O17186 Towns, D. R., Wardle, D. A., Mulder, C. P. H., Yeates, G

Oikos O17186 Towns, D. R., Wardle, D. A., Mulder, C. P. H., Yeates, G. W., Fitzgerald, B. M., Parrish, G. R., Bellingham, P. J. and Bonner, K. I. 2009. Predation of seabirds by invasive rats: multiple indirect consequences for inver- tebrate communities. – Oikos 118: 420–430.

1 Table 1. Islands used for comparisons of rat and seabird effects on invertebrates in 2004, with area from Atkinson and Taylor (1992) and additional data on predator status from Veitch (1995); these marked stoat are subjected to periodic invasions by Mustela erminea; unless otherwise stated, Norway rat invasions were post 1769 and ship rats post 1860 (Atkinson 1973). Sample dates are in parentheses (all 2004). Note: all islands were assumed to be inhabited by blue penguins Eudyptula minor, which are outside the size range susceptible to rats.

Island/group Latitude Area Preda- Historical disturbance Forest cover Seabirds present References (ha) tor status Poor Knights 35°27´

Aorangi 110 Nil Pigs introduced ca Closed canopy of At least six species DeLange and (10 February) 1820 eradicated in tall pohutukawa of prions, petrels Cameron 1999 1936 Metrosideros excelsa and shearwaters, and coastal broad including endemic leaf forest Buller’s shearwaters (Puffinus bulleri) Tawhiti Rahi 163 Nil Partial burning late Closed canopy of At least six species McCallum 1981, (13 February) 1950s tall pohutukawa and of prions, petrels Stringer et al. regenerating coastal and shearwaters, 2004 broad leaf forest including Buller’s shearwaters Puffi- nus bulleri Aorangaia 6 Nil None identified Pohutukawa and At least four spe- R. Parrish (unpbl. (11 February) coastal broad leaf cies of seabirds data) forest and tau- including Buller’s pata Coprosma repens shearwaters scrub Archway 7 Nil None identified Pohutukawa, coastal At least four spe- R. Parrish (um- (12 February) broad leaf forest and cies of seabirds publ. Data) coastal taupata scrub including Buller’s shearwaters Great Barrier 36°02´

Aiguilles 75 Ship rat Livestock removed Coastal broad leaf Some grey-faced (26 March) forest and kanuka petrels Pterodroma Kunzea ericoides macroptera Goat 36°16´ 15 Ship rat Ship rats eradicated Coastal broad leaf Some grey-faced (14 April) in 1994; subsequently forest; scattered petrels reinvaded pohutukawa Hauraki Gulf 36°42´– 45´ Motuhoropapa 8 Norway Historic burning, rats Pohutukawa and Some grey-faced Atkinson 1960, (15 April) rat first detected in about developing coastal petrels Moors 1985a, 1957, numerous broad leaf forest 1985b, Cunning- eradications and rein- ham and Moors vasions; last eradica- 1985, Cameron tion in 2003 1998 Otata 15 Norway Burning in late 1920s, Regenerating kanuka Some grey-faced Moors 1985a, (16 April) rat rats detected in about and forest with oc- petrels 1985b, Cunning- 1956, numerous casional tall coastal ham and Moors eradications; last in broad leaf tree 1985, Cameron 2003 species 1998 W. Coromandel 36°40´– 47´ Motukarama-rama 11 Norway None identified Closed canopy of Scattered gannet Esler 1978, Wag- (26 February) rat tall mature coastal Morus serrator horn 1983, Moors broad leaf forest with colonies on head- 1985a hardwood lands

2 Motuoruhi 57 Ship Partial burning and Pohutukawa and None known Esler 1978, Wil- (26 February) rat?, previous stock developing coastal cox et al. 2005 stoat broad leaf forest Motutapere 45 Ship Partial burning; ship Coastal broad leaf None known Esler 1978, Wil- (25 February) rat, rats eradicated in forest and kanuka cox et al. 2005 stoat 1994, reinvaded in about 2003 E. Coromandel 36o38´– 49´ Middle 13 Nil None identified; Tall coastal broad Predominantly Atkinson 1964, (7 March) possible prehistoric leaf forest dominated diving petrels Pela- Cameron 1990 burning by milk tree Streblus canoides urinatrix banksii and flesh-footed shearwaters Puffi- nus carneipes Green 2.5 Nil None identified Low coastal broad Predominantly Atkinson 1964 (8 March) leaf and taupata diving petrels Ohinauiti 5.5 Nil Burning Coastal broad leaf At least four spe- Blackburn 1970 (8 March) forest cies of seabirds, including localised white-faced storm petrels Pelago- droma marina Motueka 6 Norway Probable burning Coastal broad leaf Grey-faced petrels G. Taylor (pers. (17 April) rat forest and pohutu- comm.) kawa Aldermen 36o58´

