... . ~H1 111t.$1l» w~ ...... , .... . !illl lt 7;f3j )!(-...... ll!lJ M:$ O~ ...... 4'.l' 7:114

~ ...... i.•au =~::::::::::::::::. !la !~ ...... "6 Ohio •••••••••••••.....•.••.• 14-4 :N mw Y orl<: ...... U1 ~ ...... H4

~ ...... \'~ ...... li'.lliioo...... lit~ ...... ,...... c~ ...... w~ ...... NwR~lil••....

~?"Mt ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... Sw:ll:i~ .... .

Statistics ue given for eat:h of industry in question i"ll .import:a.nt of the s.hooJute value of. dui portion of the total for the i.uiuL::>·u indu.stries here shown the trated that the 1t.a..tes given nine-tenths of the entire of the lead ood zinc, lim.Mtone, and the aggregatt} value of the products Fl!Mri.n..-·t"'>.d states n&tmed f111.Us .of thh'i frlll.etion. 28 MINES AND QUARRIES. PERSONS ENGAGED IN MINING INDUSTRIES.

The number of persons engaged in minin~ industries, ers in mining operations proper. It will be noted, by classes, was ascertained as far as possible for De­ moreover, that the reported number of boys under cemher 15 of the year 1909. In those cases, however, 16 years of age, 8,151, is less than 1 per cent of the '\!i"here the mines were not in operation on tha~ date, whole number of wage earners employed. or tbe tinlei re{~ords for that date were not obtamable / neares~ Table 10 PERSONS ENGAGED IN PRODUCING the numbers were ascertained for the repre­ EN'rERPRlSES: 1909 !!!entath·e date. In addition to this information, the CllSS, number of wage earners, without classification, was Total. Male. Female. 1 I a.scertained for the 15th day of every month. • - The "'·hole number of persons engaged in connect10n All classes ...... l, 139, 332 1, 135, 528 3,804 with producing mines, quarries, and wells, as :e­ Proprietors and officials ...... 49, 374 47,931 1,443 ported on December 15, or the nearest representative Proprietors and firm memqers .....•.•.. 29,922 28,571 - 1,351 Salllrled officers of corporations •...... 5,657 5,577 SC> day, was 1,139,332, of whom 1,065,283 were wa~e Superintendents and managers •...... 13,795 13, 783 12 e&'!l:en:. Since the representative day was taken m Clerks and other salaried employees ....•... 24,675 22,314 2,361 some <1ther month than December, in many cases, Wage earners ...... 1,065,28.'l 1, 06.5,283 ...... mines were in operation on December 16 years or age and over...... 1,057,132 1,057,132 ...... bec&use the not Under 16 years of age...... 8,151 8, 151 ...... 15, as stated above, this number of wage earners is grea,wr th&n the number actually e°¥aged at any Distribution by industrial status.-Table 11 shows for given time. The greatest number srmultaneously all mining industries and for the nine most important employed in all producing mines was 1,022,885, this industries separately the distribution of the persons number being reportoo for November 15. This does engaged in producing enterprises according to general not, however, represent the entire number of persons character of occupation or industrial status, together who gne all or a part of their time to mining in 1909. with the percentage that each class forms of the total. The blli!liest months do not coincide for all mining industries nor for all mines ·within a given indt1Stry. Mining, moreover. affords some contrast to manufac­ Table 11 PERSONS ENGAGED IN PRODUCING ENTERPRISES: 1909 tu~ with re1lpeet to employment. Whereas in the Number. ! Per cent of total. rrumufru::turing cities there is some opportunity for ! wage e1.unera to pass from one industry where employ­ l!IDUBTRY. Clerks i Clerks ment is temporarily slack to another where labor is Pro- and I Pro- and r~- other Wage ¥rle- other Wage Total. ors sala.- ors sala- in greater dernand, there is rarely sufficient diversity and rled earn- 1, and r!ed earn- ofli- em- ers. I offi- em· ers. of mining industries in a given locality to permit such ciaLs, ploy- i cials. ploy- & sh.i:ft,ing. Furthermore, even within an industry as ees. ! ees. widegprei\d its bituminous coal mining, distance would ------.All Industries ••• 1,139,332 49,374 24, 675 1, 065, 283 4.3 2,2 93.& largely prevent the employees of a mine temporarily Cool ...... 770,681 12,935 14,453 743, 293 I 1. 7 1.9 96.4 .Anthracite. •••••••• 178,004 1,315 3,185 173,504 0.7 1.8 97.5 shut down from seeking employment in other coal Bituminous ...... 592,677 11,620 11,268 569, 789 I 1.9 96.1 Petroleum and natural I 2.0 mines. The total number of wage earners reported 62, 172 19,353 2,988 39,831 31.1 4.8 6U eo~:::::::::::::::: 55,2/iB 661 1,454 53,143 1.1 2.7 96.2 for December 15, or the nearest representative day, Iron ...... 55,176 1,109 1,837 52,230 ! 2.1 3.3 94.6 namely, 1,005,2&3, may therefore be accepted as less, Precious metals•••••... 43,191 4,508 868 37,815 10.4 2.0 87.11 Ln by sex and a.ge.-Table 10 shows the Of the whole number of persons engaged in produc­ el~ification of the persons employed in producing ing enterprises, 4.3 per cent were proprietors and mines on the 15th day of December, or the nearest officials, 2.2 per cent were clerks and other salaried representative day. employees, and 93.5 per cent were wage earners. The Women we.re employed only in supervisory and proportion of proprietors and officials ranges, among derieal none being reported as wage earn- <~Apa.cities, the industries given, from 1.1 per cent in the copper industry to 31.1 per cent in the petroleum and natu~ ral gas industry. Large proportions for proprietors and officials occur also in the production of the p:e­ cious metals and of lead an·d zinc. In the anthracite branch of the coal industry proprietors and of?.cials formed only 0.7 per cent of all persons engaged ID the industry. The range of difference with respect to the proportion of clerks is much less than with respect to the proportion of proprietors and officials. SUMMARY AND A!\ALYSI8 O.F HESl'L Proprietors performing m.&1.ul labor.···-Tahfo 12 gives, for the priudpal mining indui>triei>, t.he uuu10.n•• of proprfotors und firm mNnher!'l comJH!rl·lI number and P('f('f•nt111.ge ·who rwrfornwd rm1Hn~J

