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Utilization, Challenges and Prospects in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

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Utilization, Challenges and Prospects in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment Vol. 9(1): 128-144 June, 2020 E-ISSN: 2346-7290 Insect as Food Resource: Utilization, Challenges and Prospects in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Zakka U.* and Godwin-Egein, M.I. Department of Crop and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt *Corresponding author (Email: [email protected]; Phone: +234-8065703350) ABSTRACT The utilization, challenges and future prospects of insects as food resource in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was evaluated using a structured questionnaire covering the type of insects consumed, harvesting techniques, preference for insects as protein source over other protein sources and the perceptions and phobia attached to their consumption. The factors responsible for the decline in the art and science of entomophagy in the region, industrial potential of entomophagy and other roles insects play in culture, religion and tradition, were also assessed. The results showed that the African palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) larvae was the most consumed insect in the region and that felling down of the host tree was the common method of harvesting the African palm weevil larvae. Factors responsible for the decline in the availability of edible insects in the region were tied to oil exploration and exploitation activities. The respondents showed eagerness to have industries and restaurants to process and sell edible insects as food resource; to conserve the practice of entomophagy as a value addition chain and not as an aberration. Key words: Rhynchophorus phoenicis, entomophagy, Niger Delta, African palm weevil, food resource. INTRODUCTION provides the much needed protein and The Niger Delta vegetation consists of nutrients for the people, but with the extensive mangrove forests, brackish higher demand on fishing, and declining swamp forests, and rainforests. It is richly fish population due to depressed endowed with abundant natural resources ecosystem, aquaculture and fish farming and enabling weather condition which has led to the demand for other protein supports all year round agricultural sources because as the ecosystems are production. Federal Office of Statistics being drastically changed, marine and (FOS) (1995), reported about 50% of the terrestrial habitats for most marine and active labour force of this region is terrestrial species are being lost. engaged in one form of agricultural activity or another with commodities like Entomophagy in Africa is an age long yam, cassava, plantain, maize, cocoyam tradition and insects as food resource has and vegetables as the most important food been practiced for centuries all over the crops in the area. Fishery is a major world. Rojas-Briales and van den Ende industry of the region. The fishing industry (2013) are of the view that edible insects is an essential component that provides have always been part of human diet sustainability of both the Niger Delta and though this assertion is not without Nigeria’s economy at large because it reservation to the Western world. van Huis Zakka and Godwin-Egein 128 African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment Vol. 9(1): 128-144 June, 2020 (2003b) opined that insects are eaten as gathering/harvesting and processing delicacy particularly in the tropics but the requires no sophisticated equipments or practice is seen as an aberration in the gear. van Huis (2003b) reported that nearly western world where most people are one million years ago the early hominids skeptical about it and they consider it as either Homo or Australopithecus robustus primitive and barbaric. Razin and in South Africa used bones to harvest Vollmecke (1986) added that disgust is the termites from their nests as food resource. major factor contributing to it which is Accurate records on entomophagy in often than not triggered by questions like: Africa are grossly lacking which could be What is it? Where has it been? Where is it attributed to poor research in this area from? This judgment generally plays coupled with poor data collection, greater role in people’s rejection of certain processing and storage as common in foods (Fessler and Navarette, 2003) but many developing nations. However, Hertz (2012) opined that it is rather an available data show that insect species innate reaction and human emotions and eaten all over the world range from 1000 culture (FAO, 2013). By 2050 the world (van de Foliart, 1997) to 1391 (Ramos- population will rise to nine (9) billion Elorduy, 1997) with about 524 species people which means the current food eaten in 34 African countries which production will need to be doubled even in represent 38% of all species consumed the face of scarce land with limited room (van Huis, 2003b). Insects are a traditional for expansion made for farming, water diet of at least two billion people (Rojas- bodies being over fished, climate change Briales