Ruamahuanui 32 Nil Historic burning Coastal broad leaf Grey-faced petrels Sladden and Falla (9 March) and pohutukawa 1927, Cochrane 1962, Court et al 1973 Ruamahuaiti 25 Nil Historic burning Coastal broad leaf Grey-faced petrels Sladden and Falla (10 March) and pohutukawa 1927, Cochrane 1962, Court et al 1973 Hauturu 10 Norway Historic burning Pohutukawa with Some grey-faced (11 March) rat, coastal broad leaf petrels mice and kanuka

3 Fogarty, S. M. and Douglas, M. E. 1973. The birds of the Aldermen References Islands. – Tane 19: 31–37. Atkinson, I. A. E. 1960. ��A preliminary account of the vegetation of Mo- McCallum, J. 1981. Birds of Tawhiti Rahi Island, Poor Knights Group, tuhoropapa Island, Hauraki Gulf. – Tane 8: 6–11. Northland, New Zealand. – Tane 27: 59–66. Atkinson, I. A. E. 1964. The flora, vegetation, and soils of Middle and Moors, P. J. 1985a. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on the Noises and Green Islands, Mercury Islands Group. – N. Z. J. Bot. 2: 385–402. Motukawao Islands, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. – N. Z. J. Ecol. Atkinson, I. A. E. 1973. Spread of the ship rat (Rattus r. rattus L.) in New 8: 37–54. Zealand. – J. R. Soc. N. Z. 3: 457–472. Moors, P. J. 1985b. Eradication campaigns against Rattus norvegicus on Atkinson, I. A. E. and Taylor, R. H. 1992. Distribution of alien animals the Noises Islands, New Zealand, using brodifacoum and 1080. – on New Zealand islands (2nd ed.). – DSIR Land Resour. Contract ICBP Tech. Publ. 3: 143–155. Rep. 92/59. Sladden, B. and Falla, R. A. 1927. Aldermen Islands. ��A general descrip- Blackburn, A. 1970. Birds of Little Ohena Island. – Notornis 17: 297– tion, with notes on the flora and fauna. – N. Z. J. Sci. Tech. 9: 193– 299. 205; 282–290. Cameron, E. K. 1990. Flora and vegetation of Middle Island, Mercury Stringer, I. A. N. et al. 2004. ��Population structure, growth and longev- Islands Group, eastern Coromandel, northern New Zealand. – J. R. ity of Placostylus hongii (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) on Tawhiti Rahi Soc. N. Z. 20: 273–285. Island, Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand. – Pac. Conserv. Biol. 9: Cameron, E. K. 1998. Bot Soc trips to The Noises (Hauraki Gulf) and an 241–247. updated species list. – Auckland Bot. Soc. J. 53: 25–35. Veitch, C. R. 1995. Habitat repair: a necessary prerequisite to translo- Cochrane, G. R. 1962. The Aldermen Islands: a remnant of primaeval cation of threatened birds. – In: Serena, M. (ed.), Reintroduction New Zealand. – Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. Bot. 1: 331–341. biology of Australian and New Zealand fauna. – Surrey Beatty and Court, D. J. et al. 1973. The vegetation status of the Aldermen Islands: a Sons, pp. 97–104. reappraisal. – Tane 19: 41–60. Waghorn, E. J. 1983. Population changes of the Australasian Gannet Mo- Cunningham, D. M. and Moors, P. J. 1985. The birds of the Noises rus serrator (Gray) at the Motu Karamarama gannetry, Hauraki Gulf, Islands, Hauraki Gulf. – Notornis 32: 221–243. New Zealand. – Emu 82: 286–295. DeLange, P. J. and Cameron, E. K. 1999. The vascular flora of Aorangi Wilcox, M. et al. 2005. Field�� trip: Coromandel Peninsula, Auckland An- Island, Poor Knights Islands, northern New Zealand. – N. Z. J. Bot. niversary Weekend 28/01/05 to 1/02/05. – Auckland Bot. Soc. J. 37: 433–468. 60: 1–9. Esler, A. E. 1978. Botanical features of islands near the west coast of the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. – N. Z. J. Bot. 16: 25–44.