Table I.~

IN!ll'.ll'HLY,

All Industries ...... Coal, bitumln.~J'Ull1 • • . • . • ...... _. . : l'et.rvleum iwd n ..t.ursl g"". • ...... 1 Prooioo.ii metii!.ll!: 1 ~~+ +······+Jl_~--

Table 13

Ab&re groond, t<>tal...... : Men lo )'lllm !lll' ~ •d over ...... Engllllt\l!l"ll,~,~.~---···· MinaM, mlMrn' he!;>«!!, quwry-, 1&11>d : l!lt-Ui>m ...... ' All otl>er ~ ~ ...... · Bllj1I ~ li y~ st •....•.....•.... ' .. Bekn;; ;rwlld, t<>tlill ...... KE ii }'IW"$ lilI ~ !i

This table gives furtlier information in the employment of boys und!~r 16 years of age. Only eight-tenths of 1 per cent of the w&ge el!l.rnen in -11 mining industries were boys under 16 y<>Am of and of these only three-eighths were employtl-d ground. The la:rgest number of b<1y!ll under 16 ye~l.I'I!! of age (3,721) ~·ere employed in bitumium1s though :3,247 were employed in the mining industry, where they fonned nearly :2 f~r cent, of the whole number of W;&ge efmiem-a high.er centage than in any other indu!lltry illhowu in table. Mo.st of the bovB in the try, however, were emj}Ioy£i:d above gnmnd. of the tHJH~r industries shovm i'l did portion Clf boys under 16 yeus age of the whole number of wage e,_.ruers. 80 MINES AND QUARRIES. of die total, and highest in the petroleum and natural that industry, who employed contract labor e:x:clu. ga.'il industry, where they constituted 67.9 per cent. sively. In all other industries combined this class in. T'he miscellaneous group "All other wage earners," eluded only 136 operators, or 1.3 per cent of the total. "\Yhich is composed mostly of unskilled laborers, com­ Number of persons employed, by months.-Table 14 pri1*1d. :>0.6 per cent of all wage earnei:s employe~. The shows the number of wage earners reported for the proportion in this class was largest m ~nthrac1te c~al 15th of each month in producing enterprises in all mining (·:13.l per cer1t) and smallest m the grarute mining industries combined and in coal mining sep­ industry (20.7 per cent). . arately, the latter industry, as already noted, includ­ In all mining industries about one-third of the wage ing nearly 70 per cent of all wage earners in producing earners (:14.4 per cent) were employed above ground enterprises. and about two-thirds (65.6 per cent) below ground. The two branches of the coal-mining industry have a Table 14 WAGE EARNERS IN PRODUCING ENTERPRISES: 1909 larger proportion of their wage earners below ground All mining Coal. All other mining than any other mining industry. In the phosphate industries. Industries. roek industry only 3.2 per cent of the wage earners lllONTB'.. II were employed below ground, while three of the indus­ Per Per Per Number. cent of Number. eent of Number. cent or tries named in the table-the petroleum and natural max!- maxi- maxi· mum. mum. mum. ga.'i!, limestone, and granite industries-are exclusively s:urfa,r.-e industries. January ••••••.••... 940,ll9 91. 9 691,244 94.8 248,875 80.7 February ...... 936,418 91. 5 686,322 94.1 250,096 81.2 Co:ntr111.ct work.-In addition to the work performed }{arch...... 943,493 92.2 679, 791 93.2 263, 702 85.$ by wage earners regularly engaged in mining and by .April ...... 928,563 90.8 649,870 89.1 278,693 90;4 May•••••••••••••••• 937,002 91.6 646,592 88.7 290,410 9U the proprietom who C(Jntribute their own labor to the June...... 949,615 92.8 652,894 89.5 296, 721 96 % 961,940 94.0 659,434 90.4 302,506 98 1 opemtion of the mines, a portion of the work inci­ ~iYgllSi::: ::: ::::::: 971,263 95.0 667,146 91.5 304,117 98 & dent to mining is done by contract. The number September••••••••.