and van den Ende, 2013). Insects posing threat to food security (FAO, 2013) contribute significantly to the food security which makes it expedient for insects’ farm and livelihoods in both rural and urban as an addition to the food value chain. areas as major source of protein, Currently there are over one billion people carbohydrates and vitamins, traditional hungry yet food wastage is high with no medicine and pollen dissemination (Stack alternative ways of producing food (Rojas- et al., 2003; Vantomme et al., 2004). Briales and van den Ende, 2013). Reduced Edible insect species belong to nine orders food production has led to reduction in comprising Coleopteran, Hymenoptera, average caloric intake and increased Orthoptera and Lepidoptera, others include malnutrition estimated to affect 300 Heteroptera, Homoptera, Isoptera, Diptera million people. Hunger is one of the major and Odonota (van Huis, 2013; Rojas- constraints to Africa’s development; the Briales and van den Ende, 2013) use of insects to substitute other food sources to ameliorate hunger is yet to Insects have proven to be one asset man receive full attention as reiterated by FAO will cherish even though their acceptability (2013).Currently there is a rising cost of or otherwise are contentious (Adedire, animal protein and alternative sources of 2008). Protein, fat, oil and mineral of protein is needed. insects compare very favourably with other sources like meat and fish (Nkouka, Boulidam (2010) primarily categorized 1987). Bukkens (1997) and van Huis edible insects as Non-Wood Forest (2003) reported that 1g/100g dry weight Products (NWFPs) and they are capable of caterpillar contains 50-60, Palm weevil alleviating hunger and have high potential larvae 23-26, Orthoptera 41-91, ants 7-25 of being a major food resource and termites 35-65. (Vantomme et al., 2004). Edible insects in tropical Africa are found all year round and in large numbers that do not require Most edible insects are harvested from the seasonal outbreak before wild, some have long history of artificial Zakka and Godwin-Egein 129 African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment Vol. 9(1): 128-144 June, 2020 rearing such as bee and silkworm and 70,000 sq./km making it the largest others are reared for biocontrol, maggot wetland in Africa and among the third therapy and pollination. The concept of largest in the world (Powell et al., 1985; farming insects for food and feed is CLO, 2002; Anifowose, 2008; Chinweze relatively new (FAO, 2013). Boulidam and Abiola-Oloke, 2009). This floodplain (2010) reported that in a village of Dong is about 7.5% of Nigeria’s total land mass. Makkhai in the Lao Peoples Democratic About 2,370sq/km of the Niger Delta area Republic, an average of 23% of the consists of rivers, creeks, estuaries, and combined household income of the village stagnant swamps covering approximately is derived from the production and sales of 8600sq/km, the Delta mangrove swamp insects. The current health risk associated spans about 1900sq/km as the largest with consumption of red meat and other mangrove swamp in Africa (Awosika, sources of protein requires alternative 1995). The Niger Delta region is diverse protein source that is cheap, available and with several ethnic groups including the can be easily processed by the body Urhobo, Ibo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwani without harm. The aim of the study was to group in Delta and the Yoruba (IIaje) in evaluate the utilization, challenges and Ondo in the western part of Nigeria. The prospects of entomophagy in the Niger Niger Delta is classified as a tropical Delta region and specific objectives rainforest with ecosystems comprising of included to determine the insect type, diverse species of flora and fauna both harvesting technique and threats to aquatic and terrestrial species. The region biodiversity, factors responsible for the is considered one of the ten most important decline and attitudinal changes in wetlands and marine ecosystems in the entomophagy and the role of insects in world (FME, et al., 2006; ANEEJ, 2004). culture and tradition in the Niger Delta The Niger Delta is made up of the Region. following Nigerian States Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, METHODOLOGY Ondo, Imo and Rivers respectively (Figure Study Area 1). The study was conducted in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The area is The Niger Delta is highly susceptible to located between longitude 5o and 8oE and adverse environmental changes, latitudes 4o and 6oN on the West African occasioned by climate change because it is coast (Agumagu et al., 2008). The region located in the coastal region. Human is classified into four ecological zones; activities and those of oil exploration and coastal inland zone, freshwater zone, exploitation raise a number of issues such lowland rainforest zone, mangrove swamp as depletion of biodiversity, coastal and zone. The study was carried out in the first riverbank erosion, flooding, oil spillage, three zones represented by Abia, Akwa gas flaring, noise pollution, sewage and Ibom, Bayelsa, Delta and Rivers States.
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