• 993,075 97. l 685,234 94.0 307 841 99. October...... l,013,326 99.l 704,939 96.7 aos;a87 100. of wage earners employed by contrnctors can not be N ov611lber .•.•••••.. x; 022, 885 100.0 720,341 98.8 302,544 98." aecerta.in.ed, booause the work is temporary and the December•••••.•.•. 1,013,895 99.l 729,273 100.0 284,622 92.~ same men after completing one job are shifted t-0 ¬he:r place. A special form of contract work com­ For all industries combined the largest number of man in certain metalliferous mines is the working of wage earners, 1,022,885, was reported for November mines in return for a share of the product. Under and the smallest, 928,563, or 90.8 per cent of the maxi­ this system a miner "leases" a. block in a mine on a mum, for April. The figure for April, however, is only royalty basis; the product is delivered by him to the slightly below the figures for the three preceding months mine owner, who disposes of it, deducts the royalty, of the year. From April to November the number &nd pays the "lessee" his share. In the operation of increased gradually, but December showed ,a slight petroleum and ruitural gas wells, little labor is required. falling off. In coal mining the month of greatest This ecJrulition has called into existence a special class activity was December, and that of least activity was of meehanics who contract with individual operators May, when the number employed was equal to 88. 7 per to take care of their properties, devoting to each prop­ cent of the number employed in December. From erty only a part of their time. May to December there was a steady increase in the The relative importance of work done under con­ number of wage earners employed. It should be noted tract, as compared with the work performed by regu­ that the figures in this table furnish only a most unsat­ luwage earners, is sh-0wn by a comparison of the total isfactory indication of the regularity of employment. amount paid out in wages with the total expenditure In the coal-mining industry in particular many mines for contract work. While the total wages paid in the operate only part of the days each week or each:n;i.onth, Unit-ed States in 1909 a.mounted to $586,774,000 and while the number of wage earners on the rolls on the total expenditure for contract work amounted t~ the 15th of the month (which is more often reported $28,888,000, which included $3, 798,000 paid to miners than the number actually drawing pay) may be sub­ eompens.ated by a share of the product, and $1,035,000 stantially the same from month to month, yet the paid to ps.rt--time men for taking care of petroleum average number of days each miner works during the and natural gaa wells. There were 3,261 operators, year may be much less than the possible number of or 16.4 per eent of the total number in the United working days. In other words, there is a good deal States, whose properties were operated exclusively of unemployment so distributed through the year as by contract work, as defined above. This form of not to cause much fluctuation in the monthly returns. operation was more or less general with operators For the principal industries Table 15 shows the of petroleum and natural gas wells, of whom 3,021 or month of maximum and of minimum employment, 38.8 per cent, befonged to this class. Next in p~int the number reported for each of these months, and o! numbers were 104 operators of deep mines of pre-­ the percentage which the minimum .represents of the aous metals, or 6.5 per cent of all operators engaged in maximum. 8F\I .\HY AX

The coal industry ii> divilled in thirs table into it!> two oomtituent branch(;ll;. A.nthN1.citti i;howi> greater regularity of en1ploymi•nt from tt:i month than hitm11inoum mining. It .m the months of maximum and minimum ,~rnJ">11·1vrn,.,1·1t for the two brm.nche!il do not remaining induitries. tbe l'l'l;Onth cif :tru•xnnum ment lil gtmerally in the fall of the year CM<~ of the production of preciou1> metal!ii of phate rook, where it lil July. TI:u!l quarrying trit16, lime£tone and grwte c1um.rrying, wl:ww a divergence between the monthlllof maximum mum employmtint, due t-0 the fM:t that fatti industries s.nd much affected by we~~tAi~l' tions. For both indu~tri• the ~tllli:t n:un:iJx~r of l!fll.ge eamtll'$ wu reporied for J muary. ; Prevaillig 1wml of ~.-In Table 16 l'.H10"·'"'" ~ among too l!lieven.l mining ltUUUll!'u ~ailing hours are 8 or lft!!ll'J f't'T l!fa{i in me.rt: -~- of the deep gc;ld and silver mineffl.~ mor~ 32 MINES AND QUARRIES .. LAND TENURE.

Jn lnmmg. as in awiculture, land is tlie source mining industry. Table 17 gives, for all mining indus-­ from wbich wealth is drawn, and the control of tries combined and for the nine most important in­ land is an important factor in mining operations. The dustries separately, statistics of the land controlled, Thirteenth Census was the first at which the inquiry distinguishing the character of the land and also the into land t(inure was ext-ended to all branches of the form of tenure. Table 17 . ACREAGE OF LA.."D CON:rROLLED BY l'RODUCING E1'TERPRIBES: 1909 - •1>.Uland. Mineral and oil land . Il:IDt;llnY. Timber Other I ,, land. Held under Percent Reid under llllld. Total. 11 Owned. TotaL Owned. I lease. owned. lease. ·1 2 .l.11~ ...... 1 :24,lll.5,Gll i 9,389,121 14,838,179 38. 8 21, 414, 662 6, 920, 673 14, 504, 964 1, 138, 901 1,6112,0Q C!x>l •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1S,182. 749 5,952,110 2,242,328 '6,847,545 4, 732,556 2,125,964 435,216 899,988 Allt~1le ...... 1461),134 316,867 159, 9C6 ····68:i' • 274,359 183,144 102,190 71,851 118,924 2,023, 774 ~ ...... 7,717,615 5,6l1,24.1 2,082 3;2 73.0 6,573,186 4,549,412 363,365 781,064

~-~g!lll ...... 12, 694, 838 686,268 12,008,570 li.4 12,694,838 686,Wl 12,008.570 27.'i,W$ 270, 771 4,8Z7 98.2 126,851 122, 798 4,053 •.... 57,"78i.' ...... 90;900 ~:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: l,ln3,214 1,0M,227 248,987 81.0 387,608 282,001 104,947 4.56, 682 468, 924 Pnlt'il.lm ~ltlil ...... 588,263 461,158 127, 105 78.4 400,455 397,097 72,358 33, 745 85,063 IM!dmedr;* ...... 125,322 102,li69 22, 753 81.8 103,555 81,418 22,137 10,120 11,647 .t.lmf~ ...... 128;495 96,084 32,411 74.8 88,152 58, 774 29,378 9,176 31,167

1 E;telusive of 11,r,oo 11CTes reported both in acreage owned and acreage held under lease. • E;tclosive ol l!l,975 acres reported both in acreage owned and acreage held under lease. The total acreage of all land controlled by producing in the different industries is afforded by the propor­ ooterprisM was 24,216,000 acres. Of course, not all tion reported under the description of "Timber land" of this area WAS in actual use, large tracts being held and "Other land." This proportion is greatest in the in reserve. The greater part of this land was mineral iron industry. iand oil land, but there were 1,139,000 acres of timber Of the total amount of land controlled by mine land and 1,662,000 acres of other land. Under these operators, 38.8 per cent was owned by the operators two headings are comprised land which had not been themselves and the remainder held under lease. The prospected and whose mineral resources were still un­ petroleum and natural gas industry, in which most of Imowu, as well as some land used for building and the land is held under lease, presents a marked con­ other purposes. trast to all the other industries shown in the table. In comparing the statistics of land controlled for Excluding the land controlled in the petroleum and different industries or different states, it should be natural gas industry, operators in other mining indus­ noted thJ1,t the area of land is not necessarily an index tries controlled 11,521,000 acres, of which 8,703,000 of the importance of the holdings, as some land is far acres, or 75.5 per cent, were owned by the operators. more rich in minerals than other land. The two industries showing the widest departure from Of the total area controlled by operators of mining this proportion are the copper industry, in which the enterprises in 1909, more than one-half was connected operators owned 98.2 per cent of the land controlled, with the petroleum and natural gas industries. Of the and the phosphate rock industry, where the proportion n>Iru!.inder, by far the largest part was reported for of land owned was 96.2 per cent. The proportions the com.I industry. The holdings of the bituminous owned in the coal industry and its two branches- mines are far more extensive in comparison with 72. 7 per cent for the industry as a whole, 68.1 per cent the 1¥11.lue of the products of those mines than those for the anthracite branch, and 73 per cent for the of the anthracite mines. The holdings of land by bituminous branch-fell somewhat below the propor­ OIJl'r~ltQ:rs of iron mines are also very considerable. tion given above for all mining industries exclusive of Sorne indication of the amount of reserve land held the petroleum ifnd natural gas industry.

FO:RM OF ORGANIZATION.

Tttble 18 on the next page has for its purpose the The most important distinction brought out by the presentation of conditions with respect to the form table is that between corporate and all other forms of of organization of producing mining-enterprises for all organization. Among 19,915 operators of producing mining industries comb.ined and the nine leading mines, quarries, and wells, 7,041, or 35.4 per cent, industries separately. were corporations. These incorporated enterprises, SUMMARY AND ANALY~I~ OF RE;,.,UL however, employed HO.!) per c:lmt of engaged in mining and cent of the total formed 32.1 per nt of tht~ but they employed only :u1 per eent earners and af(' cre,dited with only :1 tottil value of product,.;. Tbt~ differ but little from th(~e for slightly in the c~tst' of the nurnbt;r of and !"lightly 1,,JTeater in dw c1:1.':t1:> of the muuhPr earrn:r,.; and tlw vahw of products. be nokd that while thi.• average vililUI' of $1 GH,b::l2 per operator for corponttions, Wtt• $\J,l::lfj for firms and only $5,7:.!:! for individual-,. Corporations ctm;;tituted !l. majority of (;per:rt- ton.; in the pho,,pliatc ni<:k industry (88.:.! pt•r <'l"llt ,, the iron industry f7::L::i pt'r cent 1, dw ('opp•cl' i try (fi7.4 per cent), and the coal iriduMtry (f,;!J) p11:'r '

_,,.,,,,~,_,..,.,~.. -·.,. .. -~"''"·-·-----·-~~""'"'-- .tf:lr'Dt:ll1'Ht.Y A.MW. ' 1'~:t:U OF O.W.\VA.miu..1'!1tJ1i:/,

All ~lltrM>s •••.•• , Indiv1dw.! ••.... Firm...... t:e.vr,.t!llill ••••..•. OJ:;hi« ...... 34 MINES AND QUARRIES.

.-----,.-··~--,.~,======""===';"'r·=··=··==A=LL=ENTE=l!=P=RISE=S=. ==1i==l'=R=OD=U=CIN=G=E=NT=E=RP=R=!S=E=S.=""'ll~=NO=NP=RO=D=U=CIN=G=E=•'N=TE=R=PR=!S=E=B.= Tabkll& !--~-c-==-,===~il~=--:-=~=,-==~- -==.,-~~.-==~ Number Number !NlHlllTlll!'. ~~:~ Stock· o!incor- Stock- ofiucor- Stock­ porated holders. Capital. ~~~ holders. Capital. P~~~~d holders. Capital. I oom­ I pa.nles. panles. panles. --·~;:;;~e:-.-..-- ..·- ..- ..·- ..-.- .. -.. -.. -.. -.. -.. -.. -.. -..- .. 1~1· 1,135,538 f3,420,468,488 I 17,042 796, 176 $3, 153, 157, 482 2,392 339, 362 $267,311,006 105 21,255 241, 638, 086 6 30 ~'Anthnidte ...... ·••·•·•·••·••••· .•. ·•·•·· 1' tH 21,285 241,660,814 1, 026, 875, 053 22, 728 BituDl!itltlllS...... l,ouo 108,249 1,036,229,~28 1,837 106, 743 31 1,506 9,353,975 P1iltnl!j!',.1m andD11turl!J gas •••••••••••.••••••.•••••••• I 2 175 175, 759 566,9.58, 51 154,976 553, 649, 356 209 20, 783 13,308, 795 1 1,~~ 78,255 299, 862, 084 16 444 i~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ Jg;: ~:=::~ 109 113,582 297, 906, 481 13 6,985 lU~:~~ F'reeiousm.elll.ls: 9 • 66 475,988 !>U,OM,683 8"..0 191,694 423,407,430 1,946 234,294 220,657,2.53 j~t::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~,2i5 i2,412 54,334,850 156 1,660 51,55S,68o 59 4,752 2,116,170 ~and zine...... • • • • • . • • • • •• •• ••• ••• • .. • .. •• • • ••• 401 24, 251 60, 652, 437 366 2'2, 769 59, 618, 457 35 1, 482 J, 033, 980 ~l·l;;;l}f~~-7:.. :._:._:._:_:_::_·_:-_:·_:-_::_·:_·:_·:_·:_·:_·:_·._:-_:-_:-_::_·:_·::_·:_·:_·:_:_·:_·._::_· 1,~ 83,~~ l~;i:~ l,l~i 82,~~ l~~;~gg;~ :::::::~~: ::::::::~~~: ::::::-~'.'.~ a ';,...,,_ ..,,.-~·= . 4$ 34,114 I li2,954,004 i 398 16,017 49,435,2841 60 18,097 a;5iii;72(i

1 I.nCludes l not operated by Incorporated company, In order to avoid disclosing individual operations. SCALE OF PRODUCTION.

The tendency toward concentration in the mining each, although such operators constituted only 1.7 industries can be measured by a classification of mine per cent of the total number of operators. The degree operators according to the number of wage earners of concentration varies in different industries. In employed or according to the value of the products anthracite coal mining over five-sixths of all wage per operator. earners were employed by the 18 largest operators, Ola#iflcation a.ccording to number of wage earners.­ each of whom employed 1,000 or more men. Copper Table 20, on the next page, gives, for all mineral indus­ mining follows next, three-fourths of the wage earn­ triee <:ombined and for the most important individual ers in this industry being employed by the 12 largest industries, a daas:ification of producing enterprises operators, with a force of ov_er 1,000 men each. Iron MJC-Ording to the number of wage earners employed, mining holds the third place, with 9 operators of ttnrl s.hows for each class the number of operators and class employing more than one-half of the the number of wage earners. It does not include those earners. There is also a large degree of concentration mines and quarries which were worked on contract in bituminous coal mining, where 77 operators of this or for a share of the product, nor does it include the class, constituting 2.2 per cent of the total number, petroleum and gas wells which were cared for by part­ employed nearly one-half of the wage earners. In time employees. the production of petroleum and natural gas the It is worthy of note that the most numerous type of degree of concentration is not as high as in the min­ minie operator is the small producer, about three-filths ing of coal, iron, and copper; the 8 largest operators, of all ope:rnt<>rs employing only from 1 to 20 men each, however, employed over two-fifths of the wage while more than one-tenth of all operators employ~d earners. On the other hand, in precious metal no wage earners at all. On the other hand, more than mining, lead u,nd zinc mining, and stone quarry­ one-half of the total number of mine workers were ing, small-scale production is still the predominant employed by operators employing more than 500 men type. SU~LMAHY ASD ANALY:::;1:-;

~it,~ME:lllt:R 01f lf''A.!Jllt r.1:11 «'l'itJJ>,~ -r,,,11,

A marked distinction with respect to the of ~ntra.tion exists between ret,'1.llu producing mines, quarries, Md wells, on the one hand, 1.nd nonprodudng properties on the othea:-. The 11.tter ineludet for the I'l10Bt part enterprises whieh ue still in the devel!:ffep­ lil!l(mt stage, Ml well u others which have hAd a product in the past but w}a,oee present operations ue confiood t<1 the mainterumce of the pt'O'p«ty, or to de1vei.1:1'DJ:mi1t work with a view to :resuming production. About two-thirds of 19.U the ~m,.ge ea.men e1NJ~~~1 in nonproducing mining properties 1n2re e1IJ1uKn operators employing not exceeding 20 Wl'l.ge. each. The large\St enterp~ in thit! were sent.ed by 12 operAtors employing from 101 tc1 wllge earners e11Leh. On the other hlii.nd, mi>re tr.Jlll one-half of all wage earoeni in mines were employed by

100.0 Llm.erto!U! ••••••••••••••••••• --• 1,665 100.0 29,832,492 100.0 O.!i Lel!1! thMl $5,000 ...... 940 50.5 1,370,469 4.6 2.2 $11,000 to $21'l,fJOO ••••••••••••••••••••••• 401 24.l 4, 177,822 14.0 9.8 320,000 to Sl00.000 •••••••••••••••• --- • • 270 16.2 12,318, 129 41.3 a:i $1/XJ,000 t.o $1,000/JXJ ••••••••••••••••••• 54 3.2 11,900,Q72 40.l li2. L 11)11. 0 Gra.nlte •..•• •••••••••••••••••• •. 707 100.0 18,997, 976 100.0 4.8 Letilll than$ll,OOO •••.••••••••••••••••••• 276 39.0 585,()23 3.1 !!.() $20,000 ...... 235 33.2 2,590, 945 13.6 14.5 to $1()9.000 ••••••••• "" ••.•.••••• 149 21.1 6,415,992 33.8 :iii.~ to Sl,000,000 ••••••••••••••••••• 47 6.7 9,406,0lfi 49.5 411.2 61 100.0 10,781, 192 100.0 I U<\,~.~ 11111.$ 9 17. 6 21, 132 0.2 ' 1!14!,@ill (l, 1 11 21. 6 106,680 1.0 ll:l7,l7~ tl.2 8 15. 7 445,855 4.1 12i&,~ tt5 45.1 10,207,525 94.7 li,7l1j!!,,\!;l;! u 23 I U-4,m,m ti. 7

and }a.rge­ reporting products of more than $1,000,000 in value be lilittn from the fact contributing 92. 7 per cent, as measured by value, of the product11 valued copper product, 84.2 per cent of the iron ore, 84.2 per con"3ctituted 57 .2 per cent of the anthracite coal, 52.1 per cent of the bitumi­ iJ-pi,~rators, reported -0nly nous coal, 46.2 per cent of the petroleum and natural gas, of produeta, while the 4.3.4 per cent of the precious metals, and 41.2 per cent "l'"ahi·l~ at more tha.n of the lead and zinc. In the phosphate rock industry than 1 pe,r cent which reported a total value of products of $10, 781,192 runnb1::r (;f np~ratorn, rl'Cpo:rted 57.5 per there was one operator whose products were valued at prrrduetB. The degre-0 tif con­ more than $1,000,000. The other mining industries do !:.'t'l'.Jlttllltfon t·1n·i""" in the diff(•rent indus:tril!'!B, operators not sho-w so high a degree of concentration. EXPENSES•

to fomi,'>h fiJ:,111rt~ which ...... , ..=··======PY.I!. Cl!.NT !JF TOTAL EXl'ENSES :REPORTED FOE ...... ~,,,., profits or exact CCl$,t of PRODUCING ENTE!Wll.ISES.l

Ilm!.1llTJ\ T • I ! s . Royal- in pf5l'Ctmb.gtl;l!, , . \ , · upp1 ies, ties and Miscellll- ! flala:ries. 1V ages. mi:tterlalB, rent of neous. iu }H\.iducing enterprises \ and fuel. mines. imlu;,;trii·s combined and ------1------C'Jlll; AlUudwrtnea •..••..••. : 5.1 56. 3 23. S 6. 1 8. 7 indu'ltrif•s aepttnttdy. 'I1us An!.hr":tit,;. .••••••.•••.•.•. \ s.2 es.a 19.2 5.7 5.6 cornbim~UN ••••••••••••••• 5.li 74.3 12.l 3.1 5.0 /-~·~1nandn11mral~.... b.3 20.0 37.8 15.7 21:~ Wl'm incurred for Sfonric.e-t'.i-­ 1 p~~r tt:nt for sup- ! ~i:~;~~'::::::::::::J H :ii:~ ~g J:~ 11.s1 r-i an1hlae .••.. ····· ...... u !jJ ~u u g:~ fU pt>r N.>nt for royalties ~;~=~~:::::::::::::::::::: 7.2 59.0 22.0 2.0 9. 7 "l. 7 J:it~r ce-nt for all other ic·rif;""~ rook...... ~: g - ~J ~:: U iU As would b~: exr}(;c·tE•d, the sidcm1bJy in the difTPrNJt e

Tal11" :u shows, for all mining iml 1H ri''" most importtmt industr.iP,.,: , tiw engiw1s or oth<1r motors, employ"d in g1•1wruting

Table l'tl

Of the tot!lll !~~power UMd in mining, 4,402 5.5-4 ho~wer, or litc5.5 per eent,, wu owned by t,be rniue open.tom, only 2051 ~ ~er, o{ 1iWU ~ power, being rooted.. The t<'tal eieetric power wit•d, including that vm~:r\llit,E'0 no""""'''"'"'"'""~'" fourths of the total rentt>d power wm,1 the Mountti.in and Pacific

ai.s$2,00:3,1';7fiand by thern ~'L"i 1 w.u n•port~ MINE8 AND QUARRIES .

.~P\'Ht d1•1•n10.;_nH·kr.v in.;titutioH,,:. nn11loycd 1·1 TahlP 2t\ prcscnts the sad~1e stta~istdicstas are shown in .. •1i1wt,.;, n>hw•i 1•t $10,:.!;H.~- I· Tablr 25 .. ,,L_rrOUJJCd accor mg om us ry.

" GOVERNMENTAL AND ELEEMOSYNARY Jl'.L$l!:°Mffi:1\'f!l/Ul.f i\ INSTITUTIONS: lll09 ~'"'''H''"''lMt Yi / Goyernmentu.J. I ! -~-----j FJf?if!l- I;; Elee. Total. Operated rnosy. Penal. !Jv hired n<1ry. labor.

------~

; !~umhr.'rur·~Yag{~e3.rnersemplorerl-0n the iJ JC.th duy oteach month: !I Jalluary ...... · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · ·· · · 393 2 383 8 $'..,;...'.. ~;(M) F••lmmry ...... 390 2 377 ll Mar(:h ...... 493 2 ·179 12 *"Cir.! 715 2 703 10 ~~r-.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1\.39 2 S:lO 7 Juru>...... •••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 893 2 ss:i 8 876 2 857 7 1,0'20 2 1,008 10 1,071 2 1,0()7 2 ~!£~~< ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~:~~::::~:: ~: 997 2 98(\ 9 ~<>>emlJantrnlled, acros ...... 26,214 7,325 2,220 Owned .••...... •••••.•••.•. 19,911 }~·~ 1,435 l,871 Held under lease •••••••••••••.••. 6,303 ' 64 5,890 349 J\Cnerlll and oil land ...... 21,667 14,136 (jJl)70 961 (}wood ••••.. ···········-········ 15,658 14,072 680 906 l!el:irlllnd ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 4,2tl7 2,273 735 ""i;2W

:Primary~ ...... 5,744 2,320 3,381 43

E~ or operation and development. Vaineor of products.

,271,371 $1, 642,801 33,321 401,403 13i,azi 335,618 50,868 525, 657 21, 146 208,100 lll,691 148,814 2,018 23, 119

A ..il by the above tm.hle, mo~t c1f the enterprises 'rennessee. The total v11.lue of the products reported iriehHil"d in tbis group were l:'ng1ged in the openi.tion from the-enterprises operated by these institutions in "t•lW" of f{UMri1~. th£~ value of the stone produoed theae two states amounted to $7251601, representing ;jfiJ per eent of tht~ totlil rl:'port.ed hy all 44.2 per cent of the total product of all such institu­ Sul!t!i!tar1tiaUy aH of the l'itone produood tions. In Kansas the principal enterprise was a bitu­ wu utiliu·d hy the govt!rtmu•rita.l hody in its own minous eoal mine operated by the state prison, which '"vork, n•r:y little heiu.g rniu-keted. Ta.ble reported 61,434 t.Qns of coal, valued at $153,609. Cil.lit"''-'lD.l!r"' th,f'\ d11,t1. for ~ institutiDns, by In liker manner, in Tennessee the principal enter- lit!ii.t,t~>1. , prise was a coal rnine operated by the state govern-

ThP n1n1't _import.an_. t f.' nt,rq1ri"IM C}pera.wd by gov- JI ment, which reported 308,937 tons of coa1, valued at hU>titutforw Wt:«! in the iilt&\ee oi KanSM and $245,271. H r

j,,

.'J 4!r H 1:' 1 4 ~ f, ~:~. ~!'~1?:::::::::::::::::::·· Ohio ..•...... •.•..•.•...... Poonsrlni.t11"..

'TE!llll!lliil,1'!\fi •••••••••••••••••••••• ~~;;;,;:·.-.::::::::::::::::::: .All mhfJT lllt,.tll!l 1 ......